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Messina R, Berry E, Golinelli D, Donetto S, Reno C, Moscatiello S, Laffi G, Sturt J. Tackling diabetes as a team: co-designing healthcare interventions to engage couples living with type 1 diabetes. Acta Diabetol 2022; 59:1053-1061. [PMID: 35624322 PMCID: PMC9242905 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-022-01900-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Couples living with Type 1 diabetes: co-designing interventions to support them. METHODS This is a qualitative study comprising two phases. Phase I represents the exploratory phase, consisting of semi-structured interviews with persons with Type 1 diabetes (N = 16) and partners (N = 6). In the second phase, co-design principles guided workshops with healthcare professionals, persons with Type 1 diabetes, and partners (N = 7) to facilitate discussion of the key themes identified and solutions to engage couples living with Type 1 diabetes in diabetes care. RESULT The key themes identified from phase I as priorities to target in future interventions were: (i) Emotional impact of diabetes and (ii) Partners' involvement. Priority (i) captures the impact the emotional burden of diabetes management produces within couples' relationship. Priority (ii) captures the request from partners to be more involved in diabetes management. Characteristics of the interventions suggested during the co-design phase II focused on engaging patients and partners via a counseling point in healthcare settings and tailored help for couples' psychological support needs. CONCLUSIONS Couples value pro-active intervention and support from their diabetes team or primary care for both the partners to live well with Type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Messina
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo, 12, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Emma Berry
- School of Psychology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Ireland
| | - Davide Golinelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo, 12, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sara Donetto
- Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery and Palliative Care, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Chiara Reno
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo, 12, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Simona Moscatiello
- Unit of Endocrinology and Prevention and Care of Diabetes, Sant'Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gilberto Laffi
- Unit of Endocrinology and Prevention and Care of Diabetes, Sant'Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Jackie Sturt
- Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery and Palliative Care, King's College London, London, UK
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Jensen MV, Broadley M, Speight J, Scope A, Preston L, Heller S, de Galan BE, Pouwer F, Hendrieckx C. The impact of hypoglycaemia on the quality of life of family members of adults with type 1 or type 2 diabetes: A qualitative systematic review. Diabet Med 2021; 38:e14666. [PMID: 34327742 DOI: 10.1111/dme.14666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
AIM To summarize and critically appraise the recent qualitative evidence regarding the impact of hypoglycaemia on the quality of life of family members of adults with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. METHODS Four databases were searched systematically (MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL and Cochrane Library), and results were screened for eligibility. Article quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for Qualitative Research. Data were extracted, coded and analysed using thematic analysis. The systematic review was conducted in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and Enhancing transparency in reporting of qualitative research (ENTREQ) guidelines. RESULTS Eight qualitative studies were included in the final review. The majority of participants were partners or spouses of adults with type 1 diabetes. Thematic synthesis resulted in six analytical themes: 'Hypoglycaemia alters everyday life, reducing freedoms and increasing disruptions', 'Hypoglycaemia has an adverse impact on sleep', 'Hypoglycaemia negatively changes the relationship with the person with diabetes', 'Hypoglycaemia negatively impacts emotional well-being', 'The detection, prevention, and treatment of hypoglycaemia consumes time and energy' and 'Family members have unmet needs for informational and emotional support regarding hypoglycaemia'. Across the six analytical themes, family members described how hypoglycaemia has a severe negative impact on different aspects of their lives, including daily living, personal relationships and emotional well-being. CONCLUSIONS Family members experience the impact of hypoglycaemia as a major recurrent challenge in their lives. The unmet needs of family members need further attention in research and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melanie Broadley
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jane Speight
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
- The Australian Centre for Behavioral Research in Diabetes, Diabetes Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alison Scope
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Louise Preston
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Simon Heller
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Bastiaan E de Galan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht UMC+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Frans Pouwer
