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Cellular signals integrate cell cycle and metabolic control in cancer. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2023; 135:397-423. [PMID: 37061338 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Growth factors are the small peptides that can promote growth, differentiation, and survival of most living cells. However, aberrant activation of receptor tyrosine kinases by GFs can generate oncogenic signals, resulting in oncogenic transformation. Accumulating evidence support a link between GF/RTK signaling through the major signaling pathways, Ras/Erk and PI3K/Akt, and cell cycle progression. In response to GF signaling, the quiescent cells in the G0 stage can re-enter the cell cycle and become the proliferative stage. While in the proliferative stage, tumor cells undergo profound changes in their metabolism to support biomass production and bioenergetic requirements. Accumulating data show that the cell cycle regulators, specifically cyclin D, cyclin B, Cdk2, Cdk4, and Cdk6, and anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C-Cdh1) play critical roles in modulating various metabolic pathways. These cell cycle regulators can regulate metabolic enzyme activities through post-translational mechanisms or the transcriptional factors that control the expression of the metabolic genes. This fine-tune control allows only the relevant metabolic pathways to be active in a particular phase of the cell cycle, thereby providing suitable amounts of biosynthetic precursors available during the proliferative stage. The imbalance of metabolites in each cell cycle phase can induce cell cycle arrest followed by p53-induced apoptosis.
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2
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Kant R, Manne RK, Anas M, Penugurti V, Chen T, Pan BS, Hsu CC, Lin HK. Deregulated transcription factors in cancer cell metabolisms and reprogramming. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:1158-1174. [PMID: 36244530 PMCID: PMC11220368 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is an important cancer hallmark that plays a key role in cancer malignancies and therapy resistance. Cancer cells reprogram the metabolic pathways to generate not only energy and building blocks but also produce numerous key signaling metabolites to impact signaling and epigenetic/transcriptional regulation for cancer cell proliferation and survival. A deeper understanding of the mechanisms by which metabolic reprogramming is regulated in cancer may provide potential new strategies for cancer targeting. Recent studies suggest that deregulated transcription factors have been observed in various human cancers and significantly impact metabolism and signaling in cancer. In this review, we highlight the key transcription factors that are involved in metabolic control, dissect the crosstalk between signaling and transcription factors in metabolic reprogramming, and offer therapeutic strategies targeting deregulated transcription factors for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajni Kant
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
| | - Rajesh Kumar Manne
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
| | - Mohammad Anas
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
| | - Vasudevarao Penugurti
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
| | - Tingjin Chen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
| | - Bo-Syong Pan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
| | - Che-Chia Hsu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
| | - Hui-Kuan Lin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA.
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Baonza A, Tur-Gracia S, Pérez-Aguilera M, Estella C. Regulation and coordination of the different DNA damage responses in Drosophila. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:993257. [PMID: 36147740 PMCID: PMC9486394 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.993257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells have evolved mechanisms that allow them to respond to DNA damage to preserve genomic integrity and maintain tissue homeostasis. These responses include the activation of the cell cycle checkpoints and the repair mechanisms or the induction of apoptosis that eventually will eliminate damaged cells. These “life” vs. “death” decisions differ depending on the cell type, stages of development, and the proliferation status of the cell. The apoptotic response after DNA damage is of special interest as defects in its induction could contribute to tumorigenesis or the resistance of cancer cells to therapeutic agents such as radiotherapy. Multiples studies have elucidated the molecular mechanisms that mediate the activation of the DNA damage response pathway (DDR) and specifically the role of p53. However, much less is known about how the different cellular responses such as cell proliferation control and apoptosis are coordinated to maintain tissue homeostasis. Another interesting question is how the differential apoptotic response to DNA damage is regulated in distinct cell types. The use of Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism has been fundamental to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms triggered by genotoxic stress. Here, we review the current knowledge regarding the cellular responses to ionizing radiation as the cause of DNA damage with special attention to apoptosis in Drosophila: how these responses are regulated and coordinated in different cellular contexts and in different tissues. The existence of intrinsic mechanisms that might attenuate the apoptotic pathway in response to this sort of DNA damage may well be informative for the differences in the clinical responsiveness of tumor cells after radiation therapy.
