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Iwańska O, Latoch P, Kopik N, Kovalenko M, Lichocka M, Serwa R, Starosta AL. Translation in Bacillus subtilis is spatially and temporally coordinated during sporulation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7188. [PMID: 39169056 PMCID: PMC11339384 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51654-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional control of sporulation in Bacillus subtilis is reasonably well understood, but its translational control is underexplored. Here, we use RNA-seq, ribosome profiling and fluorescence microscopy to study the translational dynamics of B. subtilis sporulation. We identify two events of translation silencing and describe spatiotemporal changes in subcellular localization of ribosomes during sporulation. We investigate the potential regulatory role of ribosomes during sporulation using a strain lacking zinc-independent paralogs of three zinc-dependent ribosomal proteins (L31, L33 and S14). The mutant strain exhibits delayed sporulation, reduced germination efficiency, dysregulated translation of metabolic and sporulation-related genes, and disruptions in translation silencing, particularly in late sporulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Iwańska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, Warsaw, 02-106, Poland
| | - Przemysław Latoch
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, Warsaw, 02-106, Poland
| | - Natalia Kopik
- Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej 5, Lublin, 20-031, Poland
| | - Mariia Kovalenko
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, Warsaw, 02-106, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Lichocka
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, Warsaw, 02-106, Poland
| | - Remigiusz Serwa
- The International Institute of Molecular Mechanisms and Machines Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Flisa 6, Warsaw, 02-247, Poland
| | - Agata L Starosta
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, Warsaw, 02-106, Poland.
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Dehghani B, Rodrigues CDA. SpoIIQ-dependent localization of SpoIIE contributes to septal stability and compartmentalization during the engulfment stage of Bacillus subtilis sporulation. J Bacteriol 2024; 206:e0022024. [PMID: 38904397 PMCID: PMC11270862 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00220-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
During spore development in bacteria, a polar septum separates two transcriptionally distinct cellular compartments, the mother cell and the forespore. The conserved serine phosphatase SpoIIE is known for its critical role in the formation of this septum and activation of compartment-specific transcription in the forespore. Signaling between the mother cell and forespore then leads to activation of mother cell transcription and a phagocytic-like process called engulfment, which involves dramatic remodeling of the septum and requires a balance between peptidoglycan synthesis and hydrolysis to ensure septal stability and compartmentalization. Using Bacillus subtilis, we identify an additional role for SpoIIE in maintaining septal stability and compartmentalization at the onset of engulfment. This role for SpoIIE is mediated by SpoIIQ, which anchors SpoIIE in the engulfing membrane. A SpoIIQ mutant (SpoIIQ Y28A) that fails to anchor SpoIIE, results in septal instability and miscompartmentalization during septal peptidoglycan hydrolysis, when other septal stabilization factors are absent. Our data support a model whereby SpoIIE and its interactions with the peptidoglycan synthetic machinery contribute to the stabilization of the asymmetric septum early in engulfment, thereby ensuring compartmentalization during spore development.IMPORTANCEBacterial sporulation is a complex process involving a vast array of proteins. Some of these proteins are absolutely critical and regulate key points in the developmental process. Once such protein is SpoIIE, known for its role in the formation of the polar septum, a hallmark of the early stages of sporulation, and activation of the first sporulation-specific sigma factor, σF, in the developing spore. Interestingly, SpoIIE has been shown to interact with SpoIIQ, an important σF-regulated protein that functions during the engulfment stage. However, the significance of this interaction has remained unclear. Here, we unveil the importance of the SpoIIQ-SpoIIE interaction and identify a role for SpoIIE in the stabilization of the polar septum and maintenance of compartmentalization at the onset of engulfment. In this way, we demonstrate that key sporulation proteins, like SpoIIQ and SpoIIE, function in multiple processes during spore development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Dehghani
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
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3
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Wang H, Gallet B, Moriscot C, Pezet M, Chatellard C, Kleman JP, Göttlinger H, Weissenhorn W, Boscheron C. An Inducible ESCRT-III Inhibition Tool to Control HIV-1 Budding. Viruses 2023; 15:2289. [PMID: 38140530 PMCID: PMC10748027 DOI: 10.3390/v15122289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 budding as well as many other cellular processes require the Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport (ESCRT) machinery. Understanding the architecture of the native ESCRT-III complex at HIV-1 budding sites is limited due to spatial resolution and transient ESCRT-III recruitment. Here, we developed a drug-inducible transient HIV-1 budding inhibitory tool to enhance the ESCRT-III lifetime at budding sites. We generated autocleavable CHMP2A, CHMP3, and CHMP4B fusion proteins with the hepatitis C virus NS3 protease. We characterized the CHMP-NS3 fusion proteins in the absence and presence of protease inhibitor Glecaprevir with regard to expression, stability, localization, and HIV-1 Gag VLP budding. Immunoblotting experiments revealed rapid and stable accumulation of CHMP-NS3 fusion proteins. Notably, upon drug administration, CHMP2A-NS3 and CHMP4B-NS3 fusion proteins substantially decrease VLP release while CHMP3-NS3 exerted no effect but synergized with CHMP2A-NS3. Localization studies demonstrated the relocalization of CHMP-NS3 fusion proteins to the plasma membrane, endosomes, and Gag VLP budding sites. Through the combined use of transmission electron microscopy and video-microscopy, we unveiled drug-dependent accumulation of CHMP2A-NS3 and CHMP4B-NS3, causing a delay in HIV-1 Gag-VLP release. Our findings provide novel insight into the functional consequences of inhibiting ESCRT-III during HIV-1 budding and establish new tools to decipher the role of ESCRT-III at HIV-1 budding sites and other ESCRT-catalyzed cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Wang
- University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), 38000 Grenoble, France; (H.W.); (B.G.); (C.C.); (J.-P.K.)
