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Ruturaj, Mishra M, Saha S, Maji S, Rodriguez-Boulan E, Schreiner R, Gupta A. Regulation of the apico-basolateral trafficking polarity of the homologous copper-ATPases ATP7A and ATP7B. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261258. [PMID: 38032054 PMCID: PMC10729821 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The homologous P-type copper-ATPases (Cu-ATPases) ATP7A and ATP7B are the key regulators of copper homeostasis in mammalian cells. In polarized epithelia, upon copper treatment, ATP7A and ATP7B traffic from the trans-Golgi network (TGN) to basolateral and apical membranes, respectively. We characterized the sorting pathways of Cu-ATPases between TGN and the plasma membrane and identified the machinery involved. ATP7A and ATP7B reside on distinct domains of TGN in limiting copper conditions, and in high copper, ATP7A traffics to basolateral membrane, whereas ATP7B traverses common recycling, apical sorting and apical recycling endosomes en route to apical membrane. Mass spectrometry identified regulatory partners of ATP7A and ATP7B that include the adaptor protein-1 complex. Upon knocking out pan-AP-1, sorting of both Cu-ATPases is disrupted. ATP7A loses its trafficking polarity and localizes on both apical and basolateral surfaces in high copper. By contrast, ATP7B loses TGN retention but retained its trafficking polarity to the apical domain, which became copper independent. Using isoform-specific knockouts, we found that the AP-1A complex provides directionality and TGN retention for both Cu-ATPases, whereas the AP-1B complex governs copper-independent trafficking of ATP7B solely. Trafficking phenotypes of Wilson disease-causing ATP7B mutants that disrupts putative ATP7B-AP1 interaction further substantiates the role of AP-1 in apical sorting of ATP7B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruturaj
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal 741246, India
| | - Monalisa Mishra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal 741246, India
| | - Soumyendu Saha
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal 741246, India
| | - Saptarshi Maji
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal 741246, India
| | - Enrique Rodriguez-Boulan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Margaret Dyson Vision Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Ryan Schreiner
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Arnab Gupta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal 741246, India
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Kell M, Halpern A, Fölsch H. Immunoprecipitation and Western Blot Analysis of AP-1 Clathrin-Coated Vesicles. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2557:619-633. [PMID: 36512241 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2639-9_37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The function and integrity of epithelial cells depends on the polarized localization of transmembrane proteins at either apical or basolateral plasma membrane domains. To facilitate sorting to the basolateral domain, columnar epithelial cells express the tissue-specific AP-1B complex in addition to the ubiquitously expressed AP-1A. Both AP-1A and AP-1B are heterotetrameric clathrin adaptor protein complexes that are closely related. Here we describe a biochemical method to separate AP-1B from AP-1A clathrin-coated vesicles by immunoprecipitation from clathrin-coated vesicle pellets that were obtained by ultracentrifugation and analyzed by SDS-PAGE and western blot using fluorescently labeled secondary antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Kell
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Abby Halpern
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Heike Fölsch
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
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3
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Caceres PS, Benedicto I, Lehmann GL, Rodriguez-Boulan EJ. Directional Fluid Transport across Organ-Blood Barriers: Physiology and Cell Biology. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:a027847. [PMID: 28003183 PMCID: PMC5334253 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a027847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Directional fluid flow is an essential process for embryo development as well as for organ and organism homeostasis. Here, we review the diverse structure of various organ-blood barriers, the driving forces, transporters, and polarity mechanisms that regulate fluid transport across them, focusing on kidney-, eye-, and brain-blood barriers. We end by discussing how cross talk between barrier epithelial and endothelial cells, perivascular cells, and basement membrane signaling contribute to generate and maintain organ-blood barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo S Caceres
- Margaret Dyson Vision Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065
| | - Ignacio Benedicto
- Margaret Dyson Vision Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065
| | - Guillermo L Lehmann
- Margaret Dyson Vision Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065
| | - Enrique J Rodriguez-Boulan
- Margaret Dyson Vision Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065
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Whitfield ST, Burston HE, Bean BDM, Raghuram N, Maldonado-Báez L, Davey M, Wendland B, Conibear E. The alternate AP-1 adaptor subunit Apm2 interacts with the Mil1 regulatory protein and confers differential cargo sorting. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 27:588-98. [PMID: 26658609 PMCID: PMC4751606 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-09-0621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptor complexes are important for cargo sorting in clathrin-coated vesicles. The µ adaptor subunits Apm1 and Apm2 create functionally distinct versions of the yeast AP-1 complex. A novel regulatory protein is identified that selectively binds Apm2-containing complexes and contributes to their membrane recruitment. Heterotetrameric adaptor protein complexes are important mediators of cargo protein sorting in clathrin-coated vesicles. The cell type–specific expression of alternate μ chains creates distinct forms of AP-1 with altered cargo sorting, but how these subunits confer differential function is unclear. Whereas some studies suggest the μ subunits specify localization to different cellular compartments, others find that the two forms of AP-1 are present in the same vesicle but recognize different cargo. Yeast have two forms of AP-1, which differ only in the μ chain. Here we show that the variant μ chain Apm2 confers distinct cargo-sorting functions. Loss of Apm2, but not of Apm1, increases cell surface levels of the v-SNARE Snc1. However, Apm2 is unable to replace Apm1 in sorting Chs3, which requires a dileucine motif recognized by the γ/σ subunits common to both complexes. Apm2 and Apm1 colocalize at Golgi/early endosomes, suggesting that they do not associate with distinct compartments. We identified a novel, conserved regulatory protein that is required for Apm2-dependent sorting events. Mil1 is a predicted lipase that binds Apm2 but not Apm1 and contributes to its membrane recruitment. Interactions with specific regulatory factors may provide a general mechanism to diversify the functional repertoire of clathrin adaptor complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn T Whitfield
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Helen E Burston
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Björn D M Bean
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Nandini Raghuram
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | | | - Michael Davey
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Beverly Wendland
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218-2685
| | - Elizabeth Conibear
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
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Abstract
Epithelial cells display segregated early endosomal compartments, termed apical sorting endosomes and basolateral sorting endosomes, that converge into a common late endosomal-lysosomal degradative compartment and common recycling endosomes (CREs). Unlike recycling endosomes of nonpolarized cells, CREs have the ability to sort apical and basolateral plasma membrane proteins into distinct apical and basolateral recycling routes, utilizing mechanisms similar to those employed by the trans Golgi network in the biosynthetic pathway. The apical recycling route includes an additional compartment, the apical recycling endosomes, consisting of multiple vesicles bundled around the basal body. Recent evidence indicates that, in addition to their role in internalizing ligands and recycling their receptors back to the cell surface, endosomal compartments act as intermediate stations in the biosynthetic routes to the plasma membrane. Here we review methods employed by our laboratory to study the endosomal compartments of epithelial cells and their multiple trafficking roles.
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Peterson SJ, Krasnow MA. Subcellular trafficking of FGF controls tracheal invasion of Drosophila flight muscle. Cell 2014; 160:313-23. [PMID: 25557078 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To meet the extreme oxygen demand of insect flight muscle, tracheal (respiratory) tubes ramify not only on its surface, as in other tissues, but also within T-tubules and ultimately surrounding every mitochondrion. Although this remarkable physiological specialization has long been recognized, its cellular and molecular basis is unknown. Here, we show that Drosophila tracheoles invade flight muscle T-tubules through transient surface openings. Like other tracheal branching events, invasion requires the Branchless FGF pathway. However, localization of the FGF chemoattractant changes from all muscle membranes to T-tubules as invasion begins. Core regulators of epithelial basolateral membrane identity localize to T-tubules, and knockdown of AP-1γ, required for basolateral trafficking, redirects FGF from T-tubules to surface, increasing tracheal surface ramification and preventing invasion. We propose that tracheal invasion is controlled by an AP-1-dependent switch in FGF trafficking. Thus, subcellular targeting of a chemoattractant can direct outgrowth to specific domains, including inside the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soren J Peterson
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5307, USA
| | - Mark A Krasnow
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5307, USA.
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Nakatsu F, Hase K, Ohno H. The Role of the Clathrin Adaptor AP-1: Polarized Sorting and Beyond. MEMBRANES 2014; 4:747-63. [PMID: 25387275 PMCID: PMC4289864 DOI: 10.3390/membranes4040747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The selective transport of proteins or lipids by vesicular transport is a fundamental process supporting cellular physiology. The budding process involves cargo sorting and vesicle formation at the donor membrane and constitutes an important process in vesicular transport. This process is particularly important for the polarized sorting in epithelial cells, in which the cargo molecules need to be selectively sorted and transported to two distinct destinations, the apical or basolateral plasma membrane. Adaptor protein (AP)-1, a member of the AP complex family, which includes the ubiquitously expressed AP-1A and the epithelium-specific AP-1B, regulates polarized sorting at the trans-Golgi network and/or at the recycling endosomes. A growing body of evidence, especially from studies using model organisms and animals, demonstrates that the AP-1-mediated polarized sorting supports the development and physiology of multi-cellular units as functional organs and tissues (e.g., cell fate determination, inflammation and gut immune homeostasis). Furthermore, a possible involvement of AP-1B in the pathogenesis of human diseases, such as Crohn's disease and cancer, is now becoming evident. These data highlight the significant contribution of AP-1 complexes to the physiology of multicellular organisms, as master regulators of polarized sorting in epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fubito Nakatsu
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, 295 Congress Avenue, BCMM237, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
| | - Koji Hase
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Ohno
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.