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Sainz de la Maza D, Hof-Michel S, Phillimore L, Bökel C, Amoyel M. Cell-cycle exit and stem cell differentiation are coupled through regulation of mitochondrial activity in the Drosophila testis. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110774. [PMID: 35545055 PMCID: PMC9350557 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Whereas stem and progenitor cells proliferate to maintain tissue homeostasis, fully differentiated cells exit the cell cycle. How cell identity and cell-cycle state are coordinated during differentiation is still poorly understood. The Drosophila testis niche supports germline stem cells and somatic cyst stem cells (CySCs). CySCs give rise to post-mitotic cyst cells, providing a tractable model to study the links between stem cell identity and proliferation. We show that, while cell-cycle progression is required for CySC self-renewal, the E2f1/Dp transcription factor is dispensable for self-renewal but instead must be silenced by the Drosophila retinoblastoma homolog, Rbf, to permit differentiation. Continued E2f1/Dp activity inhibits the expression of genes important for mitochondrial activity. Furthermore, promoting mitochondrial biogenesis rescues the differentiation of CySCs with ectopic E2f1/Dp activity but not their cell-cycle exit. In sum, E2f1/Dp coordinates cell-cycle progression with stem cell identity by regulating the metabolic state of CySCs. CycE is critical for CySC self-renewal E2f/Dp does not act in self-renewal but must be silenced for differentiation E2f/Dp inhibits increases in oxidative metabolism involved in normal differentiation Increased mitochondrial biogenesis rescues differentiation of E2f/Dp-active cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Sainz de la Maza
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Silvana Hof-Michel
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Philipps University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Lee Phillimore
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Christian Bökel
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Philipps University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Marc Amoyel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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Liposome-Imipramine Blue Inhibits Sonic Hedgehog Medulloblastoma In Vivo. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13061220. [PMID: 33799550 PMCID: PMC8001973 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Imipramine blue (IB) is a novel NADPH oxidase inhibitor. We assessed the single agent activity of IB against a well-established model of medulloblastoma, the most common malignant brain tumor of childhood. IB slowed progression of medulloblastoma and increased survival of mice with transgenic medulloblastoma. Clinical trials of IB for medulloblastoma should be pursued. Abstract Sonic hedgehog subtype of medulloblastoma (SHH MB) with metastasis or specific clinical or molecular alteration shas a poor prognosis and current therapy results in long-term cognitive impairment in the majority of survivors. Thus, a great need exists for new targeted therapeutic approaches to more effectively treat SHH MB in children. Imipramine blue (IB), a novel molecule with anti-tumor properties, inhibits the NADPH oxidase (NOX) family of enzymes, which are critical for SHH MB survival and treatment resistance. In this study, IB was encapsulated within a liposome to form a liposomal nanoparticle, Liposome-IB (Lipo-IB). This complex has the ability to cross the blood–brain barrier and be preferentially taken up by tumor cells within the brain. We demonstrated in vitro that Lipo-IB treatment caused a dose-dependent decrease in SHH MB cell viability and migration. Short-term administration of single agent Lipo-IB treatment of SHH MB in vivo significantly inhibited tumor growth, reduced the tumor volume, including a complete tumor response, and improved survival compared to control treated mice, without any observable toxicity. We conclude that Lipo-IB is a potential novel nanoparticle-based therapeutic for the treatment of SHH MB that warrants further preclinical safety and efficacy testing for development towards clinical investigation.
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Rodríguez-Enríquez S, Marín-Hernández Á, Gallardo-Pérez JC, Pacheco-Velázquez SC, Belmont-Díaz JA, Robledo-Cadena DX, Vargas-Navarro JL, Corona de la Peña NA, Saavedra E, Moreno-Sánchez R. Transcriptional Regulation of Energy Metabolism in Cancer Cells. Cells 2019; 8:cells8101225. [PMID: 31600993 PMCID: PMC6830338 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer development, growth, and metastasis are highly regulated by several transcription regulators (TRs), namely transcription factors, oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes, and protein kinases. Although TR roles in these events have been well characterized, their functions in regulating other important cancer cell processes, such as metabolism, have not been systematically examined. In this review, we describe, analyze, and strive to reconstruct the regulatory networks of several TRs acting in the energy metabolism pathways, glycolysis (and its main branching reactions), and oxidative phosphorylation of nonmetastatic and metastatic cancer cells. Moreover, we propose which possible gene targets might allow these TRs to facilitate the modulation of each energy metabolism pathway, depending on the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Norma Angélica Corona de la Peña
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Trombosis, Hemostasia y Aterogénesis, Hospital General Regional Carlos McGregor-Sánchez, México CP 03100, Mexico.
| | - Emma Saavedra
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, México 14080, Mexico.
| | - Rafael Moreno-Sánchez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, México 14080, Mexico.
