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Siddiqui NU, Karaiskakis A, Goldman AL, Eagle WVI, Low TCH, Luo H, Smibert CA, Gavis ER, Lipshitz HD. Smaug regulates germ plasm assembly and primordial germ cell number in Drosophila embryos. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadg7894. [PMID: 38608012 PMCID: PMC11014450 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg7894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
During Drosophila oogenesis, the Oskar (OSK) RNA binding protein (RBP) determines the amount of germ plasm that assembles at the posterior pole of the oocyte. Here, we identify mechanisms that subsequently regulate germ plasm assembly in the early embryo. We show that the Smaug (SMG) RBP is transported into the germ plasm of the early embryo where it accumulates in the germ granules. SMG binds to and represses translation of the osk messenger RNA (mRNA) as well as the bruno 1 (bru1) mRNA, which encodes an RBP that we show promotes germ plasm production. Loss of SMG or mutation of SMG's binding sites in the osk or bru1 mRNA results in excess translation of these transcripts in the germ plasm, accumulation of excess germ plasm, and budding of excess primordial germ cells (PGCs). Therefore, SMG triggers a posttranscriptional regulatory pathway that attenuates the amount of germ plasm in embryos to modulate the number of PGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najeeb U. Siddiqui
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Angelo Karaiskakis
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Aaron L. Goldman
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Whitby V. I. Eagle
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Timothy C. H. Low
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Hua Luo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Craig A. Smibert
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Elizabeth R. Gavis
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Howard D. Lipshitz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
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Siddiqui NU, Karaiskakis A, Goldman AL, Eagle WV, Smibert CA, Gavis ER, Lipshitz HD. Smaug regulates germ plasm synthesis and primordial germ cell number in Drosophila embryos by repressing the oskar and bruno 1 mRNAs. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.27.530189. [PMID: 36909513 PMCID: PMC10002672 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.27.530189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
During Drosophila oogenesis, the Oskar (OSK) RNA-binding protein (RBP) determines the amount of germ plasm that assembles at the posterior pole of the oocyte. Here we identify the mechanisms that regulate the osk mRNA in the early embryo. We show that the Smaug (SMG) RBP is transported into the germ plasm of the early embryo where it accumulates in the germ granules. SMG binds to and represses translation of the osk mRNA itself as well as the bruno 1 (bru1) mRNA, which encodes an RBP that we show promotes germ plasm production. Loss of SMG or mutation of SMG's binding sites in the osk or bru1 mRNAs results in ectopic translation of these transcripts in the germ plasm and excess PGCs. SMG therefore triggers a post-transcriptional regulatory pathway that attenuates germ plasm synthesis in embryos, thus modulating the number of PGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najeeb U. Siddiqui
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1M1
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 0A4
| | - Angelo Karaiskakis
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1M1
| | - Aaron L. Goldman
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1M1
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 0A4
| | - Whitby V.I. Eagle
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Craig A. Smibert
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1M1
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1M1
| | - Elizabeth R. Gavis
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Howard D. Lipshitz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1M1
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Bayer LV, Milano S, Formel SK, Kaur H, Ravichandran R, Cambeiro JA, Slinko L, Catrina IE, Bratu DP. Cup is essential for oskar mRNA translational repression during early Drosophila oogenesis. RNA Biol 2023; 20:573-587. [PMID: 37553798 PMCID: PMC10413924 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2023.2242650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Study of the timing and location for mRNA translation across model systems has begun to shed light on molecular events fundamental to such processes as intercellular communication, morphogenesis, and body pattern formation. In D. melanogaster, the posterior mRNA determinant, oskar, is transcribed maternally but translated only when properly localized at the oocyte's posterior cortex. Two effector proteins, Bruno1 and Cup, mediate steps of oskar mRNA regulation. The current model in the field identifies Bruno1 as necessary for Cup's recruitment to oskar mRNA and indispensable for oskar's translational repression. We now report that this Bruno1-Cup interaction leads to precise oskar mRNA regulation during early oogenesis and, importantly, the two proteins mutually influence each other's mRNA expression and protein distribution in the egg chamber. We show that these factors stably associate with oskar mRNA in vivo. Cup associates with oskar mRNA without Bruno1, while surprisingly Bruno1's stable association with oskar mRNA depends on Cup. We demonstrate that the essential factor for oskar mRNA repression in early oogenesis is Cup, not Bruno1. Furthermore, we find that Cup is a key P-body component that maintains functional P-body morphology during oogenesis and is necessary for oskar mRNA's association with P-bodies. Therefore, Cup drives the translational repression and stability of oskar mRNA. These experimental results point to a regulatory feedback loop between Bruno 1 and Cup in early oogenesis that appears crucial for oskar mRNA to reach the posterior pole and its expression in the egg chamber for accurate embryo development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia V. Bayer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
- Program in Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, the Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samantha Milano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
- Program in Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, the Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephen K. Formel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rishi Ravichandran
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Juan A. Cambeiro
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lizaveta Slinko
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Irina E. Catrina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Yeshiva University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Diana P. Bratu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
- Program in Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, the Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
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Mercer M, Jang S, Ni C, Buszczak M. The Dynamic Regulation of mRNA Translation and Ribosome Biogenesis During Germ Cell Development and Reproductive Aging. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:710186. [PMID: 34805139 PMCID: PMC8595405 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.710186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulation of mRNA translation, both globally and at the level of individual transcripts, plays a central role in the development and function of germ cells across species. Genetic studies using flies, worms, zebrafish and mice have highlighted the importance of specific RNA binding proteins in driving various aspects of germ cell formation and function. Many of these mRNA binding proteins, including Pumilio, Nanos, Vasa and Dazl have been conserved through evolution, specifically mark germ cells, and carry out similar functions across species. These proteins typically influence mRNA translation by binding to specific elements within the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of target messages. Emerging evidence indicates that the global regulation of mRNA translation also plays an important role in germ cell development. For example, ribosome biogenesis is often regulated in a stage specific manner during gametogenesis. Moreover, oocytes need to produce and store a sufficient number of ribosomes to support the development of the early embryo until the initiation of zygotic transcription. Accumulating evidence indicates that disruption of mRNA translation regulatory mechanisms likely contributes to infertility and reproductive aging in humans. These findings highlight the importance of gaining further insights into the mechanisms that control mRNA translation within germ cells. Future work in this area will likely have important impacts beyond germ cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Mercer
- Department of Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Seoyeon Jang
- Department of Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Chunyang Ni
- Department of Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Michael Buszczak
