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Jia R, Meng D, Geng W. Advances in the anti-tumor mechanisms of saikosaponin D. Pharmacol Rep 2024; 76:780-792. [PMID: 38965200 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-024-00569-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Saikosaponin D, a saponin compound, is extracted from Bupleurum and is a principal active component of the plant. It boasts a variety of pharmacologic effects including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, metabolic, and anti-tumor properties, drawing significant attention in anti-tumor research in recent years. Research indicates that saikosaponin D inhibits the proliferation of numerous tumor cells, curbing the progression of cancers such as liver, pancreatic, lung, glioma, ovarian, thyroid, stomach, and breast cancer. Its anti-tumor mechanisms largely involve inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, promoting tumor cell apoptosis, thwarting tumor-cell invasion, and modulating tumor cell autophagy. Moreover, saikosaponin D enhances the sensitivity to anti-tumor drugs and augments body immunity. Given its multi-faceted anti-tumor roles, saikosaponin D offers promising potential in anti-tumor therapy. This paper reviews recent studies on its anti-tumor effects, aiming to furnish new theoretical insights for clinical cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixue Jia
- School of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Meng
- School of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Geng
- Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Jinan, 250014, China.
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2
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Wang K, Zhou W, Hu G, Wang L, Cai R, Tian T. TFEB SUMOylation in macrophages accelerates atherosclerosis by promoting the formation of foam cells through inhibiting lysosomal activity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:358. [PMID: 37950772 PMCID: PMC11071895 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04981-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is a serious cardiovascular disease. One of its hallmarks is hyperlipidemia. Inhibiting the formation of macrophage foam cells is critical for alleviating AS. Transcription factor EB (TFEB) can limit the formation of macrophage foam cells by upregulating lysosomal activity. We examined whether TFEB SUMOylation is involved in this progress during AS. In this study, we investigated the role of TFEB SUMOylation in macrophages in AS using TFEB SUMOylation deficiency Ldlr-/- (TFEB-KR: Ldlr-/-) transgenic mice and TFEB-KR bone marrow-derived macrophages. We observed that TFEB-KR: Ldlr-/- atherosclerotic mice had thinner plaques and macrophages with higher lysosomal activity when compared to WT: Ldlr-/- mice. TFEB SUMOylation in macrophages decreased after oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OxLDL) treatment in vitro. Compared with wild type macrophages, TFEB-KR macrophages exhibited less lipid deposition after OxLDL treatment. Our study demonstrated that in AS, deSUMOylation of TFEB could inhibit the formation of macrophage foam cells through enhancing lysosomal biogenesis and autophagy, further reducing the accumulation of lipids in macrophages, and ultimately alleviating the development of AS. Thus, TFEB SUMOylation can be a switch to modulate macrophage foam cells formation and used as a potential target for AS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kezhou Wang
- Department of Pathology, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Gaolei Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lifeng Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 1665, Kongjiang Rd., Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Cai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Tian Tian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 1665, Kongjiang Rd., Shanghai, China.
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Barbeito P, Martin-Morales R, Palencia-Campos A, Cerrolaza J, Rivas-Santos C, Gallego-Colastra L, Caparros-Martin JA, Martin-Bravo C, Martin-Hurtado A, Sánchez-Bellver L, Marfany G, Ruiz-Perez VL, Garcia-Gonzalo FR. EVC-EVC2 complex stability and ciliary targeting are regulated by modification with ubiquitin and SUMO. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1190258. [PMID: 37576597 PMCID: PMC10413113 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1190258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ellis van Creveld syndrome and Weyers acrofacial dysostosis are two rare genetic diseases affecting skeletal development. They are both ciliopathies, as they are due to malfunction of primary cilia, microtubule-based plasma membrane protrusions that function as cellular antennae and are required for Hedgehog signaling, a key pathway during skeletal morphogenesis. These ciliopathies are caused by mutations affecting the EVC-EVC2 complex, a transmembrane protein heterodimer that regulates Hedgehog signaling from inside primary cilia. Despite the importance of this complex, the mechanisms underlying its stability, targeting and function are poorly understood. To address this, we characterized the endogenous EVC protein interactome in control and Evc-null cells. This proteomic screen confirmed EVC's main known interactors (EVC2, IQCE, EFCAB7), while revealing new ones, including USP7, a deubiquitinating enzyme involved in Hedgehog signaling. We therefore looked at EVC-EVC2 complex ubiquitination. Such ubiquitination exists but is independent of USP7 (and of USP48, also involved in Hh signaling). We did find, however, that monoubiquitination of EVC-EVC2 cytosolic tails greatly reduces their protein levels. On the other hand, modification of EVC-EVC2 cytosolic tails with the small ubiquitin-related modifier SUMO3 has a different effect, enhancing complex accumulation at the EvC zone, immediately distal to the ciliary transition zone, possibly via increased binding to the EFCAB7-IQCE complex. Lastly, we find that EvC zone targeting of EVC-EVC2 depends on two separate EFCAB7-binding motifs within EVC2's Weyers-deleted peptide. Only one of these motifs had been characterized previously, so we have mapped the second herein. Altogether, our data shed light on EVC-EVC2 complex regulatory mechanisms, with implications for ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Barbeito
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” (IIBM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-UAM, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación del Hospital Universitario de La Paz (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Martin-Morales
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” (IIBM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-UAM, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación del Hospital Universitario de La Paz (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrian Palencia-Campos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” (IIBM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-UAM, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Cerrolaza
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” (IIBM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Celia Rivas-Santos
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” (IIBM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Leticia Gallego-Colastra
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” (IIBM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Antonio Caparros-Martin
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” (IIBM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-UAM, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Martin-Bravo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” (IIBM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Martin-Hurtado
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” (IIBM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Sánchez-Bellver
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Marfany
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina—Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IBUB-IRSJD), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- DBGen Ocular Genomics, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victor L. Ruiz-Perez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” (IIBM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-UAM, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francesc R. Garcia-Gonzalo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” (IIBM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-UAM, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación del Hospital Universitario de La Paz (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
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Qiu Z, Lin Z, Hu A, Liu Y, Zeng W, Zhao X, Shi X, Luo J, Song B. GRAMD1/ASTER-mediated cholesterol transport promotes Smoothened cholesterylation at the endoplasmic reticulum. EMBO J 2023; 42:e111513. [PMID: 36524353 PMCID: PMC9890235 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022111513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway plays a pivotal role in embryonic development. Hh binding to Patched1 (PTCH1) derepresses Smoothened (SMO), thereby activating the downstream signal transduction. Covalent SMO modification by cholesterol in its cysteine-rich domain (CRD) is essential for SMO function. SMO cholesterylation is a calcium-accelerated autoprocessing reaction, and STIM1-ORAI1-mediated store-operated calcium entry promotes cholesterylation and activation of endosome-localized SMO. However, it is unknown whether the Hh-PTCH1 interplay regulates the activity of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized SMO. Here, we found that PTCH1 inhibited the COPII-dependent export of SMO from the ER, whereas Hh promoted this process. The RRxWxR amino acid motif in the cytosolic tail of SMO was essential for COPII recognition, ciliary localization, and signal transduction activity. Hh and PTCH1 regulated cholesterol modification of the ER-localized SMO, and SMO cholesterylation accelerated its exit from ER. The GRAMD1/ASTER sterol transport proteins facilitated cholesterol transfer to ER from PM, resulting in increased SMO cholesterylation and enhanced Hh signaling. Collectively, we reveal a regulatory role of GRAMD-mediated cholesterol transport in ER-resident SMO maturation and Hh signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi‐Ping Qiu
- College of Life Sciences, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Taikang Medical School, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell HomeostasisWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Zi‐Cun Lin
- College of Life Sciences, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Taikang Medical School, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell HomeostasisWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Ao Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Taikang Medical School, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell HomeostasisWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Yuan‐Bin Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Taikang Medical School, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell HomeostasisWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Wan‐Er Zeng
- College of Life Sciences, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Taikang Medical School, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell HomeostasisWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Xiaolu Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Taikang Medical School, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell HomeostasisWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Xiong‐Jie Shi
- College of Life Sciences, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Taikang Medical School, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell HomeostasisWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Jie Luo