| | - Benoit Gallet
- University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), 38000 Grenoble, France; (H.W.); (B.G.); (C.C.); (J.-P.K.)
| | | | - Mylène Pezet
- University Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, IAB, 38000 Grenoble, France;
| | - Christine Chatellard
- University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), 38000 Grenoble, France; (H.W.); (B.G.); (C.C.); (J.-P.K.)
| | - Jean-Philippe Kleman
- University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), 38000 Grenoble, France; (H.W.); (B.G.); (C.C.); (J.-P.K.)
| | - Heinrich Göttlinger
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA;
| | - Winfried Weissenhorn
- University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), 38000 Grenoble, France; (H.W.); (B.G.); (C.C.); (J.-P.K.)
| | - Cécile Boscheron
- University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), 38000 Grenoble, France; (H.W.); (B.G.); (C.C.); (J.-P.K.)
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4
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Wang H, Gallet B, Moriscot C, Pezet M, Chatellard C, Kleman JP, Göttlinger H, Weissenhorn W, Boscheron C. An inducible ESCRT-III inhibition tool to control HIV-1 budding. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.16.562494. [PMID: 37905063 PMCID: PMC10614826 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.16.562494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 budding as well as many other cellular processes require the Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport (ESCRT) machinery. Understanding the architecture of the native ESCRT-III complex at HIV-1 budding sites is limited due to spatial resolution and transient ESCRT-III recruitment. Here, we developed a drug-inducible transient HIV-1 budding inhibitory tool to enhance the ESCRT-III lifetime at budding sites. We generated auto-cleavable CHMP2A, CHMP3, and CHMP4B fusion proteins with the hepatitis C virus NS3 protease. We characterized the CHMP-NS3 fusion proteins in the absence and presence of protease inhibitor Glecaprevir with regard to expression, stability, localization and HIV-1 Gag VLP budding. Immunoblotting experiments revealed rapid and stable accumulation of CHMP-NS3 fusion proteins with variable modification of Gag VLP budding upon drug administration. Notably, CHMP2A-NS3 and CHMP4B-NS3 fusion proteins substantially decrease VLP release while CHMP3-NS3 exerted a minor effect and synergized with CHMP2A-NS3. Localization studies demonstrated the re-localization of CHMP-NS3 fusion proteins to the plasma membrane, endosomes, and Gag VLP budding sites. Through the combined use of transmission electron microscopy and video-microscopy, we unveiled drug-dependent accumulation of CHMP2A-NS3 and CHMP4B-NS3, causing a delay in HIV-1 Gag-VLP release. Our findings provide novel insight into the functional consequences of inhibiting ESCRT-III during HIV-1 budding and establish new tools to decipher the role of ESCRT-III at HIV-1 budding sites and other ESCRT-catalyzed cellular processes.
