1
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Uzawa H, Nagatsuka T, Seto Y, Nishida Y, Saito M, Tamiya E. Novel Glycolipid Chips with a Double Layer of Au Nanoparticles for Biological Toxin Detection. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:13754-13762. [PMID: 37091419 PMCID: PMC10116526 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Glycolipid chips having a double layer of Au nanoparticles are proposed for detection of biological toxins. The sugar-modified chips constitute an under and an upper layer of Au nanoparticles of 20-80 nm diameter on glass plates, and Au nanoparticles of each layer are linked with 1,8-octanedithiol by a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) technique. A tris-sialo glycosphingolipid, ganglioside GT1b, having lipoic amide at the sphingosine part was immobilized on the Au outside surface of the upper layer, and botulinum toxin (type A heavy chain) was detected by localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR). The GT1b-Cer-coated chip having a double layer of Au nanoparticles enhanced the toxin detection by LSPR more than those with single monolayers. The LSPR response changed according to the sizes of Au nanoparticles in each under and upper layer. The combination of 60 and 40 nm Au nanoparticles in the under and upper layer, respectively, gave the best result, which enabled the toxin detection at concentrations below 5 ng/mL with the portable LSPR device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Uzawa
- Nanomaterials
Research Institute, National Institute of
Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba Center, Tsukuba Central, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Takehiro Nagatsuka
- Nanomaterials
Research Institute, National Institute of
Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba Center, Tsukuba Central, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Yasuo Seto
- National
Research Institute of Police Science, 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nishida
- Division
of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Environmental
Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo, Chiba 271-8510, Japan
| | - Masato Saito
- Department
of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Eiichi Tamiya
- Department
of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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2
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Pohanka M. Immunosensors for Assay of Toxic Biological Warfare Agents. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:402. [PMID: 36979614 PMCID: PMC10046508 DOI: 10.3390/bios13030402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
An immunosensor for the assay of toxic biological warfare agents is a biosensor suitable for detecting hazardous substances such as aflatoxin, botulinum toxin, ricin, Shiga toxin, and others. The application of immunosensors is used in outdoor assays, point-of-care tests, as a spare method for more expensive devices, and even in the laboratory as a standard analytical method. Some immunosensors, such as automated flow-through analyzers or lateral flow tests, have been successfully commercialized as tools for toxins assay, but the research is ongoing. New devices are being developed, and the use of advanced materials and assay techniques make immunosensors highly competitive analytical devices in the field of toxic biological warfare agents assay. This review summarizes facts about current applications and new trends of immunosensors regarding recent papers in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Pohanka
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, CZ-50001 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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3
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Rasetti-Escargueil C, Popoff MR. Recent Developments in Botulinum Neurotoxins Detection. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10051001. [PMID: 35630444 PMCID: PMC9145529 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10051001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are produced as protein complexes by bacteria of the genus Clostridium that are Gram-positive, anaerobic and spore forming (Clostridium botulinum, C. butyricum, C. baratii and C. argentinense spp.). BoNTs show a high immunological and genetic diversity. Therefore, fast, precise, and more reliable detection methods are still required to monitor outbreaks and ensure surveillance of botulism. The botulinum toxin field also comprises therapeutic uses, basic research studies and biodefense issues. This review presents currently available detection methods, and new methods offering the potential of enhanced precision and reproducibility. While the immunological methods offer a range of benefits, such as rapid analysis time, reproducibility and high sensitivity, their implementation is subject to the availability of suitable tools and reagents, such as specific antibodies. Currently, the mass spectrometry approach is the most sensitive in vitro method for a rapid detection of active or inactive forms of BoNTs. However, these methods require inter-laboratory validation before they can be more widely implemented in reference laboratories. In addition, these surrogate in vitro models also require full validation before they can be used as replacement bioassays of potency. Cell-based assays using neuronal cells in culture recapitulate all functional steps of toxin activity, but are still at various stages of development; they are not yet sufficiently robust, due to high batch-to-batch cell variability. Cell-based assays have a strong potential to replace the mouse bioassay (MBA) in terms of BoNT potency determination in pharmaceutical formulations; they can also help to identify suitable inhibitors while reducing the number of animals used. However, the development of safe countermeasures still requires the use of in vivo studies to complement in vitro immunological or cell-based approaches.
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Venkateswaran KS, Parameswaran N, Sarwar J, Plummer A, Santos A, Pillai CA, Bowen S, Granville M, Selvan S, Babu P, Thirunavukkarasu N, Venkateswaran N, Sharma S, Morse SA, Anderson K, Hodge DR, Pillai SP. Validation of a Lateral Flow Test for the Presumptive Identification of the Presence of Burkholderia mallei or Burkholderia pseudomallei in Environmental Samples. Health Secur 2022; 20:154-163. [PMID: 35467945 DOI: 10.1089/hs.2021.0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a comprehensive, multiphase laboratory evaluation of InBios Active Melioidosis Detect (AMD) rapid test, a lateral flow immunoassay designed to detect capsular polysaccharides produced by Burkholderia mallei or Burkholderia pseudomallei, used in conjunction with the Omni Array Reader (OAR) for the rapid detection of B mallei or B pseudomallei in environmental (nonclinical) samples at 2 sites. The limit of detection, using reference strains B mallei strain ATCC 23344 and B pseudomallei strain ATCC 11668, was determined to be 103 to 104 CFU/mL. In different phases of the evaluation, inclusivity strains that included geographically diverse strains of B mallei (N = 13) and B pseudomallei (N = 22), geographically diverse phylogenetic near neighbor strains (N = 66), environmental background strains (N = 64), white powder samples (N = 26), and environmental filter extracts (N = 1 pooled sample from 10 filter extracts) were also tested. A total of 1,753 tests were performed, which included positive and negative controls. Visual and OAR results showed that the AMD test detected 92.3% of B mallei and 95.5% of B pseudomallei strains. Of the 66 near-neighbor strains tested, cross-reactivity was observed with only B stabilis 2008724195 and B thailandensis 2003015869. Overall, the specificity and sensitivity were 98.8% and 98.7%, respectively. The results of this evaluation support the use of the AMD test as a rapid, qualitative assay for the presumptive detection of B mallei and B pseudomallei in suspicious environmental samples such as white powders and aerosol samples by first responders and laboratory personnel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kodumudi S Venkateswaran
- Kodumudi S. Venkateswaran, PhD, is Chief Executive Officer, Omni Array Biotechnology, Rockville, MD
| | | | - Jawad Sarwar
- Jawad Sarwar, MS, is Scientists, Omni Array Biotechnology, Rockville, MD
| | - Andrea Plummer
- Andrea Plummer is Microbiologists, Tetracore, Inc., Rockville, MD
| | - Alan Santos
- Alan Santos is Microbiologists, Tetracore, Inc., Rockville, MD
| | - Christine A Pillai
- Christine A. Pillai is a Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Fellow Research Scientist, Molecular Methods Development Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD
| | - Samantha Bowen
- Samantha Bowen, MS is Project Managers, Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC
| | - Maria Granville
- Maria Granville is Project Managers, Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC
| | - Senthamil Selvan
- Senthamil Selvan, PhD, is Vice President, Omni Array Biotechnology, Rockville, MD
| | - Prasanti Babu
- Prasanti Babu, MS, is a Research Associate, Omni Array Biotechnology, Rockville, MD
| | - Nagarajan Thirunavukkarasu
- Nagarajan Thirunavukkarasu, PhD, is a Microbiologist, Molecular Methods Development Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD
| | | | - Shashi Sharma
- Shashi Sharma, PhD, is Principal Investigator, Molecular Methods Development Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD
| | - Stephen A Morse
- Stephen A. Morse, MSPH, PhD, is Senior Scientist, IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA
| | - Kevin Anderson
- Kevin Anderson, PhD, is Program Manager, Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC
| | - David R Hodge
- David R. Hodge, PhD, is Program Manager, Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC
| | - Segaran P Pillai
- Segaran P. Pillai, PhD, FAAM, SM(NRCM), SM(ASCP), is Director, Office of Laboratory Safety, Office of the Commissioner, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD
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Sohrabi H, Majidi MR, Khaki P, Jahanban-Esfahlan A, de la Guardia M, Mokhtarzadeh A. State of the art: Lateral flow assays toward the point-of-care foodborne pathogenic bacteria detection in food samples. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:1868-1912. [PMID: 35194932 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Diverse chemicals and some physical phenomena recently introduced in nanotechnology have enabled scientists to develop useful devices in the field of food sciences. Concerning such developments, detecting foodborne pathogenic bacteria is now an important issue. These kinds of bacteria species have demonstrated severe health effects after consuming foods and high mortality related to acute cases. The most leading path of intoxication and infection has been through food matrices. Hence, quick recognition of foodborne bacteria agents at low concentrations has been required in current diagnostics. Lateral flow assays (LFAs) are one of the urgent and prevalently applied quick recognition methods that have been settled for recognizing diverse types of analytes. Thus, the present review has stressed on latest developments in LFAs-based platforms to detect various foodborne pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella, Listeria, Escherichia coli, Brucella, Shigella, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium botulinum, and Vibrio cholera. Proper prominence has been given on exactly how the labels, detection elements, or procedures have affected recent developments in the evaluation of diverse bacteria using LFAs. Additionally, the modifications in assays specificity and sensitivity consistent with applied food processing techniques have been discussed. Finally, a conclusion has been drawn for highlighting the main challenges confronted through this method and offered a view and insight of thoughts for its further development in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hessamaddin Sohrabi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mir Reza Majidi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Pegah Khaki
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Jahanban-Esfahlan
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Fundamental Sciences, University College of Nabi Akram (UCNA), Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Ahad Mokhtarzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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6
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Shirshahi V, Liu G. Enhancing the analytical performance of paper lateral flow assays: From chemistry to engineering. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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8
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Abstract
Analytical devices for point-of-care diagnoses are highly desired and would improve quality of life when first diagnoses are made early and pathologies are recognized soon. Lateral flow tests (LFTs) are such tools that can be easily performed without specific equipment, skills, or experiences. This review is focused on the use of LFT in point-of-care diagnoses. The principle of the assay is explained, and new materials like nanoparticles for labeling, new recognition molecules for interaction with an analyte, and new additional instrumentation like signal scaling by a smartphone camera are described and discussed. Advantages of the LFT devices as well as their limitations are described and discussed here considering actual papers that are properly cited.