- College of Life Sciences, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Taikang Medical School, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell HomeostasisWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Bao‐Liang Song
- College of Life Sciences, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Taikang Medical School, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell HomeostasisWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
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5
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Zhou M, Han Y, Wang B, Cho YS, Jiang J. Dose-dependent phosphorylation and activation of Hh pathway transcription factors. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:5/11/e202201570. [PMID: 36271509 PMCID: PMC9445324 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Graded Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is mediated by graded Cubitus interruptus (Ci)/Gli transcriptional activity, but how the Hh gradient is converted into the Ci/Gli activity gradient remains poorly understood. Here, we show that graded Hh induces a progressive increase in Ci phosphorylation at multiple Fused (Fu)/CK1 sites including a cluster located in the C-terminal Sufu-binding domain. We demonstrated that Fu directly phosphorylated Ci on S1382, priming CK1 phosphorylation on adjacent sites, and that Fu/CK1-mediated phosphorylation of the C-terminal sites interfered with Sufu binding and facilitated Ci activation. Phosphorylation at the N-terminal, middle, and C-terminal Fu/CK1 sites occurred independently of one another and each increased progressively in response to increasing levels of Hh or increasing amounts of Hh exposure time. Increasing the number of phospho-mimetic mutations of Fu/CK1 sites resulted in progressively increased Ci activation by alleviating Sufu-mediated inhibition. We found that the C-terminal Fu/CK1 phosphorylation cluster is conserved in Gli2 and contributes to its dose-dependent activation. Our study suggests that the Hh signaling gradient is translated into a Ci/Gli phosphorylation gradient that activates Ci/Gli by gradually releasing Sufu-mediated inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Zhou
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Yuhong Han
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Yong Suk Cho
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jin Jiang
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA .,Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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6
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Nicheperovich A, Townsend-Nicholson A. Towards Precision Oncology: The Role of Smoothened and Its Variants in Cancer. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12101648. [PMID: 36294790 PMCID: PMC9605185 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12101648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptor Smoothened (Smo) is a central signal transducer of the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway which has been linked to diverse forms of tumours. Stimulated by advancements in structural and functional characterisation, the Smo receptor has been recognised as an important therapeutic target in Hh-driven cancers, and several Smo inhibitors have now been approved for cancer therapy. This receptor is also known to be an oncoprotein itself and its gain-of-function variants have been associated with skin, brain, and liver cancers. According to the COSMIC database, oncogenic mutations of Smo have been identified in various other tumours, although their oncogenic effect remains unknown in these tissues. Drug resistance is a common challenge in cancer therapies targeting Smo, and data analysis shows that healthy individuals also harbour resistance mutations. Based on the importance of Smo in cancer progression and the high incidence of resistance towards Smo inhibitors, this review suggests that detection of Smo variants through tumour profiling could lead to increased precision and improved outcomes of anti-cancer treatments.
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Jiang J. Hedgehog signaling mechanism and role in cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 85:107-122. [PMID: 33836254 PMCID: PMC8492792 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cell-cell communication through evolutionarily conserved signaling pathways governs embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis. Deregulation of these signaling pathways has been implicated in a wide range of human diseases including cancer. One such pathway is the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway, which was originally discovered in Drosophila and later found to play a fundamental role in human development and diseases. Abnormal Hh pathway activation is a major driver of basal cell carcinomas (BCC) and medulloblastoma. Hh exerts it biological influence through a largely conserved signal transduction pathway from the activation of the GPCR family transmembrane protein Smoothened (Smo) to the conversion of latent Zn-finger transcription factors Gli/Ci proteins from their repressor (GliR/CiR) to activator (GliA/CiA) forms. Studies from model organisms and human patients have provided deep insight into the Hh signal transduction mechanisms, revealed roles of Hh signaling in a wide range of human cancers, and suggested multiple strategies for targeting this pathway in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Jiang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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8
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Chang KC. Influence of Sox protein SUMOylation on neural development and regeneration. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:477-481. [PMID: 34380874 PMCID: PMC8504373 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.320968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
SRY-related HMG-box (Sox) transcription factors are known to regulate central nervous system development and are involved in several neurological diseases. Post-translational modification of Sox proteins is known to alter their functions in the central nervous system. Among the different types of post-translational modification, small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) modification of Sox proteins has been shown to modify their transcriptional activity. Here, we review the mechanisms of three Sox proteins in neuronal development and disease, along with their transcriptional changes under SUMOylation. Across three species, lysine is the conserved residue for SUMOylation. In Drosophila, SUMOylation of SoxN plays a repressive role in transcriptional activity, which impairs central nervous system development. However, deSUMOylation of SoxE and Sox11 plays neuroprotective roles, which promote neural crest precursor formation in Xenopus and retinal ganglion cell differentiation as well as axon regeneration in the rodent. We further discuss a potential translational therapy by SUMO site modification using AAV gene transduction and Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-Cas9 technology. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of Sox SUMOylation, especially in the rodent system, may provide a therapeutic strategy to address issues associated with neuronal development and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Che Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Jia J, Jiang J. Regulation of Smoothened Trafficking and Abundance in Hedgehog Signaling. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:847844. [PMID: 35321245 PMCID: PMC8936432 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.847844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The GPCR-family protein Smoothened (Smo) is essential for Hedgehog (Hh) signal transduction in both insects and vertebrates. The regulation of subcellular localization and abundance of Smo is a critical step in Hh signaling. Recent studies have demonstrated that Smo is subjected to ubiquitination mediated by multiple E3 ubiquitin ligases, leading to Smo endocytosis and subsequent degradation through the proteasome- and lysosome-mediated pathways in Drosophila. Ubiquitination of Smo also promotes its ciliary exit in mammalian cells. Hh inhibits Smo ubiquitination by blocking E3 ligase recruitment and promoting Smo deubiquitination through the ubiquitin-specific protease 8 (USP8) in Drosophila. Inhibition of Smo ubiquitination by Hh promotes Smo cell surface accumulation in Drosophila and ciliary accumulation in mammalian cells. Interestingly, Hh also induces sumoylation of Smo in both Drosophila and mammalian cells, which promotes Smo cell surface/ciliary accumulation. This review focuses on how ubiquitination and sumoylation regulate Smo intracellular trafficking and abundance and how these processes are regulated by Hh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhang Jia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Jin Jiang
- Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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10
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Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) family of secreted proteins governs embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis by regulating the abundance, localization, and activity of the GPCR family protein Smoothened (Smo). Smo trafficking and subcellular accumulation are controlled by multiple posttranslational modifications (PTMs) including phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and sumoylation, which appears to be conserved from Drosophila to mammals. Smo ubiquitination is dynamically regulated by E3 ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinases (dubs) and is opposed by Hh signaling. By contrast, Smo sumoylation is stimulated by Hh, which counteracts Smo ubiquitination by recruiting the dub USP8. We describe cell-base assays for Smo ubiquitination and its regulation by Hh and the E3 ligases in Drosophila. We also describe assays for Smo sumoylation in both Drosophila and mammalian cultured cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Han
- Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jin Jiang
- Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA.
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11
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Zhang Q, Jiang J. Regulation of Hedgehog Signal Transduction by Ubiquitination and Deubiquitination. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413338. [PMID: 34948134 PMCID: PMC8703657 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) family of secreted proteins governs embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis in species ranging from insects to mammals. Deregulation of Hh pathway activity has been implicated in a wide range of human disorders, including congenital diseases and cancer. Hh exerts its biological influence through a conserved signaling pathway. Binding of Hh to its receptor Patched (Ptc), a twelve-span transmembrane protein, leads to activation of an atypical GPCR family protein and Hh signal transducer Smoothened (Smo), which then signals downstream to activate the latent Cubitus interruptus (Ci)/Gli family of transcription factors. Hh signal transduction is regulated by ubiquitination and deubiquitination at multiple steps along the pathway including regulation of Ptc, Smo and Ci/Gli proteins. Here we review the effect of ubiquitination and deubiquitination on the function of individual Hh pathway components, the E3 ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinases involved, how ubiquitination and deubiquitination are regulated, and whether the underlying mechanisms are conserved from Drosophila to mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Model Animal Research Center, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
- Correspondence: (Q.Z.); (J.J.)
| | - Jin Jiang
- Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Correspondence: (Q.Z.); (J.J.)