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- The Australian Centre for Behavioral Research in Diabetes, Diabetes Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
- STENO Diabetes Center Odense, Odense, Denmark
| | - Christel Hendrieckx
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
- The Australian Centre for Behavioral Research in Diabetes, Diabetes Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
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Chatwin H, Broadley M, Valdersdorf Jensen M, Hendrieckx C, Carlton J, Heller S, Amiel S, de Galan B, Hermanns N, Finke-Groene K, Speight J, Pouwer F. 'Never again will I be carefree': a qualitative study of the impact of hypoglycemia on quality of life among adults with type 1 diabetes. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2021; 9:e002322. [PMID: 34400465 PMCID: PMC8370551 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2021-002322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Achieving glycemic targets and optimizing quality of life (QoL) are important goals of type 1 diabetes care. Hypoglycemia is a common barrier to achieving targets and can be associated with significant distress. However, the impact of hypoglycemia on QoL is not fully understood. The aim of this study was to explore how adults with type 1 diabetes are impacted by hypoglycemia in areas of life that are important to their overall QoL. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Participants responded to a web-based qualitative survey involving a novel 'Wheel of Life' activity. Responses were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. RESULTS The final sample included 219 adults with type 1 diabetes from Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, and the UK. They had a mean±SD age of 39±13 years and diabetes duration of 20±14 years. Participants identified eight areas of life important to their overall QoL, including relationships and social life, work and studies, leisure and physical activity, everyday life, sleep, sex life, physical health, and mental health. Participants reported emotional, behavioral, cognitive, and social impacts of hypoglycemia within domains. Across domains, participants described interruptions, limited participation in activities, exhaustion, fear of hypoglycemia, compensatory strategies to prevent hypoglycemia, and reduced spontaneity. CONCLUSIONS The findings emphasize the profound impact of hypoglycemia on QoL and diabetes self-care behaviors. Diabetes services should be aware of and address the burden of hypoglycemia to provide person-centered care. Clinicians could ask individuals how hypoglycemia affects important areas of their lives to better understand the personal impact and develop tailored management plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Chatwin
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Melanie Broadley
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Christel Hendrieckx
- The Australian Centre for Behavioural Research in Diabetes, Diabetes Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jill Carlton
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Simon Heller
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Bastiaan de Galan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Norbert Hermanns
- Research Institute Diabetes Academy Mergentheim (FIDAM), Bad Mergentheim, Germany
| | | | - Jane Speight
- The Australian Centre for Behavioural Research in Diabetes, Diabetes Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Frans Pouwer
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Research Unit, Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense, Denmark
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Abdoli S, Hessler D, Vora A, Smither B, Stuckey H. Descriptions of diabetes burnout from individuals with Type 1 diabetes: an analysis of YouTube videos. Diabet Med 2020; 37:1344-1351. [PMID: 31168875 DOI: 10.1111/dme.14047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
AIM The purpose of the study was to analyse self-descriptions of diabetes burnout in individuals with Type 1 diabetes via YouTube videos. METHODS In this qualitative descriptive study, a systematic approach was used to search YouTube videos with a title, description or content specifically about diabetes burnout dated between 2007 and 2017. Irrelevant or duplicated videos were excluded using eligibility criteria. All videos meeting inclusion criteria (n = 32) from individuals with Type 1 diabetes were transcribed verbatim and analysed using a qualitative content analysis approach. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse video characteristics. RESULTS The four major themes associated with diabetes burnout were: (i) feeling mentally drained and physically tired of dealing with self-care; (ii) experiencing a detachment from self, diabetes care and support system; (iii) being powerless and paralysed to 'climb out' of diabetes burnout; and (iv) contributing potential factors to diabetes burnout. CONCLUSIONS Self-descriptions of diabetes burnout suggest that it is a combination of emotions and behaviours on a spectrum from exhaustion to detachment accompanied by an overwhelming sense of powerlessness. More studies are needed to further clarify diabetes burnout and its distinction from, or overlap with, other related psychosocial concepts in diabetes care.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Abdoli
- College of Nursing, University of Tennessee, Knoxville
