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Folwaczny M, Ahantab R, Kessler A, Ern C, Frasheri I. Cytotoxicity of 3D printed resin materials for temporary restorations on human periodontal ligament (PDL-hTERT) cells. Dent Mater 2023; 39:529-537. [PMID: 37055304 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Various dental resin materials are available for the fabrication of temporary restorations using modern additive printing methods. Albeit these materials are placed for several months in intimate contact with dental hard and soft tissues, including the gingival crevice, there exists only insufficient evidence on the biocompatibility of these materials. This in vitro study aimed to delineate the biocompatibility of 3D printable materials on periodontal ligament cells (PDL-hTERTs). METHODS Samples of four dental resin materials for additive fabrication of temporary restorations using 3D printing (MFH, Nextdent; GC Temp, GC; Freeprint temp, Detax; 3Delta temp, Deltamed), one material for subtractive fabrication (Grandio disc, Voco) and one conventional temporary material (Luxatemp, DMG) were prepared with a standardized size according to the manufacturer's instructions. Human PDL-hTERTs were exposed to resin specimens or eluates of the material for 1, 2, 3, 6 and 9 days. For determination of cell viability, XTT assays were performed. In addition, the expression of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 6 and 8 (IL-6 and 8) was assessed in the supernatants with ELISA. Cell viability and the expression of IL-6 and 8 in presence of the resin material or their eluates was compared with untreated controls. Immunofluorescence staining for IL-6 and IL-8, as well as scanning electron microscopy of the discs after culturing, were performed. Differences between groups were analyzed with Student´s t-test for unpaired samples. RESULTS Compared to untreated control samples, the exposure against the resin specimen induced strong reduction of cell viability in case of the conventional material Luxatemp (p < 0.001) and the additive material 3Delta temp (p < 0.001) irrespective of the observation period. On the contrary, the presence of eluates of the various materials induced only minor changes in cell viability. Considering IL-6 (day 2: p = 0.001; day 6 and 9: p < 0.001) and IL-8 (day 1: p = 0.001; day 2, 3, 6, 9: p < 0.001) their expression was strongly reduced in presence of the eluate of Luxatemp. Except for IL-6 at day 1 and 6 also the material 3Delta temp caused significant reduction of both proinflammatory mediators at any time point. SIGNIFICANCE The conventional material Luxatemp and the additive material 3Delta temp appear to severely affect cell viability when in direct contact with PDL-hTERTs. The other tested materials of this new category of additive materials and the subtractive material Grandio seem to induce only minor changes in direct contact with these cells. Therefore, they could serve as a viable alternative in the fabrication of temporary restorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Folwaczny
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Goethestr. 70, D-80336 Munich, Germany.
| | - Roya Ahantab
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Goethestr. 70, D-80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Kessler
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Goethestr. 70, D-80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Christina Ern
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Goethestr. 70, D-80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Iris Frasheri
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Goethestr. 70, D-80336 Munich, Germany
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Frasheri I, Aumer K, Keßler A, Miosge N, Folwaczny M. Effects of resin materials dedicated for additive manufacturing of temporary dental restorations on human gingival keratinocytes. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2022; 34:1105-1112. [PMID: 35731110 DOI: 10.1111/jerd.12938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated the effect of eluates of conventional and 3D-printed resin materials for manufacturing temporary dental restorations on gingival keratinocytes. METHODS Three-dimensional (3D)-printed resin materials: 3Delta temp (Deltamed), NextDent MFH (Nextdent), Freeprint temp (Detax), GC temp (GC), were compared to Grandio disc (Voco) and Luxatemp (DMG). Human gingival keratinocytes (IHGKs) were exposed to eluates of the materials and XTT assays were performed at 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, or 144 h. For quantification of the proinflammatory response, the protein amount of IL-6 and 8 was determined in the supernatants using ELISA. One-way ANOVA with post hoc analysis was used to compare differences in cell viability and IL-6 and IL-8 levels between groups. RESULTS At 24 h, and more remarkably at 48 h, a significant decrease in cell viability occurred for the 3D-printed materials compared to the untreated IHGKs, but also compared to Grandio disc and Luxatemp. Except for the expression of IL-8 in presence of the eluate of Grandio disc at 24 and 48 h, all tested materials caused attenuation of IL-6 and 8 from IHGKs for any observation period. CONCLUSIONS The materials for additive manufacturing affect cell proliferation differently than the subtractive manufactured material Grandio disc and the conventional material Luxatemp. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE In comparison to conventional and subtractive manufactured restorations, 3D printed temporary restorations might induce more negative effects on the gingival and probably also on pulpal health since viability and the proinflammatory response of oral keratinocytes are more intensively affected by these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Frasheri