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12
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Regulation of Serotonin 1A Receptor SUMOylation by SENP2 and PIASxα. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413176. [PMID: 34947973 PMCID: PMC8706138 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin 1A receptors (5-HT1ARs) are implicated in the control of mood, cognition, and memory and in various neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression and anxiety. As such, understanding the regulation of 5-HT1ARs will inform the development of better treatment approaches. We previously demonstrated 5-HT1ARs are SUMOylated by SUMO1 in the rat brain. Agonist stimulation increased SUMOylation and was further enhanced when combined with 17β-estradiol-3-benzoate (EB), which are treatments that cause the transient and prolonged desensitization of 5-HT1AR signaling, respectively. In the current study, we identified the protein inhibitor of activated STAT (PIAS)xα as the enzyme that facilitates SUMOylation, and SENP2 as the protein that catalyzes the deSUMOylation of 5-HT1ARs. We demonstrated that PIASxα significantly increased in the membrane fraction of rats co-treated with EB and an agonist, compared to either the EB-treated or vehicle-treated groups. The acute treatment with an agonist alone shifted the location of SENP2 from the membrane to the cytoplasmic fraction, but it has little effect on PIASxα. Hence, two separate mechanisms regulate SUMOylation and the activity of 5-HT1ARs by an agonist and EB. The effects of EB on 5-HT1AR SUMOylation and signaling may be related to the higher incidence of mood disorders in women during times with large fluctuations in estrogens. Targeting the SUMOylation of 5-HT1ARs could have important clinical relevance for the therapy for several neuropsychiatric disorders in which 5-HT1ARs are implicated.
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13
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Vasquez SSV, van Dam J, Wheway G. An updated SYSCILIA gold standard (SCGSv2) of known ciliary genes, revealing the vast progress that has been made in the cilia research field. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:br13. [PMID: 34613793 PMCID: PMC8694072 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-05-0226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia are microtubule-based organelles with important functions in motility and sensation. They contribute to a broad spectrum of developmental disorders called ciliopathies and have recently been linked to common conditions such as cancers and congenital heart disease. There has been increasing interest in the biology of cilia and their contribution to disease over the past two decades. In 2013 we published a "Gold Standard" list of genes confirmed to be associated with cilia. This was published as part of the SYSCILIA consortium for systems biology study dissecting the contribution of cilia to human health and disease, and was named the Syscilia Gold Standard (SCGS). Since this publication, interest in cilia and understanding of their functions have continued to grow, and we now present an updated SCGS version 2. This includes an additional 383 genes, more than doubling the size of SCGSv1. We use this dataset to conduct a review of advances in understanding of cilia biology 2013- 2021 and offer perspectives on the future of cilia research. We hope that this continues to be a useful resource for the cilia community.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John van Dam
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Gabrielle Wheway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
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14
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Welch MA, Jansen LAR, Baro DJ. SUMOylation of the Kv4.2 Ternary Complex Increases Surface Expression and Current Amplitude by Reducing Internalization in HEK 293 Cells. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:757278. [PMID: 34795560 PMCID: PMC8593141 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.757278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Kv4 α-subunits exist as ternary complexes (TC) with potassium channel interacting proteins (KChIP) and dipeptidyl peptidase-like proteins (DPLP); multiple ancillary proteins also interact with the α-subunits throughout the channel’s lifetime. Dynamic regulation of Kv4.2 protein interactions adapts the transient potassium current, IA, mediated by Kv4 α-subunits. Small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) is an 11 kD peptide post-translationally added to lysine (K) residues to regulate protein–protein interactions. We previously demonstrated that when expressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells, Kv4.2 can be SUMOylated at two K residues, K437 and K579. SUMOylation at K437 increased surface expression of electrically silent channels while SUMOylation at K579 reduced IA maximal conductance (Gmax) without altering surface expression. KChIP and DPLP subunits are known to modify the pattern of Kv4.2 post-translational decorations and/or their effects. In this study, co-expressing Kv4.2 with KChIP2a and DPP10c altered the effects of enhanced Kv4.2 SUMOylation. First, the effect of enhanced SUMOylation was the same for a TC containing either the wild-type Kv4.2 or the mutant K437R Kv4.2, suggesting that either the experimental manipulation no longer enhanced K437 SUMOylation or K437 SUMOylation no longer influenced Kv4.2 surface expression. Second, instead of decreasing IA Gmax, enhanced SUMOylation at K579 now produced a significant ∼37–70% increase in IA maximum conductance (Gmax) and a significant ∼30–50% increase in Kv4.2g surface expression that was accompanied by a 65% reduction in TC internalization. Blocking clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) in HEK cells expressing the Kv4.2 TC mimicked and occluded the effect of SUMO on IA Gmax; however, the amount of Kv4.2 associated with the major adaptor for constitutive CME, adaptor protein 2 (AP2), was not SUMO dependent. Thus, SUMOylation reduced Kv4.2 internalization by acting downstream of Kv4.2 recruitment into clathrin-coated pits. In sum, the two major findings of this study are: SUMOylation of Kv4.2 at K579 regulates TC internalization most likely by promoting channel recycling. Additionally, there is a reciprocity between Kv4.2 SUMOylation and the Kv4.2 interactome such that SUMOylation regulates the interactome and the interactome influences the pattern and effect of SUMOylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghyn A Welch
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | - Deborah J Baro
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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15
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Molecular basis of ubiquitin-specific protease 8 autoinhibition by the WW-like domain. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1272. [PMID: 34750505 PMCID: PMC8576004 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02802-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin-specific protease 8 (USP8) is a deubiquitinating enzyme involved in multiple membrane trafficking pathways. The enzyme activity is inhibited by binding to 14-3-3 proteins. Mutations in the 14-3-3-binding motif in USP8 are related to Cushing’s disease. However, the molecular basis of USP8 activity regulation remains unclear. This study identified amino acids 645–684 of USP8 as an autoinhibitory region, which might interact with the catalytic USP domain, as per the results of pull-down and single-molecule FRET assays performed in this study. In silico modelling indicated that the region forms a WW-like domain structure, plugs the catalytic cleft, and narrows the entrance to the ubiquitin-binding pocket. Furthermore, 14-3-3 inhibited USP8 activity partly by enhancing the interaction between the WW-like and USP domains. These findings provide the molecular basis of USP8 autoinhibition via the WW-like domain. Moreover, they suggest that the release of autoinhibition may underlie Cushing’s disease due to USP8 mutations. In order to advance our understanding of the regulation of Ubiquitin-specific protease 8 (USP8), which is known to play a role in Cushing’s Disease, Kakihara et al identify and characterise amino acids 645–684 of USP8, which serve as an autoinhibitory region. Their pull-down and single-molecule FRET analysis, as well as in silico modelling, suggest that the release of USP8 autoinhibition may underlie Cushing’s disease.