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7
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Silva E, Ideker T. Transcriptional responses to DNA damage. DNA Repair (Amst) 2019; 79:40-49. [PMID: 31102970 PMCID: PMC6570417 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In response to the threat of DNA damage, cells exhibit a dramatic and multi-factorial response spanning from transcriptional changes to protein modifications, collectively known as the DNA damage response (DDR). Here, we review the literature surrounding the transcriptional response to DNA damage. We review differences in observed transcriptional responses as a function of cell cycle stage and emphasize the importance of experimental design in these transcriptional response studies. We additionally consider topics including structural challenges in the transcriptional response to DNA damage as well as the connection between transcription and protein abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Silva
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Biomedical Sciences Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
| | - Trey Ideker
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Biomedical Sciences Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Program in Bioinformatics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
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Abstract
The cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)-RB-E2F axis forms the core transcriptional machinery driving cell cycle progression, dictating the timing and fidelity of genome replication and ensuring genetic material is accurately passed through each cell division cycle. The ultimate effectors of this axis are members of a family of eight distinct E2F genes encoding transcriptional activators and repressors. E2F transcriptional activity is tightly regulated throughout the cell cycle via transcriptional and translational regulation, post-translational modifications, protein degradation, binding to cofactors and subcellular localization. Alterations in one or more key components of this axis (CDKs, cyclins, CDK inhibitors and the RB family of proteins) occur in virtually all cancers and result in heightened oncogenic E2F activity, leading to uncontrolled proliferation. In this Review, we discuss the activities of E2F proteins with an emphasis on the newest atypical E2F family members, the specific and redundant functions of E2F proteins, how misexpression of E2F transcriptional targets promotes cancer and both current and developing therapeutic strategies being used to target this oncogenic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey N Kent
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Gustavo Leone
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
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9
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Björklund M. Cell size homeostasis: Metabolic control of growth and cell division. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1866:409-417. [PMID: 30315834 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Joint regulation of growth rate and cell division rate determines cell size. Here we discuss how animal cells achieve cell size homeostasis potentially involving multiple signaling pathways converging at metabolic regulation of growth rate and cell cycle progression. While several models have been developed to explain cell size control, comparison of the two predominant models shows that size homeostasis is dependent on the ability to adjust cellular growth rate based on cell size. Consequently, maintenance of size homeostasis requires that larger cells can grow slower than small cells in relative terms. We review recent experimental evidence showing that such size adjustment occurs primarily at or immediately before the G1/S transition of the cell cycle. We further propose that bidirectional feedback between growth rate and size results in cell size sensing and discuss potential mechanisms how this may be accomplished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Björklund
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh (ZJU-UoE) Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, International Campus, 718 East Haizhou Rd., Haining, Zhejiang 314400, PR China.
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10
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Hauck L, Stanley-Hasnain S, Fung A, Grothe D, Rao V, Mak TW, Billia F. Cardiac-specific ablation of the E3 ubiquitin ligase Mdm2 leads to oxidative stress, broad mitochondrial deficiency and early death. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189861. [PMID: 29267372 PMCID: PMC5739440 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of normal heart function requires proper control of protein turnover. The ubiquitin-proteasome system is a principal regulator of protein degradation. Mdm2 is the main E3 ubiquitin ligase for p53 in mitotic cells thereby regulating cellular growth, DNA repair, oxidative stress and apoptosis. However, which of these Mdm2-related activities are preserved in differentiated cardiomyocytes has yet to be determined. We sought to elucidate the role of Mdm2 in the control of normal heart function. We observed markedly reduced Mdm2 mRNA levels accompanied by highly elevated p53 protein expression in the hearts of wild type mice subjected to myocardial infarction or trans-aortic banding. Accordingly, we generated conditional cardiac-specific Mdm2 gene knockout (Mdm2f/f;mcm) mice. In adulthood, Mdm2f/f;mcm mice developed spontaneous cardiac hypertrophy, left ventricular dysfunction with early mortality post-tamoxifen. A decreased polyubiquitination of myocardial p53 was observed, leading to its stabilization and activation, in the absence of acute stress. In addition, transcriptomic analysis of Mdm2-deficient hearts revealed that there is an induction of E2f1 and c-Myc mRNA levels with reduced expression of the Pgc-1a/Ppara/Esrrb/g axis and Pink1. This was associated with a significant degree of cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and an inhibition of redox homeostasis and mitochondrial bioenergetics. All these processes are early, Mdm2-associated events and contribute to the development of pathological hypertrophy. Our genetic and biochemical data support a role for Mdm2 in cardiac growth control through the regulation of p53, the Pgc-1 family of transcriptional coactivators and the pivotal antioxidant Pink1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludger Hauck
- Toronto General Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Amelia Fung
- Toronto General Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniela Grothe
- Toronto General Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vivek Rao
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, UHN, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tak W. Mak
- Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Filio Billia
- Toronto General Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Cardiology, University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
- * E-mail:
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11
