1
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Sundaram MV, Pujol N. The Caenorhabditis elegans cuticle and precuticle: a model for studying dynamic apical extracellular matrices in vivo. Genetics 2024; 227:iyae072. [PMID: 38995735 PMCID: PMC11304992 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyae072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Apical extracellular matrices (aECMs) coat the exposed surfaces of animal bodies to shape tissues, influence social interactions, and protect against pathogens and other environmental challenges. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, collagenous cuticle and zona pellucida protein-rich precuticle aECMs alternately coat external epithelia across the molt cycle and play many important roles in the worm's development, behavior, and physiology. Both these types of aECMs contain many matrix proteins related to those in vertebrates, as well as some that are nematode-specific. Extensive differences observed among tissues and life stages demonstrate that aECMs are a major feature of epithelial cell identity. In addition to forming discrete layers, some cuticle components assemble into complex substructures such as ridges, furrows, and nanoscale pillars. The epidermis and cuticle are mechanically linked, allowing the epidermis to sense cuticle damage and induce protective innate immune and stress responses. The C. elegans model, with its optical transparency, facilitates the study of aECM cell biology and structure/function relationships and all the myriad ways by which aECM can influence an organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meera V Sundaram
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nathalie Pujol
- Aix Marseille University, INSERM, CNRS, CIML, Turing Centre for Living Systems, 13009 Marseille, France
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2
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Xu Z, Wang Z, Wang L, Qi YB. Essential function of transmembrane transcription factor MYRF in promoting transcription of miRNA lin-4 during C. elegans development. eLife 2024; 12:RP89903. [PMID: 38963411 PMCID: PMC11223767 DOI: 10.7554/elife.89903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Precise developmental timing control is essential for organism formation and function, but its mechanisms are unclear. In C. elegans, the microRNA lin-4 critically regulates developmental timing by post-transcriptionally downregulating the larval-stage-fate controller LIN-14. However, the mechanisms triggering the activation of lin-4 expression toward the end of the first larval stage remain unknown. We demonstrate that the transmembrane transcription factor MYRF-1 is necessary for lin-4 activation. MYRF-1 is initially localized on the cell membrane, and its increased cleavage and nuclear accumulation coincide with lin-4 expression timing. MYRF-1 regulates lin-4 expression cell-autonomously and hyperactive MYRF-1 can prematurely drive lin-4 expression in embryos and young first-stage larvae. The tandem lin-4 promoter DNA recruits MYRF-1GFP to form visible loci in the nucleus, suggesting that MYRF-1 directly binds to the lin-4 promoter. Our findings identify a crucial link in understanding developmental timing regulation and establish MYRF-1 as a key regulator of lin-4 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Xu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Zhao Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Lifang Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yingchuan B Qi
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech UniversityShanghaiChina
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3
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Meng J, Ahamed T, Yu B, Hung W, EI Mouridi S, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Wen Q, Boulin T, Gao S, Zhen M. A tonically active master neuron modulates mutually exclusive motor states at two timescales. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadk0002. [PMID: 38598630 PMCID: PMC11006214 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Continuity of behaviors requires animals to make smooth transitions between mutually exclusive behavioral states. Neural principles that govern these transitions are not well understood. Caenorhabditis elegans spontaneously switch between two opposite motor states, forward and backward movement, a phenomenon thought to reflect the reciprocal inhibition between interneurons AVB and AVA. Here, we report that spontaneous locomotion and their corresponding motor circuits are not separately controlled. AVA and AVB are neither functionally equivalent nor strictly reciprocally inhibitory. AVA, but not AVB, maintains a depolarized membrane potential. While AVA phasically inhibits the forward promoting interneuron AVB at a fast timescale, it maintains a tonic, extrasynaptic excitation on AVB over the longer timescale. We propose that AVA, with tonic and phasic activity of opposite polarities on different timescales, acts as a master neuron to break the symmetry between the underlying forward and backward motor circuits. This master neuron model offers a parsimonious solution for sustained locomotion consisted of mutually exclusive motor states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Meng
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tosif Ahamed
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bin Yu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Wesley Hung
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sonia EI Mouridi
- University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, MeLiS, CNRS UMR 5284, INSERM U1314, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Zezhen Wang
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yongning Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Quan Wen
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Thomas Boulin
- University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, MeLiS, CNRS UMR 5284, INSERM U1314, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Shangbang Gao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Mei Zhen
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
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4
