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Liu X, Yao X, Zhang R, Sun L, Zhang Z, Zhao Y, Zhang T, Yan J, Zhang Y, Wu X, Li B. Recent advances in glass-ceramics: Performance and toughening mechanisms in restorative dentistry. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2024; 112:e35334. [PMID: 37776023 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.35334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
The use of glass-ceramics in the medical field has grown significantly since the 1980s. With excellent aesthetic properties, semi-translucency, outstanding mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, wear resistance and great biocompatibility and workability glass-ceramics is one of the most commonly used materials in restorative dentistry and is widely used in veneers, inlays, onlays, all-ceramic crowns, and implant abutments. This review provides an overview of the research progress of glass-ceramics in restorative dentistry, focusing on the classification, performance requirements, toughening mechanisms and their association with clinical performance, as well as the manufacturing and fabrication of glass-ceramics in restorative dentistry. Finally, the developments and prospects of glass-ceramics in restorative dentistry are summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Liu
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Xuemin Yao
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Ran Zhang
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Lingxiang Sun
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Zheyuan Zhang
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Yifan Zhao
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Jingyu Yan
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Yanjie Zhang
- Research Institute of Photonics, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiuping Wu
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Bing Li
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
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Gali S, Gururaja S, Prabhu TN, Srinivasan S. Investigation of Spark Plasma Sintering on Microstructure-Properties of Zirconia Reinforced Fluormica Glass for Dental Restorations. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6125. [PMID: 37763404 PMCID: PMC10532871 DOI: 10.3390/ma16186125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conventional sintering methods of dental ceramics have limitations of high temperature and slow cooling rates with requirements of additional heat treatment for crystallization. Spark plasma sintering (SPS) is an emerging technique that has the potential to process dental restorations with dense microstructures and tailor-made clinically relevant properties with optimized processing parameters. This study explored the potential of the SPS of zirconia-reinforced fluormica glass (FM) for dental restorative materials. METHODS FM glass frit was obtained through the melt-quench technique (44.5 SiO2-16.7 Al2O3-9.5 K2O-14.5 MgO-8.5 B2O3-6.3 F (wt.%)). The glass frit was ball-milled with 20 wt.% of 3 mol% yttria-stabilized zirconia (FMZ) for enhanced fracture toughness. The mixtures were SPS sintered at a pressure of 50 MPa and a heating rate of 100 °C/min for 5 min with an increase in temperature from 650-750 °C-850 °C-950 °C. Phase analysis was carried out using XRD and microstructural characterization with SEM. Micro-hardness, nano-indentation, porosity, density, indentation fracture toughness, and genotoxicity were assessed. CONCLUSIONS The increase in the SPS temperature of FMZ influenced its microstructure and resulted in reduced porosity, improved density, and optimal mechanical properties with the absence of genotoxicity on human gingival fibroblast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivaranjani Gali
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru 560054, India
| | - Suhasini Gururaja
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - T. Niranjana Prabhu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru 560058, India
| | - Srikari Srinivasan
- Department of Automotive & Aerospace Engineering, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru 560058, India
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Sarthak K, Singh K, Bhavya K, Gali S. Glazing as a bonding system for zirconia dental ceramics. MATERIALS TODAY. PROCEEDINGS 2023; 89:24-29. [PMID: 38590583 PMCID: PMC7615813 DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2023.04.308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Studies have reported challenges of debonding of dental zirconia crowns to from luting cement and prepared teeth. The aim of the study was to explore the application of dental glazing systems for enhancing the bonding of zirconia dental ceramics to luting resin cement. Commercial glaze powder and liquid (Vita Akzent) and experimental mica-based glaze powders were used for the study. X-ray diffraction analysis of the glaze powders (XRD) and Fourier Transform InfraRed Spectroscopy (FTIR) was done on the glaze liquid. Sandblasted sintered dental zirconia (Katana, Noritake) were the control samples. Glazed zirconia samples were coated with commercial glaze and experimental glaze powders which were further etched with 5% hydrofluoric acid. Shear bond strengths of sandblasted and glazed zirconia samples to resin composites were evaluated. XRD of commercial and experimental glaze powders revealed a broad peak confirming the amorphous nature of glass and FTIR analysis of the glaze liquid revealed symmetrical stretching (CH2-CH3) of the alcohol group indicating a mixture of iso-butane and ethanol. Glazed and etched zirconia showed significantly higher shear bond strength to resin cement compared to sand-blasted zirconia. The study confirms the glassy nature of dental glaze powders and the presence of ethanol-based mixtures in the commercial glaze liquid. Glazing systems have the potential to be explored for enhancing the bonding of non-etchable zirconia ceramics to resin cement and tooth substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Sarthak
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, M.S.Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, India
| | - Karina Singh
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, M.S.Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, India
| | - Kumari Bhavya
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, M.S.Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, India
| | - Sivaranjani Gali
