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Effects of Metformin on Bone Mineral Density and Adiposity-Associated Pathways in Animal Models with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11144193. [PMID: 35887957 PMCID: PMC9323116 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11144193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, there have been investigations on metformin (Met) as a potential treatment for bone diseases such as osteoporosis, as researchers have outlined that type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) poses an increased risk of fractures. Hence, this systematic review was conducted according to the 2020 PRISMA guidelines to evaluate the evidence that supports the bone-protective effects of metformin on male animal models with T2DM. Five databases—Google Scholar, PubMed, Wiley Online Library, SCOPUS, and ScienceDirect—were used to search for original randomized controlled trials published in English with relevant keywords. The search identified 18 articles that matched the inclusion criteria and illustrated the effects of Met on bone. This study demonstrates that Met improved bone density and reduced the effects of T2DM on adiposity formation in the animal models. Further research is needed to pinpoint the optimal dosage of Met required to exhibit these therapeutic effects.
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Kang BB, Chiang BH. A novel phenolic formulation for treating hepatic and peripheral insulin resistance by regulating GLUT4-mediated glucose uptake. J Tradit Complement Med 2022; 12:195-205. [PMID: 35528476 PMCID: PMC9072824 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Zhao Y, Zhou X, Zhao X, Yu X, Wang A, Chen X, Qi H, Han TL, Zhang H, Baker PN. Metformin administration during pregnancy attenuated the long-term maternal metabolic and cognitive impairments in a mouse model of gestational diabetes. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:14019-14036. [PMID: 32697764 PMCID: PMC7425475 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a metabolic disease that can have long-term adverse effects on the cognitive function of mothers. In our study, we explored the changes in metabolic health and cognitive function in mice of middle- and old- age after exposure to GDM, and whether metformin therapy during pregnancy provided long-term benefits. Results: Mice with GDM demonstrated significant cognitive impairment in old age, which was associated with insulin resistance. Gestational metformin therapy was shown to increase insulin sensitivity and improve cognition. The ovarian aging rate was also accelerated in mice exposed to GDM during pregnancy, which may be related to fatty acid metabolism in the ovaries. Conclusion: Treatment with metformin during pregnancy was shown to improve fatty acid metabolism in ovarian tissues. Method: During pregnancy, mice were fed with a high-fat diet (GDM group) or a low-fat diet (Control group), and a third group received metformin while receiving a high-fat diet (Treatment group). At 12 months old, the mice completed an oral glucose tolerance test, insulin tolerance test, Morris water maze test, female sex hormones were measured, and metabolite profiles of tissue from the ovaries, hypothalamus, and pituitary glands were analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalan Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Obstetrics, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xue Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinyang Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Andi Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuyang Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongbo Qi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ting-Li Han
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Philip N Baker
- College of Medicine, Biological Sciences and Psychology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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Yogalakshmi B, Sathiya Priya C, Anuradha CV. Grape seed proanthocyanidins and metformin combination attenuate hepatic endoplasmic reticulum stress in rats subjected to nutrition excess. Arch Physiol Biochem 2019; 125:174-183. [PMID: 29482356 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2018.1444058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the liver is a pathological outcome of nutrient excess and is suggested to be one of the hits for progressive liver injury. OBJECTIVE This study investigated whether grape seed proanthocyanidins (GSP) and metformin (MET) alone or in combination can relieve hepatic ER stress induced in rats subjected to calorie excess. MATERIAL AND METHODS Male albino Wistar rats were given high calorie diet (HCD) for 45 days, while GSP (100 mg/kg body weight) and MET (50 mg/kg body weight) were administered either alone or in combination for last 15 days. RESULTS GSP, MET or both had reduced the levels of ER stress markers and chaperons, and suppressed the activation of lipogenic and inflammatory mediators in rat liver. DISCUSSION Though GSP and MET had reduced ER stress and inflammation individually, combination treatment with GSP + MET was more effective. CONCLUSION We suggest intervention with GSP and MET intake has to be considered for the management of liver disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baskaran Yogalakshmi
- a Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology , Annamalai University , Annamalai Nagar , India