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Guarner A, Morris R, Korenjak M, Boukhali M, Zappia MP, Van Rechem C, Whetstine JR, Ramaswamy S, Zou L, Frolov MV, Haas W, Dyson NJ. E2F/DP Prevents Cell-Cycle Progression in Endocycling Fat Body Cells by Suppressing dATM Expression. Dev Cell 2017; 43:689-703.e5. [PMID: 29233476 PMCID: PMC5901703 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
To understand the consequences of the complete elimination of E2F regulation, we profiled the proteome of Drosophila dDP mutants that lack functional E2F/DP complexes. The results uncovered changes in the larval fat body, a differentiated tissue that grows via endocycles. We report an unexpected mechanism of E2F/DP action that promotes quiescence in this tissue. In the fat body, dE2F/dDP limits cell-cycle progression by suppressing DNA damage responses. Loss of dDP upregulates dATM, allowing cells to sense and repair DNA damage and increasing replication of loci that are normally under-replicated in wild-type tissues. Genetic experiments show that ectopic dATM is sufficient to promote DNA synthesis in wild-type fat body cells. Strikingly, reducing dATM levels in dDP-deficient fat bodies restores cell-cycle control, improves tissue morphology, and extends animal development. These results show that, in some cellular contexts, dE2F/dDP-dependent suppression of DNA damage signaling is key for cell-cycle control and needed for normal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Guarner
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Building 149 13(th) Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Robert Morris
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Building 149 13(th) Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Michael Korenjak
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Building 149 13(th) Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Myriam Boukhali
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Building 149 13(th) Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Maria Paula Zappia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 S Ashland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Capucine Van Rechem
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Building 149 13(th) Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Johnathan R Whetstine
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Building 149 13(th) Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Sridhar Ramaswamy
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Building 149 13(th) Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Lee Zou
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Building 149 13(th) Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Maxim V Frolov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 S Ashland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Wilhelm Haas
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Building 149 13(th) Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Nicholas J Dyson
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Building 149 13(th) Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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12
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Thomas RJ, Oleinik N, Panneer Selvam S, Vaena SG, Dany M, Nganga RN, Depalma R, Baron KD, Kim J, Szulc ZM, Ogretmen B. HPV/E7 induces chemotherapy-mediated tumor suppression by ceramide-dependent mitophagy. EMBO Mol Med 2017; 9:1030-1051. [PMID: 28606997 PMCID: PMC5538428 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201607088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is linked to improved survival in response to chemo-radiotherapy for patients with oropharynx head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). However, mechanisms involved in increased HNSCC cell death by HPV signaling in response to therapy are largely unknown. Here, using molecular, pharmacologic and genetic tools, we show that HPV early protein 7 (E7) enhances ceramide-mediated lethal mitophagy in response to chemotherapy-induced cellular stress in HPV-positive HNSCC cells by selectively targeting retinoblastoma protein (RB). Inhibition of RB by HPV-E7 relieves E2F5, which then associates with DRP1, providing a scaffolding platform for Drp1 activation and mitochondrial translocation, leading to mitochondrial fission and increased lethal mitophagy. Ectopic expression of a constitutively active mutant RB, which is not inhibited by HPV-E7, attenuated ceramide-dependent mitophagy and cell death in HPV(+) HNSCC cells. Moreover, mutation of E2F5 to prevent Drp1 activation inhibited mitophagy in HPV(+) cells. Activation of Drp1 with E2F5-mimetic peptide for inducing Drp1 mitochondrial localization enhanced ceramide-mediated mitophagy and led to tumor suppression in HPV-negative HNSCC-derived xenograft tumors in response to cisplatin in SCID mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquela J Thomas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Natalia Oleinik
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Shanmugam Panneer Selvam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Silvia G Vaena
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Mohammed Dany
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Rose N Nganga
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Ryan Depalma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Kyla D Baron
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Jisun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Zdzislaw M Szulc
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Besim Ogretmen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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13
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Abstract
In this review, Dyson summarizes some recent developments in pRB research and focuses on progress toward answers for the three fundamental questions that sit at the heart of the pRB literature: What does pRB do? How does the inactivation of RB change the cell? How can our knowledge of RB function be exploited to provide better treatment for cancer patients? The retinoblastoma susceptibility gene (RB1) was the first tumor suppressor gene to be molecularly defined. RB1 mutations occur in almost all familial and sporadic forms of retinoblastoma, and this gene is mutated at variable frequencies in a variety of other human cancers. Because of its early discovery, the recessive nature of RB1 mutations, and its frequency of inactivation, RB1 is often described as a prototype for the class of tumor suppressor genes. Its gene product (pRB) regulates transcription and is a negative regulator of cell proliferation. Although these general features are well established, a precise description of pRB's mechanism of action has remained elusive. Indeed, in many regards, pRB remains an enigma. This review summarizes some recent developments in pRB research and focuses on progress toward answers for the three fundamental questions that sit at the heart of the pRB literature: What does pRB do? How does the inactivation of RB change the cell? How can our knowledge of RB function be exploited to provide better treatment for cancer patients?