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, M.S.Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, India
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Bai R, Sun Q, He Y, Peng L, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Lu W, Deng J, Zhuang Z, Yu T, Wei Y. Ceramic Toughening Strategies for Biomedical Applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:840372. [PMID: 35330627 PMCID: PMC8940218 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.840372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aiming at shortage of metal materials, ceramic is increasingly applied in biomedicine due to its high strength, pleasing esthetics and good biocompatibility, especially for dental restorations and implants, artificial joints, as well as synthetic bone substitutes. However, the inherent brittleness of ceramic could lead to serious complications, such as fracture and disfunction of biomedical devices, which impede their clinical applications. Herein, several toughening strategies have been summarized in this review, including reinforcing phase addition, surface modification, and manufacturing processes improvement. Doping metal and/or non-metal reinforcing fillers modifies toughness of bulk ceramic, while surface modifications, mainly coating, chemical and thermal methods, regulate toughness on the surface layer. During fabrication, optimization should be practiced in powder preparation, green forming and densification processes. Various toughening strategies utilize mechanisms involving fine-grained, stress-induced phase transformation, and microcrack toughening, as well as crack deflection, bifurcation, bridging and pull-out. This review hopes to shed light on systematic combination of different toughening strategies and mechanisms to drive progress in biomedical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rushui Bai
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Qiannan Sun
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Ying He
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Liying Peng
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Yunfan Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Lingyun Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhsuan Lu
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Deng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Zimeng Zhuang
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Yu
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Wei
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
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Buinachev S, Mashkovtcev M, Dankova A, Zhirenkina N, Kharisova K. Synthesis of YSZ powders with controlled properties by the CDJP method. POWDER TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2022.117201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Garai M, Reka AA, Karmakar B, Molla AR. Microstructure-mechanical properties of Ag 0/Au 0 doped K-Mg-Al-Si-O-F glass-ceramics. RSC Adv 2021; 11:11415-11424. [PMID: 35423656 PMCID: PMC8695994 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra10519h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In understanding the catalytic efficacy of silver (Ag0) and gold (Au0) nanoparticles (NPs) on glass-ceramic (GC) crystallization, the microstructure-machinability correlation of a SiO2-MgO-Al2O3-B2O3-K2O-MgF2 system is studied. The thermal parameters viz., glass transition temperature (T g) and crystallization temperature (T c) were extensively changed by varying NPs (in situ or ex situ). Tc was found to be increased (T c = 870-875 °C) by 90-110 °C when ex situ NPs were present in the glass system. Under controlled heat-treatment at 950 ± 10 °C, the glasses were converted into glass-ceramics with the predominant presence of crystalline phase (XRD) fluorophlogopite mica, [KMg3(AlSi3O10)F2]. Along with the secondary phase enstatite (MgSiO3), the presence of Ag and Au particles (FCC system) were identified by XRD. A microstructure containing spherical crystallite precipitates (∼50-400 nm) has been observed through FESEM in in situ doped GCs. An ex situ Ag doped GC matrix composed of rock-like and plate-like crystallites mostly of size 1-3 μm ensured its superior machinability. Vicker's and Knoop microhardness of in situ doped GCs were estimated within the range 4.45-4.61 GPa which is reduced to 4.21-4.34 GPa in the ex situ Ag system. Machinability of GCs was found to be in the order, ex situ Ag > ex situ Au ∼ in situ Ag > in situ Au. Thus, the ex situ Ag/Au doped SiO2-MgO-Al2O3-B2O3-K2O-MgF2 GC has potential for use as a machinable glass-ceramic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrinmoy Garai
- Specialty Glass Division, CSIR-Central Glass & Ceramic Research Institute (CGCRI) Kolkata India
| | - Arianit A Reka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Tetova Blvd Ilinden n. n. 1200 Tetovo Republic of North Macedonia
| | - Basudeb Karmakar
- Specialty Glass Division, CSIR-Central Glass & Ceramic Research Institute (CGCRI) Kolkata India
| | - Atiar R Molla
- Specialty Glass Division, CSIR-Central Glass & Ceramic Research Institute (CGCRI) Kolkata India
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Fu L, Engqvist H, Xia W. Glass-Ceramics in Dentistry: A Review. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13051049. [PMID: 32110874 PMCID: PMC7084775 DOI: 10.3390/ma13051049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we first briefly introduce the general knowledge of glass–ceramics, including the discovery and development, the application, the microstructure, and the manufacturing of glass–ceramics. Second, the review presents a detailed description of glass–ceramics in dentistry. In this part, the history, property requirements, and manufacturing techniques of dental glass–ceramics are reviewed. The review provided a brief description of the most prevalent clinically used examples of dental glass–ceramics, namely, mica, leucite, and lithium disilicate glass–ceramics. In addition, we also introduce the newly developed ZrO2–SiO2 nanocrystalline glass–ceramics that show great potential as a new generation of dental glass–ceramics. Traditional strengthening mechanisms of glass–ceramics, including interlocking, ZrO2–reinforced, and thermal residual stress effects, are discussed. Finally, a perspective and outlook for future directions in developing new dental glass–ceramics is provided to offer inspiration to the dental materials community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Fu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- Correspondence: (L.F.); (W.X.)
