1
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Chhajer R, Bhattacharyya A, Ali N. Cell Death in Leishmania donovani promastigotes in response to Mammalian Aurora Kinase B Inhibitor- Hesperadin. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 177:116960. [PMID: 38936193 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Deciphering how hesperadin, a repurposed mammalian aurora kinase B inhibitor, affects the cellular pathways in Leishmania donovani might be beneficial. This investigation sought to assess the physiological effects of hesperadin on promastigotes of L. donovani, by altering the duration of treatment following exposure to hesperadin. Groups pre-treated with inhibitors such as EGTA, NAC, and z-VAD-fmk before hesperadin exposure were also included. Morphological changes by microscopy, ATP and ROS changes by luminometry; DNA degradation using agarose gel electrophoresis and metacaspase levels through RT-PCR were assessed. Flow cytometry was used to study mitochondrial depolarization using JC-1 and MitoTracker Red; mitochondrial-superoxide accumulation using MitoSOX; plasma membrane modifications using Annexin-V and propidium iodide, and lastly, caspase activation using ApoStat. Significant alterations in promastigote morphology were noted. Caspase activity and mitochondrial-superoxide rose early after exposure whereas mitochondrial membrane potential demonstrated uncharacteristic variations, with significant functional disturbances such as leakage of superoxide radicals after prolonged treatments. ATP depletion and ROS accumulation demonstrated inverse patterns, genomic DNA showed fragmentation and plasma membrane showed Annexin-V binding, soon followed by propidium iodide uptake. Multilobed macronuclei and micronuclei accumulated in hesperadin exposed cells before they disintegrated into necrotic debris. The pathologic alterations were unlike the intrinsic or extrinsic pathways of classical apoptosis and suggest a caspase-mediated cell death most akin to mitotic-catastrophe. Most likely, a G2/M transition block caused accumulation of death signals, disorganized spindles and mechanical stresses, causing changes in morphology, organellar functions and ultimately promastigote death. Thus, death was a consequence of mitotic-arrest followed by ablation of kinetoplast functions, often implicated in L. donovani killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudra Chhajer
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, West Bengal 700032, India
| | - Anirban Bhattacharyya
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, West Bengal 700032, India
| | - Nahid Ali
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, West Bengal 700032, India.
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2
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Lakkaniga NR, Wang Z, Xiao Y, Kharbanda A, Lan L, Li HY. Revisiting Aurora Kinase B: A promising therapeutic target for cancer therapy. Med Res Rev 2024; 44:686-706. [PMID: 37983866 DOI: 10.1002/med.21994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Cancer continues to be a major health concern globally, although the advent of targeted therapy has revolutionized treatment options. Aurora Kinase B is a serine-threonine kinase that has been explored as an oncology therapeutic target for more than two decades. Aurora Kinase B inhibitors show promising biological results in in-vitro and in-vivo experiments. However, there are no inhibitors approved yet for clinical use, primarily because of the side effects associated with Aurora B inhibitors. Several studies demonstrate that Aurora B inhibitors show excellent synergy with various chemotherapeutic agents, radiation therapy, and targeted therapies. This makes it an excellent choice as an adjuvant therapy to first-line therapies, which greatly improves the therapeutic window and side effect profile. Recent studies indicate the role of Aurora B in some deadly cancers with limited therapeutic options, like triple-negative breast cancer and glioblastoma. Herein, we review the latest developments in Aurora Kinase B targeted research, with emphasis on its potential as an adjuvant therapy and its role in some of the most difficult-to-treat cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naga Rajiv Lakkaniga
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, India
| | - Zhengyu Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Yao Xiao
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anupreet Kharbanda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Li Lan
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hong-Yu Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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3
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Pressete CG, Viegas FPD, Campos TG, Caixeta ES, Hanemann JAC, Ferreira-Silva GÁ, Zavan B, Aissa AF, Miyazawa M, Viegas-Jr C, Ionta M. Piperine-Chlorogenic Acid Hybrid Inhibits the Proliferation of the SK-MEL-147 Melanoma Cells by Modulating Mitotic Kinases. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:145. [PMID: 37259298 PMCID: PMC9965075 DOI: 10.3390/ph16020145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is considered the most aggressive form of skin cancer, showing high metastatic potential and persistent high mortality rates despite the introduction of immunotherapy and targeted therapies. Thus, it is important to identify new drug candidates for melanoma. The design of hybrid molecules, with different pharmacophore fragments combined in the same scaffold, is an interesting strategy for obtaining new multi-target and more effective anticancer drugs. We designed nine hybrid compounds bearing piperine and chlorogenic acid pharmacophoric groups and evaluated their antitumoral potential on melanoma cells with distinct mutational profiles SK-MEL-147, CHL-1 and WM1366. We identified the compound named PQM-277 (3a) to be the most cytotoxic one, inhibiting mitosis progression and promoting an accumulation of cells in pro-metaphase and metaphase by altering the expression of genes that govern G2/M transition and mitosis onset. Compound 3a downregulated FOXM1, CCNB1, CDK1, AURKA, AURKB, and PLK1, and upregulated CDKN1A. Molecular docking showed that 3a could interact with the CUL1-RBX1 complex, which activity is necessary to trigger molecular events essential for FOXM1 transactivation and, in turn, G2/M gene expression. In addition, compound 3a effectively induced apoptosis by increasing BAX/BCL2 ratio. Our findings demonstrate that 3a is an important antitumor candidate prototype and support further investigations to evaluate its potential for melanoma treatment, especially for refractory cases to BRAF/MEK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Flávia Pereira Dias Viegas
- Institute of Chemistry, Laboratory of Research in Medicinal Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas 37133-840, MG, Brazil
| | - Thâmara Gaspar Campos
- Institute of Chemistry, Laboratory of Research in Medicinal Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas 37133-840, MG, Brazil
| | - Ester Siqueira Caixeta
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, MG, Brazil
| | - João Adolfo Costa Hanemann
- Department of Clinic and Surgery, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Zavan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, MG, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Ferro Aissa
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, MG, Brazil
| | - Marta Miyazawa
- Department of Clinic and Surgery, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, MG, Brazil
| | - Claudio Viegas-Jr
- Institute of Chemistry, Laboratory of Research in Medicinal Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas 37133-840, MG, Brazil
| | - Marisa Ionta
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, MG, Brazil
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4
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Zhang P, Chen J, Wang X, Geng Y, Sun L, Zhang H. The centralspindlin complex regulates cytokinesis and morphogenesis in the C. elegans spermatheca. Development 2023; 150:286720. [PMID: 36661358 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Organ morphogenesis needs orchestration of a series of cellular events, including cell division, cell shape change, cell rearrangement and cell death. Cytokinesis, the final step of cell division, is involved in the control of organ size, shape and function. Mechanistically, it is unclear how the molecules involved in cytokinesis regulate organ size and shape. Here, we demonstrate that the centralspindlin complex coordinates cell division and epithelial morphogenesis by regulating cytokinesis. Loss of the centralspindlin components CYK-4 and ZEN-4 disrupts cell division, resulting in altered cell arrangement and malformation of the Caenorhabditis elegans spermatheca. Further investigation revealed that most spermathecal cells undergo nuclear division without completion of cytokinesis. Germline mutant-based analyses suggest that CYK-4 regulates cytokinesis of spermathecal cells in a GTPase activator activity-independent manner. Spermathecal morphology defects can be enhanced by double knockdown of rho-1 and cyk-4, and partially suppressed by double knockdown of cdc-42 and cyk-4. Thus, the centralspindlin components CYK-4 and ZEN-4, together with RHO-1 and CDC-42, are central players of a signaling network that guides spermathecal morphogenesis by enabling completion of cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Zhang
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR 999078, China
| | - Jiwei Chen
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR 999078, China
| | - Xiangchuan Wang
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR 999078, China
| | - Yingchao Geng
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR 999078, China
| | - Liangyu Sun
- Biological Imaging and Stem Cell Core, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR 999078, China
| | - Hongjie Zhang
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR 999078, China
- MoE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR 999078, China
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5
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Rani B, Gupta DK, Johansson S, Kamranvar SA. Contribution of integrin adhesion to cytokinetic abscission and genomic integrity. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1048717. [PMID: 36578785 PMCID: PMC9791049 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1048717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research shows that integrin-mediated adhesion contributes to the regulation of cell division at two key steps: the formation of the mitotic spindle at the mitotic entry and the final cytokinetic abscission at the mitotic exit. Failure in either of these processes will have a direct impact on the other in each round of the cell cycle and on the genomic integrity. This review aims to present how integrin signals are involved at these cell cycle stages under normal conditions and some safety mechanisms that may counteract the generation of aneuploid cells in cases of defective integrin signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavna Rani
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology (IMBIM), Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Deepesh K. Gupta
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Staffan Johansson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology (IMBIM), Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden,*Correspondence: Staffan Johansson, ; Siamak A. Kamranvar,
| | - Siamak A. Kamranvar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology (IMBIM), Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden,*Correspondence: Staffan Johansson, ; Siamak A. Kamranvar,
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6
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Ozugergin I, Piekny A. Diversity is the spice of life: An overview of how cytokinesis regulation varies with cell type. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1007614. [PMID: 36420142 PMCID: PMC9676254 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1007614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis is required to physically cleave a cell into two daughters at the end of mitosis. Decades of research have led to a comprehensive understanding of the core cytokinesis machinery and how it is regulated in animal cells, however this knowledge was generated using single cells cultured in vitro, or in early embryos before tissues develop. This raises the question of how cytokinesis is regulated in diverse animal cell types and developmental contexts. Recent studies of distinct cell types in the same organism or in similar cell types from different organisms have revealed striking differences in how cytokinesis is regulated, which includes different threshold requirements for the structural components and the mechanisms that regulate them. In this review, we highlight these differences with an emphasis on pathways that are independent of the mitotic spindle, and operate through signals associated with the cortex, kinetochores, or chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imge Ozugergin