- Department of Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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Kenny A, Morgan MB, Mohr S, Macdonald PM. Knock down analysis reveals critical phases for specific oskar noncoding RNA functions during Drosophila oogenesis. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2021; 11:6377782. [PMID: 34586387 PMCID: PMC8849117 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The oskar transcript, acting as a noncoding RNA, contributes to a diverse set of pathways in the Drosophila ovary, including karyosome formation, positioning of the microtubule organizing center (MTOC), integrity of certain ribonucleoprotein particles, control of nurse cell divisions, restriction of several proteins to the germline, and progression through oogenesis. How oskar mRNA acts to perform these functions remains unclear. Here, we use a knock down approach to identify the critical phases when oskar is required for three of these functions. The existing transgenic shRNA for removal of oskar mRNA in the germline targets a sequence overlapping a regulatory site bound by Bruno1 protein to confer translational repression, and was ineffective during oogenesis. Novel transgenic shRNAs targeting other sites were effective at strongly reducing oskar mRNA levels and reproducing phenotypes associated with the absence of the mRNA. Using GAL4 drivers active at different developmental stages of oogenesis, we found that early loss of oskar mRNA reproduced defects in karyosome formation and positioning of the MTOC, but not arrest of oogenesis. Loss of oskar mRNA at later stages was required to prevent progression through oogenesis. The noncoding function of oskar mRNA is thus required for more than a single event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Kenny
- Department of Molecular Biosciences The University of Texas at Austin Austin, TX 78712 United States of America
| | - Miles B Morgan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences The University of Texas at Austin Austin, TX 78712 United States of America
| | - Sabine Mohr
- Department of Molecular Biosciences The University of Texas at Austin Austin, TX 78712 United States of America
| | - Paul M Macdonald
- Department of Molecular Biosciences The University of Texas at Austin Austin, TX 78712 United States of America
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Opposing roles for Egalitarian and Staufen in transport, anchoring and localization of oskar mRNA in the Drosophila oocyte. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009500. [PMID: 33798193 PMCID: PMC8046350 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Localization of oskar mRNA includes two distinct phases: transport from nurse cells to the oocyte, a process typically accompanied by cortical anchoring in the oocyte, followed by posterior localization within the oocyte. Signals within the oskar 3' UTR directing transport are individually weak, a feature previously hypothesized to facilitate exchange between the different localization machineries. We show that alteration of the SL2a stem-loop structure containing the oskar transport and anchoring signal (TAS) removes an inhibitory effect such that in vitro binding by the RNA transport factor, Egalitarian, is elevated as is in vivo transport from the nurse cells into the oocyte. Cortical anchoring within the oocyte is also enhanced, interfering with posterior localization. We also show that mutation of Staufen recognized structures (SRSs), predicted binding sites for Staufen, disrupts posterior localization of oskar mRNA just as in staufen mutants. Two SRSs in SL2a, one overlapping the Egalitarian binding site, are inferred to mediate Staufen-dependent inhibition of TAS anchoring activity, thereby promoting posterior localization. The other three SRSs in the oskar 3' UTR are also required for posterior localization, including two located distant from any known transport signal. Staufen, thus, plays multiple roles in localization of oskar mRNA.
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Kenny A, Morgan MB, Macdonald PM. Different roles for the adjoining and structurally similar A-rich and poly(A) domains of oskar mRNA: Only the A-rich domain is required for oskar noncoding RNA function, which includes MTOC positioning. Dev Biol 2021; 476:117-127. [PMID: 33798537 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila oskar (osk) mRNA has both coding and noncoding functions, with the latter required for progression through oogenesis. Noncoding activity is mediated by the osk 3' UTR. Three types of cis elements act most directly and are clustered within the final ~120 nucleotides of the 3' UTR: multiple binding sites for the Bru1 protein, a short highly conserved region, and A-rich sequences abutting the poly(A) tail. Here we extend the characterization of these elements and their functions, providing new insights into osk noncoding RNA function and the makeup of the cis elements. We show that all three elements are required for correct positioning of the microtubule organizing center (MTOC), a defect not previously reported for any osk mutant. Normally, the MTOC is located at the posterior of the oocyte during previtellogenic stages of oogenesis, and this distribution underlies the strong posterior enrichment of many mRNAs transported into the oocyte from the nurse cells. When osk noncoding function was disrupted the MTOC was dispersed in the oocyte and osk mRNA failed to be enriched at the posterior, although transport to the oocyte was not affected. A previous study did not detect loss of posterior enrichment for certain osk mutants lacking noncoding activity (Kanke et al., 2015). This discrepancy may be due to use of imaging aimed at monitoring transport to the oocyte rather than posterior enrichment. Involvement in MTOC positioning suggests that the osk noncoding function may act in conjunction with genes whose loss has similar effects, and that osk function may extend to other processes requiring those genes. Further characterization of the cis elements required for osk noncoding function included completion of saturation mutagenesis of the most highly conserved region, providing critical information for evaluating the possible contribution of candidate binding factors. The 3'-most cis element is a cluster of A-rich sequences, the ARS. The close juxtaposition and structural similarity of the ARS and poly(A) tail raised the possibility that they comprise an extended A-rich element required for osk noncoding function. We found that absence of the poly(A) tail did not mimic the effects of mutation of the ARS, causing neither arrest of oogenesis nor mispositioning of osk mRNA in previtellogenic stage oocytes. Thus, the ARS and the poly(A) tail are not interchangeable for osk noncoding RNA function, suggesting that the role of the ARS is not in recruitment of Poly(A) binding protein (PABP), the protein that binds the poly(A) tail. Furthermore, although PABP has been implicated in transport of osk mRNA from the nurse cells to the oocyte, mutation of the ARS in combination with loss of the poly(A) tail did not disrupt transport of osk mRNA into the oocyte. We conclude that PABP acts indirectly in osk mRNA transport, or is associated with osk mRNA independent of an A-rich binding site. Although the poly(A) tail was not required for osk mRNA transport into the oocyte, its absence was associated with a novel osk mRNA localization defect later in oogenesis, potentially revealing a previously unrecognized step in the localization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Kenny
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, United States
| | - Miles B Morgan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, United States
| | - Paul M Macdonald
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, United States.
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Structural Insights into RNA Dimerization: Motifs, Interfaces and Functions. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25122881. [PMID: 32585844 PMCID: PMC7357161 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25122881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In comparison with the pervasive use of protein dimers and multimers in all domains of life, functional RNA oligomers have so far rarely been observed in nature. Their diminished occurrence contrasts starkly with the robust intrinsic potential of RNA to multimerize through long-range base-pairing ("kissing") interactions, self-annealing of palindromic or complementary sequences, and stable tertiary contact motifs, such as the GNRA tetraloop-receptors. To explore the general mechanics of RNA dimerization, we performed a meta-analysis of a collection of exemplary RNA homodimer structures consisting of viral genomic elements, ribozymes, riboswitches, etc., encompassing both functional and fortuitous dimers. Globally, we found that domain-swapped dimers and antiparallel, head-to-tail arrangements are predominant architectural themes. Locally, we observed that the same structural motifs, interfaces and forces that enable tertiary RNA folding also drive their higher-order assemblies. These feature prominently long-range kissing loops, pseudoknots, reciprocal base intercalations and A-minor interactions. We postulate that the scarcity of functional RNA multimers and limited diversity in multimerization motifs may reflect evolutionary constraints imposed by host antiviral immune surveillance and stress sensing. A deepening mechanistic understanding of RNA multimerization is expected to facilitate investigations into RNA and RNP assemblies, condensates, and granules and enable their potential therapeutical targeting.