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9
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Sachdeva S, Davis RW, Saha AK. Microfluidic Point-of-Care Testing: Commercial Landscape and Future Directions. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 8:602659. [PMID: 33520958 PMCID: PMC7843572 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.602659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Point-of-care testing (POCT) allows physicians to detect and diagnose diseases at or near the patient site, faster than conventional lab-based testing. The importance of POCT is considerably amplified in the trying times of the COVID-19 pandemic. Numerous point-of-care tests and diagnostic devices are available in the market including, but not limited to, glucose monitoring, pregnancy and infertility testing, infectious disease testing, cholesterol testing and cardiac markers. Integrating microfluidics in POCT allows fluid manipulation and detection in a singular device with minimal sample requirements. This review presents an overview of two technologies - (a.) Lateral Flow Assay (LFA) and (b.) Nucleic Acid Amplification - upon which a large chunk of microfluidic POCT diagnostics is based, some of their applications, and commercially available products. Apart from this, we also delve into other microfluidic-based diagnostics that currently dominate the in-vitro diagnostic (IVD) market, current testing landscape for COVID-19 and prospects of microfluidics in next generation diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amit K. Saha
- Genome Technology Center, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
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10
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Jiang X, Lillehoj PB. Lateral flow immunochromatographic assay on a single piece of paper. Analyst 2020; 146:1084-1090. [PMID: 33347520 DOI: 10.1039/d0an02073g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Lateral flow immunochromatographic assays (LFIAs) are analytical devices used to detect the presence of one or more target analytes in a liquid sample. While LFIAs are one of the simplest and inexpensive types of immunoassays, they consist of multiple components (sample pad, conjugate pad, membrane, absorbent pad, backing card) and materials, requiring time-consuming device assembly. Here, we report a unique lateral flow immunochromatographic assay constructed from a single piece of cellulose paper, which is fabricated via laser cutting. Compared with conventional lateral flow immunochromatographic devices, this single-layer immunoassay enables simpler and faster fabrication, while minimizing material consumption and overall device costs. For proof-of-concept, this device was used to detect Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 (PfHRP2), a biomarker for malaria infection, which could be detected at concentrations as low as 4 ng mL-1 by the naked eye with no cross reactivity with other common Plasmodium protein biomarkers. While offering similar speed and ease-of-use as conventional LFIAs with a higher detection sensitivity than existing LFIAs for PfHRP2 detection, this single-layer lateral flow immunoassay has the potential to improve malaria testing, as well as the detection of other important protein biomarkers for point-of-care testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Jiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
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11
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Pillai SP, DePalma L, Prentice KW, Ramage JG, Chapman C, Sarwar J, Parameswaran N, Petersen J, Yockey B, Young J, Singh A, Pillai CA, Manickam G, Thirunavkkarasu N, Avila JR, Sharma S, Morse SA, Venkateswaran K, Anderson K, Hodge DR. Comprehensive Laboratory Evaluation of a Specific Lateral Flow Assay for the Presumptive Identification of Francisella tularensis in Suspicious White Powders and Aerosol Samples. Health Secur 2020; 18:83-95. [PMID: 32324068 PMCID: PMC7194312 DOI: 10.1089/hs.2019.0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We conducted a comprehensive, multi-phase laboratory evaluation of the Tularemia BioThreat Alert® (BTA) test, a lateral flow assay (LFA) for the rapid detection of Francisella tularensis. The study, conducted at 2 sites, evaluated the limit of detection (LOD) of this assay using the virulent SchuS4 strain and the avirulent LVS strain of F. tularensis. In 6-phase evaluation (linear dynamic range and reproducibility, inclusivity, near-neighbor, environmental background, white powder, and environmental filter extract), 13 diverse strains of F. tularensis, 8 Francisella near neighbors, 61 environmental background organisms, 26 white powders, and a pooled aerosol extract were tested. In the 937 tests performed, the Tularemia BTA demonstrated an LOD of 107 to 108 cfu/mL, with a sensitivity of 100.00%, specificity of 98.08%, and accuracy of 98.84%. These performance data are important for accurate interpretation of qualitative results arising from screening suspicious white powders in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Segaran P Pillai
- Segaran P. Pillai, PhD, is Director, Office of Laboratory Science and Safety, FDA Office of the Commissioner, Silver Spring, MD. Lindsay DePalma, MS, is a Staff Life Scientist, Booz Allen Hamilton, McLean, VA. Kristin W. Prentice, MS, is an Associate, Booz Allen Hamilton, Rockville, MD. Jason G. Ramage, MS, MBA, PMP, is Assistant Vice Chancellor for Research and Innovation and Director of Research Compliance, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. Carol Chapman, MS, is a Microbiologist, Geneva Foundation, Contractor Support to the Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Jawad Sarwar, MS, is a Senior Research Scientist, and Nishanth Parameswaran is a Research Scientist; both at Omni Array Biotechnology, Rockville, MD. Jeannine Petersen, PhD, Brook Yockey, and John Young are Microbiologists; all with DHHS/CDC/OID/NCEZID/DVBD/BDB, Fort Collins, CO. Ajay Singh, PhD, is a Research Scientist, Laulima Government Solutions, Contractor Support to USAMRICD, Neurobiological Toxicology Branch, Analytical Toxicology Division, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Christine A. Pillai and Gowri Manickam, PhD, are ORISE Fellow Research Scientists; Nagarajan Thirunavvukarasu, PhD, is an ORISE Fellow; and Shashi K. Sharma, PhD, is a Research Microbiologist; all at the FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Molecular Methods Development Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD. Julie R. Avila, MS, is a Scientific Associate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Livermore, CA. Stephen A. Morse, MSPH, PhD, is a Senior Advisor, CDC Division of Select Agents and Toxins, and is currently with IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA. Kodumudi Venkateswaran, PhD, is Chief Scientist, Tetracore, Inc., Rockville, MD. Kevin Anderson, PhD, and David R. Hodge, PhD, are Program Managers, Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC
| | - Lindsay DePalma
- Segaran P. Pillai, PhD, is Director, Office of Laboratory Science and Safety, FDA Office of the Commissioner, Silver Spring, MD. Lindsay DePalma, MS, is a Staff Life Scientist, Booz Allen Hamilton, McLean, VA. Kristin W. Prentice, MS, is an Associate, Booz Allen Hamilton, Rockville, MD. Jason G. Ramage, MS, MBA, PMP, is Assistant Vice Chancellor for Research and Innovation and Director of Research Compliance, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. Carol Chapman, MS, is a Microbiologist, Geneva Foundation, Contractor Support to the Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Jawad Sarwar, MS, is a Senior Research Scientist, and Nishanth Parameswaran is a Research Scientist; both at Omni Array Biotechnology, Rockville, MD. Jeannine Petersen, PhD, Brook Yockey, and John Young are Microbiologists; all with DHHS/CDC/OID/NCEZID/DVBD/BDB, Fort Collins, CO. Ajay Singh, PhD, is a Research Scientist, Laulima Government Solutions, Contractor Support to USAMRICD, Neurobiological Toxicology Branch, Analytical Toxicology Division, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Christine A. Pillai and Gowri Manickam, PhD, are ORISE Fellow Research Scientists; Nagarajan Thirunavvukarasu, PhD, is an ORISE Fellow; and Shashi K. Sharma, PhD, is a Research Microbiologist; all at the FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Molecular Methods Development Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD. Julie R. Avila, MS, is a Scientific Associate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Livermore, CA. Stephen A. Morse, MSPH, PhD, is a Senior Advisor, CDC Division of Select Agents and Toxins, and is currently with IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA. Kodumudi Venkateswaran, PhD, is Chief Scientist, Tetracore, Inc., Rockville, MD. Kevin Anderson, PhD, and David R. Hodge, PhD, are Program Managers, Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC
| | - Kristin W Prentice