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Qi YB, Xu Z, Shen S, Wang Z, Wang Z. MYRF: A unique transmembrane transcription factor- from proteolytic self-processing to its multifaceted roles in animal development. Bioessays 2024; 46:e2300209. [PMID: 38488284 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202300209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The Myelin Regulator Factor (MYRF) is a master regulator governing myelin formation and maintenance in the central nervous system. The conservation of MYRF across metazoans and its broad tissue expression suggest it has functions extending beyond the well-established role in myelination. Loss of MYRF results in developmental lethality in both invertebrates and vertebrates, and MYRF haploinsufficiency in humans causes MYRF-related Cardiac Urogenital Syndrome, underscoring its importance in animal development; however, these mechanisms are largely unexplored. MYRF, an unconventional transcription factor, begins embedded in the membrane and undergoes intramolecular chaperone mediated trimerization, which triggers self-cleavage, allowing its N-terminal segment with an Ig-fold DNA-binding domain to enter the nucleus for transcriptional regulation. Recent research suggests developmental regulation of cleavage, yet the mechanisms remain enigmatic. While some parts of MYRF's structure have been elucidated, others remain obscure, leaving questions about how these motifs are linked to its intricate processing and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchuan B Qi
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhimin Xu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiqian Shen
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhizhi Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
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5
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Cuentas-Condori A, Chen S, Krout M, Gallik KL, Tipps J, Gailey C, Flautt L, Kim H, Mulcahy B, Zhen M, Richmond JE, Miller DM. The epithelial Na + channel UNC-8 promotes an endocytic mechanism that recycles presynaptic components to new boutons in remodeling neurons. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113327. [PMID: 37906594 PMCID: PMC10921563 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Circuit refinement involves the formation of new presynaptic boutons as others are dismantled. Nascent presynaptic sites can incorporate material from recently eliminated synapses, but the recycling mechanisms remain elusive. In early-stage C. elegans larvae, the presynaptic boutons of GABAergic DD neurons are removed and new outputs established at alternative sites. Here, we show that developmentally regulated expression of the epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) UNC-8 in remodeling DD neurons promotes a Ca2+ and actin-dependent mechanism, involving activity-dependent bulk endocytosis (ADBE), that recycles presynaptic material for reassembly at nascent DD synapses. ADBE normally functions in highly active neurons to accelerate local recycling of synaptic vesicles. In contrast, we find that an ADBE-like mechanism results in the distal recycling of synaptic material from old to new synapses. Thus, our findings suggest that a native mechanism (ADBE) can be repurposed to dismantle presynaptic terminals for reassembly at new, distant locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cuentas-Condori
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Siqi Chen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Mia Krout
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Kristin L Gallik
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - John Tipps
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Casey Gailey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Leah Flautt
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Hongkyun Kim
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Ben Mulcahy
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Mei Zhen
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Janet E Richmond
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - David M Miller
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA; Neurosience Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.
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6
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Liu Y, Xu G, Fu H, Li P, Li D, Deng K, Gao W, Shang Y, Wu M. Membrane-bound transcription factor LRRC4 inhibits glioblastoma cell motility. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 246:125590. [PMID: 37385320 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Membrane-bound transcription factors (MTFs) have been observed in many types of organisms, such as plants, animals and microorganisms. However, the routes of MTF nuclear translocation are not well understood. Here, we reported that LRRC4 is a novel MTF that translocates to the nucleus as a full-length protein via endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi transport, which is different from the previously described nuclear entry mechanism. A ChIP-seq assay showed that LRRC4 target genes were mainly involved in cell motility. We confirmed that LRRC4 bound to the enhancer element of the RAP1GAP gene to activate its transcription and inhibited glioblastoma cell movement by affecting cell contraction and polarization. Furthermore, atomic force microscopy (AFM) confirmed that LRRC4 or RAP1GAP altered cellular biophysical properties, such as the surface morphology, adhesion force and cell stiffness. Thus, we propose that LRRC4 is an MTF with a novel route of nuclear translocation. Our observations demonstrate that LRRC4-null glioblastoma led to disordered RAP1GAP gene expression, which increased cellular movement. Re-expression of LRRC4 enabled it to suppress tumors, and this is a potential for targeted treatment in glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Gang Xu
- Diagnostics Department, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Haijuan Fu
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Peiyao Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Danyang Li
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Kun Deng
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Yujie Shang
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Minghua Wu
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.