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16
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Liu M, Su Y, Peng J, Zhu AJ. Protein modifications in Hedgehog signaling: Cross talk and feedback regulation confer divergent Hedgehog signaling activity. Bioessays 2021; 43:e2100153. [PMID: 34738654 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202100153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The complexity of the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling cascade has increased over the course of evolution; however, it does not suffice to accommodate the dynamic yet robust requirements of differential Hh signaling activity needed for embryonic development and adult homeostatic maintenance. One solution to solve this dilemma is to apply multiple forms of post-translational modifications (PTMs) to the core Hh signaling components, modulating their abundance, localization, and signaling activity. This review summarizes various forms of protein modifications utilized to regulate Hh signaling, with a special emphasis on crosstalk between different forms of PTMs and their feedback regulation by Hh signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Su
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Jingyu Peng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Alan Jian Zhu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
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17
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Chai JY, Sugumar V, Alshanon AF, Wong WF, Fung SY, Looi CY. Defining the Role of GLI/Hedgehog Signaling in Chemoresistance: Implications in Therapeutic Approaches. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4746. [PMID: 34638233 PMCID: PMC8507559 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13194746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Insight into cancer signaling pathways is vital in the development of new cancer treatments to improve treatment efficacy. A relatively new but essential developmental signaling pathway, namely Hedgehog (Hh), has recently emerged as a major mediator of cancer progression and chemoresistance. The evolutionary conserved Hh signaling pathway requires an in-depth understanding of the paradigm of Hh signaling transduction, which is fundamental to provide the necessary means for the design of novel tools for treating cancer related to aberrant Hh signaling. This review will focus substantially on the canonical Hh signaling and the treatment strategies employed in different studies, with special emphasis on the molecular mechanisms and combination treatment in regard to Hh inhibitors and chemotherapeutics. We discuss our views based on Hh signaling's role in regulating DNA repair machinery, autophagy, tumor microenvironment, drug inactivation, transporters, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and cancer stem cells to promote chemoresistance. The understanding of this Achilles' Heel in cancer may improve the therapeutic outcome for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yi Chai
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia;
| | - Vaisnevee Sugumar
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia;
| | - Ahmed F. Alshanon
- Center of Biotechnology Researches, University of Al-Nahrain, Baghdad 10072, Iraq;
| | - Won Fen Wong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
| | - Shin Yee Fung
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Chung Yeng Looi
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia;
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18
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Qiu ZP, Hu A, Song BL. The 3-beta-hydroxysteroid-Delta(8), Delta(7)-isomerase EBP inhibits cholesterylation of Smoothened. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1866:159041. [PMID: 34450268 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.159041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) pathway plays a central role in vertebrate embryonic development and carcinogenesis. The G-protein coupled receptor-like protein Smoothened (SMO) is one of the major members in Hh pathway. Covalent modification of cholesterol on the 95th asparagine (D95) of human SMO, which is regulated by Hh and PTCH1, is critical for SMO activation. However, it is not known whether SMO cholesterylation is regulated by other proteins. In this study, we identified Emopamil binding protein (EBP, also known as 3-beta-hydroxysteroid-Delta(8),Delta(7)-isomerase) as a SMO-interacting protein. Overexpression of EBP suppressed SMO cholesterylation and Hh pathway activity, whereas genetic disruption of EBP enhanced SMO cholesterylation and the downstream signaling. EBP-mediated inhibition of SMO cholesterylation was independent of its isomerase activity, but dependent on the C-terminus of EBP that was required for SMO binding. The X-linked dominant chondrodysplasia punctate 2 (CDPX2)-associated EBP mutants inhibited SMO cholesterylation too. Together, this study shows that EBP modulates SMO cholesterylation through direct binding and suggests a possible mechanism of CDPX2 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Ping Qiu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ao Hu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bao-Liang Song
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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19
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Mechanisms of Smoothened Regulation in Hedgehog Signaling. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082138. [PMID: 34440907 PMCID: PMC8391454 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The seven-transmembrane protein, Smoothened (SMO), has shown to be critical for the hedgehog (HH) signal transduction on the cell membrane (and the cilium in vertebrates). SMO is subjected to multiple types of post-translational regulations, including phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and sumoylation, which alter SMO intracellular trafficking and cell surface accumulation. Recently, SMO is also shown to be regulated by small molecules, such as oxysterol, cholesterol, and phospholipid. The activity of SMO must be very well balanced by these different mechanisms in vivo because the malfunction of SMO will not only cause developmental defects in early stages, but also induce cancers in late stages. Here, we discuss the activation and inactivation of SMO by different mechanisms to better understand how SMO is regulated by the graded HH signaling activity that eventually governs distinct development outcomes.
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20
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May EA, Sroka TJ, Mick DU. Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Regulate Protein Trafficking, Signaling, and the Biogenesis of Primary Cilia. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:664279. [PMID: 33912570 PMCID: PMC8075051 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.664279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium is a solitary, microtubule-based membrane protrusion extending from the surface of quiescent cells that senses the cellular environment and triggers specific cellular responses. The functions of primary cilia require not only numerous different components but also their regulated interplay. The cilium performs highly dynamic processes, such as cell cycle-dependent assembly and disassembly as well as delivery, modification, and removal of signaling components to perceive and process external signals. On a molecular level, these processes often rely on a stringent control of key modulatory proteins, of which the activity, localization, and stability are regulated by post-translational modifications (PTMs). While an increasing number of PTMs on ciliary components are being revealed, our knowledge on the identity of the modifying enzymes and their modulation is still limited. Here, we highlight recent findings on cilia-specific phosphorylation and ubiquitylation events. Shedding new light onto the molecular mechanisms that regulate the sensitive equilibrium required to maintain and remodel primary cilia functions, we discuss their implications for cilia biogenesis, protein trafficking, and cilia signaling processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A May
- Center of Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB), Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg, Germany.,Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg, Germany
| | - Tommy J Sroka
- Center of Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB), Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg, Germany.,Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg, Germany
| | - David U Mick
- Center of Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB), Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg, Germany.,Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg, Germany
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21
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Desai PB, Stuck MW, Lv B, Pazour GJ. Ubiquitin links smoothened to intraflagellar transport to regulate Hedgehog signaling. J Cell Biol 2021; 219:151798. [PMID: 32435793 PMCID: PMC7337509 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201912104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the absence of Hedgehog ligand, patched-1 (Ptch1) localizes to cilia and prevents ciliary accumulation and activation of smoothened (Smo). Upon ligand binding, Ptch1 is removed from cilia, and Smo is derepressed and accumulates in cilia where it activates signaling. The mechanisms regulating these dynamic movements are not well understood, but defects in intraflagellar transport components, including Ift27 and the BBSome, cause Smo to accumulate in cilia without pathway activation. We find that in the absence of ligand-induced pathway activation, Smo is ubiquitinated and removed from cilia, and this process is dependent on Ift27 and BBSome components. Activation of Hedgehog signaling decreases Smo ubiquitination and ciliary removal, resulting in its accumulation. Blocking ubiquitination of Smo by an E1 ligase inhibitor or by mutating two lysine residues in intracellular loop three causes Smo to aberrantly accumulate in cilia without pathway activation. These data provide a mechanism to control Smo's ciliary level during Hedgehog signaling by regulating the ubiquitination state of the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paurav B Desai
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Michael W Stuck
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Bo Lv
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Gregory J Pazour
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
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22
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Garcia-Lezana T, Lopez-Canovas JL, Villanueva A. Signaling pathways in hepatocellular carcinoma. Adv Cancer Res 2020; 149:63-101. [PMID: 33579428 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite the recent introduction of new effective systemic agents, the survival of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) at advanced stages remains dismal. This underscores the need for new therapies, which has spurred extensive research on the identification of the main drivers of pathway de-regulation as a source of novel therapeutic targets. Frequently altered pathways in HCC involve growth factor receptors (e.g., VEGFR, FGFR, TGFA, EGFR, IGFR) and/or its cytoplasmic intermediates (e.g., PI3K-AKT-mTOR, RAF/ERK/MAPK) as well as key pathways in cell differentiation (e.g., Wnt/β-catenin, JAK/STAT, Hippo, Hedgehog, Notch). Somatic mutations, chromosomal aberrations and epigenetic changes are common mechanisms for pathway deregulation in HCC. Aberrant pathway activation has also been explored as a biomarker to predict response to specific therapies, but currently, these strategies are not implemented when deciding systemic therapies in HCC patients. Beyond the well-established molecular cascades, there are numerous emerging signaling pathways also deregulated in HCC (e.g., tumor microenvironment, non-coding RNA, intestinal microbiota), which have opened new avenues for therapeutic exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Garcia-Lezana
- Division of Liver Diseases, Liver Cancer Program, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Juan Luis Lopez-Canovas
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Augusto Villanueva
- Division of Liver Diseases, Liver Cancer Program, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.
