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de Jong CGHM, Gabius HJ, Baron W. The emerging role of galectins in (re)myelination and its potential for developing new approaches to treat multiple sclerosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:1289-1317. [PMID: 31628495 PMCID: PMC7113233 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03327-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system with unknown etiology. Currently approved disease-modifying treatment modalities are immunomodulatory or immunosuppressive. While the applied drugs reduce the frequency and severity of the attacks, their efficacy to regenerate myelin membranes and to halt disease progression is limited. To achieve such therapeutic aims, understanding biological mechanisms of remyelination and identifying factors that interfere with remyelination in MS can give respective directions. Such a perspective is given by the emerging functional profile of galectins. They form a family of tissue lectins, which are potent effectors in processes as diverse as adhesion, apoptosis, immune mediator release or migration. This review focuses on endogenous and exogenous roles of galectins in glial cells such as oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and microglia in the context of de- and (re)myelination and its dysregulation in MS. Evidence is arising for a cooperation among family members so that timed expression and/or secretion of galectins-1, -3 and -4 result in modifying developmental myelination, (neuro)inflammatory processes, de- and remyelination. Dissecting the mechanisms that underlie the distinct activities of galectins and identifying galectins as target or tool to modulate remyelination have the potential to contribute to the development of novel therapeutic strategies for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte G H M de Jong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Wia Baron
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Manning JC, García Caballero G, Knospe C, Kaltner H, Gabius HJ. Network analysis of adhesion/growth-regulatory galectins and their binding sites in adult chicken retina and choroid. J Anat 2017; 231:23-37. [PMID: 28425099 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly ordered multilayered organization of the adult chicken retina is a suitable test model for examining zonal distribution of the members of a bioeffector family. Based on the concept of the sugar code, the functional pairing of glycan epitopes with cognate receptors (lectins) is emerging as a means to explain the control of diverse physiological activities. Having recently completed the biochemical characterization of all seven adhesion/growth-regulatory galectins present in chicken, it was possible to establish how the individual characteristics of their expression profiles add up to shape the galectin network, which until now has not been defined at this level of complexity. This information will also have relevance in explaining the region-specific presence of glycan determinants in the retina, as illustrated in the first part of this study using a panel of nine plant/fungal agglutinins. The following systematic monitoring of the galectins yielded patterns for which quantitative and qualitative differences were detected. Obviously, positivity in distinct layers is not confined to a single protein of this family, e.g. CG-1A, CG-3 or CG-8. These results underline the requirement for network analysis for these proteins that can functionally interact in additive or antagonistic modes. Labeling of the tissue galectins facilitated profiling of their accessible binding sites. It also revealed differences among the galectin family members, highlighting the ability of this method to define binding properties on the level of tissue sections. Methodologically, the detection of endogenous lectins intimates that cognate glycans can become inaccessible, a notable caveat for lectin histochemical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim C Manning
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Gabriel García Caballero
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Clemens Knospe
- Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Herbert Kaltner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
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Wu G, Lu ZH, André S, Gabius HJ, Ledeen RW. Functional interplay between ganglioside GM1 and cross-linking galectin-1 induces axon-like neuritogenesis via integrin-based signaling and TRPC5-dependent Ca²⁺ influx. J Neurochem 2015; 136:550-63. [PMID: 26526326 PMCID: PMC4720552 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Axon‐like neuritogenesis in neuroblastoma (NG108‐15) cells and primary cerebellar granular neurons is furthered by the presence of ganglioside GM1. We describe here that galectin‐1 (Gal‐1), a homobivalent endogenous lectin, is an effector by cross‐linking the ganglioside and its associated glycoprotein α5β1‐integrin. The thereby triggered signaling cascade involves autophosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase and activation of phospholipase Cγ and phosphoinositide‐3 kinase. This leads to a transient increase in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration by opening of TRPC5 channels, which belong to the signal transduction‐gated cation channels. Controls with GM1‐defective cells (NG‐CR72 and neurons from ganglio‐series KO mice) were retarded in axonal growth, underscoring the relevance of GM1 as functional counterreceptor for Gal‐1. The lectin's presence was detected in the NG108‐15 cells, suggesting an autocrine mechanism of action, and in astrocytes in situ. Gal‐1, as cross‐linking lectin, can thus translate metabolic conversion of ganglioside GD1a to GM1 by neuraminidase action into axon growth.