- Segaran P. Pillai, PhD, is Director, Office of Laboratory Science and Safety, FDA Office of the Commissioner, Silver Spring, MD. Lindsay DePalma, MS, is a Staff Life Scientist, Booz Allen Hamilton, McLean, VA. Kristin W. Prentice, MS, is an Associate, Booz Allen Hamilton, Rockville, MD. Jason G. Ramage, MS, MBA, PMP, is Assistant Vice Chancellor for Research and Innovation and Director of Research Compliance, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. Carol Chapman, MS, is a Microbiologist, Geneva Foundation, Contractor Support to the Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Jawad Sarwar, MS, is a Senior Research Scientist, and Nishanth Parameswaran is a Research Scientist; both at Omni Array Biotechnology, Rockville, MD. Jeannine Petersen, PhD, Brook Yockey, and John Young are Microbiologists; all with DHHS/CDC/OID/NCEZID/DVBD/BDB, Fort Collins, CO. Ajay Singh, PhD, is a Research Scientist, Laulima Government Solutions, Contractor Support to USAMRICD, Neurobiological Toxicology Branch, Analytical Toxicology Division, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Christine A. Pillai and Gowri Manickam, PhD, are ORISE Fellow Research Scientists; Nagarajan Thirunavvukarasu, PhD, is an ORISE Fellow; and Shashi K. Sharma, PhD, is a Research Microbiologist; all at the FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Molecular Methods Development Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD. Julie R. Avila, MS, is a Scientific Associate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Livermore, CA. Stephen A. Morse, MSPH, PhD, is a Senior Advisor, CDC Division of Select Agents and Toxins, and is currently with IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA. Kodumudi Venkateswaran, PhD, is Chief Scientist, Tetracore, Inc., Rockville, MD. Kevin Anderson, PhD, and David R. Hodge, PhD, are Program Managers, Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC
| | - Jason G Ramage
- Segaran P. Pillai, PhD, is Director, Office of Laboratory Science and Safety, FDA Office of the Commissioner, Silver Spring, MD. Lindsay DePalma, MS, is a Staff Life Scientist, Booz Allen Hamilton, McLean, VA. Kristin W. Prentice, MS, is an Associate, Booz Allen Hamilton, Rockville, MD. Jason G. Ramage, MS, MBA, PMP, is Assistant Vice Chancellor for Research and Innovation and Director of Research Compliance, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. Carol Chapman, MS, is a Microbiologist, Geneva Foundation, Contractor Support to the Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Jawad Sarwar, MS, is a Senior Research Scientist, and Nishanth Parameswaran is a Research Scientist; both at Omni Array Biotechnology, Rockville, MD. Jeannine Petersen, PhD, Brook Yockey, and John Young are Microbiologists; all with DHHS/CDC/OID/NCEZID/DVBD/BDB, Fort Collins, CO. Ajay Singh, PhD, is a Research Scientist, Laulima Government Solutions, Contractor Support to USAMRICD, Neurobiological Toxicology Branch, Analytical Toxicology Division, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Christine A. Pillai and Gowri Manickam, PhD, are ORISE Fellow Research Scientists; Nagarajan Thirunavvukarasu, PhD, is an ORISE Fellow; and Shashi K. Sharma, PhD, is a Research Microbiologist; all at the FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Molecular Methods Development Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD. Julie R. Avila, MS, is a Scientific Associate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Livermore, CA. Stephen A. Morse, MSPH, PhD, is a Senior Advisor, CDC Division of Select Agents and Toxins, and is currently with IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA. Kodumudi Venkateswaran, PhD, is Chief Scientist, Tetracore, Inc., Rockville, MD. Kevin Anderson, PhD, and David R. Hodge, PhD, are Program Managers, Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC
| | - Carol Chapman
- Segaran P. Pillai, PhD, is Director, Office of Laboratory Science and Safety, FDA Office of the Commissioner, Silver Spring, MD. Lindsay DePalma, MS, is a Staff Life Scientist, Booz Allen Hamilton, McLean, VA. Kristin W. Prentice, MS, is an Associate, Booz Allen Hamilton, Rockville, MD. Jason G. Ramage, MS, MBA, PMP, is Assistant Vice Chancellor for Research and Innovation and Director of Research Compliance, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. Carol Chapman, MS, is a Microbiologist, Geneva Foundation, Contractor Support to the Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Jawad Sarwar, MS, is a Senior Research Scientist, and Nishanth Parameswaran is a Research Scientist; both at Omni Array Biotechnology, Rockville, MD. Jeannine Petersen, PhD, Brook Yockey, and John Young are Microbiologists; all with DHHS/CDC/OID/NCEZID/DVBD/BDB, Fort Collins, CO. Ajay Singh, PhD, is a Research Scientist, Laulima Government Solutions, Contractor Support to USAMRICD, Neurobiological Toxicology Branch, Analytical Toxicology Division, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Christine A. Pillai and Gowri Manickam, PhD, are ORISE Fellow Research Scientists; Nagarajan Thirunavvukarasu, PhD, is an ORISE Fellow; and Shashi K. Sharma, PhD, is a Research Microbiologist; all at the FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Molecular Methods Development Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD. Julie R. Avila, MS, is a Scientific Associate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Livermore, CA. Stephen A. Morse, MSPH, PhD, is a Senior Advisor, CDC Division of Select Agents and Toxins, and is currently with IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA. Kodumudi Venkateswaran, PhD, is Chief Scientist, Tetracore, Inc., Rockville, MD. Kevin Anderson, PhD, and David R. Hodge, PhD, are Program Managers, Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC
| | - Jawad Sarwar
- Segaran P. Pillai, PhD, is Director, Office of Laboratory Science and Safety, FDA Office of the Commissioner, Silver Spring, MD. Lindsay DePalma, MS, is a Staff Life Scientist, Booz Allen Hamilton, McLean, VA. Kristin W. Prentice, MS, is an Associate, Booz Allen Hamilton, Rockville, MD. Jason G. Ramage, MS, MBA, PMP, is Assistant Vice Chancellor for Research and Innovation and Director of Research Compliance, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. Carol Chapman, MS, is a Microbiologist, Geneva Foundation, Contractor Support to the Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Jawad Sarwar, MS, is a Senior Research Scientist, and Nishanth Parameswaran is a Research Scientist; both at Omni Array Biotechnology, Rockville, MD. Jeannine Petersen, PhD, Brook Yockey, and John Young are Microbiologists; all with DHHS/CDC/OID/NCEZID/DVBD/BDB, Fort Collins, CO. Ajay Singh, PhD, is a Research Scientist, Laulima Government Solutions, Contractor Support to USAMRICD, Neurobiological Toxicology Branch, Analytical Toxicology Division, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Christine A. Pillai and Gowri Manickam, PhD, are ORISE Fellow Research Scientists; Nagarajan Thirunavvukarasu, PhD, is an ORISE Fellow; and Shashi K. Sharma, PhD, is a Research Microbiologist; all at the FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Molecular Methods Development Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD. Julie R. Avila, MS, is a Scientific Associate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Livermore, CA. Stephen A. Morse, MSPH, PhD, is a Senior Advisor, CDC Division of Select Agents and Toxins, and is currently with IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA. Kodumudi Venkateswaran, PhD, is Chief Scientist, Tetracore, Inc., Rockville, MD. Kevin Anderson, PhD, and David R. Hodge, PhD, are Program Managers, Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC
| | - Nishanth Parameswaran
- Segaran P. Pillai, PhD, is Director, Office of Laboratory Science and Safety, FDA Office of the Commissioner, Silver Spring, MD. Lindsay DePalma, MS, is a Staff Life Scientist, Booz Allen Hamilton, McLean, VA. Kristin W. Prentice, MS, is an Associate, Booz Allen Hamilton, Rockville, MD. Jason G. Ramage, MS, MBA, PMP, is Assistant Vice Chancellor for Research and Innovation and Director of Research Compliance, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. Carol Chapman, MS, is a Microbiologist, Geneva Foundation, Contractor Support to the Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Jawad Sarwar, MS, is a Senior Research Scientist, and Nishanth Parameswaran is a Research Scientist; both at Omni Array Biotechnology, Rockville, MD. Jeannine Petersen, PhD, Brook Yockey, and John Young are Microbiologists; all with DHHS/CDC/OID/NCEZID/DVBD/BDB, Fort Collins, CO. Ajay Singh, PhD, is a Research Scientist, Laulima Government Solutions, Contractor Support to USAMRICD, Neurobiological Toxicology Branch, Analytical Toxicology Division, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Christine A. Pillai and Gowri Manickam, PhD, are ORISE Fellow Research Scientists; Nagarajan Thirunavvukarasu, PhD, is an ORISE Fellow; and Shashi K. Sharma, PhD, is a Research Microbiologist; all at the FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Molecular Methods Development Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD. Julie R. Avila, MS, is a Scientific Associate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Livermore, CA. Stephen A. Morse, MSPH, PhD, is a Senior Advisor, CDC Division of Select Agents and Toxins, and is currently with IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA. Kodumudi Venkateswaran, PhD, is Chief Scientist, Tetracore, Inc., Rockville, MD. Kevin Anderson, PhD, and David R. Hodge, PhD, are Program Managers, Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC
| | - Jeannine Petersen