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14
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Sõber S, Rull K, Reiman M, Ilisson P, Mattila P, Laan M. RNA sequencing of chorionic villi from recurrent pregnancy loss patients reveals impaired function of basic nuclear and cellular machinery. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38439. [PMID: 27929073 PMCID: PMC5143936 DOI: 10.1038/srep38439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) concerns ~3% of couples aiming at childbirth. In the current study, transcriptomes and miRNomes of 1st trimester placental chorionic villi were analysed for 2 RPL cases (≥6 miscarriages) and normal, but electively terminated pregnancies (ETP; n = 8). Sequencing was performed on Illumina HiSeq 2000 platform. Differential expression analyses detected 51 (27%) transcripts with increased and 138 (73%) with decreased expression in RPL compared to ETP (DESeq: FDR P < 0.1 and DESeq2: <0.05). RPL samples had substantially decreased transcript levels of histones, regulatory RNAs and genes involved in telomere, spliceosome, ribosomal, mitochondrial and intra-cellular signalling functions. Downregulated expression of HIST1H1B and HIST1H4A (Wilcoxon test, fc≤0.372, P≤9.37 × 10−4) was validated in an extended sample by quantitative PCR (RPL, n = 14; ETP, n = 24). Several upregulated genes are linked to placental function and pregnancy complications: ATF4, C3, PHLDA2, GPX4, ICAM1, SLC16A2. Analysis of the miRNA-Seq dataset identified no large disturbances in RPL samples. Notably, nearly 2/3 of differentially expressed genes have binding sites for E2F transcription factors, coordinating mammalian endocycle and placental development. For a conceptus destined to miscarriage, the E2F TF-family represents a potential key coordinator in reprogramming the placental genome towards gradually stopping the maintenance of basic nuclear and cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siim Sõber
- Human Molecular Genetics Research Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia St. 23, 51010 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kristiina Rull
- Human Molecular Genetics Research Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia St. 23, 51010 Tartu, Estonia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Tartu, L. Puusepa St. 8, Tartu 51014, Estonia.,Women's Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, L. Puusepa St. 8, Tartu 51014, Estonia
| | - Mario Reiman
- Human Molecular Genetics Research Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia St. 23, 51010 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Piret Ilisson
- Department of Genetics, United Laboratories of Tartu University Hospital, L. Puusepa St. 2, Tartu 51014, Estonia
| | - Pirkko Mattila
- The Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Tukholmankatu 8, Helsinki FI-00014 Finland.,Finnish Red Cross Blood Service (FRCBS), Kivihaantie 7, Helsinki FI-00310, Finland
| | - Maris Laan
- Human Molecular Genetics Research Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia St. 23, 51010 Tartu, Estonia.,Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila St. 19, 50412 Tartu, Estonia
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15
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Yang R, Wu L, Chen J, Chen W, Zhang L, Zhang L, You R, Yin L, Li CH, Guan YQ. Effects of Differentiation and Antisenescence from BMSCs to Hepatocy-Like Cells of the PAAm-IGF-1/TNF-α Biomaterial. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:26638-26647. [PMID: 27668443 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b10377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Aiming at the cells' differentiation phenomenon and senescence problem in liver tissue engineering, this work is designed to synthesize three different chargeable polymers (polypropylene acid (PAAc), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and polypropylene amine (PAAm)) coimmobilized by the insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). We explore the hepatocyte differentiation effect and the antisenecence effect of PSt-PAAm-IGF-1/TNF-α biomaterial which was selected from the three different chargeable polymers in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). Our work will establish a model for studying the biochemical molecular regulation mechanism and signal transduction pathway of cell senescence in liver tissue engineering, which provide a molecular basis for developing biomaterials for liver tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runcai Yang
- School of Life Science, South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Lifang Wu
- School of Life Science, South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Jiehong Chen
- School of Life Science, South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Wuya Chen
- School of Life Science, South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- School of Life Science, South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Life Science, South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Rong You
- School of Life Science, South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Liang Yin
- School of Life Science, South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Chu-Hua Li
- School of Life Science, South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Yan-Qing Guan
- School of Life Science, South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510631, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510631, China
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16
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Jones RA, Robinson TJ, Liu JC, Shrestha M, Voisin V, Ju Y, Chung PED, Pellecchia G, Fell VL, Bae S, Muthuswamy L, Datti A, Egan SE, Jiang Z, Leone G, Bader GD, Schimmer A, Zacksenhaus E. RB1 deficiency in triple-negative breast cancer induces mitochondrial protein translation. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:3739-3757. [PMID: 27571409 DOI: 10.1172/jci81568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) includes basal-like and claudin-low subtypes for which no specific treatment is currently available. Although the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene (RB1) is frequently lost together with TP53 in TNBC, it is not directly targetable. There is thus great interest in identifying vulnerabilities downstream of RB1 that can be therapeutically exploited. Here, we determined that combined inactivation of murine Rb and p53 in diverse mammary epithelial cells induced claudin-low-like TNBC with Met, Birc2/3-Mmp13-Yap1, and Pvt1-Myc amplifications. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed that Rb/p53-deficient tumors showed elevated expression of the mitochondrial protein translation (MPT) gene pathway relative to tumors harboring p53 deletion alone. Accordingly, bioinformatic, functional, and biochemical analyses showed that RB1-E2F complexes bind to MPT gene promoters to regulate transcription and control MPT. Additionally, a screen of US Food and Drug Administration-approved (FDA-approved) drugs identified the MPT antagonist tigecycline (TIG) as a potent inhibitor of Rb/p53-deficient tumor cell proliferation. TIG preferentially suppressed RB1-deficient TNBC cell proliferation, targeted both the bulk and cancer stem cell fraction, and strongly attenuated xenograft growth. It also cooperated with sulfasalazine, an FDA-approved inhibitor of cystine xCT antiporter, in culture and xenograft assays. Our results suggest that RB1 deficiency promotes cancer cell proliferation in part by enhancing mitochondrial function and identify TIG as a clinically approved drug for RB1-deficient TNBC.