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7
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Meeuse MWM, Hauser YP, Nahar S, Smith AAT, Braun K, Azzi C, Rempfler M, Großhans H. C. elegans molting requires rhythmic accumulation of the Grainyhead/LSF transcription factor GRH-1. EMBO J 2023; 42:e111895. [PMID: 36688410 PMCID: PMC9929640 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022111895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
C. elegans develops through four larval stages that are rhythmically terminated by molts, that is, the synthesis and shedding of a cuticular exoskeleton. Each larval cycle involves rhythmic accumulation of thousands of transcripts, which we show here relies on rhythmic transcription. To uncover the responsible gene regulatory networks (GRNs), we screened for transcription factors that promote progression through the larval stages and identified GRH-1, BLMP-1, NHR-23, NHR-25, MYRF-1, and BED-3. We further characterize GRH-1, a Grainyhead/LSF transcription factor, whose orthologues in other animals are key epithelial cell-fate regulators. We find that GRH-1 depletion extends molt durations, impairs cuticle integrity and shedding, and causes larval death. GRH-1 is required for, and accumulates prior to, each molt, and preferentially binds to the promoters of genes expressed during this time window. Binding to the promoters of additional genes identified in our screen furthermore suggests that we have identified components of a core molting-clock GRN. Since the mammalian orthologues of GRH-1, BLMP-1 and NHR-23, have been implicated in rhythmic homeostatic skin regeneration in mouse, the mechanisms underlying rhythmic C. elegans molting may apply beyond nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milou W M Meeuse
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research (FMI)BaselSwitzerland
- University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Yannick P Hauser
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research (FMI)BaselSwitzerland
- University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Smita Nahar
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research (FMI)BaselSwitzerland
| | | | - Kathrin Braun
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research (FMI)BaselSwitzerland
| | - Chiara Azzi
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research (FMI)BaselSwitzerland
- University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Markus Rempfler
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research (FMI)BaselSwitzerland
| | - Helge Großhans
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research (FMI)BaselSwitzerland
- University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
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8
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Mizumoto K, Jin Y, Bessereau JL. Synaptogenesis: unmasking molecular mechanisms using Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 2023; 223:iyac176. [PMID: 36630525 PMCID: PMC9910414 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyac176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is a research model organism particularly suited to the mechanistic understanding of synapse genesis in the nervous system. Armed with powerful genetics, knowledge of complete connectomics, and modern genomics, studies using C. elegans have unveiled multiple key regulators in the formation of a functional synapse. Importantly, many signaling networks display remarkable conservation throughout animals, underscoring the contributions of C. elegans research to advance the understanding of our brain. In this chapter, we will review up-to-date information of the contribution of C. elegans to the understanding of chemical synapses, from structure to molecules and to synaptic remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Mizumoto
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Yishi Jin
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jean-Louis Bessereau
- Univ Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5284, INSERM U 1314, Melis, 69008 Lyon, France
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9
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Post-embryonic remodeling of the C. elegans motor circuit. Curr Biol 2022; 32:4645-4659.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.09.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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10
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Feng Z, Zhao Y, Li T, Nie W, Yang X, Wang X, Wu J, Liao J, Zou Y. CATP-8/P5A ATPase Regulates ER Processing of the DMA-1 Receptor for Dendritic Branching. Cell Rep 2021; 32:108101. [PMID: 32905774 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendrite morphogenesis is essential for a neuron to establish its receptive field and is, thus, the anatomical basis for the proper functioning of the nervous system. The molecular mechanisms governing dendrite branching are not fully understood. Using the multi-dendritic PVD neuron in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, we identify CATP-8/P5A ATPase as a key regulator of dendrite branching that controls the translocation of the DMA-1 receptor to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The specific signal peptide of DMA-1 and the ATPase activity of CATP-8 are essential for this process. Our results reveal that P5A ATPase may regulate protein translocation in the ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Feng