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Ao N, Yang J, Wang X, Du J. Glucagon-like peptide-1 preserves non-alcoholic fatty liver disease through inhibition of the endoplasmic reticulum stress-associated pathway. Hepatol Res 2016; 46:343-53. [PMID: 26147696 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) has been increasingly recognized for treating diabetes mellitus, and for its potential to effectively treat non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, the mechanisms of GLP-1 induction in NAFLD are not completely known. We investigated whether GLP-1 can protect against NAFLD by alleviating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a high-fat diet and treated with a long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist, liraglutide. Biochemical, morphological, genetic and protein expression of ER stress were investigated. In vitro, HepG2 cells were exposed to 0.4 mM palmitate fatty acid and treated with different concentrations of GLP-1, and ER protein 46 (ERp46) and ER stress pathways were analyzed. Cellular response to ER stress and apoptosis were determined upon transfection with either ERp46 siRNA or a negative control siRNA. RESULTS In vivo, the treatment of GLP-1 attenuated the hepatic accumulation of lipids, reduced inflammation and improved metabolic parameters. GLP-1 treatment significantly upregulated the expression of ERp46 and downregulated the ER stress marker. Activation of ER pathways was restrained by GLP-1. Similar observations were made in vitro. Furthermore, inhibition of ERp46 expression by siRNA-mediated silencing increased the ER stress response and enhanced cell apoptosis rates. In addition, GLP-1 could not reduce the levels of ER stress and apoptosis in cells transfected with ERp46 siRNA compared with in negative control transfected cells after palmitate treatment. CONCLUSION GLP-1 protected against NAFLD by inactivating the ER stress-associated apoptosis pathway. In addition, the effect was possibly related to the signaling pathway of ERp46.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Ao
- Department of Endocrinology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaochen Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jian Du
- Department of Endocrinology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Yang J, Ao N, Du J, Wang X, He Y. Protective effect of liraglutide against ER stress in the liver of high-fat diet-induced insulin-resistant rats. Endocrine 2015; 49:106-18. [PMID: 25471281 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-014-0480-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analog liraglutide can alleviate endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and insulin resistance (IR) in the liver of high-fat diet-induced insulin-resistant rats. Eighty-five male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed with normal chow or a high-fat diet for 12 weeks. The IR was evaluated using the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp technique. The rats in the HF group were further divided into four groups and were treated with or without liraglutide by subcutaneous injection. Body weight (BW), fasting blood glucose (FBG), fasting insulin (FINS), and insulin sensitivity were measured. The expression of ER stress marker GRP78 and its signaling mediators, such as IRE1α, PERK, and ATF6, in the liver were examined. The ultrastructure of the ER in the liver was examined by transmission electron microscopy. The expression levels of chemerin in the liver and the serum were also measured. After 4 weeks of liraglutide treatment, the BW, FBG, and FINS levels were significantly reduced, and the insulin sensitivity was increased compared with the HF only rats. Liraglutide reduced the expression of GRP78 and chemerin in liver tissue at both the mRNA and protein levels. Interestingly, the chemerin mRNA was closely correlated with the level of GRP78 mRNA, while the level of chemerin in serum was also associated with the FINS level. As a representative GLP-1 analog, liraglutide can suppress ER stress and reduce chemerin expression in the liver of rats exposed to a high-fat diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
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Reverchon M, Bertoldo MJ, Ramé C, Froment P, Dupont J. CHEMERIN (RARRES2) decreases in vitro granulosa cell steroidogenesis and blocks oocyte meiotic progression in bovine species. Biol Reprod 2014; 90:102. [PMID: 24671882 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.113.117044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
CHEMERIN, or RARRES2, is a new adipokine that is involved in the regulation of adipogenesis, energy metabolism, and inflammation. Recent data suggest that it also plays a role in reproductive function in rats and humans. Here we studied the expression of CHEMERIN and its three receptors (CMKLR1, GPR1, and CCRL2) in the bovine ovary and investigated the in vitro effects of this hormone on granulosa cell steroidogenesis and oocyte maturation. By RT-PCR, immunoblotting, and immunohistochemistry, we found CHEMERIN, CMKLR1, GPR1, and CCRL2 in various ovarian cells, including granulosa and theca cells, corpus luteum, and oocytes. In cultured bovine granulosa cells, INSULIN, IGF1, and two insulin sensitizers-metformin and rosiglitazone-increased rarres2 mRNA expression whereas they decreased cmklr1, gpr1, and cclr2 mRNA expression. Furthermore, TNF alpha and ADIPONECTIN significantly increased rarres2 and cmklr1 expression, respectively. In cultured bovine granulosa cells, human recombinant CHEMERIN (hRec, 200 ng/ml) reduced production of both progesterone and estradiol, cholesterol content, STAR abundance, CYP19A1 and HMGCR proteins, and the phosphorylation levels of MAPK3/MAPK1 in the presence or absence of FSH (10(-8) M) and IGF1 (10(-8) M). All of these effects were abolished by using an anti-CMKLR1 antibody. In bovine cumulus-oocyte complexes, the addition of hRec (200 ng/ml) in the maturation medium arrested most oocytes at the germinal vesicle stage, and this was associated with a decrease in MAPK3/1 phosphorylation in both oocytes and cumulus cells. Thus, in cultured bovine granulosa cells, hRec decreases steroidogenesis, cholesterol synthesis, and MAPK3/1 phosphorylation, probably through CMKLR1. Moreover, in cumulus-oocyte complexes, it blocked meiotic progression at the germinal vesicle stage and inhibited MAPK3/1 phosphorylation in both the oocytes and cumulus cells during in vitro maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Reverchon