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17
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Zheng X, Boyer L, Jin M, Mertens J, Kim Y, Ma L, Ma L, Hamm M, Gage FH, Hunter T. Metabolic reprogramming during neuronal differentiation from aerobic glycolysis to neuronal oxidative phosphorylation. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27282387 PMCID: PMC4963198 DOI: 10.7554/elife.13374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 397] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
How metabolism is reprogrammed during neuronal differentiation is unknown. We found that the loss of hexokinase (HK2) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDHA) expression, together with a switch in pyruvate kinase gene splicing from PKM2 to PKM1, marks the transition from aerobic glycolysis in neural progenitor cells (NPC) to neuronal oxidative phosphorylation. The protein levels of c-MYC and N-MYC, transcriptional activators of the HK2 and LDHA genes, decrease dramatically. Constitutive expression of HK2 and LDHA during differentiation leads to neuronal cell death, indicating that the shut-off aerobic glycolysis is essential for neuronal survival. The metabolic regulators PGC-1α and ERRγ increase significantly upon neuronal differentiation to sustain the transcription of metabolic and mitochondrial genes, whose levels are unchanged compared to NPCs, revealing distinct transcriptional regulation of metabolic genes in the proliferation and post-mitotic differentiation states. Mitochondrial mass increases proportionally with neuronal mass growth, indicating an unknown mechanism linking mitochondrial biogenesis to cell size. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.13374.001 Structures called mitochondria act like the batteries of cells, and use several different metabolic processes to release energy. For example, neurons rely on a metabolic process called oxidative phosphorylation, while neural progenitor cells (which develop, or differentiate, into neurons) use a process called aerobic glycolysis instead. Little is known about why neurons prefer to use oxidative phosphorylation to provide them with energy, and it is also not clear why problems that affect this process are often seen in neurological disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. Zheng, Boyer et al. have now used human neural progenitor cells to explore the metabolic changes that occur as these cells develop into neurons. It appears that the loss of two metabolic enzymes, called hexokinase and lactate dehydrogenase, marks the transition from aerobic glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation. In addition, the instructions to produce an enzyme called pyruvate kinase are altered or “alternatively spliced” when progenitor cells differentiate, which in turn changes the structure of the enzyme. The levels of the proteins that activate and regulate the production of these three metabolic enzymes also decrease dramatically during this transition. Further experiments showed that neurons that produce hexokinase and lactate dehydrogenase while they differentiate die, which means that neurons must shut off aerobic glycolysis in order to survive. The amounts of two proteins that regulate metabolism (called PGC-1α and ERRγ) increase significantly when a neuron differentiates. This sustains a constant level of activity for several metabolic and mitochondrial genes as neural progenitor cells differentiate to form neurons. Zheng, Boyer et al. also found that neurons build more mitochondria as they grow; this suggests that an unknown mechanism exists that links the creation of mitochondria to the size of the neuron. Zheng, Boyer et al. have mainly focused on how much of each metabolic enzyme is produced inside cells, but these levels may not completely reflect the actual level of enzyme activity. The next steps are therefore to investigate whether any other processes or modifications play a part in regulating the enzymes. Further investigation is also needed to determine the effects of changes in mitochondrial structure that occur as a neuron develops from a neural progenitor cell. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.13374.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinde Zheng
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
| | - Leah Boyer
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Mingji Jin
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
| | - Jerome Mertens
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Yongsung Kim
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Li Ma
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States.,Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Li Ma
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States.,Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Michael Hamm
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
| | - Fred H Gage
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Tony Hunter
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
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18
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Franco J, Balaji U, Freinkman E, Witkiewicz AK, Knudsen ES. Metabolic Reprogramming of Pancreatic Cancer Mediated by CDK4/6 Inhibition Elicits Unique Vulnerabilities. Cell Rep 2016; 14:979-990. [PMID: 26804906 PMCID: PMC4757440 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.12.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to loss of p16ink4a in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA), pharmacological suppression of CDK4/6 could represent a potent target for treatment. In PDA models, CDK4/6 inhibition had a variable effect on cell cycle but yielded accumulation of ATP and mitochondria. Pharmacological CDK4/6 inhibitors induce cyclin D1 protein levels; however, RB activation was required and sufficient for mitochondrial accumulation. CDK4/6 inhibition stimulated glycolytic and oxidative metabolism and was associated with an increase in mTORC1 activity. MTOR and MEK inhibitors potently cooperate with CDK4/6 inhibition in eliciting cell-cycle exit. However, MTOR inhibition fully suppressed metabolism and yielded apoptosis and suppression of tumor growth in xenograft models. The metabolic state mediated by CDK4/6 inhibition increases mitochondrial number and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Concordantly, the suppression of ROS scavenging or BCL2 antagonists cooperated with CDK4/6 inhibition. Together, these data define the impact of therapeutics on PDA metabolism and provide strategies for converting cytostatic response to tumor cell killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Franco
- McDermott Center University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Uthra Balaji
- McDermott Center University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Elizaveta Freinkman
- Whitehead Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Agnieszka K Witkiewicz
- McDermott Center University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Simmons Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Erik S Knudsen