- Segaran P. Pillai, PhD, is Director, Office of Laboratory Science and Safety, FDA Office of the Commissioner, Silver Spring, MD. Lindsay DePalma, MS, is a Staff Life Scientist, Booz Allen Hamilton, McLean, VA. Kristin W. Prentice, MS, is an Associate, Booz Allen Hamilton, Rockville, MD. Jason G. Ramage, MS, MBA, PMP, is Assistant Vice Chancellor for Research and Innovation and Director of Research Compliance, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. Carol Chapman, MS, is a Microbiologist, Geneva Foundation, Contractor Support to the Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Jawad Sarwar, MS, is a Senior Research Scientist, and Nishanth Parameswaran is a Research Scientist; both at Omni Array Biotechnology, Rockville, MD. Jeannine Petersen, PhD, Brook Yockey, and John Young are Microbiologists; all with DHHS/CDC/OID/NCEZID/DVBD/BDB, Fort Collins, CO. Ajay Singh, PhD, is a Research Scientist, Laulima Government Solutions, Contractor Support to USAMRICD, Neurobiological Toxicology Branch, Analytical Toxicology Division, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Christine A. Pillai and Gowri Manickam, PhD, are ORISE Fellow Research Scientists; Nagarajan Thirunavvukarasu, PhD, is an ORISE Fellow; and Shashi K. Sharma, PhD, is a Research Microbiologist; all at the FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Molecular Methods Development Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD. Julie R. Avila, MS, is a Scientific Associate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Livermore, CA. Stephen A. Morse, MSPH, PhD, is a Senior Advisor, CDC Division of Select Agents and Toxins, and is currently with IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA. Kodumudi Venkateswaran, PhD, is Chief Scientist, Tetracore, Inc., Rockville, MD. Kevin Anderson, PhD, and David R. Hodge, PhD, are Program Managers, Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC
| | - Brook Yockey
- Segaran P. Pillai, PhD, is Director, Office of Laboratory Science and Safety, FDA Office of the Commissioner, Silver Spring, MD. Lindsay DePalma, MS, is a Staff Life Scientist, Booz Allen Hamilton, McLean, VA. Kristin W. Prentice, MS, is an Associate, Booz Allen Hamilton, Rockville, MD. Jason G. Ramage, MS, MBA, PMP, is Assistant Vice Chancellor for Research and Innovation and Director of Research Compliance, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. Carol Chapman, MS, is a Microbiologist, Geneva Foundation, Contractor Support to the Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Jawad Sarwar, MS, is a Senior Research Scientist, and Nishanth Parameswaran is a Research Scientist; both at Omni Array Biotechnology, Rockville, MD. Jeannine Petersen, PhD, Brook Yockey, and John Young are Microbiologists; all with DHHS/CDC/OID/NCEZID/DVBD/BDB, Fort Collins, CO. Ajay Singh, PhD, is a Research Scientist, Laulima Government Solutions, Contractor Support to USAMRICD, Neurobiological Toxicology Branch, Analytical Toxicology Division, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Christine A. Pillai and Gowri Manickam, PhD, are ORISE Fellow Research Scientists; Nagarajan Thirunavvukarasu, PhD, is an ORISE Fellow; and Shashi K. Sharma, PhD, is a Research Microbiologist; all at the FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Molecular Methods Development Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD. Julie R. Avila, MS, is a Scientific Associate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Livermore, CA. Stephen A. Morse, MSPH, PhD, is a Senior Advisor, CDC Division of Select Agents and Toxins, and is currently with IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA. Kodumudi Venkateswaran, PhD, is Chief Scientist, Tetracore, Inc., Rockville, MD. Kevin Anderson, PhD, and David R. Hodge, PhD, are Program Managers, Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC
| | - John Young
- Segaran P. Pillai, PhD, is Director, Office of Laboratory Science and Safety, FDA Office of the Commissioner, Silver Spring, MD. Lindsay DePalma, MS, is a Staff Life Scientist, Booz Allen Hamilton, McLean, VA. Kristin W. Prentice, MS, is an Associate, Booz Allen Hamilton, Rockville, MD. Jason G. Ramage, MS, MBA, PMP, is Assistant Vice Chancellor for Research and Innovation and Director of Research Compliance, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. Carol Chapman, MS, is a Microbiologist, Geneva Foundation, Contractor Support to the Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Jawad Sarwar, MS, is a Senior Research Scientist, and Nishanth Parameswaran is a Research Scientist; both at Omni Array Biotechnology, Rockville, MD. Jeannine Petersen, PhD, Brook Yockey, and John Young are Microbiologists; all with DHHS/CDC/OID/NCEZID/DVBD/BDB, Fort Collins, CO. Ajay Singh, PhD, is a Research Scientist, Laulima Government Solutions, Contractor Support to USAMRICD, Neurobiological Toxicology Branch, Analytical Toxicology Division, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Christine A. Pillai and Gowri Manickam, PhD, are ORISE Fellow Research Scientists; Nagarajan Thirunavvukarasu, PhD, is an ORISE Fellow; and Shashi K. Sharma, PhD, is a Research Microbiologist; all at the FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Molecular Methods Development Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD. Julie R. Avila, MS, is a Scientific Associate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Livermore, CA. Stephen A. Morse, MSPH, PhD, is a Senior Advisor, CDC Division of Select Agents and Toxins, and is currently with IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA. Kodumudi Venkateswaran, PhD, is Chief Scientist, Tetracore, Inc., Rockville, MD. Kevin Anderson, PhD, and David R. Hodge, PhD, are Program Managers, Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC
| | - Ajay Singh
- Segaran P. Pillai, PhD, is Director, Office of Laboratory Science and Safety, FDA Office of the Commissioner, Silver Spring, MD. Lindsay DePalma, MS, is a Staff Life Scientist, Booz Allen Hamilton, McLean, VA. Kristin W. Prentice, MS, is an Associate, Booz Allen Hamilton, Rockville, MD. Jason G. Ramage, MS, MBA, PMP, is Assistant Vice Chancellor for Research and Innovation and Director of Research Compliance, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. Carol Chapman, MS, is a Microbiologist, Geneva Foundation, Contractor Support to the Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Jawad Sarwar, MS, is a Senior Research Scientist, and Nishanth Parameswaran is a Research Scientist; both at Omni Array Biotechnology, Rockville, MD. Jeannine Petersen, PhD, Brook Yockey, and John Young are Microbiologists; all with DHHS/CDC/OID/NCEZID/DVBD/BDB, Fort Collins, CO. Ajay Singh, PhD, is a Research Scientist, Laulima Government Solutions, Contractor Support to USAMRICD, Neurobiological Toxicology Branch, Analytical Toxicology Division, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Christine A. Pillai and Gowri Manickam, PhD, are ORISE Fellow Research Scientists; Nagarajan Thirunavvukarasu, PhD, is an ORISE Fellow; and Shashi K. Sharma, PhD, is a Research Microbiologist; all at the FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Molecular Methods Development Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD. Julie R. Avila, MS, is a Scientific Associate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Livermore, CA. Stephen A. Morse, MSPH, PhD, is a Senior Advisor, CDC Division of Select Agents and Toxins, and is currently with IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA. Kodumudi Venkateswaran, PhD, is Chief Scientist, Tetracore, Inc., Rockville, MD. Kevin Anderson, PhD, and David R. Hodge, PhD, are Program Managers, Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC
| | - Christine A Pillai
- Segaran P. Pillai, PhD, is Director, Office of Laboratory Science and Safety, FDA Office of the Commissioner, Silver Spring, MD. Lindsay DePalma, MS, is a Staff Life Scientist, Booz Allen Hamilton, McLean, VA. Kristin W. Prentice, MS, is an Associate, Booz Allen Hamilton, Rockville, MD. Jason G. Ramage, MS, MBA, PMP, is Assistant Vice Chancellor for Research and Innovation and Director of Research Compliance, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. Carol Chapman, MS, is a Microbiologist, Geneva Foundation, Contractor Support to the Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Jawad Sarwar, MS, is a Senior Research Scientist, and Nishanth Parameswaran is a Research Scientist; both at Omni Array Biotechnology, Rockville, MD. Jeannine Petersen, PhD, Brook Yockey, and John Young are Microbiologists; all with DHHS/CDC/OID/NCEZID/DVBD/BDB, Fort Collins, CO. Ajay Singh, PhD, is a Research Scientist, Laulima Government Solutions, Contractor Support to USAMRICD, Neurobiological Toxicology Branch, Analytical Toxicology Division, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Christine A. Pillai and Gowri Manickam, PhD, are ORISE Fellow Research Scientists; Nagarajan Thirunavvukarasu, PhD, is an ORISE Fellow; and Shashi K. Sharma, PhD, is a Research Microbiologist; all at the FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Molecular Methods Development Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD. Julie R. Avila, MS, is a Scientific Associate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Livermore, CA. Stephen A. Morse, MSPH, PhD, is a Senior Advisor, CDC Division of Select Agents and Toxins, and is currently with IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA. Kodumudi Venkateswaran, PhD, is Chief Scientist, Tetracore, Inc., Rockville, MD. Kevin Anderson, PhD, and David R. Hodge, PhD, are Program Managers, Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC
| | - Gowri Manickam