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Aumer
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Keßler
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nicolai Miosge
- Tissue Regeneration Work Group, Department of Prosthodontics, Medical Faculty, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Folwaczny
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Durner J, Schrickel K, Watts DC, Becker M, Draenert ME. Direct and indirect monomer elution from an RBC product family. Dent Mater 2021; 37:1601-1614. [PMID: 34454738 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2021.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a model for quantitative comparison of elutable substances by direct elution from resin-bonded composite (RBC) test specimens versus indirect elutability of substances from RBC-restored teeth. Furthermore, it was to be investigated whether the different composites of the Tetric® RBC product family release different types and amounts of substances. METHODS Four different composite materials from the Tetric® product family were studied. For each material subgroup ten human third molar teeth were prepared with standard Class-I occlusal cavities. These 'tooth group' specimens were provided with a three-step adhesive system (incorporating TEGDMA) and the respective composite restoration. Same sized control specimens, of each RBC restorative material, were prepared ('direct RBC' groups). All specimens were placed in individual elution chambers such that the elution media (ethanol/water, 3:1) only came into contact with either the tooth root or ¾ height of the 'direct RBC' materials. They were incubated at 37 °C for up to 7 d. Samples of the eluant were taken after 1, 2, 4 and 7 d and were analysed by high-temperature gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. RESULTS Bisphenol A ethoxylate dimethacrylate (bisEMA), bisphenol A glycidyldimethacrylate (bisGMA), tetraethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEEGDMA), decan-1,10-diol dimethacrylate (DDDMA) were mostly found in the eluates of the 'direct RBC' groups in statistically significantly greater amounts than in the eluates of the 'tooth groups'. Such quantitative differences were also the case with eluates containing bisphenol A (BPA), dicyclohexyl phthalate (DCHP) and drometrizole, which are common in the environment. In contrast to the behavior found with all the other monomers, up to 3 orders of magnitude more triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) was found in the 'tooth groups' compared to the 'direct RBC' groups, evidently released by the adhesive system. SIGNIFICANCE The release of most of the substances was clearly delayed in the 'tooth groups' indicative of their chronic, rather than acute, elution to the oral environment. A barrier function of the residual dentin layer and the adhesion layer can be inferred. The different release patterns of substances from the various composites of the RBC product family is a manifestation of their different and indication-specific compositions. Consideration of an overall restorative care (RBC plus adhesive) system, when assessing the total amount of released substances, is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Durner
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, LMU Munich Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Goethestr. 70, 80336 Munich, Germany; Laboratory Becker and Colleagues, Führichstr. 70, 81671 München, Germany.
| | - Klaus Schrickel
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Im Steingrund 4 - 6, 63303 Dreieich, Germany
| | - David C Watts
- School of Medical Sciences and Photon Science Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Becker
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, LMU Munich Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Goethestr. 70, 80336 Munich, Germany; Laboratory Becker and Colleagues, Führichstr. 70, 81671 München, Germany
| | - Miriam E Draenert
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, LMU Munich Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Goethestr. 70, 80336 Munich, Germany
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Massaro H, Zambelli LFA, Britto AAD, Vieira RP, Ligeiro-de-Oliveira AP, Andia DC, Oliveira MT, Lima AF. Solvent and HEMA Increase Adhesive Toxicity and Cytokine Release from Dental Pulp Cells. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12172750. [PMID: 31461952 PMCID: PMC6747760 DOI: 10.3390/ma12172750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the hydroxyethyl-methacrylate (HEMA) concentration and solvent content of dental adhesives on cell viability and cytokine (IL-1b, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α) release by human dental pulp cells (HDPCs). HDPCs were obtained from fresh extracted human third molars. Experimental adhesives were prepared containing different concentrations of HEMA (0%, 10%, and 20%) with and without solvent (ethanol 10%). Cylindrical specimens were immersed on culture medium during 24 h to obtain the extracts. The cells were incubated with extracts (culture medium + components leached from the adhesives) of different adhesives, and cell viability and cytokine release were evaluated after 6 and 24 h of exposure. Adhesives containing HEMA promoted high cell viability reduction after 6 h of exposure; but after 24 h, the results were similar to the ones found among control group cells. These effects on cell viability were prominently increased with the addition of solvent. Although IL-1b release was not affected by exposure to eluates, other cytokines (IL-10, IL-6, TNF-α) were modulated by the different experiment conditions, directly influenced by the HEMA concentration and presence of solvent. Higher HEMA concentrations, combined with the presence of solvent, can promote significant reduction on HDPC viability, increasing the release of anti- and pro-inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helder Massaro