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alisa Piekny
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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7
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Husser MC, Ozugergin I, Resta T, Martin VJJ, Piekny AJ. Cytokinetic diversity in mammalian cells is revealed by the characterization of endogenous anillin, Ect2 and RhoA. Open Biol 2022; 12:220247. [PMID: 36416720 PMCID: PMC9683116 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.220247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis is required to physically separate the daughter cells at the end of mitosis. This crucial process requires the assembly and ingression of an actomyosin ring, which must occur with high fidelity to avoid aneuploidy and cell fate changes. Most of our knowledge of mammalian cytokinesis was generated using over-expressed transgenes in HeLa cells. Over-expression can introduce artefacts, while HeLa are cancerous human cells that have lost their epithelial identity, and the mechanisms controlling cytokinesis in these cells could be vastly different from other cell types. Here, we tagged endogenous anillin, Ect2 and RhoA with mNeonGreen and characterized their localization during cytokinesis for the first time in live human cells. Comparing anillin localization in multiple cell types revealed cytokinetic diversity with differences in the duration and symmetry of ring closure, and the timing of cortical recruitment. Our findings show that the breadth of anillin correlates with the rate of ring closure, and support models where cell size or ploidy affects the cortical organization, and intrinsic mechanisms control the symmetry of ring closure. This work highlights the need to study cytokinesis in more diverse cell types, which will be facilitated by the reagents generated for this study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Imge Ozugergin
- Biology Department, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tiziana Resta
- Biology Department, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Vincent J. J. Martin
- Biology Department, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,Center for Applied Synthetic Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alisa J. Piekny
- Biology Department, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,Center for Applied Synthetic Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,Center for Microscopy and Cellular Imaging, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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8
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Poulos A, Budaitis BG, Verhey KJ. Single-motor and multi-motor motility properties of kinesin-6 family members. Biol Open 2022; 11:276958. [PMID: 36178151 PMCID: PMC9581516 DOI: 10.1242/bio.059533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinesin motor proteins are responsible for orchestrating a variety of microtubule-based processes including intracellular transport, cell division, cytoskeletal organization, and cilium function. Members of the kinesin-6 family play critical roles in anaphase and cytokinesis during cell division as well as in cargo transport and microtubule organization during interphase, however little is known about their motility properties. We find that truncated versions of MKLP1 (HsKIF23), MKLP2 (HsKIF20A), and HsKIF20B largely interact statically with microtubules as single molecules but can also undergo slow, processive motility, most prominently for MKLP2. In multi-motor assays, all kinesin-6 proteins were able to drive microtubule gliding and MKLP1 and KIF20B were also able to drive robust transport of both peroxisomes, a low-load cargo, and Golgi, a high-load cargo, in cells. In contrast, MKLP2 showed minimal transport of peroxisomes and was unable to drive Golgi dispersion. These results indicate that the three mammalian kinesin-6 motor proteins can undergo processive motility but differ in their ability to generate forces needed to drive cargo transport and microtubule organization in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Poulos
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Breane G. Budaitis
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA,Authors for correspondence (; )
| | - Kristen J. Verhey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA,Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA,Authors for correspondence (; )
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9
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Sana S, Rajeevan A, Kotak S. Membrane compartmentalization of Ect2/Cyk4/Mklp1 and NuMA/dynein regulates cleavage furrow formation. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 2022; 221:213522. [PMID: 36197340 PMCID: PMC9539458 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202203127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In animal cells, spindle elongation during anaphase is temporally coupled with cleavage furrow formation. Spindle elongation during anaphase is regulated by NuMA/dynein/dynactin complexes that occupy the polar region of the cell membrane and are excluded from the equatorial membrane. How NuMA/dynein/dynactin are excluded from the equatorial membrane and the biological significance of this exclusion remains unknown. Here, we show that the centralspindlin (Cyk4/Mklp1) and its interacting partner RhoGEF Ect2 are required for NuMA/dynein/dynactin exclusion from the equatorial cell membrane. The Ect2-based (Ect2/Cyk4/Mklp1) and NuMA-based (NuMA/dynein/dynactin) complexes occupy mutually exclusive membrane surfaces during anaphase. The equatorial membrane enrichment of Ect2-based complexes is essential for NuMA/dynein/dynactin exclusion and proper spindle elongation. Conversely, NuMA-based complexes at the polar region of the cell membrane ensure spatially confined localization of Ect2-based complexes and thus RhoA. Overall, our work establishes that membrane compartmentalization of NuMA-based and Ect2-based complexes at the two distinct cell surfaces restricts dynein/dynactin and RhoA for coordinating spindle elongation with cleavage furrow formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrividya Sana
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology (MCB), Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore, India
| | - Ashwathi Rajeevan
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology (MCB), Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore, India
| | - Sachin Kotak
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology (MCB), Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore, India,Correspondence to Sachin Kotak:
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10
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Estrogens—Origin of Centrosome Defects in Human Cancer? Cells 2022; 11:cells11030432. [PMID: 35159242 PMCID: PMC8833882 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogens are associated with a variety of diseases and play important roles in tumor development and progression. Centrosome defects are hallmarks of human cancers and contribute to ongoing chromosome missegragation and aneuploidy that manifest in genomic instability and tumor progression. Although several mechanisms underlie the etiology of centrosome aberrations in human cancer, upstream regulators are hardly known. Accumulating experimental and clinical evidence points to an important role of estrogens in deregulating centrosome homeostasis and promoting karyotype instability. Here, we will summarize existing literature of how natural and synthetic estrogens might contribute to structural and numerical centrosome defects, genomic instability and human carcinogenesis.
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11
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Koh SP, Pham NP, Piekny A. Seeing is believing: tools to study the role of Rho GTPases during cytokinesis. Small GTPases 2022; 13:211-224. [PMID: 34405757 PMCID: PMC9707540 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2021.1957384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis is required to cleave the daughter cells at the end of mitosis and relies on the spatiotemporal control of RhoA GTPase. Cytokinesis failure can lead to changes in cell fate or aneuploidy, which can be detrimental during development and/or can lead to cancer. However, our knowledge of the pathways that regulate RhoA during cytokinesis is limited, and the role of other Rho family GTPases is not clear. This is largely because the study of Rho GTPases presents unique challenges using traditional cell biological and biochemical methods, and they have pleiotropic functions making genetic studies difficult to interpret. The recent generation of optogenetic tools and biosensors that control and detect active Rho has overcome some of these challenges and is helping to elucidate the role of RhoA in cytokinesis. However, improvements are needed to reveal the role of other Rho GTPases in cytokinesis, and to identify the molecular mechanisms that control Rho activity. This review examines some of the outstanding questions in cytokinesis, and explores tools for the imaging and control of Rho GTPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Pin Koh
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nhat Phi Pham
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alisa Piekny
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada,CONTACT Alisa Piekny Department of Biology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St. W, Montreal, QC, Canada
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12
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Longhini KM, Glotzer M. Aurora A and cortical flows promote polarization and cytokinesis by inducing asymmetric ECT-2 accumulation. eLife 2022; 11:83992. [PMID: 36533896 PMCID: PMC9799973 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the early Caenorhabditis elegans embryo, cell polarization and cytokinesis are interrelated yet distinct processes. Here, we sought to understand a poorly understood aspect of cleavage furrow positioning. Early C. elegans embryos deficient in the cytokinetic regulator centralspindlin form furrows, due to an inhibitory activity that depends on aster positioning relative to the polar cortices. Here, we show polar relaxation is associated with depletion of cortical ECT-2, a RhoGEF, specifically at the posterior cortex. Asymmetric ECT-2 accumulation requires intact centrosomes, Aurora A (AIR-1), and myosin-dependent cortical flows. Within a localization competent ECT-2 fragment, we identified three putative phospho-acceptor sites in the PH domain of ECT-2 that render ECT-2 responsive to inhibition by AIR-1. During both polarization and cytokinesis, our results suggest that centrosomal AIR-1 breaks symmetry via ECT-2 phosphorylation; this local inhibition of ECT-2 is amplified by myosin-driven flows that generate regional ECT-2 asymmetry. Together, these mechanisms cooperate to induce polarized assembly of cortical myosin, contributing to both embryo polarization and cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina M Longhini
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| | - Michael Glotzer
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
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13
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Sugioka K. Symmetry-breaking of animal cytokinesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 127:100-109. [PMID: 34955355 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cytokinesis is a mechanism that separates dividing cells via constriction of a supramolecular structure, the contractile ring. In animal cells, three modes of symmetry-breaking of cytokinesis result in unilateral cytokinesis, asymmetric cell division, and oriented cell division. Each mode of cytokinesis plays a significant role in tissue patterning and morphogenesis by the mechanisms that control the orientation and position of the contractile ring relative to the body axis. Despite its significance, the mechanisms involved in the symmetry-breaking of cytokinesis remain unclear in many cell types. Classical embryologists have identified that the geometric relationship between the mitotic spindle and cell cortex induces cytokinesis asymmetry; however, emerging evidence suggests that a concerted flow of compressional cell-cortex materials (cortical flow) is a spindle-independent driving force in spatial cytokinesis control. This review provides an overview of both classical and emerging mechanisms of cytokinesis asymmetry and their roles in animal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Sugioka
- Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z3, Canada; Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z3, Canada.