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yupeng Zhao
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Tingting Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Wang Nie
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xinjian Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Jianguo Wu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Jun Liao
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yan Zou
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
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11
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Xia SL, Li M, Chen B, Wang C, Yan YH, Dong MQ, Qi YB. The LRR-TM protein PAN-1 interacts with MYRF to promote its nuclear translocation in synaptic remodeling. eLife 2021; 10:e67628. [PMID: 33950834 PMCID: PMC8099431 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural circuits develop through a plastic phase orchestrated by genetic programs and environmental signals. We have identified a leucine-rich-repeat domain transmembrane protein PAN-1 as a factor required for synaptic rewiring in C. elegans. PAN-1 localizes on cell membrane and binds with MYRF, a membrane-bound transcription factor indispensable for promoting synaptic rewiring. Full-length MYRF was known to undergo self-cleavage on ER membrane and release its transcriptional N-terminal fragment in cultured cells. We surprisingly find that MYRF trafficking to cell membrane before cleavage is pivotal for C. elegans development and the timing of N-MYRF release coincides with the onset of synaptic rewiring. On cell membrane PAN-1 and MYRF interact with each other via their extracellular regions. Loss of PAN-1 abolishes MYRF cell membrane localization, consequently blocking myrf-dependent neuronal rewiring process. Thus, through interactions with a cooperating factor on the cell membrane, MYRF may link cell surface activities to transcriptional cascades required for development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Li Xia
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech UniversityShanghaiChina
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Meng Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech UniversityShanghaiChina
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Bing Chen
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Chao Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Yong-Hong Yan
- National Institute of Biological SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Meng-Qiu Dong
- National Institute of Biological SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yingchuan B Qi
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech UniversityShanghaiChina
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhouChina
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12
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Fan C, An H, Sharif M, Kim D, Park Y. Functional mechanisms of MYRF DNA-binding domain mutations implicated in birth defects. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100612. [PMID: 33798553 PMCID: PMC8094900 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Myrf is a pleiotropic membrane-bound transcription factor that plays critical roles in diverse organisms, including in oligodendrocyte differentiation, embryonic development, molting, and synaptic plasticity. Upon autolytic cleavage, the Myrf N-terminal fragment enters the nucleus as a homo-trimer and functions as a transcription factor. Homo-trimerization is essential for this function because it imparts DNA-binding specificity and affinity. Recent exome sequencing studies have implicated four de novo MYRF DNA-binding domain (DBD) mutations (F387S, Q403H, G435R, and L479V) in novel syndromic birth defects involving the diaphragm, heart, and the urogenital tract. It remains unknown whether and how these four mutations alter the transcription factor function of MYRF. Here, we studied them by introducing homologous mutations to the mouse Myrf protein. We found that the four DBD mutations abolish the transcriptional activity of the Myrf N-terminal fragment by interfering with its homo-trimerization ability by perturbing the DBD structure. Since the Myrf N-terminal fragment strictly functions as a homo-trimer, any loss-of-function mutation has the potential to act as a dominant negative. We observed that one copy of Myrf-F387S, Myrf-Q403H, or Myrf-L479V, but not Myrf-G435R, was tolerated by the Myrf N-terminal homo-trimer for structural and functional integrity. These data suggest that F387S, Q403H, and L479V cause birth defects by haploinsufficiency, while G435R does so via dominant negative functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuandong Fan
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Hongjoo An
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Mohamed Sharif
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Dongkyeong Kim
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Yungki Park
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA.