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Lasko P. Patterning the Drosophila embryo: A paradigm for RNA-based developmental genetic regulation. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2020; 11:e1610. [PMID: 32543002 PMCID: PMC7583483 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic anterior–posterior patterning is established in Drosophila melanogaster by maternally expressed genes. The mRNAs of several of these genes accumulate at either the anterior or posterior pole of the oocyte via a number of mechanisms. Many of these mRNAs are also under elaborate translational regulation. Asymmetric RNA localization coupled with spatially restricted translation ensures that their proteins are restricted to the position necessary for the developmental process that they drive. Bicoid (Bcd), the anterior determinant, and Oskar (Osk), the determinant for primordial germ cells and posterior patterning, have been studied particularly closely. In early embryos an anterior–posterior gradient of Bcd is established, activating transcription of different sets of zygotic genes depending on local Bcd concentration. At the posterior pole, Osk seeds formation of polar granules, ribonucleoprotein complexes that accumulate further mRNAs and proteins involved in posterior patterning and germ cell specification. After fertilization, polar granules associate with posterior nuclei and mature into nuclear germ granules. Osk accumulates in these granules, and either by itself or as part of the granules, stimulates germ cell division. This article is categorized under:RNA Export and Localization > RNA Localization Translation > Translation Regulation RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Development
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Lasko
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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10
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Dold A, Han H, Liu N, Hildebrandt A, Brüggemann M, Rücklé C, Hänel H, Busch A, Beli P, Zarnack K, König J, Roignant JY, Lasko P. Makorin 1 controls embryonic patterning by alleviating Bruno1-mediated repression of oskar translation. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008581. [PMID: 31978041 PMCID: PMC7001992 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Makorins are evolutionary conserved proteins that contain C3H-type zinc finger modules and a RING E3 ubiquitin ligase domain. In Drosophila, maternal Makorin 1 (Mkrn1) has been linked to embryonic patterning but the mechanism remained unsolved. Here, we show that Mkrn1 is essential for axis specification and pole plasm assembly by translational activation of oskar (osk). We demonstrate that Mkrn1 interacts with poly(A) binding protein (pAbp) and binds specifically to osk 3’ UTR in a region adjacent to A-rich sequences. Using Drosophila S2R+ cultured cells we show that this binding site overlaps with a Bruno1 (Bru1) responsive element (BREs) that regulates osk translation. We observe increased association of the translational repressor Bru1 with osk mRNA upon depletion of Mkrn1, indicating that both proteins compete for osk binding. Consistently, reducing Bru1 dosage partially rescues viability and Osk protein level in ovaries from Mkrn1 females. We conclude that Mkrn1 controls embryonic patterning and germ cell formation by specifically activating osk translation, most likely by competing with Bru1 to bind to osk 3’ UTR. To ensure accurate development of the Drosophila embryo, proteins and mRNAs are positioned at specific sites within the embryo. Many of these factors are produced and localized during the development of the egg in the mother. One protein essential for this process that has been heavily studied is Oskar (Osk), which is positioned at the posterior pole. During the localization of osk mRNA, its translation is repressed by the RNA-binding protein Bruno1 (Bru1), ensuring that Osk protein is not present outside of the posterior where it is harmful. At the posterior pole, osk mRNA is activated through mechanisms that are not yet understood. In this work, we show that the conserved protein Makorin 1 (Mkrn1) is a novel factor involved in the translational activation of osk. Mkrn1 binds specifically to osk mRNA, overlapping with a binding site of Bru1, thus alleviating the association of Bru1 with osk. Moreover, Mkrn1 is stabilized by poly(A) binding protein (pAbp), a translational activator that binds osk mRNA in close proximity to one Mkrn1 binding site. Our work thus helps to answer a long-standing question in the field, providing insight about the function of Mkrn1 and more generally into embryonic patterning in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabelle Dold
- RNA Epigenetics, Institute of Molecular Biology, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hong Han
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Niankun Liu
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Andrea Hildebrandt
- Chromatin Biology and Proteomics, Institute of Molecular Biology, Mainz, Germany.,Genomic Views of Splicing Regulation, Institute of Molecular Biology, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mirko Brüggemann
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Cornelia Rücklé
- Genomic Views of Splicing Regulation, Institute of Molecular Biology, Mainz, Germany.,Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Heike Hänel
- Genomic Views of Splicing Regulation, Institute of Molecular Biology, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anke Busch
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Institute of Molecular Biology, Mainz, Germany
| | - Petra Beli
- Chromatin Biology and Proteomics, Institute of Molecular Biology, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kathi Zarnack
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Julian König
- Genomic Views of Splicing Regulation, Institute of Molecular Biology, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jean-Yves Roignant
- RNA Epigenetics, Institute of Molecular Biology, Mainz, Germany.,Center for Integrative Genomics, Génopode Building, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paul Lasko
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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11
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Subcellular Specialization and Organelle Behavior in Germ Cells. Genetics 2018; 208:19-51. [PMID: 29301947 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.117.300184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gametes, eggs and sperm, are the highly specialized cell types on which the development of new life solely depends. Although all cells share essential organelles, such as the ER (endoplasmic reticulum), Golgi, mitochondria, and centrosomes, germ cells display unique regulation and behavior of organelles during gametogenesis. These germ cell-specific functions of organelles serve critical roles in successful gamete production. In this chapter, I will review the behaviors and roles of organelles during germ cell differentiation.