- Department of Endodontics, Paulista University, Rua Doutor Bacelar, 1212, Sao Paulo 04026-002, Brazil
| | | | - Auriléia A de Britto
- Post Graduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, University Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), Sao Paulo 01504-001, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo P Vieira
- Post-graduation Program in Bioengineering and in Biomedical Engineering, Universidade Brasil, Rua Carolina Fonseca 235, São Paulo 08230-030, Brazil
- Department of Sciences of Human Movement and Rehabilitation, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Avenida Ana Costa 95, Santos 11060-001, Brazil
- Brazilian Institute of Teaching and Research in Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (IBEPIPE), Rua Pedro Ernesto 240, São José dos Campos 12245-520, Brazil
- School of Medicine, Anhembi Morumbi University, Avenida Deputado Benedito Matarazzo 4050, São José dos Campos 12230-002, Brazil
| | - Ana P Ligeiro-de-Oliveira
- Post Graduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, University Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), Sao Paulo 01504-001, Brazil
| | - Denise C Andia
- Dental Research Division, Paulista University, Rua Doutor Bacelar, 1212, Sao Paulo 04026-002, Brazil
| | - Marcelo T Oliveira
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Ibirapuera University, Av. Interlagos, 1329-Chácara Flora, São Paulo SP 04661-100, Brazil
| | - Adriano F Lima
- Dental Research Division, Paulista University, Rua Doutor Bacelar, 1212, Sao Paulo 04026-002, Brazil.
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Shahi S, Özcan M, Maleki Dizaj S, Sharifi S, Al-Haj Husain N, Eftekhari A, Ahmadian E. A review on potential toxicity of dental material and screening their biocompatibility. Toxicol Mech Methods 2019; 29:368-377. [PMID: 30642212 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2019.1566424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A wide range of compounds are utilized in dentistry such as dental composites, resins, and implants. The successful clinical use of dental materials relies on theirm physiochemical properties as well as biological and toxicological reliability. Different local and systemic toxicities of dental materials have been reported. Placement of these materials in oral cavity for a long time period might yield unwanted reactions. An extensive variety of materials is used in dentistry including filling materials, restorative materials, intracanal medicines, prosthetic materials, different types of implants, liners, and irrigants. The increasing rate in development of the novel materials with applications in the dental field has led to an increased consciousness of the biological risks and tempting restrictions of these materials. The biocompatibility of a biomaterial used for the replacement or filling of biological tissue such as teeth always had a high concern within the health care disciplines for patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Any material used in humans should be tested before clinical application. There are many tests evaluating biocompatibility of these materials at the point of in vitro, in vivo, and clinical investigations. RESULTS The current review discusses the potential toxicity of dental material and screening of their biocompatibility. CLINICAL RELEVANCE It is essential to use healthy and safe materials medical approaches. In dentistry, application of different materials in long-term oral usage demands low or nontoxic agents gains importance for both patients and the staff. Furthermore, screening tests should evaluate any potential toxicity before clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahriar Shahi
- a Dental and Periodontal Research Center , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Mutlu Özcan
- b Dental Materials Unit, Center for Dental and Oral Medicine, Clinic for Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics and Dental Materials Science , University of Zürich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Solmaz Maleki Dizaj
- a Dental and Periodontal Research Center , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Simin Sharifi
- a Dental and Periodontal Research Center , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Nadin Al-Haj Husain
- c Specialization Candidate, Department of Reconstructive Dentistry and Gerodontology , School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
| | - Aziz Eftekhari
- d Pharmacology and Toxicology Department , Maragheh University of Medical Sciences , Maragheh , Iran
| | - Elham Ahmadian
- a Dental and Periodontal Research Center , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.,e Students' Research Committee , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