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De Vallée A, Dupuy JW, Moriscot C, Gallet B, Vanderperre S, Guignard G, Rascle C, Calvar G, Malbert B, Gillet FX, Dieryckx C, Choquer M, Girard V, Poussereau N, Bruel C. Extracellular Vesicles of the Plant Pathogen Botrytis cinerea. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9040495. [PMID: 37108947 PMCID: PMC10146736 DOI: 10.3390/jof9040495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal secretomes are known to contain a multitude of components involved in nutrition, cell growth or biotic interactions. Recently, extra-cellular vesicles have been identified in a few fungal species. Here, we used a multidisciplinary approach to identify and characterize extracellular vesicles produced by the plant necrotroph Botrytis cinerea. Transmission electron microscopy of infectious hyphae and hyphae grown in vitro revealed extracellular vesicles of various sizes and densities. Electron tomography showed the co-existence of ovoid and tubular vesicles and pointed to their release via the fusion of multi-vesicular bodies with the cell plasma membrane. The isolation of these vesicles and exploration of their protein content using mass spectrometry led to the identification of soluble and membrane proteins involved in transport, metabolism, cell wall synthesis and remodeling, proteostasis, oxidoreduction and traffic. Confocal microscopy highlighted the capacity of fluorescently labeled vesicles to target cells of B. cinerea, cells of the fungus Fusarium graminearum, and onion epidermal cells but not yeast cells. In addition, a specific positive effect of these vesicles on the growth of B. cinerea was quantified. Altogether, this study broadens our view on the secretion capacity of B. cinerea and its cell-to-cell communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelie De Vallée
- Univ. Lyon, UCBL, INSA Lyon, CNRS, MAP, UMR5240, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | | | | | - Benoit Gallet
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Solène Vanderperre
- Centre Technologique des Microstructures, Université Lyon 1, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Gaëtan Guignard
- Univ. Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR 5023 LEHNA, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Christine Rascle
- Univ. Lyon, UCBL, INSA Lyon, CNRS, MAP, UMR5240, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Glen Calvar
- Univ. Lyon, UCBL, INSA Lyon, CNRS, MAP, UMR5240, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Bastien Malbert
- Bayer SAS, Crop Science Division Centre de Recherche La Dargoire, 69009 Lyon, France
| | | | - Cindy Dieryckx
- Univ. Lyon, UCBL, INSA Lyon, CNRS, MAP, UMR5240, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Mathias Choquer
- Univ. Lyon, UCBL, INSA Lyon, CNRS, MAP, UMR5240, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Vincent Girard
- Univ. Lyon, UCBL, INSA Lyon, CNRS, MAP, UMR5240, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Christophe Bruel
- Univ. Lyon, UCBL, INSA Lyon, CNRS, MAP, UMR5240, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
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Roberts DM. A new role for monomeric ParA/Soj in chromosome dynamics in Bacillus subtilis. Microbiologyopen 2023; 12:e1344. [PMID: 36825885 PMCID: PMC9841721 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
ParABS (Soj-Spo0J) systems were initially implicated in plasmid and chromosome segregation in bacteria. However, it is now increasingly understood that they play multiple roles in cell cycle events in Bacillus subtilis, and possibly other bacteria. In a recent study, monomeric forms of ParA/Soj have been implicated in regulating aspects of chromosome dynamics during B. subtilis sporulation. In this commentary, I will discuss the known roles of ParABS systems, explore why sporulation is a valuable model for studying these proteins, and the new insights into the role of monomeric ParA/Soj. Finally, I will touch upon some of the future work that remains.
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Genome-wide screen in human plasma identifies multifaceted complement evasion of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011023. [PMID: 36696456 PMCID: PMC9901815 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an opportunistic Gram-negative pathogen, is a leading cause of bacteremia with a high mortality rate. We recently reported that P. aeruginosa forms a persister-like sub-population of evaders in human plasma. Here, using a gain-of-function transposon sequencing (Tn-seq) screen in plasma, we identified and validated previously unknown factors affecting bacterial persistence in plasma. Among them, we identified a small periplasmic protein, named SrgA, whose expression leads to up to a 100-fold increase in resistance to killing. Additionally, mutants in pur and bio genes displayed higher tolerance and persistence, respectively. Analysis of several steps of the complement cascade and exposure to an outer-membrane-impermeable drug, nisin, suggested that the mutants impede membrane attack complex (MAC) activity per se. Electron microscopy combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) revealed the formation of polyphosphate (polyP) granules upon incubation in plasma of different size in purD and wild-type strains, implying the bacterial response to a stress signal. Indeed, inactivation of ppk genes encoding polyP-generating enzymes lead to significant elimination of persisting bacteria from plasma. Through this study, we shed light on a complex P. aeruginosa response to the plasma conditions and discovered the multifactorial origin of bacterial resilience to MAC-induced killing.