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12
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Perez-Pepe M, Fernández-Alvarez AJ, Boccaccio GL. Life and Work of Stress Granules and Processing Bodies: New Insights into Their Formation and Function. Biochemistry 2018; 57:2488-2498. [PMID: 29595960 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The dynamic formation of stress granules (SGs), processing bodies (PBs), and related RNA organelles regulates diverse cellular processes, including the coordination of functionally connected messengers, the translational regulation at the synapse, and the control of viruses and retrotransposons. Recent studies have shown that pyruvate kinase and other enzymes localize in SGs and PBs, where they become protected from stress insults. These observations may have implications for enzyme regulation and metabolic control exerted by RNA-based organelles. The formation of these cellular bodies is governed by liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) processes, and it needs to be strictly controlled to prevent pathogenic aggregation. The intracellular concentration of key metabolites, such as ATP and sterol derivatives, may influence protein solubility, thus affecting the dynamics of liquid organelles. LLPS in vitro depends on the thermal diffusion of macromolecules, which is limited inside cells, where the condensation and dissolution of membrane-less organelles are helped by energy-driven processes. The active transport by the retrograde motor dynein helps SG assembly, whereas the anterograde motor kinesin mediates SG dissolution; a tug of war between these two molecular motors allows transient SG formation. There is evidence that the efficiency of dynein-mediated transport increases with the number of motor molecules associated with the cargo. The dynein-dependent transport may be influenced by cargo size as larger cargos can load a larger number of motors. We propose a model based on this emergent property of dynein motors, which would be collectively stronger during SG condensation and weaker during SG breakdown, thus allowing kinesin-mediated dispersion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Perez-Pepe
- Instituto Leloir and Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquı́micas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA)-CONICET , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Ana J Fernández-Alvarez
- Instituto Leloir and Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquı́micas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA)-CONICET , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Graciela L Boccaccio
- Instituto Leloir and Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquı́micas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA)-CONICET , Buenos Aires , Argentina
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13
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Rosa JB, Metzstein MM, Ghabrial AS. An Ichor-dependent apical extracellular matrix regulates seamless tube shape and integrity. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007146. [PMID: 29309404 PMCID: PMC5774827 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
During sprouting angiogenesis in the vertebrate vascular system, and primary branching in the Drosophila tracheal system, specialized tip cells direct branch outgrowth and network formation. When tip cells lumenize, they form subcellular (seamless) tubes. How these seamless tubes are made, shaped and maintained remains poorly understood. Here we characterize a Drosophila mutant called ichor (ich), and show that ich is essential for the integrity and shape of seamless tubes in tracheal terminal cells. We find that Ich regulates seamless tubulogenesis via its role in promoting the formation of a mature apical extracellular matrix (aECM) lining the lumen of the seamless tubes. We determined that ich encodes a zinc finger protein (CG11966) that acts, as a transcriptional activator required for the expression of multiple aECM factors, including a novel membrane-anchored trypsin protease (CG8213). Thus, the integrity and shape of seamless tubes are regulated by the aECM that lines their lumens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey B. Rosa
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mark M. Metzstein
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Amin S. Ghabrial
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
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14
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Ryu YH, Kenny A, Gim Y, Snee M, Macdonald PM. Multiple cis-acting signals, some weak by necessity, collectively direct robust transport of oskar mRNA to the oocyte. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:3060-3071. [PMID: 28760927 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.202069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Localization of mRNAs can involve multiple steps, each with its own cis-acting localization signals and transport factors. How is the transition between different steps orchestrated? We show that the initial step in localization of Drosophila oskar mRNA - transport from nurse cells to the oocyte - relies on multiple cis-acting signals. Some of these are binding sites for the translational control factor Bruno, suggesting that Bruno plays an additional role in mRNA transport. Although transport of oskar mRNA is essential and robust, the localization activity of individual transport signals is weak. Notably, increasing the strength of individual transport signals, or adding a strong transport signal, disrupts the later stages of oskar mRNA localization. We propose that the oskar transport signals are weak by necessity; their weakness facilitates transfer of the oskar mRNA from the oocyte transport machinery to the machinery for posterior localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Hee Ryu
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Andrew Kenny
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Youme Gim
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Mark Snee
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Paul M Macdonald
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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15
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Abstract
Acquisition of oocyte polarity involves complex translocation and aggregation of intracellular organelles, RNAs, and proteins, along with strict posttranscriptional regulation. While much is still unknown regarding the formation of the animal-vegetal axis, an early marker of polarity, animal models have contributed to our understanding of these early processes controlling normal oogenesis and embryo development. In recent years, it has become clear that proteins with self-assembling properties are involved in assembling discrete subcellular compartments or domains underlying subcellular asymmetries in the early mitotic and meiotic cells of the female germline. These include asymmetries in duplication of the centrioles and formation of centrosomes and assembly of the organelle and RNA-rich Balbiani body, which plays a critical role in oocyte polarity. Notably, at specific stages of germline development, these transient structures in oocytes are temporally coincident and align with asymmetries in the position and arrangement of nuclear components, such as the nuclear pore and the chromosomal bouquet and the centrioles and cytoskeleton in the cytoplasm. Formation of these critical, transient structures and arrangements involves microtubule pathways, intrinsically disordered proteins (proteins with domains that tend to be fluid or lack a rigid ordered three-dimensional structure ranging from random coils, globular domains, to completely unstructured proteins), and translational repressors and activators. This review aims to examine recent literature and key players in oocyte polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Clapp
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Florence L Marlow
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, USA.
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1020, New York, NY, 10029-6574, USA.
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16
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Sampath K, Ephrussi A. CncRNAs: RNAs with both coding and non-coding roles in development. Development 2016; 143:1234-41. [PMID: 27095489 DOI: 10.1242/dev.133298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
RNAs are known to regulate diverse biological processes, either as protein-encoding molecules or as non-coding RNAs. However, a third class that comprises RNAs endowed with both protein coding and non-coding functions has recently emerged. Such bi-functional 'coding and non-coding RNAs' (cncRNAs) have been shown to play important roles in distinct developmental processes in plants and animals. Here, we discuss key examples of cncRNAs and review their roles, regulation and mechanisms of action during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karuna Sampath
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AJ, UK
| | - Anne Ephrussi
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstraße 1, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
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17