| | - D Hessler
- Department of Family & Community Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - A Vora
- Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville
- Endocrinology Consultants of East Tennessee, University of Tennessee, Knoxville
| | - B Smither
- Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Oak Ridge TN
| | - H Stuckey
- Public Health Sciences and Humanities, Penn State University, Hershey, PA, USA
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Landi G, Andreozzi MS, Pakenham KI, Grandi S, Tossani E. Psychosocial adjustment of young offspring in the context of parental type 1 and type 2 diabetes: a systematic review. Diabet Med 2020; 37:1103-1113. [PMID: 32043620 DOI: 10.1111/dme.14271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To identify all available research on psychosocial outcomes in young people who have a parent with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. METHODS Embase, PsychInfo, Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed and ProQuest Social Sciences databases were searched according to a registered study protocol (PROSPERO CRD42019125301). Quality assessment, data extraction and data synthesis were carried out. RESULTS The initial search yielded 11 599 articles, 10 of which met the criteria for this review: six for type 1 diabetes and four for type 2 diabetes. Through thematic analysis, five categories emerged related to offspring psychosocial adjustment: offspring mental health, offspring physical health, offspring personal resources, parental illness characteristics and offspring caregiving. Overall, there were few studies focusing solely on the effects of parental type 1 and type 2 diabetes on young people. From the limited available research, there is weak evidence suggesting both parental types of diabetes can adversely impact young offspring. Illness-related variables were only explored in parental type 1 diabetes studies, while offspring caregiving was only examined in parental type 2 diabetes studies. CONCLUSIONS Research on the effects of parental diabetes on young people is scarce; however, there was weak evidence to suggest some young people are at risk of adverse psychosocial impacts. Given the rise in the incidence of diabetes globally, there is a pressing public health need to conduct more rigorously designed studies to ascertain the extent to which young people are at risk of mental and physical health problems and to identify risk and protective factors associated with youth adjustment in the context of parental diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Landi
- Laboratory of Psychosomatics and Clinimetrics, Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - M S Andreozzi
- Laboratory of Psychosomatics and Clinimetrics, Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - K I Pakenham
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - S Grandi
- Laboratory of Psychosomatics and Clinimetrics, Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - E Tossani
- Laboratory of Psychosomatics and Clinimetrics, Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Peyrot M, Egede L, Funnell M, Hsu W, Ruggiero L, Stuckey H. US Ethnic Group Differences in Family Member Support for People With Diabetes in the 2nd Diabetes Attitudes, Wishes and Needs (DAWN2) Study. DIABETES EDUCATOR 2018; 44:249-259. [PMID: 29787698 PMCID: PMC5967008 DOI: 10.1177/0145721718770767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of the study was to describe the perceptions of family members (FM) and people with diabetes (PWD) regarding the frequency and helpfulness of FM support for PWD, including differences among US ethnic groups. Methods The US 2nd Diabetes Attitudes, Wishes and Needs (DAWN2) substudy was a survey of independent samples of 238 adult FM and 540 adult PWD. Outcome measures included ratings by FM and PWD of the frequency and perceived helpfulness of 7 FM support behaviors and composite scores for frequency and helpfulness. Results Ratings of individual FM support behaviors were strongly correlated between FM and PWD but significantly different among behaviors. FM and PWD reported most frequent support for listening, assisting, and doing activities with PWD and reporting PWD was doing poorly least frequently. Both groups reported listening, assisting, and reporting PWD was doing well as most helpful; reporting PWD was doing poorly was least helpful. PWD rated support and helpfulness of most behaviors lower than FM. Composite measures of support frequency and helpfulness were strongly correlated for both FM and PWD. Ethnic minority PWD and FM reported most support behaviors as more frequent and more helpful than non-Hispanic white Americans. Conclusions FM more frequently engage in the support behaviors they view as most helpful, but PWD perceive support to be less frequent and less helpful than FM. FM support differs across ethnic groups, with ethnic minorities reporting higher support frequency and helpfulness. Diabetes care providers should consider ethnic group differences in FM support for PWD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Peyrot
- Loyola University Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Leonard Egede
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Division of General Internal Medicine, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Martha Funnell
- University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - William Hsu
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Laurie Ruggiero