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23
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DUBs Activating the Hedgehog Signaling Pathway: A Promising Therapeutic Target in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061518. [PMID: 32531973 PMCID: PMC7352588 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog (HH) pathway governs cell proliferation and patterning during embryonic development and is involved in regeneration, homeostasis and stem cell maintenance in adult tissues. The activity of this signaling is finely modulated at multiple levels and its dysregulation contributes to the onset of several human cancers. Ubiquitylation is a coordinated post-translational modification that controls a wide range of cellular functions and signaling transduction pathways. It is mediated by a sequential enzymatic network, in which ubiquitin ligases (E3) and deubiquitylase (DUBs) proteins are the main actors. The dynamic balance of the activity of these enzymes dictates the abundance and the fate of cellular proteins, thus affecting both physiological and pathological processes. Several E3 ligases regulating the stability and activity of the key components of the HH pathway have been identified. Further, DUBs have emerged as novel players in HH signaling transduction, resulting as attractive and promising drug targets. Here, we review the HH-associated DUBs, discussing the consequences of deubiquitylation on the maintenance of the HH pathway activity and its implication in tumorigenesis. We also report the recent progress in the development of selective inhibitors for the DUBs here reviewed, with potential applications for the treatment of HH-related tumors.
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24
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Yau TY, Molina O, Courey AJ. SUMOylation in development and neurodegeneration. Development 2020; 147:147/6/dev175703. [PMID: 32188601 DOI: 10.1242/dev.175703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In essentially all eukaryotes, proteins can be modified by the attachment of small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) proteins to lysine side chains to produce branched proteins. This process of 'SUMOylation' plays essential roles in plant and animal development by altering protein function in spatially and temporally controlled ways. In this Primer, we explain the process of SUMOylation and summarize how SUMOylation regulates a number of signal transduction pathways. Next, we discuss multiple roles of SUMOylation in the epigenetic control of transcription. In addition, we evaluate the role of SUMOylation in the etiology of neurodegenerative disorders, focusing on Parkinson's disease and cerebral ischemia. Finally, we discuss the possibility that SUMOylation may stimulate survival and neurogenesis of neuronal stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tak-Yu Yau
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA
| | - Oscar Molina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA
| | - Albert J Courey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA
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25
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Ubiquitin-specific protease 8 (USP8/UBPy): a prototypic multidomain deubiquitinating enzyme with pleiotropic functions. Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 47:1867-1879. [PMID: 31845722 PMCID: PMC6925526 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein modification by ubiquitin is one of the most versatile posttranslational regulations and counteracted by almost 100 deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs). USP8 was originally identified as a growth regulated ubiquitin-specific protease and is like many other DUBs characterized by its multidomain architecture. Besides the catalytic domain, specific protein-protein interaction modules were characterized which contribute to USP8 substrate recruitment, regulation and targeting to distinct protein complexes. Studies in mice and humans impressively showed the physiological relevance and non-redundant function of USP8 within the context of the whole organism. USP8 knockout (KO) mice exhibit early embryonic lethality while induced deletion in adult animals rapidly causes lethal liver failure. Furthermore, T-cell specific ablation disturbs T-cell development and function resulting in fatal autoimmune inflammatory bowel disease. In human patients, somatic mutations in USP8 were identified as the underlying cause of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) releasing pituitary adenomas causing Cushing's disease (CD). Here we provide an overview of the versatile molecular, cellular and pathology associated function and regulation of USP8 which appears to depend on specific protein binding partners, substrates and the cellular context.
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26
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Secreted tyrosine kinase Vlk negatively regulates Hedgehog signaling by inducing lysosomal degradation of Smoothened. Biochem J 2020; 477:121-136. [PMID: 31845979 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Vlk is a secreted tyrosine kinase that plays crucial roles during vertebrate embryonic development including skeletal formation. Genetic studies suggest that Vlk can modulate the Hedgehog signaling pathway during skeletal development. Despite its potential roles as an extracellular regulator of signaling pathways, little is known regarding the molecular functions of Vlk. Here we show that Vlk can negatively regulate the Hedgehog signaling pathway. We found that Vlk can induce lysosomal degradation of Smoothened, a crucial transmembrane signal transducer of the Hedgehog pathway, through the interaction with the extracellular domain of Smoothened (Smo-ECD). In addition, we observed that Vlk can attenuate Hedgehog signaling-induced ciliary localization of Smoothened. Furthermore, Vlk-mediated suppression of Hedgehog signaling can be diminished by tyrosine-to-phenylalanine substitutions in Smo-ECD. Taken together, these results suggest that Vlk may function as a signaling regulator in extracellular space to modulate the Hedgehog pathway.
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27
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Yi J, Wang Y, Li Q, Zhang H, Shao Z, Deng X, He J, Xiao C, Wang Z, Wang Y, Chen C. Interaction between Brucella melitensis 16M and small ubiquitin-related modifier 1 and E2 conjugating enzyme 9 in mouse RAW264.7 macrophages. J Vet Sci 2020; 20:e54. [PMID: 31565897 PMCID: PMC6769333 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2019.20.e54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucella is an intracellular pathogen that invades a host and settles in its immune cells; however, the mechanism of its intracellular survival is unclear. Modification of small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) occurs in many cellular activities. E2 conjugating enzyme 9 (Ubc9) is the only reported ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme that links the SUMO molecule with a target protein. Brucella's intracellular survival mechanism has not been studied with respect to SUMO-related proteins and Ubc9. Therefore, to investigate the relationship between Brucella melitensis 16M and SUMO, we constructed plasmids and cells lines suitable for overexpression and knockdown of SUMO1 and Ubc9 genes. Brucella 16M activated SUMO1/Ubc9 expression in a time-dependent manner, and Brucella 16M intracellular survival was inhibited by SUMO1/Ubc9 overexpression and promoted by SUMO1/Ubc9 depletion. In macrophages, Brucella 16M-dependent apoptosis and immune factors were induced by SUMO1/Ubc9 overexpression and restricted by SUMO1/Ubc9 depletion. We noted no effect on the expressions of SUMO1 and Ubc9 in B. melitensis 16M lipopolysaccharide-prestimulated mouse RAW264.7 macrophages. Additionally, intracellular survival of the 16M△VirB2 mutant was lower than that of Brucella 16M (p < 0.05). VirB2 can affect expression levels of Ubc9, thereby increasing intracellular survival of Brucella in macrophages at the late stage of infection. Collectively, our results demonstrate that B. melitensis 16M may use the VirB IV secretion system of Brucella to interact with SUMO-related proteins during infection of host cells, which interferes with SUMO function and promotes pathogen survival in host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihai Yi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Yueli Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Qifeng Li
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Zhiran Shao
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - XiaoYu Deng
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Jinke He
- Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Chencheng Xiao
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China.
| | - Chuangfu Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China.