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Arjes HA, Gui H, Porter R, Atolia E, Peters JM, Gross C, Kearns DB, Huang KC. Fatty Acid Synthesis Knockdown Promotes Biofilm Wrinkling and Inhibits Sporulation in Bacillus subtilis. mBio 2022; 13:e0138822. [PMID: 36069446 PMCID: PMC9600695 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01388-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Many bacterial species typically live in complex three-dimensional biofilms, yet much remains unknown about differences in essential processes between nonbiofilm and biofilm lifestyles. Here, we created a CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) library of knockdown strains covering all known essential genes in the biofilm-forming Bacillus subtilis strain NCIB 3610 and investigated growth, biofilm colony wrinkling, and sporulation phenotypes of the knockdown library. First, we showed that gene essentiality is largely conserved between liquid and surface growth and between two media. Second, we quantified biofilm colony wrinkling using a custom image analysis algorithm and found that fatty acid synthesis and DNA gyrase knockdown strains exhibited increased wrinkling independent of biofilm matrix gene expression. Third, we designed a high-throughput screen to quantify sporulation efficiency after essential gene knockdown; we found that partial knockdowns of essential genes remained competent for sporulation in a sporulation-inducing medium, but knockdown of essential genes involved in fatty acid synthesis exhibited reduced sporulation efficiency in LB, a medium with generally lower levels of sporulation. We conclude that a subset of essential genes are particularly important for biofilm structure and sporulation/germination and suggest a previously unappreciated and multifaceted role for fatty acid synthesis in bacterial lifestyles and developmental processes. IMPORTANCE For many bacteria, life typically involves growth in dense, three-dimensional communities called biofilms that contain cells with differentiated roles held together by extracellular matrix. To examine how essential gene function varies between vegetative growth and the developmental states of biofilm formation and sporulation, we created and screened a comprehensive library of strains using CRISPRi to knockdown expression of each essential gene in the biofilm-capable Bacillus subtilis strain 3610. High-throughput assays and computational algorithms identified a subset of essential genes involved in biofilm wrinkling and sporulation and indicated that fatty acid synthesis plays important and multifaceted roles in bacterial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi A. Arjes
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Haiwen Gui
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Rachel Porter
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Esha Atolia
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jason M. Peters
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Carol Gross
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Daniel B. Kearns
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Kerwyn Casey Huang
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
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Genetic Screens Identify Additional Genes Implicated in Envelope Remodeling during the Engulfment Stage of Bacillus subtilis Sporulation. mBio 2022; 13:e0173222. [PMID: 36066101 PMCID: PMC9600426 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01732-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During bacterial endospore formation, the developing spore is internalized into the mother cell through a phagocytic-like process called engulfment, which involves synthesis and hydrolysis of peptidoglycan. Engulfment peptidoglycan hydrolysis requires the widely conserved and well-characterized DMP complex, composed of SpoIID, SpoIIM, and SpoIIP. In contrast, although peptidoglycan synthesis has been implicated in engulfment, the protein players involved are less well defined. The widely conserved SpoIIIAH-SpoIIQ interaction is also required for engulfment efficiency, functioning like a ratchet to promote membrane migration around the forespore. Here, we screened for additional factors required for engulfment using transposon sequencing in Bacillus subtilis mutants with mild engulfment defects. We discovered that YrvJ, a peptidoglycan hydrolase, and the MurA paralog MurAB, involved in peptidoglycan precursor synthesis, are required for efficient engulfment. Cytological analyses suggest that both factors are important for engulfment when the DMP complex is compromised and that MurAB is additionally required when the SpoIIIAH-SpoIIQ ratchet is abolished. Interestingly, despite the importance of MurAB for sporulation in B. subtilis, phylogenetic analyses of MurA paralogs indicate that there is no correlation between sporulation and the number of MurA paralogs and further reveal the existence of a third MurA paralog, MurAC, within the Firmicutes. Collectively, our studies identify two new factors that are required for efficient envelop remodeling during sporulation and highlight the importance of peptidoglycan precursor synthesis for efficient engulfment in B. subtilis and likely other endospore-forming bacteria.
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Chan H, Mohamed AMT, Grainge I, Rodrigues CDA. FtsK and SpoIIIE, coordinators of chromosome segregation and envelope remodeling in bacteria. Trends Microbiol 2021; 30:480-494. [PMID: 34728126 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The translocation of DNA during bacterial cytokinesis is mediated by the SpoIIIE/FtsK family of proteins. These proteins ensure efficient chromosome segregation into sister cells by ATP-driven translocation of DNA and they control chromosome dimer resolution. How FtsK/SpoIIIE mediate chromosome translocation during cytokinesis in Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms has been the subject of debate. Studies on FtsK in Escherichia coli, and recent work on SpoIIIE in Bacillus subtilis, have identified interactions between each translocase and the division machinery, supporting the idea that SpoIIIE and FtsK coordinate the final steps of cytokinesis with completion of chromosome segregation. Here we summarize and discuss the view that SpoIIIE and FtsK play similar roles in coordinating cytokinesis with chromosome segregation, during growth and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Chan
- iThree Institute, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Ian Grainge
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
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