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Jerg A, Schulz S, Tomakidi P, Hellwig E, Polydorou O. Modulation of gingival cell response towards dental composites. Dent Mater 2018; 34:412-426. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2017.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Schulz SD, Rüppell C, Tomakidi P, Steinberg T, Reichl FX, Hellwig E, Polydorou O. Gene expression analysis of conventional and interactive human gingival cell systems exposed to dental composites. Dent Mater 2015; 31:1321-34. [PMID: 26345997 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2015.08.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was the detection of putative gene expression-related effects of dental composites in conventional and interactive gingival cell systems. METHODS Conventional monoculture (MC) and interactive cell systems (ICS) comprising human gingival fibroblast (HGF) and immortalized human gingival keratinocytes (IHGK) were exposed for 24h and 7 days according to ISO10993-12:2012 manufactured eluates of different composites (Ceram X(®), Filtek™ Supreme XT, Filtek™ Silorane, Fusio™ Liquid Dentin, and Vertise™ Flow). qRT-PCR-based mRNA analysis for biomarkers indicating cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, inflammation, and adhesion was performed. Apoptotic cells were quantified by annexin-V labeling. RESULTS Due to low RNA amounts, qPCR could not be performed for Vertise™ Flow and Fusio™ Liquid Dentin at day 7. At 24h, flowables yielded increased transcription for biomarkers of inflammation and apoptosis in IHGK, irrespective of the cell system. HGF cultures displayed lower transcription for cell adhesion markers in both cell systems. Filtek™ Supreme XT showed increased differentiation by elevated filaggrin gene expression in both cell systems for IHGK at day 7, while Filtek™ Silorane and Ceram X(®) yielded elevation of inflammation biomarkers in both cell types. Annexin-V labeling revealed high apoptosis rates for both flowables and Filtek™ Supreme XT for IHGK, while low rates were detected for Filtek™ Silorane and Ceram X(®). SIGNIFICANCE Among the composites evaluated, exposition of IHGK and HGF in conventional and interactive cell systems demonstrated most pronounced gene expression alterations in response to flowables, coinciding with elevated levels of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Daniel Schulz
- Department of Oral Biotechnology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Center of Dental Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christopher Rüppell
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Center of Dental Medicine, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Pascal Tomakidi
- Department of Oral Biotechnology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Center of Dental Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Steinberg
- Department of Oral Biotechnology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Center of Dental Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Franz-Xaver Reichl
- Department of Operative/Restorative Dentistry, Periodontology and Pedodontics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Munich, Germany
| | - Elmar Hellwig
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Center of Dental Medicine, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Olga Polydorou
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Center of Dental Medicine, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.
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Yamasaki LC, De Vito Moraes AG, Barros M, Lewis S, Francci C, Stansbury JW, Pfeifer CS. Polymerization development of "low-shrink" resin composites: Reaction kinetics, polymerization stress and quality of network. Dent Mater 2013; 29:e169-79. [PMID: 23849746 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2013.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate "low-shrink" composites in terms of polymerization kinetics, stress development and mechanical properties. METHODS "Low-shrink" materials (Kalore/KAL, N'Durance/NDUR, and Filtek P90/P90) and one control (Esthet X HD/EHD) were tested. Polymerization stress (PS) was measured using the Instron 5565 tensometer. Volumetric shrinkage (VS) was determined by the ACTA linometer. Elastic modulus (E) and flexural strength (FS) were obtained by a three-point bending test. Degree of conversion (DC) and polymerization rate (Rp) were determined by NIR spectroscopy (6165cm(-1) for dimethacrylates; 4156 and 4071cm(-1) for P90). Photopolymerization was performed at 740mW/cm(2)×27s. Glass transition temperature (Tg), degree of heterogeneity and crosslink density were obtained in a DMA for the fully cured specimens. Analysis of extracts was done by (1)H NMR. Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA/Tukey's test (α=0.05). RESULTS The control presented the highest shrinkage and Tg. P90 showed the highest modulus, and NDUR demonstrated the highest conversion. The polymerization rates were comparable for all materials. NDUR and KAL had the highest and the lowest network homogeneity, respectively. The multifunctional P90 had the highest crosslink density, with no difference between other composites. The control had the greatest stress development, similar to NDUR. Crosslinking density and polymer network homogeneity were influenced by degree of conversion and monomer structure. SIGNIFICANCE Not all "low-shrink" composites reduced polymerization stress. P90 and NDUR had no leachable monomers, which was also a function of high crosslinking (P90) and high conversion (NDUR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilyan C Yamasaki
- Department of Biomaterials and Oral Biology, University of São Paulo, School of Dentistry, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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