- Segaran P. Pillai, PhD, is Director, Office of Laboratory Science and Safety, FDA Office of the Commissioner, Silver Spring, MD. Lindsay DePalma, MS, is a Staff Life Scientist, Booz Allen Hamilton, McLean, VA. Kristin W. Prentice, MS, is an Associate, Booz Allen Hamilton, Rockville, MD. Jason G. Ramage, MS, MBA, PMP, is Assistant Vice Chancellor for Research and Innovation and Director of Research Compliance, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. Carol Chapman, MS, is a Microbiologist, Geneva Foundation, Contractor Support to the Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Jawad Sarwar, MS, is a Senior Research Scientist, and Nishanth Parameswaran is a Research Scientist; both at Omni Array Biotechnology, Rockville, MD. Jeannine Petersen, PhD, Brook Yockey, and John Young are Microbiologists; all with DHHS/CDC/OID/NCEZID/DVBD/BDB, Fort Collins, CO. Ajay Singh, PhD, is a Research Scientist, Laulima Government Solutions, Contractor Support to USAMRICD, Neurobiological Toxicology Branch, Analytical Toxicology Division, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Christine A. Pillai and Gowri Manickam, PhD, are ORISE Fellow Research Scientists; Nagarajan Thirunavvukarasu, PhD, is an ORISE Fellow; and Shashi K. Sharma, PhD, is a Research Microbiologist; all at the FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Molecular Methods Development Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD. Julie R. Avila, MS, is a Scientific Associate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Livermore, CA. Stephen A. Morse, MSPH, PhD, is a Senior Advisor, CDC Division of Select Agents and Toxins, and is currently with IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA. Kodumudi Venkateswaran, PhD, is Chief Scientist, Tetracore, Inc., Rockville, MD. Kevin Anderson, PhD, and David R. Hodge, PhD, are Program Managers, Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC
| | - Nagarajan Thirunavkkarasu
- Segaran P. Pillai, PhD, is Director, Office of Laboratory Science and Safety, FDA Office of the Commissioner, Silver Spring, MD. Lindsay DePalma, MS, is a Staff Life Scientist, Booz Allen Hamilton, McLean, VA. Kristin W. Prentice, MS, is an Associate, Booz Allen Hamilton, Rockville, MD. Jason G. Ramage, MS, MBA, PMP, is Assistant Vice Chancellor for Research and Innovation and Director of Research Compliance, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. Carol Chapman, MS, is a Microbiologist, Geneva Foundation, Contractor Support to the Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Jawad Sarwar, MS, is a Senior Research Scientist, and Nishanth Parameswaran is a Research Scientist; both at Omni Array Biotechnology, Rockville, MD. Jeannine Petersen, PhD, Brook Yockey, and John Young are Microbiologists; all with DHHS/CDC/OID/NCEZID/DVBD/BDB, Fort Collins, CO. Ajay Singh, PhD, is a Research Scientist, Laulima Government Solutions, Contractor Support to USAMRICD, Neurobiological Toxicology Branch, Analytical Toxicology Division, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Christine A. Pillai and Gowri Manickam, PhD, are ORISE Fellow Research Scientists; Nagarajan Thirunavvukarasu, PhD, is an ORISE Fellow; and Shashi K. Sharma, PhD, is a Research Microbiologist; all at the FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Molecular Methods Development Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD. Julie R. Avila, MS, is a Scientific Associate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Livermore, CA. Stephen A. Morse, MSPH, PhD, is a Senior Advisor, CDC Division of Select Agents and Toxins, and is currently with IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA. Kodumudi Venkateswaran, PhD, is Chief Scientist, Tetracore, Inc., Rockville, MD. Kevin Anderson, PhD, and David R. Hodge, PhD, are Program Managers, Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC
| | - Julie R Avila
- Segaran P. Pillai, PhD, is Director, Office of Laboratory Science and Safety, FDA Office of the Commissioner, Silver Spring, MD. Lindsay DePalma, MS, is a Staff Life Scientist, Booz Allen Hamilton, McLean, VA. Kristin W. Prentice, MS, is an Associate, Booz Allen Hamilton, Rockville, MD. Jason G. Ramage, MS, MBA, PMP, is Assistant Vice Chancellor for Research and Innovation and Director of Research Compliance, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. Carol Chapman, MS, is a Microbiologist, Geneva Foundation, Contractor Support to the Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Jawad Sarwar, MS, is a Senior Research Scientist, and Nishanth Parameswaran is a Research Scientist; both at Omni Array Biotechnology, Rockville, MD. Jeannine Petersen, PhD, Brook Yockey, and John Young are Microbiologists; all with DHHS/CDC/OID/NCEZID/DVBD/BDB, Fort Collins, CO. Ajay Singh, PhD, is a Research Scientist, Laulima Government Solutions, Contractor Support to USAMRICD, Neurobiological Toxicology Branch, Analytical Toxicology Division, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Christine A. Pillai and Gowri Manickam, PhD, are ORISE Fellow Research Scientists; Nagarajan Thirunavvukarasu, PhD, is an ORISE Fellow; and Shashi K. Sharma, PhD, is a Research Microbiologist; all at the FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Molecular Methods Development Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD. Julie R. Avila, MS, is a Scientific Associate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Livermore, CA. Stephen A. Morse, MSPH, PhD, is a Senior Advisor, CDC Division of Select Agents and Toxins, and is currently with IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA. Kodumudi Venkateswaran, PhD, is Chief Scientist, Tetracore, Inc., Rockville, MD. Kevin Anderson, PhD, and David R. Hodge, PhD, are Program Managers, Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC
| | - Shashi Sharma
- Segaran P. Pillai, PhD, is Director, Office of Laboratory Science and Safety, FDA Office of the Commissioner, Silver Spring, MD. Lindsay DePalma, MS, is a Staff Life Scientist, Booz Allen Hamilton, McLean, VA. Kristin W. Prentice, MS, is an Associate, Booz Allen Hamilton, Rockville, MD. Jason G. Ramage, MS, MBA, PMP, is Assistant Vice Chancellor for Research and Innovation and Director of Research Compliance, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. Carol Chapman, MS, is a Microbiologist, Geneva Foundation, Contractor Support to the Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Jawad Sarwar, MS, is a Senior Research Scientist, and Nishanth Parameswaran is a Research Scientist; both at Omni Array Biotechnology, Rockville, MD. Jeannine Petersen, PhD, Brook Yockey, and John Young are Microbiologists; all with DHHS/CDC/OID/NCEZID/DVBD/BDB, Fort Collins, CO. Ajay Singh, PhD, is a Research Scientist, Laulima Government Solutions, Contractor Support to USAMRICD, Neurobiological Toxicology Branch, Analytical Toxicology Division, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Christine A. Pillai and Gowri Manickam, PhD, are ORISE Fellow Research Scientists; Nagarajan Thirunavvukarasu, PhD, is an ORISE Fellow; and Shashi K. Sharma, PhD, is a Research Microbiologist; all at the FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Molecular Methods Development Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD. Julie R. Avila, MS, is a Scientific Associate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Livermore, CA. Stephen A. Morse, MSPH, PhD, is a Senior Advisor, CDC Division of Select Agents and Toxins, and is currently with IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA. Kodumudi Venkateswaran, PhD, is Chief Scientist, Tetracore, Inc., Rockville, MD. Kevin Anderson, PhD, and David R. Hodge, PhD, are Program Managers, Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC
| | - Stephen A Morse
- Segaran P. Pillai, PhD, is Director, Office of Laboratory Science and Safety, FDA Office of the Commissioner, Silver Spring, MD. Lindsay DePalma, MS, is a Staff Life Scientist, Booz Allen Hamilton, McLean, VA. Kristin W. Prentice, MS, is an Associate, Booz Allen Hamilton, Rockville, MD. Jason G. Ramage, MS, MBA, PMP, is Assistant Vice Chancellor for Research and Innovation and Director of Research Compliance, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. Carol Chapman, MS, is a Microbiologist, Geneva Foundation, Contractor Support to the Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Jawad Sarwar, MS, is a Senior Research Scientist, and Nishanth Parameswaran is a Research Scientist; both at Omni Array Biotechnology, Rockville, MD. Jeannine Petersen, PhD, Brook Yockey, and John Young are Microbiologists; all with DHHS/CDC/OID/NCEZID/DVBD/BDB, Fort Collins, CO. Ajay Singh, PhD, is a Research Scientist, Laulima Government Solutions, Contractor Support to USAMRICD, Neurobiological Toxicology Branch, Analytical Toxicology Division, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Christine A. Pillai and Gowri Manickam, PhD, are ORISE Fellow Research Scientists; Nagarajan Thirunavvukarasu, PhD, is an ORISE Fellow; and Shashi K. Sharma, PhD, is a Research Microbiologist; all at the FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Molecular Methods Development Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD. Julie R. Avila, MS, is a Scientific Associate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Livermore, CA. Stephen A. Morse, MSPH, PhD, is a Senior Advisor, CDC Division of Select Agents and Toxins, and is currently with IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA. Kodumudi Venkateswaran, PhD, is Chief Scientist, Tetracore, Inc., Rockville, MD. Kevin Anderson, PhD, and David R. Hodge, PhD, are Program Managers, Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC
| | - Kodumudi Venkateswaran