- McDermott Center University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Simmons Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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19
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Zappia MP, Frolov MV. E2F function in muscle growth is necessary and sufficient for viability in Drosophila. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10509. [PMID: 26823289 PMCID: PMC4740182 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The E2F transcription factor is a key cell cycle regulator. However, the inactivation of the entire E2F family in Drosophila is permissive throughout most of animal development until pupation when lethality occurs. Here we show that E2F function in the adult skeletal muscle is essential for animal viability since providing E2F function in muscles rescues the lethality of the whole-body E2F-deficient animals. Muscle-specific loss of E2F results in a significant reduction in muscle mass and thinner myofibrils. We demonstrate that E2F is dispensable for proliferation of muscle progenitor cells, but is required during late myogenesis to directly control the expression of a set of muscle-specific genes. Interestingly, E2f1 provides a major contribution to the regulation of myogenic function, while E2f2 appears to be less important. These findings identify a key function of E2F in skeletal muscle required for animal viability, and illustrate how the cell cycle regulator is repurposed in post-mitotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Paula Zappia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 S Ashland Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | - Maxim V. Frolov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 S Ashland Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
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20
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Choo A, O'Keefe LV, Lee CS, Gregory SL, Shaukat Z, Colella A, Lee K, Denton D, Richards RI. Tumor suppressor WWOX moderates the mitochondrial respiratory complex. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2015; 54:745-61. [PMID: 26390919 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Fragile site FRA16D exhibits DNA instability in cancer, resulting in diminished levels of protein from the WWOX gene that spans it. WWOX suppresses tumor growth by an undefined mechanism. WWOX participates in pathways involving aerobic metabolism and reactive oxygen species. WWOX comprises two WW domains as well as a short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase enzyme. Herein is described an in vivo genetic analysis in Drosophila melanogaster to identify functional interactions between WWOX and metabolic pathways. Altered WWOX levels modulate variable cellular outgrowths caused by genetic deficiencies of components of the mitochondrial respiratory complexes. This modulation requires the enzyme active site of WWOX, and the defective respiratory complex-induced cellular outgrowths are mediated by reactive oxygen species, dependent upon the Akt pathway and sensitive to levels of autophagy and hypoxia-inducible factor. WWOX is known to contribute to homeostasis by regulating the balance between oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis. Reduction of WWOX levels results in diminished ability to respond to metabolic perturbation of normal cell growth. Thus, the ability of WWOX to facilitate escape from mitochondrial damage-induced glycolysis (Warburg effect) is, therefore, a plausible mechanism for its tumor suppressor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Choo
- Department of Genetics and Evolution and Centre for Molecular Pathology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Louise V O'Keefe
- Department of Genetics and Evolution and Centre for Molecular Pathology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Cheng Shoou Lee
- Department of Genetics and Evolution and Centre for Molecular Pathology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Stephen L Gregory
- Department of Genetics and Evolution and Centre for Molecular Pathology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Zeeshan Shaukat
- Department of Genetics and Evolution and Centre for Molecular Pathology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Alexander Colella
- Department of Genetics and Evolution and Centre for Molecular Pathology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Kristie Lee
- Department of Genetics and Evolution and Centre for Molecular Pathology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Donna Denton
- Department of Genetics and Evolution and Centre for Molecular Pathology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Robert I Richards
- Department of Genetics and Evolution and Centre for Molecular Pathology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
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21
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Clavier A, Ruby V, Rincheval-Arnold A, Mignotte B, Guénal I. The Drosophila retinoblastoma protein, Rbf1, induces a Debcl- and Drp1-dependent mitochondrial apoptosis. J Cell Sci 2015. [PMID: 26208635 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.169896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In accordance with its tumor suppressor role, the retinoblastoma protein pRb can ensure pro-apoptotic functions. Rbf1, the Drosophila homolog of Rb, also displays a pro-apoptotic activity in proliferative cells. We have previously shown that the Rbf1 pro-apoptotic activity depends on its ability to decrease the level of anti-apoptotic proteins such as the Bcl-2 family protein Buffy. Buffy often acts in an opposite manner to Debcl, the other Drosophila Bcl-2-family protein. Both proteins can localize at the mitochondrion, but the way they control apoptosis still remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that Debcl and the pro-fission gene Drp1 are necessary downstream of Buffy to trigger a mitochondrial fragmentation during Rbf1-induced apoptosis. Interestingly, Rbf1-induced apoptosis leads to a Debcl- and Drp1-dependent reactive oxygen species production, which in turn activates the Jun Kinase pathway to trigger cell death. Moreover, we show that Debcl and Drp1 can interact and that Buffy inhibits this interaction. Notably, Debcl modulates Drp1 mitochondrial localization during apoptosis. These results provide a mechanism by which Drosophila Bcl-2 family proteins can control apoptosis, and shed light on a link between Rbf1 and mitochondrial dynamics in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Clavier
- Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Laboratoire de Génétique et Biologie Cellulaire, EA4589, 2 avenue de la Source de la Bièvre, Montigny-le-Bretonneux 78180, France Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Laboratoire de Génétique et Biologie Cellulaire, 2 avenue de la Source de la Bièvre, Montigny-le-Bretonneux 78180, France
| | - Vincent Ruby
- Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Laboratoire de Génétique et Biologie Cellulaire, EA4589, 2 avenue de la Source de la Bièvre, Montigny-le-Bretonneux 78180, France