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14
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From primordial germ cells to spermatids in Caenorhabditis elegans. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 127:110-120. [PMID: 34930663 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Development of a syncytial germline for gamete formation requires complex regulation of cytokinesis and cytoplasmic remodeling. Recently, several uncovered cellular events have been investigated in the Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) germline. In these cellular processes, the factors involved in contractility are highly conserved with those of mitosis and meiosis. However, the underlying regulatory mechanisms are far more complicated than previously thought, likely due to the single syncytial germline structure. In this review, we highlight how the proteins involved in contractility ensure faithful cell division in different cellular contexts and how they contribute to maintaining intercellular bridge stability. In addition, we discuss the current understanding of the cellular events of cytokinesis and cytoplasmic remodeling during the development of the C. elegans germline, including progenitor germ cells, germ cells, and spermatocytes. Comparisons are made with relevant systems in Drosophila melanogaster (D. melanogaster) and other animal models.
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15
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Thomas A, Gallaud E, Pascal A, Serre L, Arnal I, Richard-Parpaillon L, Savoian MS, Giet R. Peripheral astral microtubules ensure asymmetric furrow positioning in neural stem cells. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109895. [PMID: 34706235 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblast division is characterized by asymmetric positioning of the cleavage furrow, resulting in a large difference in size between the future daughter cells. In animal cells, furrow placement and assembly are governed by centralspindlin that accumulates at the equatorial cell cortex of the future cleavage site and at the spindle midzone. In neuroblasts, these two centralspindlin populations are spatially and temporally separated. A leading pool is located at the basal cleavage site and a second pool accumulates at the midzone before traveling to the cleavage site. The cortical centralspindlin population requires peripheral astral microtubules and the chromosome passenger complex for efficient recruitment. Loss of this pool does not prevent cytokinesis but enhances centralspindlin signaling at the midzone, leading to equatorial furrow repositioning and decreased size asymmetry. These data show that basal furrow positioning in neuroblasts results from a competition between different centralspindlin pools in which the cortical pool is dominant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Thomas
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) - UMR17 6290, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Emmanuel Gallaud
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) - UMR17 6290, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Aude Pascal
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) - UMR17 6290, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Laurence Serre
- Inserm U1216, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences (GIN), Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Isabelle Arnal
- Inserm U1216, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences (GIN), Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Laurent Richard-Parpaillon
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) - UMR17 6290, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Matthew Scott Savoian
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, 4410 Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Régis Giet
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) - UMR17 6290, 35000 Rennes, France.
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16
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Changing places: Chromosomal Passenger Complex relocation in early anaphase. Trends Cell Biol 2021; 32:165-176. [PMID: 34663523 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2021.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Chromosomal Passenger Complex (CPC) regulates a plethora of processes during multiple stages of nuclear and cytoplasmic division. Early during mitosis, the CPC is recruited to centromeres and kinetochores, and ensures that the duplicated chromosomes become properly connected to microtubules from opposite poles of the mitotic spindle. Progression into anaphase is accompanied by a striking relocation of the CPC from centromeres to the antiparallel microtubule overlaps of the anaphase spindle and to the equatorial cortex. This translocation requires direct interactions of the CPC with the kinesin-6 family member MKLP2/KIF20A, and the inactivation of cyclin B-cyclin-dependent kinase-1 (CDK1). Here, we review recent progress in the regulation of this relocation event. Furthermore, we discuss why the CPC must be relocated during early anaphase in light of recent advances in the functions of the CPC post metaphase.
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17
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Ramkumar N, Patel JV, Anstatt J, Baum B. Aurora B-dependent polarization of the cortical actomyosin network during mitotic exit. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e52387. [PMID: 34431205 PMCID: PMC8490981 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202152387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The isotropic metaphase actin cortex progressively polarizes as the anaphase spindle elongates during mitotic exit. This involves the loss of actomyosin cortex from opposing cell poles and the accumulation of an actomyosin belt at the cell centre. Although these spatially distinct cortical remodelling events are coordinated in time, here we show that they are independent of each other. Thus, actomyosin is lost from opposing poles in anaphase cells that lack an actomyosin ring owing to centralspindlin depletion. In examining potential regulators of this process, we identify a role for Aurora B kinase in actin clearance at cell poles. Upon combining Aurora B inhibition with centralspindlin depletion, cells exiting mitosis fail to change shape and remain completely spherical. Additionally, we demonstrate a requirement for Aurora B in the clearance of cortical actin close to anaphase chromatin in cells exiting mitosis with a bipolar spindle and in monopolar cells forced to divide while flat. Altogether, these data suggest a novel role for Aurora B activity in facilitating DNA-mediated polar relaxation at anaphase, polarization of the actomyosin cortex, and cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitya Ramkumar
- MRC LMCBUCLLondonUK
- Present address:
Duke UniversityDurhamNCUSA
| | | | | | - Buzz Baum
- MRC LMCBUCLLondonUK
- Present address:
MRC‐LMBCambridgeUK
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18
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Mechanistic insights into central spindle assembly mediated by the centralspindlin complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2112039118. [PMID: 34588311 PMCID: PMC8501884 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2112039118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Centralspindlin bundles microtubules to assemble the central spindle, being essential for cytokinesis of the cell. It is a heterotetramer formed by ZEN-4 and CYK-4 in a 2:2 manner. We determined the crystal structures of centralspindlin, which revealed the detailed mechanism of complex formation. We found that centralspindlin clustered to undergo liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS), which depended on the complementary charged residues located at ZEN-4 and CYK-4, respectively, explaining the synergy of the two subunits for the function. The LLPS of centralspindlin is critical for the microtubule bundling activity in vitro and the assembly of the central spindle in vivo. Together, our study provides angstrom-to-micron mechanistic insights into central spindle assembly mediated by the centralspindlin complex. The central spindle spatially and temporally regulates the formation of division plane during cytokinesis in animal cells. The heterotetrameric centralspindlin complex bundles microtubules to assemble the central spindle, the mechanism of which is poorly understood. Here, we determined the crystal structures of the molecular backbone of ZEN-4/CYK-4 centralspindlin from Caenorhabditis elegans, which revealed the detailed mechanism of complex formation. The molecular backbone of centralspindlin has the intrinsic propensity to undergo liquid–liquid phase separation. The condensation of centralspindlin requires two patches of basic residues at ZEN-4 and multiple acidic residues at the intrinsically disordered region of CYK-4, explaining the synergy of the two subunits for the function. These complementary charged residues were critical for the microtubule bundling activity of centralspindlin in vitro and for the assembly of the central spindle in vivo. Together, our findings provide insights into the mechanism of central spindle assembly mediated by centralspindlin through charge-driven macromolecular condensation.