- Segaran P. Pillai, PhD, is Director, Office of Laboratory Science and Safety, FDA Office of the Commissioner, Silver Spring, MD. Lindsay DePalma, MS, is a Staff Life Scientist, Booz Allen Hamilton, McLean, VA. Kristin W. Prentice, MS, is an Associate, Booz Allen Hamilton, Rockville, MD. Jason G. Ramage, MS, MBA, PMP, is Assistant Vice Chancellor for Research and Innovation and Director of Research Compliance, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. Carol Chapman, MS, is a Microbiologist, Geneva Foundation, Contractor Support to the Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Jawad Sarwar, MS, is a Senior Research Scientist, and Nishanth Parameswaran is a Research Scientist; both at Omni Array Biotechnology, Rockville, MD. Jeannine Petersen, PhD, Brook Yockey, and John Young are Microbiologists; all with DHHS/CDC/OID/NCEZID/DVBD/BDB, Fort Collins, CO. Ajay Singh, PhD, is a Research Scientist, Laulima Government Solutions, Contractor Support to USAMRICD, Neurobiological Toxicology Branch, Analytical Toxicology Division, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Christine A. Pillai and Gowri Manickam, PhD, are ORISE Fellow Research Scientists; Nagarajan Thirunavvukarasu, PhD, is an ORISE Fellow; and Shashi K. Sharma, PhD, is a Research Microbiologist; all at the FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Molecular Methods Development Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD. Julie R. Avila, MS, is a Scientific Associate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Livermore, CA. Stephen A. Morse, MSPH, PhD, is a Senior Advisor, CDC Division of Select Agents and Toxins, and is currently with IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA. Kodumudi Venkateswaran, PhD, is Chief Scientist, Tetracore, Inc., Rockville, MD. Kevin Anderson, PhD, and David R. Hodge, PhD, are Program Managers, Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC
| | - Kevin Anderson
- Segaran P. Pillai, PhD, is Director, Office of Laboratory Science and Safety, FDA Office of the Commissioner, Silver Spring, MD. Lindsay DePalma, MS, is a Staff Life Scientist, Booz Allen Hamilton, McLean, VA. Kristin W. Prentice, MS, is an Associate, Booz Allen Hamilton, Rockville, MD. Jason G. Ramage, MS, MBA, PMP, is Assistant Vice Chancellor for Research and Innovation and Director of Research Compliance, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. Carol Chapman, MS, is a Microbiologist, Geneva Foundation, Contractor Support to the Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Jawad Sarwar, MS, is a Senior Research Scientist, and Nishanth Parameswaran is a Research Scientist; both at Omni Array Biotechnology, Rockville, MD. Jeannine Petersen, PhD, Brook Yockey, and John Young are Microbiologists; all with DHHS/CDC/OID/NCEZID/DVBD/BDB, Fort Collins, CO. Ajay Singh, PhD, is a Research Scientist, Laulima Government Solutions, Contractor Support to USAMRICD, Neurobiological Toxicology Branch, Analytical Toxicology Division, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Christine A. Pillai and Gowri Manickam, PhD, are ORISE Fellow Research Scientists; Nagarajan Thirunavvukarasu, PhD, is an ORISE Fellow; and Shashi K. Sharma, PhD, is a Research Microbiologist; all at the FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Molecular Methods Development Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD. Julie R. Avila, MS, is a Scientific Associate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Livermore, CA. Stephen A. Morse, MSPH, PhD, is a Senior Advisor, CDC Division of Select Agents and Toxins, and is currently with IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA. Kodumudi Venkateswaran, PhD, is Chief Scientist, Tetracore, Inc., Rockville, MD. Kevin Anderson, PhD, and David R. Hodge, PhD, are Program Managers, Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC
| | - David R Hodge
- Segaran P. Pillai, PhD, is Director, Office of Laboratory Science and Safety, FDA Office of the Commissioner, Silver Spring, MD. Lindsay DePalma, MS, is a Staff Life Scientist, Booz Allen Hamilton, McLean, VA. Kristin W. Prentice, MS, is an Associate, Booz Allen Hamilton, Rockville, MD. Jason G. Ramage, MS, MBA, PMP, is Assistant Vice Chancellor for Research and Innovation and Director of Research Compliance, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. Carol Chapman, MS, is a Microbiologist, Geneva Foundation, Contractor Support to the Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Jawad Sarwar, MS, is a Senior Research Scientist, and Nishanth Parameswaran is a Research Scientist; both at Omni Array Biotechnology, Rockville, MD. Jeannine Petersen, PhD, Brook Yockey, and John Young are Microbiologists; all with DHHS/CDC/OID/NCEZID/DVBD/BDB, Fort Collins, CO. Ajay Singh, PhD, is a Research Scientist, Laulima Government Solutions, Contractor Support to USAMRICD, Neurobiological Toxicology Branch, Analytical Toxicology Division, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Christine A. Pillai and Gowri Manickam, PhD, are ORISE Fellow Research Scientists; Nagarajan Thirunavvukarasu, PhD, is an ORISE Fellow; and Shashi K. Sharma, PhD, is a Research Microbiologist; all at the FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Molecular Methods Development Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD. Julie R. Avila, MS, is a Scientific Associate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Livermore, CA. Stephen A. Morse, MSPH, PhD, is a Senior Advisor, CDC Division of Select Agents and Toxins, and is currently with IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA. Kodumudi Venkateswaran, PhD, is Chief Scientist, Tetracore, Inc., Rockville, MD. Kevin Anderson, PhD, and David R. Hodge, PhD, are Program Managers, Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC
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Rajkovic A, Jovanovic J, Monteiro S, Decleer M, Andjelkovic M, Foubert A, Beloglazova N, Tsilla V, Sas B, Madder A, De Saeger S, Uyttendaele M. Detection of toxins involved in foodborne diseases caused by Gram‐positive bacteria. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:1605-1657. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreja Rajkovic
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Jelena Jovanovic
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Silvia Monteiro
- Laboratorio Analises, Instituto Superior TecnicoUniversidade de Lisboa Lisbon Portugal
| | - Marlies Decleer
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent University Ghent Belgium
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesGhent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Mirjana Andjelkovic
- Operational Directorate Food, Medicines and Consumer SafetyService for Chemical Residues and Contaminants Brussels Belgium
| | - Astrid Foubert
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesGhent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Natalia Beloglazova
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesGhent University Ghent Belgium
- Nanotechnology Education and Research CenterSouth Ural State University Chelyabinsk Russia
| | - Varvara Tsilla
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Benedikt Sas
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Annemieke Madder
- Laboratorium for Organic and Biomimetic Chemistry, Department of Organic and Macromolecular ChemistryGhent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesGhent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Mieke Uyttendaele
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent University Ghent Belgium
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Prentice KW, DePalma L, Ramage JG, Sarwar J, Parameswaran N, Petersen J, Yockey B, Young J, Joshi M, Thirunavvukarasu N, Singh A, Chapman C, Avila JR, Pillai CA, Manickam G, Sharma SK, Morse SA, Venkateswaran KV, Anderson K, Hodge DR, Pillai SP. Comprehensive Laboratory Evaluation of a Lateral Flow Assay for the Detection of Yersinia pestis. Health Secur 2020; 17:439-453. [PMID: 31859568 PMCID: PMC6964806 DOI: 10.1089/hs.2019.0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We conducted a comprehensive, multiphase laboratory evaluation of the Plague BioThreat Alert® (BTA) test, a lateral flow immunoassay (LFA), for the rapid detection of Yersinia pestis. The study was conducted in 7 phases at 2 sites to assess the performance of the LFA. The limit of detection (LOD) was determined using both a virulent and avirulent strain of Y. pestis, CO99-3015 (105 CFU/ml) and A1122 (104 CFU/ml), respectively. In the other phases, 18 Y. pestis strains, 20 phylogenetic near-neighbor strains, 61 environmental background microorganisms, 26 white powders, and a pooled aerosol sample were also tested. A total of 1,110 LFA test results were obtained, and their analysis indicates that this LFA had a sensitivity of 97.65% and specificity of 96.57%. These performance data are important for accurate interpretation of qualitative results arising from testing suspicious white powders and aerosol samples in the field. Any positive specimen in this assay is considered presumptive positive and should be referred to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Laboratory Response Network for additional testing, confirmation, and characterization for an appropriate public health response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin W. Prentice