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,University of Delaware, School of Nursing, Newark, Delaware
| | - Heather Stuckey
- Penn State University, Department of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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Hartill E, Gillis R, Imran Jiwani S, Recchia N, Meal A, Adams G. Hypoglycaemic unawareness: A systematic review of qualitative studies of significant others' (SO) supportive interventions for patients with diabetes mellitus. Heliyon 2018; 4:e00887. [PMID: 30417151 PMCID: PMC6218670 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoglycemia unawareness (HU) has been attributed to both a downward shift in central nervous system (CNS)-triggered sympatho-adrenal responses to low glycaemic thresholds and a subsequent loss of adrenergic symptoms, which, in addition, to cerebral cortex adaptations permit normal function under hypoglycaemic conditions. Both of these mechanisms are brought about by recurring hypoglycemic events (hypoglycemia-associate autonomic failure, HAAF). This can contribute to repetitive cycles of increasingly severe hypoglycaemia, the consequences of which have considerable impact on relatives and significant others (SO) when providing care to patients with diabetes. METHODS A Systematic Review (SR) of 639 qualitative studies was carried out in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review (PRISMA) principles. The search strategy was developed using MeSH terms for a range of electronic databases: CINAHL, Pubmed, EMBASE, Medline, AMED and ASSIA were systematically searched in order to identify a variety of literature relevant to the review topic. Four duplicate studies were removed and a further 630 studies were excluded due to being irrelevant. Five qualitative studies were retained and analysed. RESULTS The three resultant findings from the literature appraised were i) Experiences and views of Significant Others' (SO) with adult relatives that have HU ii) Support needs of SO and iii) Health professionals interventions to address SO support needs and improve overall HU care. A clear finding was that SO experience difficulties managing HU and this can impact on the relationships that SO and HU patients have. Support needs of SO highlighted were both educational and psychological in nature, with there being a requirement for additional raised awareness within the wider community. CONCLUSION It is essential that healthcare professionals offer support, such as teaching and support groups. In addition, providing interventions into improving family knowledge of diabetes and support with regard to psychosocial, behavioural and practical support for the person with diabetes. Moreover, improving resources for families to improve diabetes care. However, as the literature was of a qualitative nature, future recommendations would be quantitative research into these suggested nursing implementations to quantitatively assess their usefulness in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - G.G. Adams
- The University of Nottingham, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, C Floor, South Block Link, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2HA, UK
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Nefs G, Pouwer F, Holt RIG, Skovlund S, Hermanns N, Nicolucci A, Peyrot M. Correlates and outcomes of worries about hypoglycemia in family members of adults with diabetes: The second Diabetes Attitudes, Wishes and Needs (DAWN2) study. J Psychosom Res 2016; 89:69-77. [PMID: 27663113 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2016.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined (a) the demographic and clinical correlates of worries about hypoglycemia in adult family members of adults with diabetes, and (b) the association of these worries with measures of diabetes support. METHODS The second multinational Diabetes Attitudes, Wishes and Needs (DAWN2) study cross-sectionally surveyed 2057 family members from 17 countries. Participants completed questions about demographics, diabetes, and psychosocial functioning, including worry about overall and nocturnal hypoglycemia. Analyses included hierarchical ordinal and linear regression. RESULTS Eighty-five percent of family members (n=1661) were at least occasionally very worried about the risk of hypoglycemic events overall. Correlates of worries about hypoglycemia included female gender, higher age and lower education in the family member, younger age of the person with diabetes and this person being a parent or another adult (versus spouse or partner), insulin or non-insulin injectable treatment, severe or non-severe hypoglycemia in the past 12months, and family member recognition of hypoglycemia. Elevated worries about hypoglycemia had a significant independent association with increased odds of diabetes-related family arguments and family member frustration in providing helpful support (OR range 1.60-3.72). High levels of worries about hypoglycemia were associated with increased odds of attending diabetes-related health-care visits. Worries about hypoglycemia were not associated with family member involvement in diabetes care. Similar results were found for worries about nocturnal events. CONCLUSION Worries about hypoglycemia were common in family members and were associated with suboptimal diabetes support. This issue therefore deserves increased clinician attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giesje Nefs
- CoRPS - Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic Diseases, Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands.