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13
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Zhao Y, Feng Z, Zou Y, Liu Y. The E3 Ubiquitin Ligase SYVN1 Ubiquitinates Atlastins to Remodel the Endoplasmic Reticulum Network. iScience 2020; 23:101494. [PMID: 32916628 PMCID: PMC7490852 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Atlastin (ATL) is a class of dynamin-like GTPases shaping endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by mediating homotypic membrane fusion. Defect of ATLs leads to abnormal ER structure and hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP), a neurodegenerative disease with progressive spasticity. How ATLs are regulated to maintain the ER dynamics is not clear. Here, we found that SYVN1, an E3 ubiquitin ligase on the ER membrane, regulates ER shape and COPII exporting by mediating ubiquitination on ATLs, especially ATL1. ATL1 is ubiquitinated by SYVN1 strongly on K285 and mildly on K287. Ubiquitination on ATL1 does not result in protein degradation but inhibits ATL1 GTPase activity. SYVN1 overexpression compensates the excessive ER network fusion caused by ATL1 overexpression. Accordingly, the role of SYVN1 and ATL1 in regulating ER morphology is also recapitulated in Caenorhabditis elegans. Taken together, our study reveals a different role of SYVN1 in ER remodeling through mediating ubiquitination on ATLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Zhao
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhigang Feng
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yan Zou
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanfen Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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14
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Cuentas-Condori A, Miller Rd DM. Synaptic remodeling, lessons from C. elegans. J Neurogenet 2020; 34:307-322. [PMID: 32808848 PMCID: PMC7855814 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2020.1802725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Sydney Brenner's choice of Caenorhabditis elegans as a model organism for understanding the nervous system has accelerated discoveries of gene function in neural circuit development and behavior. In this review, we discuss a striking example of synaptic remodeling in the C. elegans motor circuit in which DD class motor neurons effectively reverse polarity as presynaptic and postsynaptic domains at opposite ends of the DD neurite switch locations. Originally revealed by EM reconstruction conducted over 40 years ago, DD remodeling has since been investigated by live cell imaging methods that exploit the power of C. elegans genetics to reveal key effectors of synaptic plasticity. Although synapses are also extensively rewired in developing mammalian circuits, the underlying remodeling mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, we highlight the possibility that studies in C. elegans can reveal pathways that orchestrate synaptic remodeling in more complex organisms. Specifically, we describe (1) transcription factors that regulate DD remodeling, (2) the cellular and molecular cascades that drive synaptic remodeling and (3) examples of circuit modifications in vertebrate neurons that share some similarities with synaptic remodeling in C. elegans DD neurons.
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15
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Osteopetrosis-Associated Transmembrane Protein 1 Recruits RNA Exosome To Restrict Hepatitis B Virus Replication. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01800-19. [PMID: 32188736 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01800-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) chronically infects approximately 350 million people worldwide, and 600,000 deaths are caused by HBV-related hepatic failure, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma annually. It is important to reveal the mechanism underlying the regulation of HBV replication. This study demonstrated that osteopetrosis-associated transmembrane protein 1 (Ostm1) plays an inhibitory role in HBV replication. Ostm1 represses the levels of HBeAg and HBsAg proteins, HBV 3.5-kb and 2.4/2.1-kb RNAs, and core-associated DNA in HepG2, Huh7, and NTCP-HepG2 cells. Notably, Ostm1 has no direct effect on the activity of HBV promoters or the transcription of HBV RNAs; instead, Ostm1 binds to HBV RNA to facilitate RNA decay. Detailed studies further demonstrated that Ostm1 binds to and recruits the RNA exosome complex to promote the degradation of HBV RNAs, and knockdown of the RNA exosome component exonuclease 3 (Exosc3) leads to the elimination of Ostm1-mediated repression of HBV replication. Mutant analyses revealed that the N-terminal domain, the transmembrane domain, and the C-terminal domain are responsible for the repression of HBV replication, and the C-terminal domain is required for interaction with the RNA exosome complex. Moreover, Ostm1 production is not regulated by interferon-α (IFN-α) or IFN-γ, and the expression of IFN signaling components is not affected by Ostm1, suggesting that Ostm1 anti-HBV activity is independent of the IFN signaling pathway. In conclusion, this study revealed a distinct mechanism underlying the repression of HBV replication, in which Ostm1 binds to HBV RNA and recruits RNA exosomes to degrade viral RNA, thereby restricting HBV replication.IMPORTANCE Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a human pathogen infecting the liver to cause a variety of diseases ranging from acute hepatitis to advanced liver diseases, fulminate hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma, thereby causing a major health problem worldwide. In this study, we demonstrated that Ostm1 plays an inhibitory role in HBV protein production, RNA expression, and DNA replication. However, Ostm1 has no effect on the activities of the four HBV promoters; instead, it binds to HBV RNA and recruits RNA exosomes to promote HBV RNA degradation. We further demonstrated that the anti-HBV activity of Ostm1 is independent of the interferon signaling pathway. In conclusion, this study reveals a distinct mechanism underlying the repression of HBV replication and suggests that Ostm1 is a potential therapeutic agent for HBV infection.