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Macdonald PM, Kanke M, Kenny A. Community effects in regulation of translation. eLife 2016; 5:e10965. [PMID: 27104756 PMCID: PMC4846370 DOI: 10.7554/elife.10965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain forms of translational regulation, and translation itself, rely on long-range interactions between proteins bound to the different ends of mRNAs. A widespread assumption is that such interactions occur only in cis, between the two ends of a single transcript. However, certain translational regulatory defects of the Drosophila oskar (osk) mRNA can be rescued in trans. We proposed that inter-transcript interactions, promoted by assembly of the mRNAs in particles, allow regulatory elements to act in trans. Here we confirm predictions of that model and show that disruption of PTB-dependent particle assembly inhibits rescue in trans. Communication between transcripts is not limited to different osk mRNAs, as regulation imposed by cis-acting elements embedded in the osk mRNA spreads to gurken mRNA. We conclude that community effects exist in translational regulation. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.10965.001 Genes encode the instructions needed to make proteins and other molecules. To make a protein, the DNA within a gene is copied to produce molecules of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) that are then used as templates to build proteins via a process called translation. This process – which involves protein machines called ribosomes binding to the start of the mRNA – is tightly regulated to control the amounts of particular proteins in cells. For example, in fruit fly ovaries, a protein called Bruno both represses and activates the translation of a gene known as oskar. To achieve this, Bruno binds to regions near the end of the oskar RNA known as Bruno response elements. It is not clear how Bruno acts to control translation. However, because ribosomes begin translation near the start of the mRNA, while Bruno is bound to regions near the end of the mRNA, there must be long-range interactions between the two ends of the mRNA. It is generally assumed that such long-range interactions only occur between proteins that are bound to the same mRNA molecule. However, in 2010, researchers observed that Bruno response elements within one oskar mRNA could influence the translation of other oskar mRNAs. This is known as “regulation in trans”. Here, Macdonald et al. – including some of the researchers from the earlier work – investigated this observation in more detail in fruit flies. In cells, multiple mRNA molecules and their associated proteins can assemble into particles. Macdonald et al. proposed that the close proximity of many mRNA molecules in these particles could allow trans regulation to take place. Indeed, the experiments found that blocking the assembly of oskar mRNA into particles inhibited trans regulation as expected. Macdonald et al. also asked if trans regulation can occur between mRNAs that encode different proteins. The experiments show that oskar mRNA could block the translation of an mRNA produced by the gurken gene, even when oskar mRNA was not being translated. More work is needed to find out how widely trans regulation is used to control translation. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.10965.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Macdonald
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States.,Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
| | - Matt Kanke
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States.,Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
| | - Andrew Kenny
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States.,Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
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18
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Localized Translation of gurken/TGF-α mRNA during Axis Specification Is Controlled by Access to Orb/CPEB on Processing Bodies. Cell Rep 2016; 14:2451-62. [PMID: 26947065 PMCID: PMC4823467 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In Drosophila oocytes, gurken/TGF-α mRNA is essential for establishing the future embryonic axes. gurken remains translationally silent during transport from its point of synthesis in nurse cells to its final destination in the oocyte, where it associates with the edge of processing bodies. Here we show that, in nurse cells, gurken is kept translationally silent by the lack of sufficient Orb/CPEB, its translational activator. Processing bodies in nurse cells have a similar protein complement and ultrastructure to those in the oocyte, but they markedly less Orb and do not associate with gurken mRNA. Ectopic expression of Orb in nurse cells at levels similar to the wild-type oocyte dorso-anterior corner at mid-oogenesis is sufficient to cause gurken mRNA to associate with processing bodies and translate prematurely. We propose that controlling the spatial distribution of translational activators is a fundamental mechanism for regulating localized translation. gurken mRNA is not silenced by known repressors during its transport In nurse cells, gurken mRNA is not associated with processing bodies In nurse cells, lack of sufficient Orb/CPEB silences gurken mRNA translation In oocytes, gurken mRNA is associated with Orb on processing bodies and translated
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19
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Abstract
Germ granules are the hallmark of all germ cells. These membrane-less, electron-dense structures were first observed over 100 years ago. Today, their role in regulating and processing transcripts critical for the establishment, maintenance, and protection of germ cells is well established, and pathways outlining the biochemical mechanisms and physical properties associated with their biogenesis are emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Lehmann
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), Department of Cell Biology, Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA.
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20
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Ryu YH, Macdonald PM. RNA sequences required for the noncoding function of oskar RNA also mediate regulation of Oskar protein expression by Bicoid Stability Factor. Dev Biol 2015; 407:211-23. [PMID: 26433064 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The Drosophila oskar (osk) mRNA is unusual in having both coding and noncoding functions. As an mRNA, osk encodes a protein which is deployed specifically at the posterior of the oocyte. This spatially-restricted deployment relies on a program of mRNA localization and both repression and activation of translation, all dependent on regulatory elements located primarily in the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of the mRNA. The 3' UTR also mediates the noncoding function of osk, which is essential for progression through oogenesis. Mutations which most strongly disrupt the noncoding function are positioned in a short region (the C region) near the 3' end of the mRNA, in close proximity to elements required for activation of translation. We show that Bicoid Stability Factor (BSF) binds specifically to the C region of the mRNA. Both knockdown of bsf and mutation of BSF binding sites in osk mRNA have the same consequences: Osk expression is largely eliminated late in oogenesis, with both mRNA localization and translation disrupted. Although the C region of the osk 3' UTR is required for the noncoding function, BSF binding does not appear to be essential for that function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Hee Ryu
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Paul M Macdonald
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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21
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Kanke M, Jambor H, Reich J, Marches B, Gstir R, Ryu YH, Ephrussi A, Macdonald PM. oskar RNA plays multiple noncoding roles to support oogenesis and maintain integrity of the germline/soma distinction. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2015; 21:1096-109. [PMID: 25862242 PMCID: PMC4436663 DOI: 10.1261/rna.048298.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The Drosophila oskar (osk) mRNA is unusual in that it has both coding and noncoding functions. As an mRNA, osk encodes a protein required for embryonic patterning and germ cell formation. Independent of that function, the absence of osk mRNA disrupts formation of the karyosome and blocks progression through oogenesis. Here we show that loss of osk mRNA also affects the distribution of regulatory proteins, relaxing their association with large RNPs within the germline, and allowing them to accumulate in the somatic follicle cells. This and other noncoding functions of the osk mRNA are mediated by multiple sequence elements with distinct roles. One role, provided by numerous binding sites in two distinct regions of the osk 3' UTR, is to sequester the translational regulator Bruno (Bru), which itself controls translation of osk mRNA. This defines a novel regulatory circuit, with Bru restricting the activity of osk, and osk in turn restricting the activity of Bru. Other functional elements, which do not bind Bru and are positioned close to the 3' end of the RNA, act in the oocyte and are essential. Despite the different roles played by the different types of elements contributing to RNA function, mutation of any leads to accumulation of the germline regulatory factors in the follicle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt Kanke
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Helena Jambor
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - John Reich
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Brittany Marches
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Ronald Gstir
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Young Hee Ryu
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Anne Ephrussi
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paul M Macdonald
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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22
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Kanke M, Macdonald PM. Translational activation of oskar mRNA: reevaluation of the role and importance of a 5' regulatory element [corrected]. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125849. [PMID: 25938537 PMCID: PMC4418564 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Local translation of oskar (osk) mRNA at the posterior pole of the Drosophila oocyte is essential for axial patterning of the embryo, and is achieved by a program of translational repression, mRNA localization, and translational activation. Multiple forms of repression are used to prevent Oskar protein from accumulating at sites other than the oocyte posterior. Activation is mediated by several types of cis-acting elements, which presumably control different forms of activation. We characterize a 5' element, positioned in the coding region for the Long Osk isoform and in the extended 5' UTR for translation of the Short Osk isoform. This element was previously thought to be essential for osk mRNA translation, with a role in posterior-specific release from repression. From our work, which includes assays which separate the effects of mutations on RNA regulatory elements and protein coding capacity, we find that the element is not essential, and conclude that there is no evidence supporting a role for the element only at the posterior of the oocyte. The 5' element has a redundant role, and is only required when Long Osk is not translated from the same mRNA. Mutations in the element do disrupt the anchoring function of Long Osk protein through their effects on the amino acid sequence, a confounding influence on interpretation of previous experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt Kanke