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28
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Zhang CY, Jiang ZM, Ma XF, Li Y, Liu XZ, Li LL, Wu WH, Wang T. Saikosaponin-d Inhibits the Hepatoma Cells and Enhances Chemosensitivity Through SENP5-Dependent Inhibition of Gli1 SUMOylation Under Hypoxia. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1039. [PMID: 31616295 PMCID: PMC6764240 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemosensitivity is one of the key factors affecting the therapeutic effect on cancer, but the clinical application of corresponding drugs is rare. Hypoxia, a common feature of many solid tumors, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), has been associated with resistance to chemotherapy in part through the activation of the Sonic Hedgehog (SHh) pathway. Hypoxia has also been associated with the increased SUMOylation of multiple proteins, including GLI family proteins, which are key mediators of SHh signaling, and has become a promising target to develop drug-resistant drugs for cancer treatment. However, there are few target drugs to abrogate chemotherapy resistance. Saikosaponin-d (Ssd), one of the main bioactive components of Radix bupleuri, has been reported to exert multiple biological effects, including anticancer activity. Here, we first found that Ssd inhibits the malignant phenotype of HCC cells while increasing their sensitivity to the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase/ganciclovir (HSVtk/GCV) drug system under hypoxia in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we had explored that GLI family activation and extensive protein SUMOylation were characteristics of HCC cells, and hypoxia could activate the SHh pathway and promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), invasion, and chemosensitivity in HCC cells. SUMOylation is required for hypoxia-dependent activation of GLI proteins. Finally, we found that Ssd could reverse the effects promoted by hypoxia, specifically active sentrin/small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO)-specific protease 5 (SENP5), a SUMO-specific protease, in a time- and dose-dependent manner while inhibiting the expression of SUMO1 and GLI proteins. Together, these findings confirm the important role of Ssd in the chemoresistance of liver cancer, provide some data support for further understanding the molecular mechanisms of Ssd inhibition of malignant transformation of HCC cells, and provide a new perspective for the application of traditional Chinese medicine in the chemical resistance of liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Tianjin Binhai New Area Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhong-Min Jiang
- Department of Pathology, The Fifth Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiao-Fang Ma
- Central Laboratory, The Fifth Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Tianjin Binhai New Area Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiao-Zhi Liu
- Central Laboratory, The Fifth Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Li-Li Li
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Wen-Han Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,Department of General Surgery, The Fifth Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
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29
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Zhou Z, Yao X, Pang S, Chen P, Jiang W, Shan Z, Zhang Q. The deubiquitinase UCHL5/UCH37 positively regulates Hedgehog signaling by deubiquitinating Smoothened. J Mol Cell Biol 2019; 10:243-257. [PMID: 28992318 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjx036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway plays important roles in developmental processes including pattern formation and tissue homeostasis. The seven-pass transmembrane receptor Smoothened (Smo) is the pivotal transducer in the pathway; it, and thus the pathway overall, is regulated by ubiquitin-mediated degradation, which occurs in the absence of Hh. In the presence of Hh, the ubiquitination levels of Smo are decreased, but the molecular basis for this outcome is not well understood. Here, we identify the deubiquitinase UCHL5 as a positive regulator of the Hh pathway. We provide both genetic and biochemical evidence that UCHL5 interacts with and deubiquitinates Smo, increasing stability and promoting accumulation at the cell membrane. Strikingly, we find that Hh enhances the interaction between UCHL5 and Smo, thereby stabilizing Smo. We also find that proteasome subunit RPN13, an activator of UCHL5, could enhance the effect of UCHL5 on Smo protein level. More importantly, we find that the mammalian counterpart of UCHL5, UCH37, plays the same role in the regulation of Hh signaling by modulating hSmo ubiquitination and stability. Our findings thus identify UCHL5/UCH37 as a critical regulator of Hh signaling and potential therapeutic target for cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zizhang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Shanghai, China
| | - Xia Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Shanghai, China
| | - Weirong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaoliang Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Shanghai, China
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30
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Hu A, Song BL. The interplay of Patched, Smoothened and cholesterol in Hedgehog signaling. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2019; 61:31-38. [PMID: 31369952 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The Hedgehog (HH) pathway plays a pivotal role in regulating a diverse array of events from embryonic tissue patterning to adult organ self-renewal. Aberrant activation of the pathway is linked to carcinogenesis. Key factors in the HH pathway include the signaling ligand HH, the receptor Patched (PTCH), and the G-protein-coupled receptor-like transducer Smoothened (SMO). A long-lasting question about this pathway is how PTCH prevents SMO from being activated. Recent high-resolution structural studies provide insight into the molecular basis of HH recognition by PTCH. Moreover, cholesterol stands out as the endogenous ligand of SMO and acts by binding and/or covalently linking to SMO. In this review, we discuss current advances in HH signaling, the interplay of PTCH, SMO and cholesterol, and propose putative models of SMO activation by cholesterol binding and/or modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Hu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bao-Liang Song
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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31
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Han Y, Wang B, Cho YS, Zhu J, Wu J, Chen Y, Jiang J. Phosphorylation of Ci/Gli by Fused Family Kinases Promotes Hedgehog Signaling. Dev Cell 2019; 50:610-626.e4. [PMID: 31279575 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling culminates in the conversion of the latent transcription factor Cubitus interruptus (Ci)/Gli into its activator form (CiA/GliA), but the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that Hh stimulates the phosphorylation of Ci by the Ser/Thr kinase Fused (Fu) and that Fu-mediated phosphorylation of Ci promotes its activation. We find that Fu directly phosphorylates Ci on Ser218 and Ser1230, which primes its further phosphorylation by CK1 on adjacent sties. These phosphorylation events alter Ci binding to the pathway inhibitor Suppressor of fused (Sufu) and facilitate the recruitment of Transportion and the transcriptional coactivator CBP. Furthermore, we provide evidence that Sonic hedgehog (Shh) activates Gli2 by stimulating its phosphorylation on conserved sites through the Fu-family kinases ULK3 and mFu/STK36 in a manner depending on Gli2 ciliary localization. Hence, Fu-family kinase-mediated phosphorylation of Ci/Gli serves as a conserved mechanism that activates the Hh pathway transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Han
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yong Suk Cho
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jian Zhu
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Jiang Wu
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yongbin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 Jiaochang Donglu, Yunnan, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Jin Jiang
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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32
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Zhang X, Feng L, Qiao N, Liu Y, Zhang DC, Yin H. Cloning, expression pattern and functional characterization of fused, an important kinase of the Hedgehog signalling pathway from Locusta migratoria(Orthoptera: Acridoidea). BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2019.1637781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and the Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Li Feng
- College of Life Sciences and the Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Ning Qiao
- College of Life Sciences and the Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Yachao Liu
- College of Life Sciences and the Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Dao Chuan Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and the Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Hong Yin
- College of Life Sciences and the Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, P. R. China
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33
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Liu A. Proteostasis in the Hedgehog signaling pathway. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 93:153-163. [PMID: 31429406 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is crucial for the development of vertebrate and invertebrate animals alike. Hh ligand binds its receptor Patched (Ptc), allowing the activation of the obligate signal transducer Smoothened (Smo). The levels and localizations of both Ptc and Smo are regulated by ubiquitination, and Smo is under additional regulation by phosphorylation and SUMOylation. Downstream of Smo, the Ci/Gli family of transcription factors regulates the transcriptional responses to Hh. Phosphorylation, ubiquitination and SUMOylation are important for the stability and localization of Ci/Gli proteins and Hh signaling output. Finally, Suppressor of Fused directly regulates Ci/Gli proteins and itself is under proteolytic regulation that is critical for normal Hh signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimin Liu
- Department of Biology, Eberly College of Science, Huck Institute of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, United States.