Galectin‐1 (Gal‐1) was shown an effector of axonogenesis in cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) and NG108‐15 cells by cross‐linking GM1 ganglioside and its associated glycoprotein α5β1‐integrin. The resulting signaling led to a transient increase in intracellular Ca2+ by opening TRPC5 channels. CGNs deficient in GM1 showed retarded axonogenesis, underscoring the relevance of GM1 as functional counterreceptor for Gal‐1 in this process. This Gal‐1/GM1‐induced signaling was manifest only at the earliest, initiating stage of axon development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gusheng Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neurosciences, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Zi-Hua Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neurosciences, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Sabine André
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Tierärztliche Fakultät, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Tierärztliche Fakultät, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany
| | - Robert W Ledeen
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neurosciences, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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Göhler A, Büchner C, André S, Sören Doose, Kaltner H, Gabius HJ. Analysis of homodimeric avian and human galectins by two methods based on fluorescence spectroscopy: Different structural alterations upon oxidation and ligand binding. Biochimie 2012; 94:2649-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Kopitz J, Ballikaya S, André S, Gabius HJ. Ganglioside GM1/Galectin-Dependent Growth Regulation in Human Neuroblastoma Cells: Special Properties of Bivalent Galectin-4 and Significance of Linker Length for Ligand Selection. Neurochem Res 2012; 37:1267-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-011-0693-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Stancic M, van Horssen J, Thijssen VL, Gabius HJ, van der Valk P, Hoekstra D, Baron W. Increased expression of distinct galectins in multiple sclerosis lesions. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2011; 37:654-71. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2011.01184.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Robotti A, Natale M, Albo AG, Lis K, Perga S, Marnetto F, Gilli F, Bertolotto A. Acute-phase proteins investigation based on lectins affinity capture prior to 2-DE separation: Application to serum from multiple sclerosis patients. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:2882-93. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Díez-Revuelta N, Velasco S, André S, Kaltner H, Kübler D, Gabius HJ, Abad-Rodríguez J. Phosphorylation of adhesion- and growth-regulatory human galectin-3 leads to the induction of axonal branching by local membrane L1 and ERM redistribution. J Cell Sci 2010; 123:671-81. [PMID: 20124415 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.058198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Serine phosphorylation of the beta-galactoside-binding protein galectin-3 (Gal-3) impacts nuclear localization but has unknown consequences for extracellular activities. Herein, we reveal that the phosphorylated form of galectin-3 (pGal-3), adsorbed to substratum surfaces or to heparan sulphate proteoglycans, is instrumental in promoting axon branching in cultured hippocampal neurons by local actin destabilization. pGal-3 interacts with neural cell adhesion molecule L1, and enhances L1 association with Thy-1-rich membrane microdomains. Concomitantly, membrane-actin linker proteins ezrin-radixin-moesin (ERM) are recruited to the same membrane site via interaction with the intracellular domain of L1. We propose that the local regulation of the L1-ERM-actin pathway, at the level of the plasma membrane, underlies pGal-3-induced axon branching, and that galectin phosphorylation in situ could act as a molecular switch for the axon response to Gal-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Díez-Revuelta
- Membrane Biology and Axonal Repair Laboratory. Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM), Finca La Peraleda s/n, E-45071 Toledo, Spain
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López-Lucendo MF, Solís D, Sáiz JL, Kaltner H, Russwurm R, André S, Gabius HJ, Romero A. Homodimeric Chicken Galectin CG-1B (C-14): Crystal Structure and Detection of Unique Redox-Dependent Shape Changes Involving Inter- and Intrasubunit Disulfide Bridges by Gel Filtration, Ultracentrifugation, Site-Directed Mutagenesis, and Peptide Mass Fingerprinting. J Mol Biol 2009; 386:366-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2008] [Accepted: 09/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kaltner H, Solís D, Kopitz J, Lensch M, Lohr M, Manning JC, Mürnseer M, Schnölzer M, André S, Sáiz JL, Gabius HJ. Prototype chicken galectins revisited: characterization of a third protein with distinctive hydrodynamic behaviour and expression pattern in organs of adult animals. Biochem J 2007; 409:591-9. [PMID: 17887955 DOI: 10.1042/bj20070419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Prototype galectins are versatile modulators of cell adhesion and growth via their reactivity to certain carbohydrate and protein ligands. These functions and the galectins' marked developmental regulation explain their attractiveness as models to dissect divergent evolution after gene duplication. Only two members have so far been assumed to constitute this group in chicken, namely the embryonic muscle/liver form {C-16 or CLL-I [16 kDa; chicken lactose lectin, later named CG-16 (chicken galectin-16)]} and the embryonic skin/intestine form (CLL-II or C-14; later named CG-14). In the present study, we report on the cloning and expression of a third prototype CG. It has deceptively similar electrophoretic mobility compared with recombinant C-14, the protein first isolated from embryonic skin, and turned out to be identical with the intestinal protein. Hydrodynamic properties unusual for a homodimeric galectin and characteristic traits in the proximal promoter region set it apart from the two already known CGs. Their structural vicinity to galectin-1 prompts their classification as CG-1A (CG-16)/CG-1B (CG-14), whereas sequence similarity to mammalian galectin-2 gives reason to refer to the intestinal protein as CG-2. The expression profiling by immunohistochemistry with specific antibodies discerned non-overlapping expression patterns for the three CGs in several organs of adult animals. Overall, the results reveal a network of three prototype galectins in chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Kaltner
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Tierärztliche Fakultät, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Veterinärstr. 13, D-80539 München, Germany
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Wu AM, Singh T, Liu JH, Krzeminski M, Russwurm R, Siebert HC, Bonvin AMJJ, André S, Gabius HJ. Activity–structure correlations in divergent lectin evolution: fine specificity of chicken galectin CG-14 and computational analysis of flexible ligand docking for CG-14 and the closely related CG-16. Glycobiology 2006; 17:165-84. [PMID: 17060369 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwl062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene duplication and sequence divergence are driving forces toward establishing protein families. To examine how sequence changes affect carbohydrate specificity, the two closely related proto-type chicken galectins CG-14 and CG-16 were selected as models. Binding properties were analyzed using a highly sensitive solid-phase assay. We tested 56 free saccharides and 34 well-defined glycoproteins. The two galectins share preference for the II (Galbeta1-4GlcNAc) versus I (Galbeta1-3GlcNAc) version of beta-galactosides. A pronounced difference is found owing to the reactivity of CG-14 with histo-blood group ABH active oligosaccharides and A/B active glycoproteins. These experimental results prompted to determine activity-structure correlations by modeling. Computational analysis included consideration of the flexibility of binding partners and the presence of water molecules. It provided a comparative description of complete carbohydrate recognition domains, which had so far not been characterized in animal galectins. The structural models assigned II, I selectivity to a region downstream of the central Trp moiety. Docking revealed that the tetrasaccharides can be accommodated in their free-state low-energy conformations. CG-14's preference for A versus B epitopes could be attributed to a contact between His124 and the N-acetyl group of GalNAc. Regarding intergalectin comparison, the Ala53/Cys51 exchange affects the interaction potential of His54/His52. Close inspection of simulated dynamic interplay revealed reorientation of His124 at the site of the His124/Glu123 substitution, with potential impact on ligand dissociation. In summary, this study identifies activity differences and provides information on their relation to structural divergence, epitomizing the value of this combined approach beyond galectins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert M Wu
- Glyco-Immunochemistry Research Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.
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Martín-Pastor M, Vega-Vázquez M, De Capua A, Canales A, André S, Gabius HJ, Jiménez-Barbero J. Enhanced signal dispersion in saturation transfer difference experiments by conversion to a 1D-STD-homodecoupled spectrum. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR NMR 2006; 36:103-9. [PMID: 17013681 DOI: 10.1007/s10858-006-9055-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2006] [Accepted: 07/07/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The saturation transfer difference (STD) experiment is a rich source of information on topological aspects of ligand binding to a receptor. The epitope mapping is based on a magnetization transfer after signal saturation from the receptor to the ligand, where interproton distances permit this process. Signal overlap in the STD spectrum can cause difficulties to correctly assign and/or quantitate the measured enhancements. To address this issue we report here a modified version of the routine experiment and a processing scheme that provides a 1D-STD homodecoupled spectrum (i.e. an experiment in which all STD signals appear as singlets) with line widths similar to those in original STD spectrum. These refinements contribute to alleviate problems of signal overlap. The experiment is based on 2D-J-resolved spectroscopy, one of the fastest 2D experiments under conventional data sampling in the indirect dimension, and provides excellent sensitivity, a key factor for the difference experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Martín-Pastor
- Laboratorio Integral de Dinámica e Estructura de Biomoléculas José R. Carracido, Unidade de Resonancia Magnética, Edificio CACTUS, RIAIDT, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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