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Paul M. Macdonald
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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Kim G, Pai CI, Sato K, Person MD, Nakamura A, Macdonald PM. Region-specific activation of oskar mRNA translation by inhibition of Bruno-mediated repression. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1004992. [PMID: 25723530 PMCID: PMC4344327 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A complex program of translational repression, mRNA localization, and translational activation ensures that Oskar (Osk) protein accumulates only at the posterior pole of the Drosophila oocyte. Inappropriate expression of Osk disrupts embryonic axial patterning, and is lethal. A key factor in translational repression is Bruno (Bru), which binds to regulatory elements in the osk mRNA 3' UTR. After posterior localization of osk mRNA, repression by Bru must be alleviated. Here we describe an in vivo assay system to monitor the spatial pattern of Bru-dependent repression, separate from the full complexity of osk regulation. This assay reveals a form of translational activation-region-specific activation-which acts regionally in the oocyte, is not mechanistically coupled to mRNA localization, and functions by inhibiting repression by Bru. We also show that Bru dimerizes and identify mutations that disrupt this interaction to test its role in vivo. Loss of dimerization does not disrupt repression, as might have been expected from an existing model for the mechanism of repression. However, loss of dimerization does impair regional activation of translation, suggesting that dimerization may constrain, not promote, repression. Our work provides new insight into the question of how localized mRNAs become translationally active, showing that repression of osk mRNA is locally inactivated by a mechanism acting independent of mRNA localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goheun Kim
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Chin-I Pai
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Keiji Sato
- Laboratory for Germline Development, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Maria D. Person
- Proteomics Facility, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology and College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Akira Nakamura
- Department of Germline Development, Division of Organogenesis, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Paul M. Macdonald
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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24
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Jalkanen AL, Coleman SJ, Wilusz J. Determinants and implications of mRNA poly(A) tail size--does this protein make my tail look big? Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 34:24-32. [PMID: 24910447 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
While the phenomenon of polyadenylation has been well-studied, the dynamics of poly(A) tail size and its impact on transcript function and cell biology are less well-appreciated. The goal of this review is to encourage readers to view the poly(A) tail as a dynamic, changeable aspect of a transcript rather than a simple static entity that marks the 3' end of an mRNA. This could open up new angles of regulation in the post-transcriptional control of gene expression throughout development, differentiation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee L Jalkanen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Stephen J Coleman
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Jeffrey Wilusz
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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25
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Kim J, Lee J, Lee S, Lee B, Kim-Ha J. Phylogenetic comparison of oskar mRNA localization signals. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 444:98-103. [PMID: 24440702 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
As a way to spatially control the expression of genes within cells, RNA localization is being recognized as an important process by which proteins are restricted to specific subcellular domains, which occurs in more diverse types of tissue than previously considered. Although many localized RNAs have been identified, information on cis-acting elements of localization is still limited. As transcripts of oskar (osk) are known to localize to the posterior pole of oocytes, we computationally analyzed a conserved sequence among eight Drosophila species and tested its role as a localization element. Dimerization of osk mRNA did not occur when the motif was deleted, but this did not affect assembly of osk mRNA-containing ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes. Without the motif, however, large RNP complex particles accumulated in nurse cells, and only a small fraction of these RNP complexes was transported into oocytes and properly localized to the posterior pole. Therefore, this motif may be required for the early transport of osk mRNA into oocytes. Also, as dimerization of osk mRNA does not seem to be a prerequisite for the assembly of RNP complexes, a dimerization-independent mechanism may also serve to localize osk mRNA to the posterior pole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihyun Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, 98 Kunja-Dong, Kwangjin-ku, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jiyeon Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, 98 Kunja-Dong, Kwangjin-ku, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sujung Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, 98 Kunja-Dong, Kwangjin-ku, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Borim Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, 98 Kunja-Dong, Kwangjin-ku, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeongsil Kim-Ha
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, 98 Kunja-Dong, Kwangjin-ku, Seoul, South Korea.
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26
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Sabarinathan R, Wenzel A, Novotny P, Tang X, Kalari KR, Gorodkin J. Transcriptome-wide analysis of UTRs in non-small cell lung cancer reveals cancer-related genes with SNV-induced changes on RNA secondary structure and miRNA target sites. PLoS One 2014; 9:e82699. [PMID: 24416147 PMCID: PMC3885406 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional mutation assessment methods generally focus on predicting disruptive changes in protein-coding regions rather than non-coding regulatory regions like untranslated regions (UTRs) of mRNAs. The UTRs, however, are known to have many sequence and structural motifs that can regulate translational and transcriptional efficiency and stability of mRNAs through interaction with RNA-binding proteins and other non-coding RNAs like microRNAs (miRNAs). In a recent study, transcriptomes of tumor cells harboring mutant and wild-type KRAS (V-Ki-ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog) genes in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have been sequenced to identify single nucleotide variations (SNVs). About 40% of the total SNVs (73,717) identified were mapped to UTRs, but omitted in the previous analysis. To meet this obvious demand for analysis of the UTRs, we designed a comprehensive pipeline to predict the effect of SNVs on two major regulatory elements, secondary structure and miRNA target sites. Out of 29,290 SNVs in 6462 genes, we predict 472 SNVs (in 408 genes) affecting local RNA secondary structure, 490 SNVs (in 447 genes) affecting miRNA target sites and 48 that do both. Together these disruptive SNVs were present in 803 different genes, out of which 188 (23.4%) were previously known to be cancer-associated. Notably, this ratio is significantly higher (one-sided Fisher's exact test p-value = 0.032) than the ratio (20.8%) of known cancer-associated genes (n = 1347) in our initial data set (n = 6462). Network analysis shows that the genes harboring disruptive SNVs were involved in molecular mechanisms of cancer, and the signaling pathways of LPS-stimulated MAPK, IL-6, iNOS, EIF2 and mTOR. In conclusion, we have found hundreds of SNVs which are highly disruptive with respect to changes in the secondary structure and miRNA target sites within UTRs. These changes hold the potential to alter the expression of known cancer genes or genes linked to cancer-associated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhakrishnan Sabarinathan
- Center for non-coding RNA in Technology and Health, Section for Animal Genetics, Bioinformatics and Breeding, IKVH, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Anne Wenzel
- Center for non-coding RNA in Technology and Health, Section for Animal Genetics, Bioinformatics and Breeding, IKVH, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Peter Novotny
- Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Biology and Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Xiaojia Tang
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Krishna R. Kalari
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jan Gorodkin
- Center for non-coding RNA in Technology and Health, Section for Animal Genetics, Bioinformatics and Breeding, IKVH, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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Lasko P. mRNA localization and translational control in Drosophila oogenesis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2012; 4:cshperspect.a012294. [PMID: 22865893 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a012294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Localization of an mRNA species to a particular subcellular region can complement translational control mechanisms to produce a restricted spatial distribution of the protein it encodes. mRNA localization has been studied most in asymmetric cells such as budding yeast, early embryos, and neurons, but the process is likely to be more widespread. This article reviews the current state of knowledge about the mechanisms of mRNA localization and its functions in early embryonic development, focusing on Drosophila where the relevant knowledge is most advanced. Links between mRNA localization and translational control mechanisms also are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Lasko
- Department of Biology, Bellini Life Sciences Building, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 0B1, Canada.