| | - Aurore Rincheval-Arnold
- Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Laboratoire de Génétique et Biologie Cellulaire, EA4589, 2 avenue de la Source de la Bièvre, Montigny-le-Bretonneux 78180, France
| | - Bernard Mignotte
- Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Laboratoire de Génétique et Biologie Cellulaire, EA4589, 2 avenue de la Source de la Bièvre, Montigny-le-Bretonneux 78180, France Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Laboratoire de Génétique et Biologie Cellulaire, 2 avenue de la Source de la Bièvre, Montigny-le-Bretonneux 78180, France
| | - Isabelle Guénal
- Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Laboratoire de Génétique et Biologie Cellulaire, EA4589, 2 avenue de la Source de la Bièvre, Montigny-le-Bretonneux 78180, France
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22
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Genome-Wide Analysis of Drosophila RBf2 Protein Highlights the Diversity of RB Family Targets and Possible Role in Regulation of Ribosome Biosynthesis. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2015; 5:1503-15. [PMID: 25999584 PMCID: PMC4502384 DOI: 10.1534/g3.115.019166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RBf2 is a recently evolved retinoblastoma family member in Drosophila that differs from RBf1, especially in the C-terminus. To investigate whether the unique features of RBf2 contribute to diverse roles in gene regulation, we performed chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing for both RBf2 and RBf1 in embryos. A previous model for RB−E2F interactions suggested that RBf1 binds dE2F1 or dE2F2, whereas RBf2 is restricted to binding to dE2F2; however, we found that RBf2 targets approximately twice as many genes as RBf1. Highly enriched among the RBf2 targets were ribosomal protein genes. We tested the functional significance of this finding by assessing RBf activity on ribosomal protein promoters and the endogenous genes. RBf1 and RBf2 significantly repressed expression of some ribosomal protein genes, although not all bound genes showed transcriptional effects. Interestingly, many ribosomal protein genes are similarly targeted in human cells, indicating that these interactions may be relevant for control of ribosome biosynthesis and growth. We carried out bioinformatic analysis to investigate the basis for differential targeting by these two proteins and found that RBf2-specific promoters have distinct sequence motifs, suggesting unique targeting mechanisms. Association of RBf2 with these promoters appears to be independent of dE2F2/dDP, although promoters bound by both RBf1 and RBf2 require dE2F2/dDP. The presence of unique RBf2 targets suggest that evolutionary appearance of this corepressor represents the acquisition of potentially novel roles in gene regulation for the RB family.
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23
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Abstract
The family of E2F transcription factors is the key downstream target of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein (pRB), which is frequently inactivated in human cancer. E2F is best known for its role in cell-cycle regulation and triggering apoptosis. However, E2F binds to thousands of genes and, thus, could directly influence a number of biologic processes. Given the plethora of potential E2F targets, the major challenge in the field is to identify specific processes in which E2F plays a functional role and the contexts in which a particular subset of E2F targets dictates a biologic outcome. Recent studies implicated E2F in regulation of expression of mitochondria-associated genes. The loss of such regulation results in severe mitochondrial defects. The consequences become evident during irradiation-induced apoptosis, where E2F-deficient cells are insensitive to cell death despite induction of canonical apoptotic genes. Thus, this novel function of E2F may have a major impact on cell viability, and it is independent of induction of apoptotic genes. Here, we discuss the implications of these findings in cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizaveta V Benevolenskaya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
| | - Maxim V Frolov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
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24
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Poppy Roworth A, Ghari F, La Thangue NB. To live or let die - complexity within the E2F1 pathway. Mol Cell Oncol 2015; 2:e970480. [PMID: 27308406 PMCID: PMC4905241 DOI: 10.4161/23723548.2014.970480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
The E2F1 transcription factor is a recognized regulator of the cell cycle as well as a potent mediator of DNA damage-induced apoptosis and the checkpoint response. Understanding the diverse and seemingly dichotomous functions of E2F1 activity has been the focus of extensive ongoing research. Although the E2F pathway is frequently deregulated in cancer, the contributions of E2F1 itself to tumorigenesis, as a promoter of proliferation or cell death, are far from understood. In this review we aim to provide an update on our current understanding of E2F1, with particular insight into its novel interaction partners and post-translational modifications, as a means to explaining its diverse functional complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Poppy Roworth
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology; Department of Oncology; University of Oxford; Oxford, UK
| | - Fatemeh Ghari
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology; Department of Oncology; University of Oxford; Oxford, UK
| | - Nicholas B La Thangue
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology; Department of Oncology; University of Oxford; Oxford, UK
- Correspondence to: Nicholas B La Thangue;
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25
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Lopez-Mejia IC, Fajas L. Cell cycle regulation of mitochondrial function. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2014; 33:19-25. [PMID: 25463842 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Specific cellular functions, such as proliferation, survival, growth, or senescence, require a particular adaptive metabolic response, which is fine tuned by members of the cell cycle regulators families. Currently, proteins such as cyclins, CDKs, or E2Fs are being studied in the context of cell proliferation and survival, cell signaling, cell cycle regulation, and cancer. We show in this review that cellular, animal and molecular studies provided enough evidence to prove that these factors play, in addition, crucial roles in the control of mitochondrial function; finally resulting in a dual proliferative and metabolic response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lluis Fajas
- Department of Physiology, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1005, Switzerland.
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26
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