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16
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Functional mechanism and pathogenic potential of MYRF ICA domain mutations implicated in birth defects. Sci Rep 2020; 10:814. [PMID: 31964908 PMCID: PMC6972908 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57593-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Myrf is a membrane-bound transcription factor that plays a key role in various biological processes. The Intramolecular Chaperone Auto-processing (ICA) domain of Myrf forms a homo-trimer, which carries out the auto-cleavage of Myrf. The ICA homo-trimer-mediated auto-cleavage of Myrf is a prerequisite for its transcription factor function in the nucleus. Recent exome sequencing studies have implicated two MYRF ICA domain mutations (V679A and R695H) in a novel syndromic form of birth defects. It remains unknown whether and how the two mutations impact the transcription factor function of Myrf and, more importantly, how they are pathogenic for congenital anomalies. Here, we show that V679A and R695H cripple the ICA domain, blocking the auto-cleavage of Myrf. Consequently, Myrf-V679A and Myrf-R695H do not exhibit any transcriptional activity. Molecular modeling suggests that V679A and R695H abrogate the auto-cleavage function of the ICA homo-trimer by destabilizing its homo-trimeric assembly. We also found that the ICA homo-trimer can tolerate one copy of Myrf-V679A or Myrf-R695H for its auto-cleavage function, indicating that V679A and R695H are not dominant negatives. Thus, if V679A and R695H in a heterozygous state caused birth defects, it would be via haploinsufficiency of MYRF.
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17
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Novel truncation mutations in MYRF cause autosomal dominant high hyperopia mapped to 11p12-q13.3. Hum Genet 2019; 138:1077-1090. [PMID: 31172260 PMCID: PMC6745028 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-019-02039-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
High hyperopia is a common and severe form of refractive error. Genetic factors play important roles in the development of high hyperopia but the exact gene responsible for this condition is mostly unknown. We identified a large Chinese family with autosomal dominant high hyperopia. A genome-wide linkage scan mapped the high hyperopia to chromosome 11p12-q13.3, with maximum log of the odds scores of 4.68 at theta = 0 for D11S987. Parallel whole-exome sequencing detected a novel c.3377delG (p.Gly1126Valfs*31) heterozygous mutation in the MYRF gene within the linkage interval. Whole-exome sequencing in other 121 probands with high hyperopia identified additional novel mutations in MYRF within two other families: a de novo c.3274_3275delAG (p.Leu1093Profs*22) heterozygous mutation and a c.3194+2T>C heterozygous mutation. All three mutations are located in the C-terminal region of MYRF and are predicted to result in truncation of that portion. Two patients from two of the three families developed angle-closure glaucoma. These three mutations were present in neither the ExAC database nor our in-house whole-exome sequencing data from 3280 individuals. No other truncation mutations in MYRF were detected in the 3280 individuals. Knockdown of myrf resulted in small eye size in zebrafish. These evidence all support that truncation mutations in the C-terminal region of MYRF are responsible for autosomal dominant high hyperopia in these families. Our results may provide useful clues for further understanding the functional role of the C-terminal region of this critical myelin regulatory factor, as well as the molecular pathogenesis of high hyperopia and its associated angle-closure glaucoma.