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19
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Gibieža P, Petrikaitė V. The regulation of actin dynamics during cell division and malignancy. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:4050-4069. [PMID: 34659876 PMCID: PMC8493394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Actin is the most abundant protein in almost all the eukaryotic cells. Actin amino acid sequences are highly conserved and have not changed a lot during the progress of evolution, varying by no more than 20% in the completely different species, such as humans and algae. The network of actin filaments plays a crucial role in regulating cells' cytoskeleton that needs to undergo dynamic tuning and structural changes in order for various functional processes, such as cell motility, migration, adhesion, polarity establishment, cell growth and cell division, to take place in live cells. Owing to its fundamental role in the cell, actin is a prominent regulator of cell division, a process, whose success directly depends on morphological changes of actin cytoskeleton and correct segregation of duplicated chromosomes. Disorganization of actin framework during the last stage of cell division, known as cytokinesis, can lead to multinucleation and formation of polyploidy in post-mitotic cells, eventually developing into cancer. In this review, we will cover the principles of actin regulation during cell division and discuss how the control of actin dynamics is altered during the state of malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulius Gibieža
- Laboratory of Drug Targets Histopathology, Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences Kaunas, LT-50162, Lithuania
| | - Vilma Petrikaitė
- Laboratory of Drug Targets Histopathology, Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences Kaunas, LT-50162, Lithuania
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20
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Teixeira SC, da Silva MS, Gomes AAS, Moretti NS, Lopes DS, Ferro EAV, Rodrigues VDM. Panacea within a Pandora's box: the antiparasitic effects of phospholipases A 2 (PLA 2s) from snake venoms. Trends Parasitol 2021; 38:80-94. [PMID: 34364805 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic diseases affect millions of individuals worldwide, mainly in low-income regions. There is no cure for most of these diseases, and the treatment relies on drugs that have side effects and lead to drug resistance, emphasizing the urgency to find new treatments. Snake venom has been gaining prominence as a rich source of molecules with antiparasitic potentials, such as phospholipases A2 (PLA2s). Here, we compile the findings involving PLA2s with antiparasitic activities against helminths, Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, and trypanosomatids. We indicate their molecular features, highlighting the possible antiparasitic mechanisms of action of these proteins. We also demonstrate interactions between PLA2s and some parasite membrane components, shedding light on potential targets for drug design that may provide better treatment for the illnesses caused by parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Cota Teixeira
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia (UFU), MG, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo Santos da Silva
- DNA Replication and Repair Laboratory (DRRL), Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Nilmar Silvio Moretti
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Patógenos (LBMP), Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Daiana Silva Lopes
- Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Anísio Teixeira Campus, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Vitória da Conquista, BA, Brazil
| | - Eloisa Amália Vieira Ferro
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia (UFU), MG, Brazil
| | - Veridiana de Melo Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Animal Toxins, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
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21
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Aurora-B phosphorylates the myosin II heavy chain to promote cytokinesis. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101024. [PMID: 34343568 PMCID: PMC8385403 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis, the final step of mitosis, is mediated by an actomyosin contractile ring, the formation of which is temporally and spatially regulated following anaphase onset. Aurora-B is a member of the chromosomal passenger complex, which regulates various processes during mitosis; it is not understood, however, how Aurora-B is involved in cytokinesis. Here, we show that Aurora-B and myosin-IIB form a complex in vivo during telophase. Aurora-B phosphorylates the myosin-IIB rod domain at threonine 1847 (T1847), abrogating the ability of myosin-IIB monomers to form filaments. Furthermore, phosphorylation of myosin-IIB filaments by Aurora-B also promotes filament disassembly. We show that myosin-IIB possessing a phosphomimetic mutation at T1847 was unable to rescue cytokinesis failure caused by myosin-IIB depletion. Cells expressing a phosphoresistant mutation at T1847 had significantly longer intercellular bridges, implying that Aurora-B-mediated phosphorylation of myosin-IIB is important for abscission. We propose that myosin-IIB is a substrate of Aurora-B and reveal a new mechanism of myosin-IIB regulation by Aurora-B in the late stages of mitosis.
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22
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Abstract
During anaphase, a microtubule-containing structure called the midzone forms between the segregating chromosomes. The midzone is composed of an antiparallel array of microtubules and numerous microtubule-associated proteins that contribute to midzone formation and function. In many cells, the midzone is an important source of signals that specify the location of contractile ring assembly and constriction. The midzone also contributes to the events of anaphase by generating forces that impact chromosome segregation and spindle elongation; some midzone components contribute to both processes. The results of recent experiments have increased our understanding of the importance of the midzone, a microtubule array that has often been overlooked. This Journal of Cell Science at a Glance article will review, and illustrate on the accompanying poster, the organization, formation and dynamics of the midzone, and discuss open questions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Wadsworth
- Department of Biology, Morrill Science Center, University of Massachusetts, 611 N. Pleasant Street, Amherst 01003, USA
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23
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Michaud A, Swider ZT, Landino J, Leda M, Miller AL, von Dassow G, Goryachev AB, Bement WM. Cortical excitability and cell division. Curr Biol 2021; 31:R553-R559. [PMID: 34033789 PMCID: PMC8358936 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.02.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
As the interface between the cell and its environment, the cell cortex must be able to respond to a variety of external stimuli. This is made possible in part by cortical excitability, a behavior driven by coupled positive and negative feedback loops that generate propagating waves of actin assembly in the cell cortex. Cortical excitability is best known for promoting cell protrusion and allowing the interpretation of and response to chemoattractant gradients in migrating cells. It has recently become apparent, however, that cortical excitability is involved in the response of the cortex to internal signals from the cell-cycle regulatory machinery and the spindle during cell division. Two overlapping functions have been ascribed to cortical excitability in cell division: control of cell division plane placement, and amplification of the activity of the small GTPase Rho at the equatorial cortex during cytokinesis. Here, we propose that cortical excitability explains several important yet poorly understood features of signaling during cell division. We also consider the potential advantages that arise from the use of cortical excitability as a signaling mechanism to regulate cortical dynamics in cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ani Michaud
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1525 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1525 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Zachary T Swider
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1525 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1525 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jennifer Landino
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, 5264 Biological Sciences Building, 1105 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1085, USA
| | - Marcin Leda
- Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, University of Edinburgh, 2.03 C.H. Waddington Building, King's Buildings, University of Edinburgh, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Ann L Miller
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, 5264 Biological Sciences Building, 1105 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1085, USA
| | - George von Dassow
- Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, University of Oregon, 63466 Boat Basin Road, Charleston, OR 97420, USA
| | - Andrew B Goryachev
- Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, University of Edinburgh, 2.03 C.H. Waddington Building, King's Buildings, University of Edinburgh, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - William M Bement
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1525 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1525 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1117 West Johnson Street, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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24
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Morano AA, Dvorin JD. The Ringleaders: Understanding the Apicomplexan Basal Complex Through Comparison to Established Contractile Ring Systems. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:656976. [PMID: 33954122 PMCID: PMC8089483 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.656976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The actomyosin contractile ring is a key feature of eukaryotic cytokinesis, conserved across many eukaryotic kingdoms. Recent research into the cell biology of the divergent eukaryotic clade Apicomplexa has revealed a contractile ring structure required for asexual division in the medically relevant genera Toxoplasma and Plasmodium; however, the structure of the contractile ring, known as the basal complex in these parasites, remains poorly characterized and in the absence of a myosin II homolog, it is unclear how the force required of a cytokinetic contractile ring is generated. Here, we review the literature on the basal complex in Apicomplexans, summarizing what is known about its formation and function, and attempt to provide possible answers to this question and suggest new avenues of study by comparing the Apicomplexan basal complex to well-studied, established cytokinetic contractile rings and their mechanisms in organisms such as S. cerevisiae and D. melanogaster. We also compare the basal complex to structures formed during mitochondrial and plastid division and cytokinetic mechanisms of organisms beyond the Opisthokonts, considering Apicomplexan diversity and divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Morano
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jeffrey D Dvorin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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25
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Nakamura M, Verboon JM, Prentiss CL, Parkhurst SM. The kinesin-like protein Pavarotti functions noncanonically to regulate actin dynamics. J Cell Biol 2021; 219:151940. [PMID: 32673395 PMCID: PMC7480107 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201912117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Pavarotti, the Drosophila MKLP1 orthologue, is a kinesin-like protein that works with Tumbleweed (MgcRacGAP) as the centralspindlin complex. This complex is essential for cytokinesis, where it helps to organize the contractile actomyosin ring at the equator of dividing cells by activating the RhoGEF Pebble. Actomyosin rings also function as the driving force during cell wound repair. We previously showed that Tumbleweed and Pebble are required for the cell wound repair process. Here, we show that Pavarotti also functions during wound repair and confirm that while Pavarotti, Tumbleweed, and Pebble are all used during this cellular repair, each has a unique localization pattern and knockdown phenotype, demonstrating centralspindlin-independent functions. Surprisingly, we find that the classically microtubule-associated Pavarotti binds directly to actin in vitro and in vivo and has a noncanonical role directly regulating actin dynamics. Finally, we demonstrate that this actin regulation by Pavarotti is not specific to cellular wound repair but is also used in normal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsutoshi Nakamura
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Jeffrey M Verboon
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Clara L Prentiss
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Susan M Parkhurst
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
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26
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Chapa-Y-Lazo B, Hamanaka M, Wray A, Balasubramanian MK, Mishima M. Polar relaxation by dynein-mediated removal of cortical myosin II. J Cell Biol 2021; 219:151836. [PMID: 32497213 PMCID: PMC7401816 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201903080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nearly six decades ago, Lewis Wolpert proposed the relaxation of the polar cell cortex by the radial arrays of astral microtubules as a mechanism for cleavage furrow induction. While this mechanism has remained controversial, recent work has provided evidence for polar relaxation by astral microtubules, although its molecular mechanisms remain elusive. Here, using C. elegans embryos, we show that polar relaxation is achieved through dynein-mediated removal of myosin II from the polar cortexes. Mutants that position centrosomes closer to the polar cortex accelerated furrow induction, whereas suppression of dynein activity delayed furrowing. We show that dynein-mediated removal of myosin II from the polar cortexes triggers a bidirectional cortical flow toward the cell equator, which induces the assembly of the actomyosin contractile ring. These results provide a molecular mechanism for the aster-dependent polar relaxation, which works in parallel with equatorial stimulation to promote robust cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Chapa-Y-Lazo
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology & Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, Coventry, UK
| | - Motonari Hamanaka
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology & Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, Coventry, UK.,Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Alexander Wray
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology & Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, Coventry, UK.,University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Mohan K Balasubramanian
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology & Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, Coventry, UK
| | - Masanori Mishima
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology & Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, Coventry, UK
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27
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Schneid S, Wolff F, Buchner K, Bertram N, Baygün S, Barbosa P, Mangal S, Zanin E. The BRCT domains of ECT2 have distinct functions during cytokinesis. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108805. [PMID: 33657383 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
During cell division, the guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) ECT2 activates RhoA in a narrow zone at the cell equator in anaphase. ECT2 consists of three BRCT domains (BRCT0, 1, and 2), a catalytic GEF, and a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain. How the conserved BRCT domains spatially and temporally control ECT2 activity remains unclear. We reveal that each BRCT domain makes distinct contributions to the ECT2 function. We find that BRCT0 contributes to, and BRCT1 is essential for, ECT2 activation in anaphase. BRCT2 integrates two functions: GEF inhibition and RACGAP1 binding, which together limit ECT2 activity to a narrow zone at the cell equator. BRCT2-dependent control of active RhoA zone dimension functions in addition to the inhibitory signal of the astral microtubules. Our analysis provides detailed mechanistic insights into how ECT2 activity is regulated and how that regulation ensures, together with other signaling pathways, successful cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Schneid
- Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Planegg-Martinsried, Munich 82152, Germany
| | - Friederike Wolff
- Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Planegg-Martinsried, Munich 82152, Germany
| | - Kristina Buchner
- Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Planegg-Martinsried, Munich 82152, Germany
| | - Nils Bertram
- Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Planegg-Martinsried, Munich 82152, Germany
| | - Seren Baygün
- Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Planegg-Martinsried, Munich 82152, Germany
| | - Pedro Barbosa
- Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Planegg-Martinsried, Munich 82152, Germany
| | - Sriyash Mangal
- Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Planegg-Martinsried, Munich 82152, Germany
| | - Esther Zanin
- Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Planegg-Martinsried, Munich 82152, Germany.