| | - François Pouwer
- CoRPS - Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic Diseases, Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Richard I G Holt
- Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Søren Skovlund
- Global Health Economics and Outcomes Research, Novo Nordisk, Denmark
| | - Norbert Hermanns
- Research Institute of the Diabetes Academy Mergentheim (FIDAM) Diabetes Centre Mergentheim, Germany; University of Bamberg, Germany
| | - Antonio Nicolucci
- Center for Outcomes Research and Clinical Epidemiology, Pescara, Italy
| | - Mark Peyrot
- Department of Sociology, Loyola University Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Berenguera A, Molló-Inesta À, Mata-Cases M, Franch-Nadal J, Bolíbar B, Rubinat E, Mauricio D. Understanding the physical, social, and emotional experiences of people with uncontrolled Type 2 diabetes: a qualitative study. Patient Prefer Adherence 2016; 10:2323-2332. [PMID: 27877024 PMCID: PMC5108597 DOI: 10.2147/ppa.s116173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to identify the perceptions, barriers, and facilitators of self-management of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) to determine the factors to consider when developing and implementing a person-centered intervention in patients with poor glycemic control attending primary care. METHODS This was a qualitative study conducted in 6 primary care health centers in Catalonia. Patients who had been diagnosed with T2DM and had glycated hemoglobin of 9% or more were included. The sampling method was opportunistic, accounting for gender, age, duration of diabetes, and type of treatment. Forty-three semi-structured interviews were conducted. Thematic content analysis was performed. RESULTS The patients perceived the diagnosis of T2DM as a threat to their health, and the diagnosis generated cognitive and emotional representations of T2DM. The emotions associated with the diagnosis included fear of the future, worry, denial, sadness, and dejection. The patients also wondered if there could have been an error in their test results because they did not present any symptoms. These representations, both cognitive and emotional, can produce specific effects in adaptation processes and require different approach strategies, specifically regarding diet, physical activity, and pharmacological treatment. Finally, specific aspects regarding the acceptability and adaptability of the implementation of a new intervention were expressed. CONCLUSION Patients with T2DM and very poor glycemic control expressed difficulty achieving a balance between the needs and demands of managing and controlling T2DM because they felt it strongly interfered in their daily lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Berenguera
- Scientific Department, Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Primary Care Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: Anna Berenguera, Àrea científica, Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Atenció Primària (IDIAP Jordi Gol), Gran Via Corts Catalanes, 587 - àtic, 08007 Barcelona, Spain, Tel +34 93 482 4425, Email
| | - Àngels Molló-Inesta
- Scientific Department, Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Cervera Primary Health Care Centre, Ileida, Spain
- Diabetes Association in Primary Health Care (RedGDPS), Institut Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manel Mata-Cases
- Scientific Department, Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Diabetes Association in Primary Health Care (RedGDPS), Institut Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain
- La Mina Primary Health Care Centre, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Franch-Nadal
- Scientific Department, Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Primary Care Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
- Raval Sud Primary Health Care Centre, Barcelona, Spain
- Primary Health Care Department, Institut Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bonaventura Bolíbar
- Scientific Department, Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Esther Rubinat
- Scientific Department, Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Nursery Department, Univeristat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabolicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dídac Mauricio
- Scientific Department, Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Endocrinology & Nutrition Department, CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Health Sciences Research Institute and Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
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