- Unité Mixte de Recherches 7247 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université de Tours-Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation, Nouzilly, France
| | - Michael J Bertoldo
- Unité Mixte de Recherches 7247 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université de Tours-Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation, Nouzilly, France
| | - Christelle Ramé
- Unité Mixte de Recherches 7247 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université de Tours-Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation, Nouzilly, France
| | - Pascal Froment
- Unité Mixte de Recherches 7247 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université de Tours-Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation, Nouzilly, France
| | - Joëlle Dupont
- Unité Mixte de Recherches 7247 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université de Tours-Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation, Nouzilly, France
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Malin SK, Navaneethan SD, Mulya A, Huang H, Kirwan JP. Exercise-induced lowering of chemerin is associated with reduced cardiometabolic risk and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in older adults. J Nutr Health Aging 2014; 18:608-15. [PMID: 24950152 PMCID: PMC4697740 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-014-0459-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of exercise on chemerin in relation to changes in fat loss, insulin action, and dyslipidemia in older adults. PARTICIPANTS Thirty older (65.9±0.9yr) obese adults (BMI:34.5±0.7kg/m2). SETTING Single-center, Cleveland Clinic. DESIGN Prospective clinical trial. INTERVENTION Twelve-weeks of exercise training (60minutes/day, 5day/week at ~85% HRmax). Subjects were instructed to maintain habitual nutrient intake. MEASUREMENTS Plasma chemerin was analyzed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Peripheral and hepatic insulin sensitivity was assessed using a euglycemic-hyperinsulinic clamp with glucose kinetics. First-phase and total glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) was calculated from an oral glucose tolerance test. Fasting blood lipids (cholesterol, triglycerides), total/visceral fat (dual-x-ray absorptiometry and computerized tomography) and cardiorespiratory fitness (treadmill test) were also tested pre and post intervention. RESULTS Exercise increased fitness and reduced total/visceral fat, blood lipids, and first-phase GSIS (P<0.05). Training also increased peripheral insulin sensitivity and lowered basal/insulin-related hepatic glucose production (P<0.01). The intervention reduced chemerin (87.1±6.0 vs. 78.1±5.8ng/ml; P=0.02), and the reduction correlated with decreased visceral fat (r=0.50, P=0.009), total body fat (r=0.42, P=0.02), cholesterol (r=0.38, P=0.04), triglycerides (r=0.36, P=0.05), and first-phase and total GSIS (r=0.39, P=0.03 and r=0.43, P=0.02, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Lower chemerin appears to be an important hormone involved in cardiometabolic risk and GSIS reduction following exercise in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Malin
- John P. Kirwan, PhD, Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Ave (NE40), Cleveland, OH 44195, Phone: (216) 444-3412, Fax: (216) 636-1496 ,
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Esteghamati A, Ghasemiesfe M, Mousavizadeh M, Noshad S, Nakhjavani M. Pioglitazone and metformin are equally effective in reduction of chemerin in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Investig 2013; 5:327-32. [PMID: 24843782 PMCID: PMC4020338 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION Chemerin, a novel member of the family of adipocytokines, has been shown to be associated with insulin resistance, as well as micro- and macrovascular complications of diabetes. We investigated the effects of pioglitazone and metformin, two commonly prescribed antidiabetic agents, on the reduction of serum chemerin concentrations. MATERIALS AND METHODS In an open-labeled randomized clinical trial, 81 patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes who were not taking antidiabetic medications were recruited. Patients were randomly assigned to either pioglitazone 30 mg daily or metformin 1,000 mg daily. Serum chemerin concentrations, indices of glycemic control, serum lipids concentrations, and anthropometric parameters were measured at baseline and after 3 months. RESULTS Pioglitazone and metformin did not alter waist circumference, weight or body mass index after 3 months. In contrast, all indices of glycemia and insulin resistance improved substantially after 3 months' treatment with both medications (P < 0.01 in all analyses). There was a significant decrease in chemerin concentrations after 3 months in the pioglitazone group (P = 0.008). Similarly, metformin caused a significant drop in chemerin concentrations at week 12 (P = 0.015). When compared, metformin and pioglitazone proved to be equally effective in the alleviation of chemerin concentrations (P = 0.895, effect size: 0.1%). CONCLUSIONS The present findings show that pioglitazone and metformin have comparable efficacy on serum chemerin concentrations, albeit through different mechanisms. Future studies need to focus on the clinical implications of lowered chemerin concentration on improvement of diabetes complications. This trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (no. NCT01593371).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Esteghamati