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28
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Wang X, Zhang D, Zheng C, Wu S, Glotzer M, Tse YC. Cortical recruitment of centralspindlin and RhoA effectors during meiosis I of Caenorhabditis elegans primary spermatocytes. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs.238543. [PMID: 33468621 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.238543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Haploid male gametes are produced through meiosis during gametogenesis. Whereas the cell biology of mitosis and meiosis is well studied in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, comparatively little is known regarding the physical division of primary spermatocytes during meiosis I. Here, we investigated this process using high-resolution time-lapse confocal microscopy and examined the spatiotemporal regulation of contractile ring assembly in C. elegans primary spermatocytes. We found that centralspindlin and RhoA effectors were recruited to the equatorial cortex of dividing primary spermatocytes for contractile ring assembly before segregation of homologous chromosomes. We also observed that perturbations shown to promote centralspindlin oligomerization regulated the cortical recruitment of NMY-2 and impacted the order in which primary spermatocytes along the proximal-distal axis of the gonad enter meiosis I. These results expand our understanding of the cellular division of primary spermatocytes into secondary spermatocytes during meiosis I.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangchuan Wang
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Cunni Zheng
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Michael Glotzer
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Yu Chung Tse
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.,Core Research Facilities, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Sechi S, Frappaolo A, Karimpour-Ghahnavieh A, Fraschini R, Giansanti MG. A novel coordinated function of Myosin II with GOLPH3 controls centralspindlin localization during cytokinesis in Drosophila. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs252965. [PMID: 33037125 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.252965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In animal cell cytokinesis, interaction of non-muscle myosin II (NMII) with F-actin provides the dominant force for pinching the mother cell into two daughters. Here we demonstrate that celibe (cbe) is a missense allele of zipper, which encodes the Drosophila Myosin heavy chain. Mutation of cbe impairs binding of Zipper protein to the regulatory light chain Spaghetti squash (Sqh). In dividing spermatocytes from cbe males, Sqh fails to concentrate at the equatorial cortex, resulting in thin actomyosin rings that are unable to constrict. We show that cbe mutation impairs localization of the phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate [PI(4)P]-binding protein Golgi phosphoprotein 3 (GOLPH3, also known as Sauron) and maintenance of centralspindlin at the cell equator of telophase cells. Our results further demonstrate that GOLPH3 protein associates with Sqh and directly binds the centralspindlin subunit Pavarotti. We propose that during cytokinesis, the reciprocal dependence between Myosin and PI(4)P-GOLPH3 regulates centralspindlin stabilization at the invaginating plasma membrane and contractile ring assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Sechi
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del CNR, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università Sapienza di Roma, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Anna Frappaolo
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del CNR, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università Sapienza di Roma, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Angela Karimpour-Ghahnavieh
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del CNR, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università Sapienza di Roma, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Roberta Fraschini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano Bicocca, 20126, Milano, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Giansanti
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del CNR, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università Sapienza di Roma, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
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30
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Gubieda AG, Packer JR, Squires I, Martin J, Rodriguez J. Going with the flow: insights from Caenorhabditis elegans zygote polarization. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190555. [PMID: 32829680 PMCID: PMC7482210 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity is the asymmetric distribution of cellular components along a defined axis. Polarity relies on complex signalling networks between conserved patterning proteins, including the PAR (partitioning defective) proteins, which become segregated in response to upstream symmetry breaking cues. Although the mechanisms that drive the asymmetric localization of these proteins are dependent upon cell type and context, in many cases the regulation of actomyosin cytoskeleton dynamics is central to the transport, recruitment and/or stabilization of these polarity effectors into defined subcellular domains. The transport or advection of PAR proteins by an actomyosin flow was first observed in the Caenorhabditis elegans zygote more than a decade ago. Since then a multifaceted approach, using molecular methods, high-throughput screens, and biophysical and computational models, has revealed further aspects of this flow and how polarity regulators respond to and modulate it. Here, we review recent findings on the interplay between actomyosin flow and the PAR patterning networks in the polarization of the C. elegans zygote. We also discuss how these discoveries and developed methods are shaping our understanding of other flow-dependent polarizing systems. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Contemporary morphogenesis'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Josana Rodriguez
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
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31
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Xiao JX, Xu W, Fei X, Hao F, Wang N, Chen Y, Wang J. Anillin facilitates cell proliferation and induces tumor growth of hepatocellular carcinoma via miR-138/SOX4 axis regulation. Transl Oncol 2020; 13:100815. [PMID: 32645689 PMCID: PMC7341449 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2020.100815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Actin-binding protein Anillin plays a pivotal role in regulating cytokinesis during the cell cycle, and involves in tumorigenesis and progress. However, the exact regulation mechanism of Anillin in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains largely unknown. In this study, we examined and verified the anomalous high expression of Anillin in both HCC patients' specimens and HCC cell lines. High expression of Anillin is associated with dismal clinicopathologic features of HCC patients and poor prognosis. We conducted loss-of and gain-of function studies in HCC Hep3B cells. Anillin presented a significantly facilitating effect on cell proliferation in vitro and induced remarkable tumor growth in vivo. We found that the over-expression of Anillin was driven by a potential axis of miR-138/SOX4. Transcription factor SOX4 presented a high expression profile positive correlated with Anillin, and ChIP assay validated the interaction between SOX4 and the specific sequence of the promoter region of Anillin gene. While, we verified miR-138 as an upstream regulator of SOX4, which is abrogated in HCC cells and exerts degenerating effect on SOX4 mRNA. In our conclusion, Anillin facilitates the cell proliferation and enhances tumor growth of HCC, and is modulated by miR-138/SOX4 axis which regulates the transcriptional activity of Anillin. Findings above demonstrate us a probable axis for HCC diagnosis and treatment. Summary of the main point Anillin facilitates the cell proliferation and enhances tumor growth in HCC. The transcriptional activity of Anillin is modulated by miR-138/SOX4 axis. Findings above demonstrate us a probable axis for HCC diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Xi Xiao
- Department of General Surgery, Hepatobiliary Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197, Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaochun Fei
- Department of Pathology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197, Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengjie Hao
- Department of General Surgery, Hepatobiliary Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197, Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Hepatobiliary Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197, Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjun Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Hepatobiliary Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197, Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Junqing Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Hepatobiliary Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197, Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197, Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China.