| | - Håkan Engqvist
- Applied Materials Science, Department of Engineering Science, Uppsala University, 751 21 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Wei Xia
- Applied Materials Science, Department of Engineering Science, Uppsala University, 751 21 Uppsala, Sweden;
- Correspondence: (L.F.); (W.X.)
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Gali S, K R. Zirconia toughened mica glass ceramics for dental restorations: Wear, thermal, optical and cytocompatibility properties. Dent Mater 2019; 35:1706-1717. [PMID: 31575490 PMCID: PMC7615828 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2019.08.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In an effort to design novel zirconia reinforced mica glass ceramics for dental restorations, clinically relevant properties such as wear, coefficient of thermal expansion, optical transmittance, and cytocompatibility with human gingival fibroblast cell lines were investigated in the present study. MATERIALS & METHODS Microstructure analysis of two body wear of heat treated mica glass ceramic ceramics (47.2 SiO2-16.7 Al2O3-9.5 K2O-14.5 MgO-8.5 B2O3-6.3F wt.%) reinforced with 20wt.% YSZ, were evaluated against a steatite antagonist in a chewing simulator following Willytec Munich method. In addition, Coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), total transmittance, scattering coefficient and cytocompatibility on human gingival fibroblast cell lines were performed and compared to the commercially available dental ceramic systems. RESULTS The experimental mica glass ceramic demonstrate micro-ploughing, pull out and debris formation along the cutting surface, indicating abrasive wear mechanism. Thermal expansion of mica glass ceramic composite was recorded as 5×10-6/°C, which is lower than the thermal expansion of commercially available core and veneering ceramics. Further, significant differences of transmittance and scattering coefficient of mica glass ceramics with 20wt.% YSZ with commercial dental ceramics was found and extensive fibroblast cell spreading with filopodial extension, cell-to-cell bridges and proliferation with human gingival fibroblast cell lines. CONCLUSION With acceptable cytocompatibility with human gingival fibroblast cells and better wear properties with respect to commercial IPS emax Press, the mica glass ceramic composites (47.2 SiO2-16.7Al2O3-9.5 K2O-14.5 MgO-8.5 B2O3-6.3F wt.%) with 20wt.% YSZ have the potential for dental restorative applications as machinable veneering ceramics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivaranjani Gali
- Dept. of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences 'MSRIT POST', New BEL Road, Bangalore, 560054, Karnataka, India.
| | - RaviKumar K
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Material Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
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Zirconia toughened hydroxyapatite biocomposite formed by a DLP 3D printing process for potential bone tissue engineering. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 105:110054. [PMID: 31546401 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The construction of ceramic components with UV curing is a developing trend by an additive manufacturing (AM) technology, due to the excellent advantages of high precision selective fixation and rapid prototyping, the application of this technology to bone defect repair had become one of the hotspots of research. Hydroxyapatite (HAP) is one of the most popular calcium phosphate biomaterials, which is very close to the main ingredient of human bones. Thus, hydroxyapatite biomaterials are popular as bone graft materials. In summary, the preparation of HAP bioceramics by a 3D printing of digital light processing (DLP) is a promising work. However, the preparation of HAP hybrid suspensions with high solid loading and good fluidity that can be printed by DLP encountered some challenges. Therefore, the purpose of this work is to improve and develop a novel UV-curing suspension with a high solids loading, which the suspension with the hydrodynamic properties and stability are suitable for DLP printer, in order to compensate for the brittleness of HAP ceramics itself to a certain extent, a low amount of zirconia was added in the suspension as an additive to fabricate a zirconia toughened HAP bioceramic composite by a DLP of 3D printing. In this work, the HAP powder was pre-modified by two organic modifiers to improve the compatibility in the acrylic resin system, and the addition of the castor oil phosphate further reduced the shear stress of the suspension to ensure strong liquidity. The UV suspension with 60 wt% powder particle loading had a minimum viscosity of 7495 mPa·s at 30 rpm, which was vacuum sintered at 1100 °C, 1200 °C, and 1250 °C, respectively. The composite ceramics (with 6 wt% ZrO2) at 1200 °C had a relative density of 90.7%, while the sintered samples at 1250 °C had stronger tensile strength and bending strength. The toughening effect of zirconia incorporation on HAP ceramics was also confirmed by the change of tensile modulus and bending modulus, whereas the corresponding mechanical properties were also significantly enhanced.
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