- Kristin W. Prentice, MS, is an Associate, Booz Allen Hamilton, Rockville, MD. Lindsay DePalma, MS, is a Staff Life Scientist, Booz Allen Hamilton, McLean, VA. Jason G. Ramage, MS, MBA, PMP, is Assistant Vice Chancellor for Research and Innovation and Director of Research Compliance, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. Jawad Sarwar, MS, is a Senior Research Scientist, and Nishanth Parameswaran and Mrinmayi Joshi, MS, are Research Scientists; all at Omni Array Biotechnology, Rockville, MD. Jeannine Petersen, PhD, Brook Yockey, and John Young are Microbiologists; all with DHHS/CDC/OID/NCEZID/DVBD/BDB, Fort Collins, CO. Nagarajan Thirunavvukarasu, PhD, is an ORISE Fellow; Christine A. Pillai and Gowri Manickam, PhD, are ORISE Fellow Research Scientists; and Shashi K. Sharma, PhD, is a Research Microbiologist; all at the FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Molecular Methods Development Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD. Ajay Singh, PhD, is a Research Scientist, Laulima Government Solutions, Contractor Support to USAMRICD, Neurobiological Toxicology Branch, Analytical Toxicology Division, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Carol Chapman, MS, is a Microbiologist, Geneva Foundation, Contractor Support to the Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Julie R. Avila, MS, is a Scientific Associate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Livermore, CA. Stephen A. Morse, MSPH, PhD, is a Senior Advisor, CDC Division of Select Agents and Toxins, and is currently with IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA. Kodumudi Venkat Venkateswaran, PhD, is Chief Scientist, Tetracore, Inc., Rockville, MD. Kevin Anderson, PhD, and David R. Hodge, PhD, are Program Managers, Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC. Segaran P. Pillai, PhD, is Director, Office of Laboratory Science and Safety, FDA Office of the Commissioner, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Lindsay DePalma
- Kristin W. Prentice, MS, is an Associate, Booz Allen Hamilton, Rockville, MD. Lindsay DePalma, MS, is a Staff Life Scientist, Booz Allen Hamilton, McLean, VA. Jason G. Ramage, MS, MBA, PMP, is Assistant Vice Chancellor for Research and Innovation and Director of Research Compliance, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. Jawad Sarwar, MS, is a Senior Research Scientist, and Nishanth Parameswaran and Mrinmayi Joshi, MS, are Research Scientists; all at Omni Array Biotechnology, Rockville, MD. Jeannine Petersen, PhD, Brook Yockey, and John Young are Microbiologists; all with DHHS/CDC/OID/NCEZID/DVBD/BDB, Fort Collins, CO. Nagarajan Thirunavvukarasu, PhD, is an ORISE Fellow; Christine A. Pillai and Gowri Manickam, PhD, are ORISE Fellow Research Scientists; and Shashi K. Sharma, PhD, is a Research Microbiologist; all at the FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Molecular Methods Development Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD. Ajay Singh, PhD, is a Research Scientist, Laulima Government Solutions, Contractor Support to USAMRICD, Neurobiological Toxicology Branch, Analytical Toxicology Division, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Carol Chapman, MS, is a Microbiologist, Geneva Foundation, Contractor Support to the Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Julie R. Avila, MS, is a Scientific Associate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Livermore, CA. Stephen A. Morse, MSPH, PhD, is a Senior Advisor, CDC Division of Select Agents and Toxins, and is currently with IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA. Kodumudi Venkat Venkateswaran, PhD, is Chief Scientist, Tetracore, Inc., Rockville, MD. Kevin Anderson, PhD, and David R. Hodge, PhD, are Program Managers, Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC. Segaran P. Pillai, PhD, is Director, Office of Laboratory Science and Safety, FDA Office of the Commissioner, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Jason G. Ramage
- Kristin W. Prentice, MS, is an Associate, Booz Allen Hamilton, Rockville, MD. Lindsay DePalma, MS, is a Staff Life Scientist, Booz Allen Hamilton, McLean, VA. Jason G. Ramage, MS, MBA, PMP, is Assistant Vice Chancellor for Research and Innovation and Director of Research Compliance, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. Jawad Sarwar, MS, is a Senior Research Scientist, and Nishanth Parameswaran and Mrinmayi Joshi, MS, are Research Scientists; all at Omni Array Biotechnology, Rockville, MD. Jeannine Petersen, PhD, Brook Yockey, and John Young are Microbiologists; all with DHHS/CDC/OID/NCEZID/DVBD/BDB, Fort Collins, CO. Nagarajan Thirunavvukarasu, PhD, is an ORISE Fellow; Christine A. Pillai and Gowri Manickam, PhD, are ORISE Fellow Research Scientists; and Shashi K. Sharma, PhD, is a Research Microbiologist; all at the FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Molecular Methods Development Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD. Ajay Singh, PhD, is a Research Scientist, Laulima Government Solutions, Contractor Support to USAMRICD, Neurobiological Toxicology Branch, Analytical Toxicology Division, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Carol Chapman, MS, is a Microbiologist, Geneva Foundation, Contractor Support to the Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Julie R. Avila, MS, is a Scientific Associate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Livermore, CA. Stephen A. Morse, MSPH, PhD, is a Senior Advisor, CDC Division of Select Agents and Toxins, and is currently with IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA. Kodumudi Venkat Venkateswaran, PhD, is Chief Scientist, Tetracore, Inc., Rockville, MD. Kevin Anderson, PhD, and David R. Hodge, PhD, are Program Managers, Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC. Segaran P. Pillai, PhD, is Director, Office of Laboratory Science and Safety, FDA Office of the Commissioner, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Jawad Sarwar
- Kristin W. Prentice, MS, is an Associate, Booz Allen Hamilton, Rockville, MD. Lindsay DePalma, MS, is a Staff Life Scientist, Booz Allen Hamilton, McLean, VA. Jason G. Ramage, MS, MBA, PMP, is Assistant Vice Chancellor for Research and Innovation and Director of Research Compliance, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. Jawad Sarwar, MS, is a Senior Research Scientist, and Nishanth Parameswaran and Mrinmayi Joshi, MS, are Research Scientists; all at Omni Array Biotechnology, Rockville, MD. Jeannine Petersen, PhD, Brook Yockey, and John Young are Microbiologists; all with DHHS/CDC/OID/NCEZID/DVBD/BDB, Fort Collins, CO. Nagarajan Thirunavvukarasu, PhD, is an ORISE Fellow; Christine A. Pillai and Gowri Manickam, PhD, are ORISE Fellow Research Scientists; and Shashi K. Sharma, PhD, is a Research Microbiologist; all at the FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Molecular Methods Development Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD. Ajay Singh, PhD, is a Research Scientist, Laulima Government Solutions, Contractor Support to USAMRICD, Neurobiological Toxicology Branch, Analytical Toxicology Division, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Carol Chapman, MS, is a Microbiologist, Geneva Foundation, Contractor Support to the Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Julie R. Avila, MS, is a Scientific Associate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Livermore, CA. Stephen A. Morse, MSPH, PhD, is a Senior Advisor, CDC Division of Select Agents and Toxins, and is currently with IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA. Kodumudi Venkat Venkateswaran, PhD, is Chief Scientist, Tetracore, Inc., Rockville, MD. Kevin Anderson, PhD, and David R. Hodge, PhD, are Program Managers, Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC. Segaran P. Pillai, PhD, is Director, Office of Laboratory Science and Safety, FDA Office of the Commissioner, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Nishanth Parameswaran
- Kristin W. Prentice, MS, is an Associate, Booz Allen Hamilton, Rockville, MD. Lindsay DePalma, MS, is a Staff Life Scientist, Booz Allen Hamilton, McLean, VA. Jason G. Ramage, MS, MBA, PMP, is Assistant Vice Chancellor for Research and Innovation and Director of Research Compliance, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. Jawad Sarwar, MS, is a Senior Research Scientist, and Nishanth Parameswaran and Mrinmayi Joshi, MS, are Research Scientists; all at Omni Array Biotechnology, Rockville, MD. Jeannine Petersen, PhD, Brook Yockey, and John Young are Microbiologists; all with DHHS/CDC/OID/NCEZID/DVBD/BDB, Fort Collins, CO. Nagarajan Thirunavvukarasu, PhD, is an ORISE Fellow; Christine A. Pillai and Gowri Manickam, PhD, are ORISE Fellow Research Scientists; and Shashi K. Sharma, PhD, is a Research Microbiologist; all at the FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Molecular Methods Development Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD. Ajay Singh, PhD, is a Research Scientist, Laulima Government Solutions, Contractor Support to USAMRICD, Neurobiological Toxicology Branch, Analytical Toxicology Division, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Carol Chapman, MS, is a Microbiologist, Geneva Foundation, Contractor Support to the Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Julie R. Avila, MS, is a Scientific Associate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Livermore, CA. Stephen A. Morse, MSPH, PhD, is a Senior Advisor, CDC Division of Select Agents and Toxins, and is currently with IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA. Kodumudi Venkat Venkateswaran, PhD, is Chief Scientist, Tetracore, Inc., Rockville, MD. Kevin Anderson, PhD, and David R. Hodge, PhD, are Program Managers, Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC. Segaran P. Pillai, PhD, is Director, Office of Laboratory Science and Safety, FDA Office of the Commissioner, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Jeannine Petersen