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32
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Tamizharasan N, Gajendran C, Kristam R, Sulochana SP, Sivanandhan D, Mullangi R, Mathivathanan L, Hallur G, Suresh P. Discovery and optimization of novel phenyldiazepine and pyridodiazepine based Aurora kinase inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2020; 99:103800. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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33
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Aguilar‐Aragon M, Bonello TT, Bell GP, Fletcher GC, Thompson BJ. Adherens junction remodelling during mitotic rounding of pseudostratified epithelial cells. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e49700. [PMID: 32030856 PMCID: PMC7132200 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201949700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells undergo cortical rounding at the onset of mitosis to enable spindle orientation in the plane of the epithelium. In cuboidal epithelia in culture, the adherens junction protein E-cadherin recruits Pins/LGN/GPSM2 and Mud/NuMA to orient the mitotic spindle. In the pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells of Drosophila, septate junctions recruit Mud/NuMA to orient the spindle, while Pins/LGN/GPSM2 is surprisingly dispensable. We show that these pseudostratified epithelial cells downregulate E-cadherin as they round up for mitosis. Preventing cortical rounding by inhibiting Rho-kinase-mediated actomyosin contractility blocks downregulation of E-cadherin during mitosis. Mitotic activation of Rho-kinase depends on the RhoGEF ECT2/Pebble and its binding partners RacGAP1/MgcRacGAP/CYK4/Tum and MKLP1/KIF23/ZEN4/Pav. Cell cycle control of these Rho activators is mediated by the Aurora A and B kinases, which act redundantly during mitotic rounding. Thus, in Drosophila pseudostratified epithelia, disruption of adherens junctions during mitosis necessitates planar spindle orientation by septate junctions to maintain epithelial integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Teresa T Bonello
- EMBL AustraliaThe John Curtin School of Medical ResearchThe Australian National UniversityActonACTAustralia
| | - Graham P Bell
- Epithelial Biology LaboratoryFrancis Crick InstituteLondonUK
| | | | - Barry J Thompson
- Epithelial Biology LaboratoryFrancis Crick InstituteLondonUK
- EMBL AustraliaThe John Curtin School of Medical ResearchThe Australian National UniversityActonACTAustralia
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34
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Beaudet D, Pham N, Skaik N, Piekny A. Importin binding mediates the intramolecular regulation of anillin during cytokinesis. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:1124-1139. [PMID: 32238082 PMCID: PMC7353161 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-01-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis occurs by the ingression of an actomyosin ring that cleaves a cell into two daughters. This process is tightly controlled to avoid aneuploidy, and we previously showed that active Ran coordinates ring positioning with chromatin. Active Ran is high around chromatin, and forms an inverse gradient to cargo-bound importins. We found that the ring component anillin contains a nuclear localization signal (NLS) that binds to importin and is required for its function during cytokinesis. Here we reveal the mechanism whereby importin binding favors a conformation required for anillin's recruitment to the equatorial cortex. Active RhoA binds to the RhoA-binding domain causing an increase in accessibility of the nearby C2 domain containing the NLS. Importin binding subsequently stabilizes a conformation that favors interactions for cortical recruitment. In addition to revealing a novel mechanism for the importin-mediated regulation of a cortical protein, we also show how importin binding positively regulates protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Beaudet
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3A 0G4
| | - Nhat Pham
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada, H4B 1R6
| | - Noha Skaik
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada, H4B 1R6
| | - Alisa Piekny
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada, H4B 1R6
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35
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Guo X, Wu X, Ni J, Zhang L, Xue J, Wang X. Aqueous extract of bulbus Fritillaria cirrhosa induces cytokinesis failure by blocking furrow ingression in human colon epithelial NCM460 cells. Mutat Res 2020; 850-851:503147. [PMID: 32247562 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2020.503147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Bulbus Fritillariacirrhosa D. Don (BFC) has been widely used as an herbal medicament for respiratory diseases in China for over 2000 years. The ethnomedicinal effects of BFC have been scientifically verified, nevertheless its toxicity has not been completely studied. Previously, we have reported that the aqueous extract of BFC induces mitotic aberrations and chromosomal instability (CIN) in human colon epithelial NCM460 cells via dysfunctioning the mitotic checkpoint. Here, we extend this study and specifically focus on the influence of BFC on cytokinesis, the final step of cell division. One remarkable change in NCM460 cells following BFC treatment is the high incidence of binucleated cells (BNCs). More detailed investigation of the ana-telophases reveals that furrow ingression, the first stage of cytokinesis, is inhibited by BFC. Asynchronous cultures treatment demonstrates that furrow ingression defects induced by BFCs are highly associated with the formation of BNCs in ensuing interphase, indicating the BNCs phenotype after BFC treatment was resulted from cytokinesis failure. In line with this, the expression of genes involved in the regulation of furrow ingression is significantly de-regulated by BFC (e.g., LATS-1/2 and Aurora-B are upregulated, and YB-1 is downregulated). Furthermore, long-term treatment of BFC elucidates that the BNCs phenotype is transient and the loss of BNCs is associated with increased frequency of micronuclei and nuclear buds, two biomarkers of CIN. In supporting of these findings, the Nin Jiom Pei Pa Koa and Chuanbei Pipa Gao, two commercially available Chinese traditional medicines containing BFC, are able to induce multinucleation and CIN in NCM460 cells. Altogether, these data provide the first in vitro experimental evidence linking BFC to cytokinesis failure and suggest the resultant BNCs may be intermediates to produce CIN progenies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xihan Guo
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
| | - Xiayu Wu
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
| | - Juan Ni
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
| | - Jinglun Xue
- Yeda Institute of Gene and Cell Therapy, Taizhou, Zhejiang, 318000, China
| | - Xu Wang
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China.
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36
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Sasaki JC, Allemang A, Bryce SM, Custer L, Dearfield KL, Dietz Y, Elhajouji A, Escobar PA, Fornace AJ, Froetschl R, Galloway S, Hemmann U, Hendriks G, Li HH, Luijten M, Ouedraogo G, Peel L, Pfuhler S, Roberts DJ, Thybaud V, van Benthem J, Yauk CL, Schuler M. Application of the adverse outcome pathway framework to genotoxic modes of action. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2020; 61:114-134. [PMID: 31603995 DOI: 10.1002/em.22339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In May 2017, the Health and Environmental Sciences Institute's Genetic Toxicology Technical Committee hosted a workshop to discuss whether mode of action (MOA) investigation is enhanced through the application of the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) framework. As AOPs are a relatively new approach in genetic toxicology, this report describes how AOPs could be harnessed to advance MOA analysis of genotoxicity pathways using five example case studies. Each of these genetic toxicology AOPs proposed for further development includes the relevant molecular initiating events, key events, and adverse outcomes (AOs), identification and/or further development of the appropriate assays to link an agent to these events, and discussion regarding the biological plausibility of the proposed AOP. A key difference between these proposed genetic toxicology AOPs versus traditional AOPs is that the AO is a genetic toxicology endpoint of potential significance in risk characterization, in contrast to an adverse state of an organism or a population. The first two detailed case studies describe provisional AOPs for aurora kinase inhibition and tubulin binding, leading to the common AO of aneuploidy. The remaining three case studies highlight provisional AOPs that lead to chromosome breakage or mutation via indirect DNA interaction (inhibition of topoisomerase II, production of cellular reactive oxygen species, and inhibition of DNA synthesis). These case studies serve as starting points for genotoxicity AOPs that could ultimately be published and utilized by the broader toxicology community and illustrate the practical considerations and evidence required to formalize such AOPs so that they may be applied to genetic toxicity evaluation schemes. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 61:114-134, 2020. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Laura Custer
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Drug Safety Evaluation, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | | | - Yasmin Dietz
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Heng-Hong Li
- Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Mirjam Luijten
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Lauren Peel
- Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, Washington, District of Columbia
| | | | | | - Véronique Thybaud
- Sanofi, Research and Development, Preclinical Safety, Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Jan van Benthem
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Carole L Yauk
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maik Schuler
- Pfizer Inc, World Wide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut
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37
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Pacquelet A, Jousseaume M, Etienne J, Michaux G. Simultaneous Regulation of Cytokinetic Furrow and Nucleus Positions by Cortical Tension Contributes to Proper DNA Segregation during Late Mitosis. Curr Biol 2019; 29:3766-3777.e4. [PMID: 31679940 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Coordinating mitotic spindle and cytokinetic furrow positioning is essential to ensure proper DNA segregation. Here, we present a novel mechanism, which corrects DNA segregation defects due to cytokinetic furrow mispositioning during the first division of C. elegans embryos. Correction of DNA segregation defects due to an abnormally anterior cytokinetic furrow relies on the concomitant and opposite displacements of the furrow and of the anterior nucleus toward the posterior and anterior poles of the embryo, respectively. It also coincides with cortical blebbing and an anteriorly directed cytoplasmic flow. Although microtubules contribute to nuclear displacement, relaxation of an excessive tension at the anterior cortex plays a central role in the correction process and simultaneously regulates cytoplasmic flow as well as nuclear and furrow displacements. This work thus reveals the existence of a so-far uncharacterized correction mechanism, which is critical to correct DNA segregation defects due to cytokinetic furrow mispositioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Pacquelet
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et de Développement de Rennes), UMR 6290, 2 Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Matthieu Jousseaume
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et de Développement de Rennes), UMR 6290, 2 Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Jocelyn Etienne
- Univ Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LIPhy, 140 Avenue de la Physique, 38402 Saint Martin d'Hères, France
| | - Grégoire Michaux
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et de Développement de Rennes), UMR 6290, 2 Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35000 Rennes, France
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38