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Lehmann GL, Benedicto I, Philp NJ, Rodriguez-Boulan E. Plasma membrane protein polarity and trafficking in RPE cells: past, present and future. Exp Eye Res 2014; 126:5-15. [PMID: 25152359 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2014.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) comprises a monolayer of polarized pigmented epithelial cells that is strategically interposed between the neural retina and the fenestrated choroid capillaries. The RPE performs a variety of vectorial transport functions (water, ions, metabolites, nutrients and waste products) that regulate the composition of the subretinal space and support the functions of photoreceptors (PRs) and other cells in the neural retina. To this end, RPE cells display a polarized distribution of channels, transporters and receptors in their plasma membrane (PM) that is remarkably different from that found in conventional extra-ocular epithelia, e.g. intestine, kidney, and gall bladder. This characteristic PM protein polarity of RPE cells depends on the interplay of sorting signals in the RPE PM proteins and sorting mechanisms and biosynthetic/recycling trafficking routes in the RPE cell. Although considerable progress has been made in our understanding of the RPE trafficking machinery, most available data have been obtained from immortalized RPE cell lines that only partially maintain the RPE phenotype and by extrapolation of data obtained in the prototype Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cell line. The increasing availability of RPE cell cultures that more closely resemble the RPE in vivo together with the advent of advanced live imaging microscopy techniques provides a platform and an opportunity to rapidly expand our understanding of how polarized protein trafficking contributes to RPE PM polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo L Lehmann
- Margaret Dyson Vision Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY 100652, USA
| | - Ignacio Benedicto
- Margaret Dyson Vision Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY 100652, USA
| | - Nancy J Philp
- Thomas Jefferson University, Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| | - Enrique Rodriguez-Boulan
- Margaret Dyson Vision Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY 100652, USA.
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9
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Perez Bay AE, Schreiner R, Benedicto I, Rodriguez-Boulan EJ. Galectin-4-mediated transcytosis of transferrin receptor. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:4457-69. [PMID: 25179596 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.153437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Some native epithelia, for example, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and kidney proximal tubule (KPT), constitutively lack the basolateral sorting adaptor AP-1B; this results in many basolateral plasma membrane proteins being repositioned to the apical domain, where they perform essential functions for their host organs. We recently reported the underlying apical polarity reversal mechanism: in the absence of AP-1B-mediated basolateral sorting, basolateral proteins are shuttled to the apical plasma membrane through a transcytotic pathway mediated by the plus-end kinesin KIF16B. Here, we demonstrate that this apical transcytotic pathway requires apical sorting of basolateral proteins, which is mediated by apical signals and galectin-4. Using RPE and KPT cell lines, and AP-1B-knockdown MDCK cells, we show that mutation of the N-glycan linked to N727 in the basolateral marker transferrin receptor (TfR) or knockdown of galectin-4 inhibits TfR transcytosis to apical recycling endosomes and the apical plasma membrane, and promotes TfR lysosomal targeting and subsequent degradation. Our results report a new role of galectins in basolateral to apical epithelial transcytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres E Perez Bay
- Margaret Dyson Vision Research Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ryan Schreiner
- Margaret Dyson Vision Research Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ignacio Benedicto
- Margaret Dyson Vision Research Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Enrique J Rodriguez-Boulan
- Margaret Dyson Vision Research Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Rodriguez-Boulan E, Macara IG. Organization and execution of the epithelial polarity programme. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2014; 15:225-42. [PMID: 24651541 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 504] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cells require apical-basal plasma membrane polarity to carry out crucial vectorial transport functions and cytoplasmic polarity to generate different cell progenies for tissue morphogenesis. The establishment and maintenance of a polarized epithelial cell with apical, basolateral and ciliary surface domains is guided by an epithelial polarity programme (EPP) that is controlled by a network of protein and lipid regulators. The EPP is organized in response to extracellular cues and is executed through the establishment of an apical-basal axis, intercellular junctions, epithelial-specific cytoskeletal rearrangements and a polarized trafficking machinery. Recent studies have provided insight into the interactions of the EPP with the polarized trafficking machinery and how these regulate epithelial polarization and depolarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Rodriguez-Boulan
- Margaret Dyson Vision Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, LC-301 New York City, New York 10065, USA
| | - Ian G Macara
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 465 21st Avenue South, U 3209 MRB III, Nashville Tennessee 37232, USA
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