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28
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Chen XS, Brown CM. Computational identification of new structured cis-regulatory elements in the 3'-untranslated region of human protein coding genes. Nucleic Acids Res 2012; 40:8862-73. [PMID: 22821558 PMCID: PMC3467077 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Revised: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Messenger ribonucleic acids (RNAs) contain a large number of cis-regulatory RNA elements that function in many types of post-transcriptional regulation. These cis-regulatory elements are often characterized by conserved structures and/or sequences. Although some classes are well known, given the wide range of RNA-interacting proteins in eukaryotes, it is likely that many new classes of cis-regulatory elements are yet to be discovered. An approach to this is to use computational methods that have the advantage of analysing genomic data, particularly comparative data on a large scale. In this study, a set of structural discovery algorithms was applied followed by support vector machine (SVM) classification. We trained a new classification model (CisRNA-SVM) on a set of known structured cis-regulatory elements from 3'-untranslated regions (UTRs) and successfully distinguished these and groups of cis-regulatory elements not been strained on from control genomic and shuffled sequences. The new method outperformed previous methods in classification of cis-regulatory RNA elements. This model was then used to predict new elements from cross-species conserved regions of human 3'-UTRs. Clustering of these elements identified new classes of potential cis-regulatory elements. The model, training and testing sets and novel human predictions are available at: http://mRNA.otago.ac.nz/CisRNA-SVM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Sylvia Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics Otago, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
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29
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Gonsalvez GB, Long RM. Spatial regulation of translation through RNA localization. F1000 BIOLOGY REPORTS 2012; 4:16. [PMID: 22912650 PMCID: PMC3412389 DOI: 10.3410/b4-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RNA localization is a mechanism to post-transcriptionally regulate gene
expression. Eukaryotic organisms ranging from fungi to mammals localize mRNAs to
spatially restrict synthesis of specific proteins to distinct regions of the
cytoplasm. In this review, we provide a general summary of RNA localization
pathways in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Xenopus,
Drosophila and mammalian neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graydon B. Gonsalvez
- Department of Cellular Biology and
Anatomy, Georgia Health Sciences UniversityC2915D,
1459 Laney Walker Blvd., Augusta, GA
30912USA
| | - Roy M. Long
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology
& Molecular Genetics, Medical College of
Wisconsin8701 Watertown Plank Rd., Milwaukee, WI
53226USA
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30
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31
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Jansen RP, Niessing D. Assembly of mRNA-protein complexes for directional mRNA transport in eukaryotes--an overview. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2012; 13:284-93. [PMID: 22708485 PMCID: PMC3474952 DOI: 10.2174/138920312801619493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
At all steps from transcription to translation, RNA-binding proteins play important roles in determining mRNA function. Initially it was believed that for the vast majority of transcripts the role of RNA-binding proteins is limited to general functions such as splicing and translation. However, work from recent years showed that members of this class of proteins also recognize several mRNAs via cis-acting elements for their incorporation into large motor-containing particles. These particles are transported to distant subcellular sites, where they become subsequently translated. This process, called mRNA localization, occurs along microtubules or actin filaments, and involves kinesins, dyneins, as well as myosins. Although mRNA localization has been detected in a large number of organisms from fungi to humans, the underlying molecular machineries are not well understood. In this review we will outline general principles of mRNA localization and highlight three examples, for which a comparably large body of information is available. The first example is She2p/She3p-dependent localization of ASH1 mRNA in budding yeast. It is particularly well suited to highlight the interdependence between different steps of mRNA localization. The second example is Staufen-dependent localization of oskar mRNA in the Drosophila embryo, for which the importance of nuclear events for cytoplasmic localization and translational control has been clearly demonstrated. The third example summarizes Egalitarian/Bicaudal D-dependent mRNA transport events in the oocyte and embryo of Drosophila. We will highlight general themes and differences, point to similarities in other model systems, and raise open questions that might be answered in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf-Peter Jansen
- Interfaculty Institute for Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dierk Niessing
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München–German Research Center for Environmental Health, München, Germany
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, München, Germany
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32
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Siddiqui NU, Li X, Luo H, Karaiskakis A, Hou H, Kislinger T, Westwood JT, Morris Q, Lipshitz HD. Genome-wide analysis of the maternal-to-zygotic transition in Drosophila primordial germ cells. Genome Biol 2012; 13:R11. [PMID: 22348290 PMCID: PMC3334568 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2012-13-2-r11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During the maternal-to-zygotic transition (MZT) vast changes in the embryonic transcriptome are produced by a combination of two processes: elimination of maternally provided mRNAs and synthesis of new transcripts from the zygotic genome. Previous genome-wide analyses of the MZT have been restricted to whole embryos. Here we report the first such analysis for primordial germ cells (PGCs), the progenitors of the germ-line stem cells. Results We purified PGCs from Drosophila embryos, defined their proteome and transcriptome, and assessed the content, scale and dynamics of their MZT. Transcripts encoding proteins that implement particular types of biological functions group into nine distinct expression profiles, reflecting coordinate control at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. mRNAs encoding germ-plasm components and cell-cell signaling molecules are rapidly degraded while new transcription produces mRNAs encoding the core transcriptional and protein synthetic machineries. The RNA-binding protein Smaug is essential for the PGC MZT, clearing transcripts encoding proteins that regulate stem cell behavior, transcriptional and posttranscriptional processes. Computational analyses suggest that Smaug and AU-rich element binding proteins function independently to control transcript elimination. Conclusions The scale of the MZT is similar in the soma and PGCs. However, the timing and content of their MZTs differ, reflecting the distinct developmental imperatives of these cell types. The PGC MZT is delayed relative to that in the soma, likely because relief of PGC-specific transcriptional silencing is required for zygotic genome activation as well as for efficient maternal transcript clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najeeb U Siddiqui
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
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33
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An intracellular transmission control protocol: assembly and transport of ribonucleoprotein complexes. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2012; 24:202-10. [PMID: 22278045 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2011.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Initially assumed to be a special feature of highly polarized eukaryotic cells, recent evidence suggests that mRNA localization coupled with local translation is a widespread strategy for spatial restriction of protein synthesis within cells. Genome-wide analyses and live imaging approaches have shed new light on the prevalence and the mechanistic details of this phenomenon. Here we review some of the recent findings that have emerged from research from the RNA localization field, from the birth of mRNAs in the nucleus, to their delivery at specific sites within the cytoplasm.