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18
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Interactive Repression of MYRF Self-Cleavage and Activity in Oligodendrocyte Differentiation by TMEM98 Protein. J Neurosci 2018; 38:9829-9839. [PMID: 30249802 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0154-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelin sheath formed by oligodendrocytes (OLs) is essential for the rapid propagation of action potentials in the vertebrate CNS. Myelin regulatory factor (MYRF) is one of the critical factors that control OL differentiation and myelin maintenance. Previous studies showed that MYRF is a membrane-bound transcription factor associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). After self-cleavage, the N-fragment of MYRF is released from the ER and translocated into the nucleus where it functions as a transcription factor to activate myelin gene expression. At present, it remains unknown whether MYRF self-cleavage and functional activation can be regulated during OL differentiation. Here, we report that TMEM98, an ER-associated transmembrane protein, is capable of binding to the C-terminal of MYRF and inhibiting its self-cleavage and N-fragment nuclear translocation. In the developing CNS, TMEM98 is selectively expressed in early maturing OLs in mouse pups of either sex. Forced expression of TMEM98 in embryonic chicken spinal cord of either sex suppresses endogenous OL differentiation and MYRF-induced ectopic expression of myelin genes. These results suggest that TMEM98, through inhibiting the self-cleavage of MYRF, functions as a negative feedback regulator of MYRF in oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT MYRF protein is initially synthesized as an ER-associated membrane protein that undergoes autoproteolytic cleavage to release the N-fragment, which is then transported into the nucleus and activates the transcription of myelin genes. To date, the molecular mechanisms that regulate the self-cleavage and function of MYRF in regulating oligodendrocyte differentiation have remained unknown. In this study, we present the molecular and functional evidence that TMEM98 membrane protein physically interacts with MYRF in the ER and subsequently blocks its self-cleavage, N-terminal nuclear translocation, and functional activation of myelin gene expression. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the regulation of MYRF self-proteolytic activity and function by an interacting protein, providing new insights into the molecular regulation of OL differentiation and myelinogenesis.
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19
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Choi JO, Fan C, Kim D, Sharif M, An H, Park Y. Elucidating the transactivation domain of the pleiotropic transcription factor Myrf. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13075. [PMID: 30166609 PMCID: PMC6117317 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31477-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Myrf is a newly discovered membrane-bound transcription factor that plays an essential role in as diverse organisms as human, worm, and slime mold. Myrf is generated as a type-II membrane protein in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). It forms homo-oligomers to undergo auto-cleavage that releases Myrf N-terminal fragment from the ER membrane as a homo-trimer. The homo-trimer of Myrf N-terminal fragments enters the nucleus and binds the Myrf motif to activate transcription. Despite its prominent role as a transcriptional activator, little is known about the transactivation domain of Myrf. Here, we report that the N-terminal-most (NTM) domain of Myrf is required for transcriptional activity and, when fused to a Gal4 fragment, enables it to activate transcription. The transactivation function of the NTM domain did not require homo-trimerization. We also discovered that the NTM domain can be sumoylated at three lysine residues (K123, K208, and K276), with K276 serving as the main acceptor. K276 sumoylation repressed the transactivation function of the NTM domain without affecting the stability or nuclear localization of Myrf N-terminal fragment. In sum, this study identifies the NTM domain as the transactivation domain of Myrf and the potential regulatory impact of its K276 sumoylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ok Choi
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, SUNY Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Chuandong Fan
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, SUNY Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Dongkyeong Kim
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, SUNY Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Mohamed Sharif
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, SUNY Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Hongjoo An
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, SUNY Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Yungki Park
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, SUNY Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA.
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20
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Liu Y, Li P, Fan L, Wu M. The nuclear transportation routes of membrane-bound transcription factors. Cell Commun Signal 2018; 16:12. [PMID: 29615051 PMCID: PMC5883603 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-018-0224-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane-bound transcription factors (MTFs) are transcription factors (TFs) that are anchored in membranes in a dormant state. Activated by external or internal stimuli, MTFs are released from parent membranes and are transported to the nucleus. Existing research indicates that some plasma membrane (PM)-bound proteins and some endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane-bound proteins have the ability to enter the nucleus. Upon specific signal recognition cues, some PM-bound TFs undergo proteolytic cleavage to liberate the intracellular fragments that enter the nucleus to control gene transcription. However, lipid-anchored PM-bound proteins enter the nucleus in their full length for depalmitoylation. In addition, some PM-bound TFs exist as full-length proteins in cell nucleus via trafficking to the Golgi and the ER, where membrane-releasing mechanisms rely on endocytosis. In contrast, the ER membrane-bound TFs relocate to the nucleus directly or by trafficking to the Golgi. In both of these pathways, only the fragments of the ER membrane-bound TFs transit to the nucleus. Several different nuclear trafficking modes of MTFs are summarized in this review, providing an effective supplement to the mechanisms of signal transduction and gene regulation. Moreover, targeting intracellular movement pathways of disease-associated MTFs may significantly improve the survival of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital and the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Peiyao Li
- Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital and the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Li Fan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Minghua Wu
- Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital and the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China. .,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
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21
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Pinz H, Pyle LC, Li D, Izumi K, Skraban C, Tarpinian J, Braddock SR, Telegrafi A, Monaghan KG, Zackai E, Bhoj EJ. De novo variants in Myelin regulatory factor (MYRF) as candidates of a new syndrome of cardiac and urogenital anomalies. Am J Med Genet A 2018; 176:969-972. [PMID: 29446546 PMCID: PMC5867271 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Myelin Regulatory Factor (MYRF) is a transcription factor that has previously been associated with the control of the expression of myelin-related genes. However, it is highly expressed in human tissues and mouse embryonic tissues outside the nervous system such as the stomach, lung, and small intestine. It has not previously been reported as a cause of any Mendelian disease. We report here two males with Scimitar syndrome [MIM 106700], and other features including penoscrotal hypospadias, cryptorchidism, pulmonary hypoplasia, tracheal anomalies, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, cleft spleen, thymic involution, and thyroid fibrosis. Gross neurologic functioning appears to be within normal limits. In both individuals a de novo variant in MYRF was identified using exome sequencing. Neither variant is found in gnomAD. Heterozygous variants in MYRF should be considered in patients with variants of Scimitar syndrome and urogenital anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailey Pinz
- Divisionof Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Louise C. Pyle
- Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Dong Li
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kosuke Izumi
- Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Cara Skraban
- Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jennifer Tarpinian
- Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephen R. Braddock
- Divisionof Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | | | | | - Elaine Zackai
- Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Elizabeth J. Bhoj
- Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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22
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Jin Y, Qi YB. Building stereotypic connectivity: mechanistic insights into structural plasticity from C. elegans. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2017; 48:97-105. [PMID: 29182952 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The ability of neurons to modify or remodel their synaptic connectivity is critical for the function of neural circuitry throughout the life of an animal. Understanding the mechanisms underlying neuronal structural changes is central to our knowledge of how the nervous system is shaped for complex behaviors and how it further adapts to developmental and environmental demands. Caenorhabditis elegans provides a powerful model for examining developmental processes and for discovering mechanisms controlling neural plasticity. Recent findings have identified conserved themes underlying neural plasticity in development and under environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yishi Jin
- Section of Neurobiology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Yingchuan B Qi
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China.
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23
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Yu B, Wang X, Wei S, Fu T, Dzakah EE, Waqas A, Walthall WW, Shan G. Convergent Transcriptional Programs Regulate cAMP Levels in C. elegans GABAergic Motor Neurons. Dev Cell 2017; 43:212-226.e7. [PMID: 29033363 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Both transcriptional regulation and signaling pathways play crucial roles in neuronal differentiation and plasticity. Caenorhabditis elegans possesses 19 GABAergic motor neurons (MNs) called D MNs, which are divided into two subgroups: DD and VD. DD, but not VD, MNs reverse their cellular polarity in a developmental process called respecification. UNC-30 and UNC-55 are two critical transcription factors in D MNs. By using chromatin immunoprecipitation with CRISPR/Cas9 knockin of GFP fusion, we uncovered the global targets of UNC-30 and UNC-55. UNC-30 and UNC-55 are largely converged to regulate over 1,300 noncoding and coding genes, and genes in multiple biological processes, including cAMP metabolism, are co-regulated. Increase in cAMP levels may serve as a timing signal for respecification, whereas UNC-55 regulates genes such as pde-4 to keep the cAMP levels low in VD. Other genes modulating DD respecification such as lin-14, irx-1, and oig-1 are also found to affect cAMP levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province 230027, China
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province 230027, China
| | - Shuai Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province 230027, China
| | - Tao Fu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province 230027, China
| | - Emmanuel Enoch Dzakah
- CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province 230027, China
| | - Ahmed Waqas
- CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province 230027, China
| | - Walter W Walthall
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Ge Shan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province 230027, China.
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24
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MYRFs on the Move to Rewire Circuits. Dev Cell 2017; 41:123-124. [PMID: 28441525 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Synaptic plasticity occurs in response to intrinsic and extrinsic cues and is a key step in the formation of mature neuronal circuits. In this issue of Developmental Cell, Meng et al. (2017) find that two conserved Myrf transcription factors coexist in the same complex to promote developmental circuit remodeling.
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