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34
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Xu J, Tan P, Li H, Cui Y, Qiu Y, Wang H, Zhang X, Li J, Zhu L, Zhou W, Chen H. Direct SUMOylation of M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor increases its ligand-binding affinity and signal transduction. FASEB J 2018; 33:3237-3251. [PMID: 30407877 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800936r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
SUMOylation is a significant post-translational modification (PTM) by the small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO). Increasing evidence shows SUMOylation regulates GPCR signaling; however, very few GPCRs have been shown to be SUMOylation targets to date. In this study, we identified M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M1 mAChR), a member of the GPCRs, as a new SUMO substrate. When the mAChR was activated by the agonist carbachol, the colocalization of the M1 mAChR and SUMO-1 protein markedly decreased in immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence assays. SUMOylation of the M1 mAChR played an important role in increasing the ligand-binding affinity to M1 mAChR, signaling efficiencies, and receptor endocytosis. Through the site-directed mutagenesis approach, K327 was identified as the SUMOylation site of the M1 mAChR. Mutation of the consensus SUMOylation site of the M1 mAChR reduces not only the colocalization of SUMO-1, but also the ligand-binding affinity and signal transduction. The function of M1 mAChR was regulated by SUMOylation through the stabilization of active-state conformation revealed by molecular dynamics simulations. Our results provide evidence that M1 SUMOylation is an important PTM involved in regulation of the affinity for agonists and for activation of signaling pathways.-Xu, J., Tan, P., Li, H., Cui, Y., Qiu, Y., Wang, H., Zhang, X., Li, J., Zhu, L., Zhou, W., Chen, H. Direct SUMOylation of M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor increases its ligand-binding affinity and signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianrong Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Panpan Tan
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongyao Cui
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Qiu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Laboratory of Oral Microbiota and Systemic Disease, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.,College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China; and
| | - Hongzhuan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Biomedical Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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35
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Li S, Cho YS, Wang B, Li S, Jiang J. Regulation of Smoothened ubiquitylation and cell surface expression through a Cul4-DDB1-Gβ E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.218016. [PMID: 29930086 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.218016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) transduces signals by promoting cell surface accumulation and activation of the G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-family protein Smoothened (Smo) in Drosophila, but the molecular mechanism underlying the regulation of Smo trafficking remains poorly understood. Here, we identified the Cul4-DDB1 E3 ubiquitin ligase complex as being essential for Smo ubiquitylation and cell surface clearance. We found that the C-terminal intracellular domain of Smo recruits Cul4-DDB1 through the β subunit of trimeric G protein (Gβ), and that Cul4-DDB1-Gβ promotes the ubiquitylation of both Smo and its binding partner G-protein-coupled-receptor kinase 2 (Gprk2) and induces the internalization and degradation of Smo. Hh dissociates Cul4-DDB1 from Smo by recruiting the catalytic subunit of protein kinase A (PKA) to phosphorylate DDB1, which disrupts its interaction with Gβ. Inactivation of the Cul4-DDB1 complex resulted in elevated Smo cell surface expression, whereas an excessive amount of Cul4-DDB1 blocked Smo accumulation and attenuated Hh pathway activation. Taken together, our study identifies an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex targeting Smo for ubiquitylation and provides new insight into how Hh signaling regulates Smo trafficking and cell surface expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yong Suk Cho
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Shuangxi Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jin Jiang
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA .,Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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36
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Praktiknjo SD, Saad F, Maier D, Ip P, Hipfner DR. Activation of Smoothened in the Hedgehog pathway unexpectedly increases Gα s-dependent cAMP levels in Drosophila. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:13496-13508. [PMID: 30018136 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.001953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling plays a key role in the development and maintenance of animal tissues. This signaling is mediated by the atypical G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) Smoothened (Smo). Smo activation leads to signaling through several well-characterized effectors to activate Hh target gene expression. Recent studies have implicated activation of the heterotrimeric G protein subunit Gαi and the subsequent decrease in cellular cAMP levels in promoting the Hh response in flies and mammals. Although Hh stimulation decreases cAMP levels in some insect cell lines, here using a bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET)-based assay we found that this stimulation had no detectable effect in Drosophila S2-R+ cells. However, we observed an unexpected and significant Gαs-dependent increase in cAMP levels in response to strong Smo activation in Smo-transfected cells. This effect was mediated by Smo's broadly conserved core, and was specifically activated in response to phosphorylation of the Smo C-terminus by GPCR kinase 2 (Gprk2). Genetic analysis of heterotrimeric G protein function in the developing Drosophila wing revealed a positive role for cAMP in the endogenous Hh response. Specifically, we found that mutation or depletion of Gαs diminished low-threshold Hh responses in Drosophila, whereas depletion of Gαi potentiated them (in contrast to previous findings). Our analysis suggested that regulated cAMP production is important for controlling the sensitivity of cellular responses to Hh in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha D Praktiknjo
- From the Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7.,the Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology and
| | - Farah Saad
- From the Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7.,Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C7, and
| | - Dominic Maier
- From the Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7.,the Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology and
| | - Pamela Ip
- From the Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7.,the Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology and
| | - David R Hipfner
- From the Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, .,the Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology and.,Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C7, and.,the Département de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
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37
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Thiruvalluvan M, Barghouth PG, Tsur A, Broday L, Oviedo NJ. SUMOylation controls stem cell proliferation and regional cell death through Hedgehog signaling in planarians. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:1285-1301. [PMID: 29098326 PMCID: PMC7083543 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2697-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms underlying anteroposterior body axis differences during adult tissue maintenance and regeneration are poorly understood. Here, we identify that post-translational modifications through the SUMO (Small Ubiquitin-like Modifier) machinery are evolutionarily conserved in the Lophotrocozoan Schmidtea mediterranea. Disruption of SUMOylation in adult animals by RNA-interference of the only SUMO E2 conjugating enzyme Ubc9 leads to a systemic increase in DNA damage and a remarkable regional defect characterized by increased cell death and loss of the posterior half of the body. We identified that Ubc9 is mainly expressed in planarian stem cells (neoblasts) but it is also transcribed in differentiated cells including neurons. Regeneration in Ubc9(RNAi) animals is impaired and associated with low neoblast proliferation. We present evidence indicating that Ubc9-induced regional cell death is preceded by alterations in transcription and spatial expression of repressors and activators of the Hedgehog signaling pathway. Our results demonstrate that SUMOylation acts as a regional-specific cue to regulate cell fate during tissue renewal and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Thiruvalluvan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, CA, 95343, USA
- Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Merced, USA
| | - Paul G Barghouth
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, CA, 95343, USA
- Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Merced, USA
| | - Assaf Tsur
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Limor Broday
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Néstor J Oviedo
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, CA, 95343, USA.
- Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Merced, USA.
- Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, USA.
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38
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Li S, Li S, Wang B, Jiang J. Hedgehog reciprocally controls trafficking of Smo and Ptc through the Smurf family of E3 ubiquitin ligases. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/516/eaan8660. [PMID: 29438012 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aan8660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) induces signaling by promoting the reciprocal trafficking of its receptor Patched (Ptc) and the signal transducer Smoothened (Smo), which is inhibited by Ptc, at the cell surface. We identified Smurf family E3 ubiquitin ligases as essential for Smo ubiquitylation and cell surface clearance and demonstrated that Smurf family members mediate the reciprocal trafficking of Ptc and Smo in Drosophila melanogaster G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (Gprk2)-mediated phosphorylation of Smurf promoted Smo ubiquitylation by increasing the recruitment of Smurf to Smo, whereas protein kinase A (PKA)-mediated phosphorylation of Smo caused Smurf to dissociate from Smo, thereby inhibiting Smo ubiquitylation. Smo and Ptc competed for the same pool of Smurf family E3 ubiquitin ligases, and Hh promoted Ptc ubiquitylation and degradation by disrupting the association of Smurf family E3 ubiquitin ligases with Smo and stimulating their binding to Ptc. Our study identifies the E3 ubiquitin ligases that target Smo and provides insight into how Hh regulates the reciprocal trafficking of its receptor and signal transducer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Shuangxi Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jin Jiang