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC) Vali-Asr Hospital School of Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Mehrnaz Ghasemiesfe
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC) Vali-Asr Hospital School of Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Mostafa Mousavizadeh
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC) Vali-Asr Hospital School of Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Sina Noshad
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC) Vali-Asr Hospital School of Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Manouchehr Nakhjavani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC) Vali-Asr Hospital School of Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
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Chou YT, Zhan G, Zhu Y, Fenik P, Panossian L, Li Y, Zhang J, Veasey S. C/EBP homologous binding protein (CHOP) underlies neural injury in sleep apnea model. Sleep 2013; 36:481-92. [PMID: 23564995 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.2528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with cognitive impairment and neuronal injury. Long-term exposure to intermittent hypoxia (LTIH) in rodents, modeling the oxygenation patterns in sleep apnea, results in NADPH oxidase 2 (Nox2) oxidative injury to many neuronal populations. Brainstem motoneurons susceptible to LTIH injury show uncompensated endoplasmic reticulum stress responses with increased (CCAAT/enhancer binding protein homologous protein (CHOP). We hypothesized that CHOP underlies LTIH oxidative injury. In this series of studies, we first determined whether CHOP is upregulated in other brain regions susceptible to LTIH oxidative Nox2 injury and then determined whether CHOP plays an adaptive or injurious role in the LTIH response. To integrate these findings with previous studies examining LTIH neural injury, we examined the role of CHOP in Nox2, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) responses, oxidative injury and apoptosis, and neuron loss. DESIGN Within/between mice subjects. SETTING Laboratory setting. PARTICIPANTSSUBJECTS: CHOP null and wild-type adult male mice. INTERVENTIONS LTIH or sham LTIH. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Relative to wild-type mice, CHOP-/- mice conferred resistance to oxidative stress (superoxide production/ carbonyl proteins) in brain regions examined: cortex, hippocampus, and motor nuclei. CHOP deletion prevented LTIH upregulation of Nox2 and HIF-1α in the hippocampus, cortex, and brainstem motoneurons and protected mice from neuronal apoptosis and motoneuron loss. CONCLUSIONS Endogenous CHOP is necessary for LTIH-induced HIF-1α, Nox2 upregulation, and oxidative stress; CHOP influences LTIH-induced apoptosis in neurons and loss of neurons. Findings support the concept that minimizing CHOP may provide neuroprotection in OSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Chou
- Sleep Center, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
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Rourke JL, Dranse HJ, Sinal CJ. Towards an integrative approach to understanding the role of chemerin in human health and disease. Obes Rev 2013; 14:245-62. [PMID: 23216632 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chemerin is an adipocyte-secreted protein with autocrine/paracrine roles on adipose development and function as well as endocrine roles in metabolism and immunity. Following prochemerin secretion, protease-mediated generation of chemerin isoforms with a range of biological activities is a key regulatory mechanism controlling local, context-specific chemerin bioactivity. Together, experimental and clinical data indicate that localized and/or circulating chemerin expression and activation are elevated in numerous metabolic and inflammatory diseases including psoriasis, obesity, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. These elevations are positively correlated with deleterious changes in glucose, lipid, and cytokine homeostasis, and may serve as a link between obesity, inflammation and other metabolic disorders. This review highlights the current state of knowledge regarding chemerin expression, processing, biological function and relevance to human disease, particularly with respect to adipose tissue development, inflammation, glucose homeostasis and cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, it discusses study variability, deficiencies in current measurement, and questions concerning chemerin function in disease, with a special emphasis on techniques and tools used to properly assess chemerin biology. An integration of basic and clinical research is key to understanding how chemerin influences disease pathobiology, and whether modulation of chemerin levels and/or activity may serve as a potential method to prevent and treat metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Rourke
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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