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Papini D, Fant X, Ogawa H, Desban N, Samejima K, Feizbakhsh O, Askin B, Ly T, Earnshaw WC, Ruchaud S. Cell cycle-independent furrowing triggered by phosphomimetic mutations of the INCENP STD motif requires Plk1. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs234401. [PMID: 31601613 PMCID: PMC7115952 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.234401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Timely and precise control of Aurora B kinase, the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC) catalytic subunit, is essential for accurate chromosome segregation and cytokinesis. Post-translational modifications of CPC subunits are directly involved in controlling Aurora B activity. Here, we identified a highly conserved acidic STD-rich motif of INCENP that is phosphorylated during mitosis in vivo and by Plk1 in vitro and is involved in controlling Aurora B activity. By using an INCENP conditional-knockout cell line, we show that impairing the phosphorylation status of this region disrupts chromosome congression and induces cytokinesis failure. In contrast, mimicking constitutive phosphorylation not only rescues cytokinesis but also induces ectopic furrows and contractile ring formation in a Plk1- and ROCK1-dependent manner independent of cell cycle and microtubule status. Our experiments identify the phospho-regulation of the INCENP STD motif as a novel mechanism that is key for chromosome alignment and cytokinesis.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Papini
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, Scotland, UK
| | - Xavier Fant
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, Scotland, UK
- Sorbonne Université/CNRS UMR8227, Station Biologique, Place Georges Teissier, CS90074, 29688 ROSCOFF cedex, France
| | - Hiromi Ogawa
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, Scotland, UK
| | - Nathalie Desban
- Sorbonne Université/CNRS UMR8227, Station Biologique, Place Georges Teissier, CS90074, 29688 ROSCOFF cedex, France
| | - Kumiko Samejima
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, Scotland, UK
| | - Omid Feizbakhsh
- Sorbonne Université/CNRS UMR8227, Station Biologique, Place Georges Teissier, CS90074, 29688 ROSCOFF cedex, France
| | - Bilge Askin
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, Scotland, UK
| | - Tony Ly
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, Scotland, UK
| | - William C. Earnshaw
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, Scotland, UK
| | - Sandrine Ruchaud
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, Scotland, UK
- Sorbonne Université/CNRS UMR8227, Station Biologique, Place Georges Teissier, CS90074, 29688 ROSCOFF cedex, France
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Milliron HYY, Weiland MJ, Kort EJ, Jovinge S. Isolation of Cardiomyocytes Undergoing Mitosis With Complete Cytokinesis. Circ Res 2019; 125:1070-1086. [PMID: 31648614 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.119.314908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Adult human cardiomyocytes do not complete cytokinesis despite passing through the S-phase of the cell cycle. As a result, polyploidization and multinucleation occur. To get a deeper understanding of the mechanisms surrounding division of cardiomyocytes, there is a crucial need for a technique to isolate cardiomyocytes that complete cell division/cytokinesis. OBJECTIVE Markers of cell cycle progression based on DNA content cannot distinguish between mitotic cardiomyocytes that fail to complete cytokinesis from those cells that undergo true cell division. With the use of molecular beacons (MBs) targeting specific mRNAs, we aimed to identify truly proliferative cardiomyocytes derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells. METHODS AND RESULTS Fluorescence-activated cell sorting combined with MBs was performed to sort cardiomyocyte populations enriched for mitotic cells. Expressions of cell cycle specific genes were confirmed by means of reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) combined with gene signatures of cell cycle progression. We characterized the sorted groups by proliferation assays and time-lapse microscopy which confirmed the proliferative advantage of MB-positive cell populations relative to MB-negative and G2/M populations. Gene expression analysis revealed that the MB-positive cardiomyocyte subpopulation exhibited patterns consistent with the processes of nuclear division, chromosome segregation, and transition from M to G1 phase. The use of dual-MBs targeting CDC20 and SPG20 mRNAs enabled the enrichment of cytokinetic events (CDC20highSPG20high). Interestingly, cells that did not complete cytokinesis and remained binucleated were found to be CDC20lowSPG20high while polyploid cardiomyocytes that replicated DNA but failed to complete karyokinesis were found to be CDC20lowSPG20low. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates a novel alternative to existing DNA content-based approaches for sorting cardiomyocytes with true mitotic potential that can be used to study the unique dynamics of cardiomyocyte nuclei during mitosis. Our technique for sorting live cardiomyocytes undergoing cytokinesis would provide a basis for future studies to uncover mechanisms underlying the development and regeneration of heart tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Yun Y Milliron
- From the DeVos Cardiovascular Program, Van Andel Research Institute and Fredrik Meijer Heart and Vascular Institute/Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, MI (H.Y.M., M.J.W., E.J.K., S.J.)
| | - Matthew J Weiland
- From the DeVos Cardiovascular Program, Van Andel Research Institute and Fredrik Meijer Heart and Vascular Institute/Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, MI (H.Y.M., M.J.W., E.J.K., S.J.)
| | - Eric J Kort
- From the DeVos Cardiovascular Program, Van Andel Research Institute and Fredrik Meijer Heart and Vascular Institute/Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, MI (H.Y.M., M.J.W., E.J.K., S.J.).,Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing (E.J.K.)
| | - Stefan Jovinge
- From the DeVos Cardiovascular Program, Van Andel Research Institute and Fredrik Meijer Heart and Vascular Institute/Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, MI (H.Y.M., M.J.W., E.J.K., S.J.).,Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (S.J.)
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40
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Abstract
The active form of the small GTPase RhoA is necessary and sufficient for formation of a cytokinetic furrow in animal cells. Despite the conceptual simplicity of the process, the molecular mechanisms that control it are intricate and involve redundancy at multiple levels. Here, we discuss our current knowledge of the mechanisms underlying spatiotemporal regulation of RhoA during cytokinesis by upstream activators. The direct upstream activator, the RhoGEF Ect2, requires activation due to autoinhibition. Ect2 is primarily activated by the centralspindlin complex, which contains numerous domains that regulate its subcellular localization, oligomeric state, and Ect2 activation. We review the functions of these domains and how centralspindlin is regulated to ensure correctly timed, equatorial RhoA activation. Highlighting recent evidence, we propose that although centralspindlin does not always prominently accumulate on the plasma membrane, it is the site where it promotes RhoA activation during cytokinesis.
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41
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Verma V, Mogilner A, Maresca TJ. Classical and Emerging Regulatory Mechanisms of Cytokinesis in Animal Cells. BIOLOGY 2019; 8:biology8030055. [PMID: 31357447 PMCID: PMC6784142 DOI: 10.3390/biology8030055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The primary goal of cytokinesis is to produce two daughter cells, each having a full set of chromosomes. To achieve this, cells assemble a dynamic structure between segregated sister chromatids called the contractile ring, which is made up of filamentous actin, myosin-II, and other regulatory proteins. Constriction of the actomyosin ring generates a cleavage furrow that divides the cytoplasm to produce two daughter cells. Decades of research have identified key regulators and underlying molecular mechanisms; however, many fundamental questions remain unanswered and are still being actively investigated. This review summarizes the key findings, computational modeling, and recent advances in understanding of the molecular mechanisms that control the formation of the cleavage furrow and cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikash Verma
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Alex Mogilner
- Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, NY 10012, USA
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10012, USA
| | - Thomas J Maresca
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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42
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Abstract
Division of amoebas, fungi, and animal cells into two daughter cells at the end of the cell cycle depends on a common set of ancient proteins, principally actin filaments and myosin-II motors. Anillin, formins, IQGAPs, and many other proteins regulate the assembly of the actin filaments into a contractile ring positioned between the daughter nuclei by different mechanisms in fungi and animal cells. Interactions of myosin-II with actin filaments produce force to assemble and then constrict the contractile ring to form a cleavage furrow. Contractile rings disassemble as they constrict. In some cases, knowledge about the numbers of participating proteins and their biochemical mechanisms has made it possible to formulate molecularly explicit mathematical models that reproduce the observed physical events during cytokinesis by computer simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Pollard
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8103, USA;
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8103, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8103, USA
| | - Ben O'Shaughnessy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA;
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43
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Abstract
Division of amoebas, fungi, and animal cells into two daughter cells at the end of the cell cycle depends on a common set of ancient proteins, principally actin filaments and myosin-II motors. Anillin, formins, IQGAPs, and many other proteins regulate the assembly of the actin filaments into a contractile ring positioned between the daughter nuclei by different mechanisms in fungi and animal cells. Interactions of myosin-II with actin filaments produce force to assemble and then constrict the contractile ring to form a cleavage furrow. Contractile rings disassemble as they constrict. In some cases, knowledge about the numbers of participating proteins and their biochemical mechanisms has made it possible to formulate molecularly explicit mathematical models that reproduce the observed physical events during cytokinesis by computer simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Pollard
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8103, USA;
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8103, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8103, USA
| | - Ben O'Shaughnessy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA;
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Adriaans IE, Basant A, Ponsioen B, Glotzer M, Lens SM. PLK1 plays dual roles in centralspindlin regulation during cytokinesis. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:1250-1264. [PMID: 30728176 PMCID: PMC6446842 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201805036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis begins upon anaphase onset. An early step involves local activation of the small GTPase RhoA, which triggers assembly of an actomyosin-based contractile ring at the equatorial cortex. Here, we delineated the contributions of PLK1 and Aurora B to RhoA activation and cytokinesis initiation in human cells. Knock-down of PRC1, which disrupts the spindle midzone, revealed the existence of two pathways that can initiate cleavage furrow ingression. One pathway depends on a well-organized spindle midzone and PLK1, while the other depends on Aurora B activity and centralspindlin at the equatorial cortex and can operate independently of PLK1. We further show that PLK1 inhibition sequesters centralspindlin onto the spindle midzone, making it unavailable for Aurora B at the equatorial cortex. We propose that PLK1 activity promotes the release of centralspindlin from the spindle midzone through inhibition of PRC1, allowing centralspindlin to function as a regulator of spindle midzone formation and as an activator of RhoA at the equatorial cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid E. Adriaans