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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Jiang K, Liu Y, Zhang J, Jia J. An intracellular activation of Smoothened that is independent of Hedgehog stimulation in Drosophila. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.211367. [PMID: 29142103 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.211367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Smoothened (Smo), a GPCR family protein, plays a critical role in the reception and transduction of Hedgehog (Hh) signal. Smo is phosphorylated and activated on the cell surface; however, it is unknown whether Smo can be intracellularly activated. Here, we demonstrate that inactivation of the ESCRT-III causes dramatic accumulation of Smo in the ESCRT-III/MVB compartment, and subsequent activation of Hh signaling. In contrast, inactivation of ESCRTs 0-II induces mild Smo accumulation in the ESCRT-III/MVB compartment. We provide evidence that Kurtz (Krz), the Drosophila β-arrestin2, acts in parallel with the ESCRTs 0-II pathway to sort Smo to the multivesicular bodies and lysosome-mediated degradation. Additionally, upon inactivation of ESCRT-III, all active and inactive forms of Smo are accumulated. Endogenous Smo accumulated upon ESCRT-III inactivation is highly activated, which is induced by phosphorylation but not sumoylation. Taken together, our findings demonstrate a model for intracellular activation of Smo, raising the possibility for tissue overgrowth caused by an excessive amount, rather than mutation of Smo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Jiang
- Markey Cancer Center, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Yajuan Liu
- Markey Cancer Center, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Jie Zhang
- Markey Cancer Center, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Jianhang Jia
- Markey Cancer Center, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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Gao L, Zhang Z, Zhang P, Yu M, Yang T. Role of canonical Hedgehog signaling pathway in liver. Int J Biol Sci 2018; 14:1636-1644. [PMID: 30416378 PMCID: PMC6216024 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.28089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway plays an important role in embryonic development. It becomes reactivated in many types of acute and chronic liver injuries. Hh signaling is required for liver regeneration, regulates capillarisation, controls the fates of hepatic stellate cells, promotes liver fibrosis and liver cancers. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the role of canonical Hh signaling pathway in adult liver. This help to understand the pathogenesis of liver diseases and find out the new effective targeted therapeutic strategies for liver diseases treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Gao
- Center for Medical Research and Innovation, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, 201399, China
| | - Zhenya Zhang
- Department of general surgery, Hebei Medical University Fourth Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050011, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Center for Medical Research and Innovation, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, 201399, China
| | - Minghua Yu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai 201399, China
- ✉ Corresponding authors: Dr. Minghua Yu, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai 201399, China. Phone: 86-21-68030812; E-mail: and Dr. Tao Yang, Center for Medical Research and Innovation, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, 2800 Gongwei Road, Shanghai 201399, China. Phone: 86-21-68036516; E-mail:
| | - Tao Yang
- Center for Medical Research and Innovation, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, 201399, China
- ✉ Corresponding authors: Dr. Minghua Yu, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai 201399, China. Phone: 86-21-68030812; E-mail: and Dr. Tao Yang, Center for Medical Research and Innovation, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, 2800 Gongwei Road, Shanghai 201399, China. Phone: 86-21-68036516; E-mail:
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A cell based, high throughput assay for quantitative analysis of Hedgehog pathway activation using a Smoothened activation sensor. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14341. [PMID: 29085027 PMCID: PMC5662767 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14767-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) signalling cascade plays an important role in development and disease. In the absence of Hh ligand, activity of the key signal transducer Smoothened (Smo) is downregulated by the Hh receptor Patched (Ptc). However, the mechanisms underlying this inhibition, and especially its release upon ligand stimulation, are still poorly understood, in part because tools for following Smo activation at the subcellular level were long lacking. To address this deficit we have developed a high throughput cell culture assay based on a fluorescent sensor for Drosophila Smo activation. We have screened a small molecule inhibitor library, and observed increased Smo sensor fluorescence with compounds aimed at two major target groups, the MAPK signalling cascade and polo and aurora kinases. Biochemical validation for selected inhibitors (dobrafenib, tak-733, volasertib) confirmed the screen results and revealed differences in the mode of Smo activation. Furthermore, monitoring Smo activation at the single cell level indicated that individual cells exhibit different threshold responses to Hh stimulation, which may be mechanistically relevant for the formation of graded Hh responses. Together, these results thus provide proof of principle that our assay may become a valuable tool for dissecting the cell biological basis of Hh pathway activation.
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Abstract
The conserved Hedgehog signaling pathway is essential for embryonic development and tissue homeostasis and is tightly regulated. In this issue of Developmental Cell, Ma et al. (2016) demonstrate that sumoylation works in parallel with phosphorylation to stabilize Smoothened, antagonizing its ubiquitination and subsequent degradation, thus activating Hh target gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Han Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xinhua Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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Han Y, Xiong Y, Shi X, Wu J, Zhao Y, Jiang J. Regulation of Gli ciliary localization and Hedgehog signaling by the PY-NLS/karyopherin-β2 nuclear import system. PLoS Biol 2017; 15:e2002063. [PMID: 28777795 PMCID: PMC5544186 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2002063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling in vertebrates depends on primary cilia. Upon stimulation, Hh pathway components, including Gli transcription factors, accumulate at primary cilia to transduce the Hh signal, but the mechanisms underlying their ciliary targeting remains largely unknown. Here, we show that the PY-type nuclear localization signal (PY-NLS)/karyopherinβ2 (Kapβ2) nuclear import system regulates Gli ciliary localization and Hh pathway activation. Mutating the PY-NLS in Gli or knockdown of Kapβ2 diminished Gli ciliary localization. Kapβ2 is required for the formation of Gli activator (GliA) in wild-type but not in Sufu mutant cells. Knockdown of Kapβ2 affected Hh signaling in zebrafish embryos, as well as in vitro cultured cerebellum granule neuron progenitors (CGNPs) and SmoM2-driven medulloblastoma cells. Furthermore, Kapβ2 depletion impaired the growth of cultured medulloblastoma cells, which was rescued by Gli overexpression. Interestingly, Kapβ2 is a transcriptional target of the Hh pathway, thus forming a positive feedback loop for Gli activation. Our study unravels the molecular mechanism and cellular machinery regulating Gli ciliary localization and identifies Kapβ2 as a critical regulator of the Hh pathway and a potential drug target for Hh-driven cancers. The secreted Hedgehog (Hh) protein plays an evolutionarily conserved role in both embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis. Malfunction of Hh signaling activity contributes to a wide range of human diseases, including birth defects and cancer. Hh signaling in vertebrates critically depends on the primary cilium, a microtubule-based plasma membrane protrusion present on the surface of most mammalian cells. Upon ligand stimulation, Hh pathway components, including the seven-transmembrane protein Smoothened (Smo) and Gli transcription factors, accumulate at primary cilia to transduce the Hh signal, but the mechanisms underlying their ciliary targeting are still poorly understood. Here, we discover that the PY-type nuclear localization signal (PY-NLS) and the nuclear import factor karyopherinβ2 (Kapβ2) regulate Gli ciliary localization and Hh pathway activity. Mutating the PY-NLS in Gli or knockdown of Kapβ2 diminished Gli ciliary localization without affecting Smo ciliary accumulation in response to Hh. Kapβ2 regulates the formation of the active form of Gli, which is required for proper Hh signaling in zebrafish embryos and cultured cerebellum granule neuron progenitors (CGNPs). Kapβ2 depletion impaired the growth of medulloblastoma cells driven by an oncogenic form of Smo. Finally, Kapβ2 is a transcriptional target of the Hh pathway, forming a positive feedback loop to promote Gli activation. Our study reveals the molecular mechanism underlying the regulation of Gli ciliary targeting and identifies Kapβ2 as a potential cancer drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Han
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yue Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Life Sciences, CAS, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuanming Shi
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jiang Wu
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Life Sciences, CAS, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (JJ); (YZ)
| | - Jin Jiang
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JJ); (YZ)
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Xiao X, Tang JJ, Peng C, Wang Y, Fu L, Qiu ZP, Xiong Y, Yang LF, Cui HW, He XL, Yin L, Qi W, Wong CC, Zhao Y, Li BL, Qiu WW, Song BL. Cholesterol Modification of Smoothened Is Required for Hedgehog Signaling. Mol Cell 2017; 66:154-162.e10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2017.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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SUMO regulates the activity of Smoothened and Costal-2 in Drosophila Hedgehog signaling. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42749. [PMID: 28195188 PMCID: PMC5307382 DOI: 10.1038/srep42749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In Hedgehog (Hh) signaling, the GPCR-family protein Smoothened (Smo) acts as a signal transducer that is regulated by phosphorylation and ubiquitination, which ultimately change the cell surface accumulation of Smo. However, it is not clear whether Smo is regulated by other post-translational modifications, such as sumoylation. Here, we demonstrate that knockdown of the small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) pathway components Ubc9 (a SUMO-conjugating enzyme E2), PIAS (a SUMO-protein ligase E3), and Smt3 (the SUMO isoform in Drosophila) by RNAi prevents Smo accumulation and alters Smo activity in the wing. We further show that Hh-induced-sumoylation stabilizes Smo, whereas desumoylation by Ulp1 destabilizes Smo in a phosphorylation independent manner. Mechanistically, we discover that excessive Krz, the Drosophila β-arrestin 2, inhibits Smo sumoylation and prevents Smo accumulation through Krz regulatory domain. Krz likely facilitates the interaction between Smo and Ulp1 because knockdown of Krz by RNAi attenuates Smo-Ulp1 interaction. Finally, we provide evidence that Cos2 is also sumoylated, which counteracts its inhibitory role on Smo accumulation in the wing. Taken together, we have uncovered a novel mechanism for Smo activation by sumoylation that is regulated by Hh and Smo interacting proteins.
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