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34
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Schisa JA. New insights into the regulation of RNP granule assembly in oocytes. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 295:233-89. [PMID: 22449492 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394306-4.00013-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In a variety of cell types in plants, animals, and fungi, ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes play critical roles in regulating RNA metabolism. These RNP granules include processing bodies and stress granules that are found broadly across cell types, as well as RNP granules unique to the germline, such as P granules, polar granules, sponge bodies, and germinal granules. This review focuses on RNP granules localized in oocytes of the major model systems, Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila, Xenopus, mouse, and zebrafish. The signature families of proteins within oocyte RNPs include Vasa and other RNA-binding proteins, decapping activators and enzymes, Argonaute family proteins, and translation initiation complex proteins. This review describes the many recent insights into the dynamics and functions of RNP granules, including their roles in mRNA degradation, mRNA localization, translational regulation, and fertility. The roles of the cytoskeleton and cell organelles in regulating RNP granule assembly are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Schisa
- Department of Biology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, USA
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35
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Jambor H, Brunel C, Ephrussi A. Dimerization of oskar 3' UTRs promotes hitchhiking for RNA localization in the Drosophila oocyte. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2011; 17:2049-2057. [PMID: 22028360 PMCID: PMC3222118 DOI: 10.1261/rna.2686411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
mRNA localization coupled with translational control is a highly conserved and widespread mechanism for restricting protein expression to specific sites within eukaryotic cells. In Drosophila, patterning of the embryo requires oskar mRNA transport to the posterior pole of the oocyte and translational repression prior to localization. oskar RNA splicing and the 3' untranslated region (UTR) are required for posterior enrichment of the mRNA. However, reporter RNAs harboring the oskar 3' UTR can localize by hitchhiking with endogenous oskar transcripts. Here we show that the oskar 3' UTR contains a stem-loop structure that promotes RNA dimerization in vitro and hitchhiking in vivo. Mutations in the loop that abolish in vitro dimerization interfere with reporter RNA localization, and restoring loop complementarity restores hitchhiking. Our analysis provides insight into the molecular basis of RNA hitchhiking, whereby localization-incompetent RNA molecules can become locally enriched in the cytoplasm, by virtue of their association with transport-competent RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Jambor
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christine Brunel
- Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IBMC, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Anne Ephrussi
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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36
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Reveal B, Garcia C, Ellington A, Macdonald PM. Multiple RNA binding domains of Bruno confer recognition of diverse binding sites for translational repression. RNA Biol 2011; 8:1047-60. [PMID: 21955496 DOI: 10.4161/rna.8.6.17542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bruno protein binds to multiple sites - BREs - in the oskar mRNA 3' UTR, thereby controlling oskar mRNA translation. Bruno also binds and regulates other mRNAs, although the binding sites have not yet been defined. Bruno has three RRM type RNA binding motifs, two near the amino terminus and an extended RRM at the C terminus. Two domains of Bruno, the first two RRMs (RRM1+2), and the extended RRM (RRM3+) - can each bind with specificity to the oskar mRNA regulatory regions; these and Bruno were used for in vitro selections. Anti-RRM3+ aptamers include long, highly constrained motifs, including one corresponding to the previously identified BRE. Anti-RRM1+2 aptamers lack constrained motifs, but are biased towards classes of short and variable sequences. Bruno itself selects for several motifs, including some of those bound by RRM3+. We propose that the different RNA binding domains allow for combinatorial binding, with extended Bruno binding sites assembled from sequences bound by the individual domains. Examples of such sites were identified in known targets of Bruno, and shown to confer Bruno-dependent translational repression in vivo. Other proteins with multiple RRMs may employ combinatorial binding to achieve high levels of specificity and affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad Reveal
- Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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37
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Macdonald PM. mRNA localization: assembly of transport complexes and their incorporation into particles. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2011; 21:407-13. [PMID: 21536427 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2011.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Localization of mRNAs to subcellular domains can enrich proteins at sites where they function. Coordination with translational control can ensure that the encoded proteins will not appear elsewhere, an important property for factors that control cell fate or body patterning. Here I focus on two aspects of mRNA localization. One is the question of how mRNAs that undergo directed transport by a shared mechanism are bound to the transport machinery, and why localization signals from these mRNAs have very diverse sequences. The second topic concerns the role of particles, in which localized mRNAs often appear. Recent evidence highlights the importance of such assemblies, and the possibility that close association of mRNAs confers community effects and a novel form of regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Macdonald
- Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A4800, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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38
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Lasko P. Posttranscriptional regulation in Drosophila oocytes and early embryos. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2011; 2:408-16. [PMID: 21957026 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Molecular asymmetries underlying embryonic axis patterning and germ cell specification are established in Drosophila largely by position-dependent translational regulation of maternally expressed messenger RNAs. Here, I review several mechanisms of posttranscriptional regulation in the Drosophila oocyte and syncytial embryo, and how they relate to embryonic patterning, with a strong emphasis on the most recent advances in the area. The review is not exhaustive, but focuses on examples that illustrate the interplay between specific regulatory events and the general metabolic machinery that governs translation and mRNA stability. Biophysical investigations into how the Bicoid gradient is formed are discussed, as are the elaborate mechanisms controlling how the Oskar and Nanos proteins become restricted to the posterior pole of the embryo. Work on Vasa, a translational activator of some germ line mRNAs and on 4EHP, a negative regulator that unproductively binds the 5' cap structure of target mRNAs, is also briefly reviewed. Finally, the emerging understanding of the role of microRNAs in regulating translation of germ line mRNAs is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Lasko
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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39
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Intron retention facilitates splice variant diversity in calcium-activated big potassium channel populations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:21152-7. [PMID: 21078998 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1015264107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We report that the stress axis-regulated exon (STREX)-containing calcium-activated big potassium (BKCa) channel splice variant expression and physiology are regulated in part by cytoplasmic splicing and intron retention. NextGen sequencing of the mRNA complement of pooled hippocampal dendrite samples found intron 17a (i17a), the intron immediately preceding STREX, in the BKCa mRNA. Further molecular analyses of i17a revealed that the majority of i17a-containing BKCa channel mRNAs associate with STREX. i17a siRNA treatment followed by STREX protein immunocytochemistry demonstrated both reduced levels and altered subcellular distribution of STREX-containing BKCa channel protein. Selective reduction of i17a-BKCa or STREX-BKCa mRNAs induced similar changes in the burst firing properties of hippocampal neurons. Collectively, these data show that STREX splice variant regulation via cytoplasmic splicing and intron retention helps generate STREX-dependent BKCa current diversity in hippocampal neurons.
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40
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Arkov AL, Ramos A. Building RNA-protein granules: insight from the germline. Trends Cell Biol 2010; 20:482-90. [PMID: 20541937 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2010.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Revised: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The germline originates from primordial embryonic germ cells which give rise to sperm and egg cells and consequently, to the next generation. Germ cells of many organisms contain electron-dense granules that comprise RNA and proteins indispensable for germline development. Here we review recent reports that provide important insights into the structure and function of crucial RNA and protein components of the granules, including DEAD-box helicases, Tudor domain proteins, Piwi/Argonaute proteins and piRNA. Collectively, these components function in translational control, remodeling of ribonucleoprotein complexes and transposon silencing. Furthermore, they interact with each other by means of conserved structural modules and post-translationally modified amino acids. These data suggest a widespread use of several protein motifs in germline development and further our understanding of other ribonucleoprotein structures, for example, processing bodies and neuronal granules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey L Arkov
- Department of Biological Sciences, Murray State University, 2112 Biology Building, Murray, KY 42071, USA.
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41
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In brief. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2010. [DOI: 10.1038/nrm2897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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42
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Abstract
Control of mRNA translation and localization plays an important role in many developmental contexts. In this issue of Developmental Cell, Reveal et al. show through analysis of the oskar mRNA in Drosophila embryos that regulatory elements within mRNAs can act in trans to influence the behavior of other mRNA molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol J Wilusz
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1682, USA
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