- Oncode Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Angika Basant
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Bas Ponsioen
- Oncode Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Michael Glotzer
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Susanne M.A. Lens
- Oncode Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Lynch AM, Eastmond D, Elhajouji A, Froetschl R, Kirsch-Volders M, Marchetti F, Masumura K, Pacchierotti F, Schuler M, Tweats D. Targets and mechanisms of chemically induced aneuploidy. Part 1 of the report of the 2017 IWGT workgroup on assessing the risk of aneugens for carcinogenesis and hereditary diseases. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2019; 847:403025. [PMID: 31699346 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
An aneuploidy workgroup was established as part of the 7th International Workshops on Genotoxicity Testing. The workgroup conducted a review of the scientific literature on the biological mechanisms of aneuploidy in mammalian cells and methods used to detect chemical aneugens. In addition, the current regulatory framework was discussed, with the objective to arrive at consensus statements on the ramifications of exposure to chemical aneugens for human health risk assessment. As part of these efforts, the workgroup explored the use of adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) to document mechanisms of chemically induced aneuploidy in mammalian somatic cells. The group worked on two molecular initiating events (MIEs), tubulin binding and binding to the catalytic domain of aurora kinase B, which result in several adverse outcomes, including aneuploidy. The workgroup agreed that the AOP framework provides a useful approach to link evidence for MIEs with aneuploidy on a cellular level. The evidence linking chemically induced aneuploidy with carcinogenicity and hereditary disease was also reviewed and is presented in two companion papers. In addition, the group came to the consensus that the current regulatory test batteries, while not ideal, are sufficient for the identification of aneugens and human risk assessment. While it is obvious that there are many different MIEs that could lead to the induction of aneuploidy, the most commonly observed mechanisms involving chemical aneugens are related to tubulin binding and, to a lesser extent, inhibition of mitotic kinases. The comprehensive review presented here should help with the identification and risk management of aneugenic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Azeddine Elhajouji
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Preclinical Safety, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Francesco Marchetti
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Kenichi Masumura
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Francesca Pacchierotti
- Health Protection Technology Division, Laboratory of Biosafety and Risk Assessment, ENEA, CR Casaccia, Rome, Italy
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Verma V, Maresca TJ. Microtubule plus-ends act as physical signaling hubs to activate RhoA during cytokinesis. eLife 2019; 8:38968. [PMID: 30758285 PMCID: PMC6398982 DOI: 10.7554/elife.38968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) are essential for cleavage furrow positioning during cytokinesis, but the mechanisms by which MT-derived signals spatially define regions of cortical contractility are unresolved. In this study cytokinesis regulators visualized in Drosophila melanogaster (Dm) cells were found to localize to and track MT plus-ends during cytokinesis. The RhoA GEF Pebble (Dm ECT2) did not evidently tip-track, but rather localized rapidly to cortical sites contacted by MT plus-tips, resulting in RhoA activation and enrichment of myosin-regulatory light chain. The MT plus-end localization of centralspindlin was compromised following EB1 depletion, which resulted in a higher incidence of cytokinesis failure. Centralspindlin plus-tip localization depended on the C-terminus and a putative EB1-interaction motif (hxxPTxh) in RacGAP50C. We propose that MT plus-end-associated centralspindlin recruits a cortical pool of Dm ECT2 upon physical contact to activate RhoA and to trigger localized contractility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikash Verma
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, United States
| | - Thomas J Maresca
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, United States.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, United States
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Overexpression of Trypanosoma cruzi High Mobility Group B protein (TcHMGB) alters the nuclear structure, impairs cytokinesis and reduces the parasite infectivity. Sci Rep 2019; 9:192. [PMID: 30655631 PMCID: PMC6336821 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36718-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinetoplastid parasites, included Trypanosoma cruzi, the causal agent of Chagas disease, present a unique genome organization and gene expression. Although they control gene expression mainly post-transcriptionally, chromatin accessibility plays a fundamental role in transcription initiation control. We have previously shown that High Mobility Group B protein from Trypanosoma cruzi (TcHMGB) can bind DNA in vitro. Here, we show that TcHMGB also acts as an architectural protein in vivo, since the overexpression of this protein induces changes in the nuclear structure, mainly the reduction of the nucleolus and a decrease in the heterochromatin:euchromatin ratio. Epimastigote replication rate was markedly reduced presumably due to a delayed cell cycle progression with accumulation of parasites in G2/M phase and impaired cytokinesis. Some functions involved in pathogenesis were also altered in TcHMGB-overexpressing parasites, like the decreased efficiency of trypomastigotes to infect cells in vitro, the reduction of intracellular amastigotes replication and the number of released trypomastigotes. Taken together, our results suggest that the TcHMGB protein is a pleiotropic player that controls cell phenotype and it is involved in key cellular processes.
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Pintard L, Bowerman B. Mitotic Cell Division in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 2019; 211:35-73. [PMID: 30626640 PMCID: PMC6325691 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.118.301367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitotic cell divisions increase cell number while faithfully distributing the replicated genome at each division. The Caenorhabditis elegans embryo is a powerful model for eukaryotic cell division. Nearly all of the genes that regulate cell division in C. elegans are conserved across metazoan species, including humans. The C. elegans pathways tend to be streamlined, facilitating dissection of the more redundant human pathways. Here, we summarize the virtues of C. elegans as a model system and review our current understanding of centriole duplication, the acquisition of pericentriolar material by centrioles to form centrosomes, the assembly of kinetochores and the mitotic spindle, chromosome segregation, and cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Pintard
- Equipe labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Institut Jacques Monod, Team Cell Cycle and Development UMR7592, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Bruce Bowerman
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403
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49
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Dekraker C, Boucher E, Mandato CA. Regulation and Assembly of Actomyosin Contractile Rings in Cytokinesis and Cell Repair. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 301:2051-2066. [PMID: 30312008 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinesis and single-cell wound repair both involve contractile assemblies of filamentous actin (F-actin) and myosin II organized into characteristic ring-like arrays. The assembly of these actomyosin contractile rings (CRs) is specified spatially and temporally by small Rho GTPases, which trigger local actin polymerization and myosin II contractility via a variety of downstream effectors. We now have a much clearer view of the Rho GTPase signaling cascade that leads to the formation of CRs, but some factors involved in CR positioning, assembly, and function remain poorly understood. Recent studies show that this regulation is multifactorial and goes beyond the long-established Ca2+ -dependent processes. There is substantial evidence that the Ca2+ -independent changes in cell shape, tension, and plasma membrane composition that characterize cytokinesis and single-cell wound repair also regulate CR formation. Elucidating the regulation and mechanistic properties of CRs is important to our understanding of basic cell biology and holds potential for therapeutic applications in human disease. In this review, we present a primer on the factors influencing and regulating CR positioning, assembly, and contraction as they occur in a variety of cytokinetic and single-cell wound repair models. Anat Rec, 301:2051-2066, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina Dekraker
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Eric Boucher
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Craig A Mandato
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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50
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14-3-3εa directs the pulsatile transport of basal factors toward the apical domain for lumen growth in tubulogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E8873-E8881. [PMID: 30158171 PMCID: PMC6156656 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1808756115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ascidians have become a powerful model system in which to uncover basic mechanisms that govern body plan specification and elaboration. In particular, the ascidian notochord is a highly tractable model for tubulogenesis. Here, we use chemical genetics to identify roles for 14-3-3εa, and its binding partner ezrin/radixin/moesin (ERM), in tubulogenesis. Combining genetic and chemical perturbations with live cell imaging, we present evidence that 14-3-3εa–ERM interactions are required for tubulogenesis and that they act by promoting a directed cytoplasmic flow, previously uncharacterized, which carries lumen-associated components from the basal domain to the apical domain to feed lumen growth. Because many core components of this system are highly conserved, these results have broad implications for tubulogenesis in many other contexts. The Ciona notochord has emerged as a simple and tractable in vivo model for tubulogenesis. Here, using a chemical genetics approach, we identified UTKO1 as a selective small molecule inhibitor of notochord tubulogenesis. We identified 14-3-3εa protein as a direct binding partner of UTKO1 and showed that 14-3-3εa knockdown leads to failure of notochord tubulogenesis. We found that UTKO1 prevents 14-3-3εa from interacting with ezrin/radixin/moesin (ERM), which is required for notochord tubulogenesis, suggesting that interactions between 14-3-3εa and ERM play a key role in regulating the early steps of tubulogenesis. Using live imaging, we found that, as lumens begin to open between neighboring cells, 14-3-3εa and ERM are highly colocalized at the basal cortex where they undergo cycles of accumulation and disappearance. Interestingly, the disappearance of 14-3-3εa and ERM during each cycle is tightly correlated with a transient flow of 14-3-3εa, ERM, myosin II, and other cytoplasmic elements from the basal surface toward the lumen-facing apical domain, which is often accompanied by visible changes in lumen architecture. Both pulsatile flow and lumen formation are abolished in larvae treated with UTKO1, in larvae depleted of either 14-3-3εa or ERM, or in larvae expressing a truncated form of 14-3-3εa that lacks the ability to interact with ERM. These results suggest that 14-3-3εa and ERM interact at the basal cortex to direct pulsatile basal accumulation and basal–apical transport of factors that are essential for lumen formation. We propose that similar mechanisms may underlie or may contribute to lumen formation in tubulogenesis in other systems.
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