- Kristin W. Prentice, MS, is an Associate, Booz Allen Hamilton, Rockville, MD. Lindsay DePalma, MS, is a Staff Life Scientist, Booz Allen Hamilton, McLean, VA. Jason G. Ramage, MS, MBA, PMP, is Assistant Vice Chancellor for Research and Innovation and Director of Research Compliance, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. Jawad Sarwar, MS, is a Senior Research Scientist, and Nishanth Parameswaran and Mrinmayi Joshi, MS, are Research Scientists; all at Omni Array Biotechnology, Rockville, MD. Jeannine Petersen, PhD, Brook Yockey, and John Young are Microbiologists; all with DHHS/CDC/OID/NCEZID/DVBD/BDB, Fort Collins, CO. Nagarajan Thirunavvukarasu, PhD, is an ORISE Fellow; Christine A. Pillai and Gowri Manickam, PhD, are ORISE Fellow Research Scientists; and Shashi K. Sharma, PhD, is a Research Microbiologist; all at the FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Molecular Methods Development Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD. Ajay Singh, PhD, is a Research Scientist, Laulima Government Solutions, Contractor Support to USAMRICD, Neurobiological Toxicology Branch, Analytical Toxicology Division, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Carol Chapman, MS, is a Microbiologist, Geneva Foundation, Contractor Support to the Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Julie R. Avila, MS, is a Scientific Associate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Livermore, CA. Stephen A. Morse, MSPH, PhD, is a Senior Advisor, CDC Division of Select Agents and Toxins, and is currently with IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA. Kodumudi Venkat Venkateswaran, PhD, is Chief Scientist, Tetracore, Inc., Rockville, MD. Kevin Anderson, PhD, and David R. Hodge, PhD, are Program Managers, Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC. Segaran P. Pillai, PhD, is Director, Office of Laboratory Science and Safety, FDA Office of the Commissioner, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Brook Yockey
- Kristin W. Prentice, MS, is an Associate, Booz Allen Hamilton, Rockville, MD. Lindsay DePalma, MS, is a Staff Life Scientist, Booz Allen Hamilton, McLean, VA. Jason G. Ramage, MS, MBA, PMP, is Assistant Vice Chancellor for Research and Innovation and Director of Research Compliance, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. Jawad Sarwar, MS, is a Senior Research Scientist, and Nishanth Parameswaran and Mrinmayi Joshi, MS, are Research Scientists; all at Omni Array Biotechnology, Rockville, MD. Jeannine Petersen, PhD, Brook Yockey, and John Young are Microbiologists; all with DHHS/CDC/OID/NCEZID/DVBD/BDB, Fort Collins, CO. Nagarajan Thirunavvukarasu, PhD, is an ORISE Fellow; Christine A. Pillai and Gowri Manickam, PhD, are ORISE Fellow Research Scientists; and Shashi K. Sharma, PhD, is a Research Microbiologist; all at the FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Molecular Methods Development Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD. Ajay Singh, PhD, is a Research Scientist, Laulima Government Solutions, Contractor Support to USAMRICD, Neurobiological Toxicology Branch, Analytical Toxicology Division, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Carol Chapman, MS, is a Microbiologist, Geneva Foundation, Contractor Support to the Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Julie R. Avila, MS, is a Scientific Associate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Livermore, CA. Stephen A. Morse, MSPH, PhD, is a Senior Advisor, CDC Division of Select Agents and Toxins, and is currently with IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA. Kodumudi Venkat Venkateswaran, PhD, is Chief Scientist, Tetracore, Inc., Rockville, MD. Kevin Anderson, PhD, and David R. Hodge, PhD, are Program Managers, Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC. Segaran P. Pillai, PhD, is Director, Office of Laboratory Science and Safety, FDA Office of the Commissioner, Silver Spring, MD
| | - John Young
- Kristin W. Prentice, MS, is an Associate, Booz Allen Hamilton, Rockville, MD. Lindsay DePalma, MS, is a Staff Life Scientist, Booz Allen Hamilton, McLean, VA. Jason G. Ramage, MS, MBA, PMP, is Assistant Vice Chancellor for Research and Innovation and Director of Research Compliance, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. Jawad Sarwar, MS, is a Senior Research Scientist, and Nishanth Parameswaran and Mrinmayi Joshi, MS, are Research Scientists; all at Omni Array Biotechnology, Rockville, MD. Jeannine Petersen, PhD, Brook Yockey, and John Young are Microbiologists; all with DHHS/CDC/OID/NCEZID/DVBD/BDB, Fort Collins, CO. Nagarajan Thirunavvukarasu, PhD, is an ORISE Fellow; Christine A. Pillai and Gowri Manickam, PhD, are ORISE Fellow Research Scientists; and Shashi K. Sharma, PhD, is a Research Microbiologist; all at the FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Molecular Methods Development Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD. Ajay Singh, PhD, is a Research Scientist, Laulima Government Solutions, Contractor Support to USAMRICD, Neurobiological Toxicology Branch, Analytical Toxicology Division, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Carol Chapman, MS, is a Microbiologist, Geneva Foundation, Contractor Support to the Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Julie R. Avila, MS, is a Scientific Associate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Livermore, CA. Stephen A. Morse, MSPH, PhD, is a Senior Advisor, CDC Division of Select Agents and Toxins, and is currently with IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA. Kodumudi Venkat Venkateswaran, PhD, is Chief Scientist, Tetracore, Inc., Rockville, MD. Kevin Anderson, PhD, and David R. Hodge, PhD, are Program Managers, Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC. Segaran P. Pillai, PhD, is Director, Office of Laboratory Science and Safety, FDA Office of the Commissioner, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Mrinmayi Joshi
- Kristin W. Prentice, MS, is an Associate, Booz Allen Hamilton, Rockville, MD. Lindsay DePalma, MS, is a Staff Life Scientist, Booz Allen Hamilton, McLean, VA. Jason G. Ramage, MS, MBA, PMP, is Assistant Vice Chancellor for Research and Innovation and Director of Research Compliance, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. Jawad Sarwar, MS, is a Senior Research Scientist, and Nishanth Parameswaran and Mrinmayi Joshi, MS, are Research Scientists; all at Omni Array Biotechnology, Rockville, MD. Jeannine Petersen, PhD, Brook Yockey, and John Young are Microbiologists; all with DHHS/CDC/OID/NCEZID/DVBD/BDB, Fort Collins, CO. Nagarajan Thirunavvukarasu, PhD, is an ORISE Fellow; Christine A. Pillai and Gowri Manickam, PhD, are ORISE Fellow Research Scientists; and Shashi K. Sharma, PhD, is a Research Microbiologist; all at the FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Molecular Methods Development Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD. Ajay Singh, PhD, is a Research Scientist, Laulima Government Solutions, Contractor Support to USAMRICD, Neurobiological Toxicology Branch, Analytical Toxicology Division, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Carol Chapman, MS, is a Microbiologist, Geneva Foundation, Contractor Support to the Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Julie R. Avila, MS, is a Scientific Associate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Livermore, CA. Stephen A. Morse, MSPH, PhD, is a Senior Advisor, CDC Division of Select Agents and Toxins, and is currently with IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA. Kodumudi Venkat Venkateswaran, PhD, is Chief Scientist, Tetracore, Inc., Rockville, MD. Kevin Anderson, PhD, and David R. Hodge, PhD, are Program Managers, Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC. Segaran P. Pillai, PhD, is Director, Office of Laboratory Science and Safety, FDA Office of the Commissioner, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Nagarajan Thirunavvukarasu
- Kristin W. Prentice, MS, is an Associate, Booz Allen Hamilton, Rockville, MD. Lindsay DePalma, MS, is a Staff Life Scientist, Booz Allen Hamilton, McLean, VA. Jason G. Ramage, MS, MBA, PMP, is Assistant Vice Chancellor for Research and Innovation and Director of Research Compliance, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. Jawad Sarwar, MS, is a Senior Research Scientist, and Nishanth Parameswaran and Mrinmayi Joshi, MS, are Research Scientists; all at Omni Array Biotechnology, Rockville, MD. Jeannine Petersen, PhD, Brook Yockey, and John Young are Microbiologists; all with DHHS/CDC/OID/NCEZID/DVBD/BDB, Fort Collins, CO. Nagarajan Thirunavvukarasu, PhD, is an ORISE Fellow; Christine A. Pillai and Gowri Manickam, PhD, are ORISE Fellow Research Scientists; and Shashi K. Sharma, PhD, is a Research Microbiologist; all at the FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Molecular Methods Development Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD. Ajay Singh, PhD, is a Research Scientist, Laulima Government Solutions, Contractor Support to USAMRICD, Neurobiological Toxicology Branch, Analytical Toxicology Division, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Carol Chapman, MS, is a Microbiologist, Geneva Foundation, Contractor Support to the Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Julie R. Avila, MS, is a Scientific Associate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Livermore, CA. Stephen A. Morse, MSPH, PhD, is a Senior Advisor, CDC Division of Select Agents and Toxins, and is currently with IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA. Kodumudi Venkat Venkateswaran, PhD, is Chief Scientist, Tetracore, Inc., Rockville, MD. Kevin Anderson, PhD, and David R. Hodge, PhD, are Program Managers, Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC. Segaran P. Pillai, PhD, is Director, Office of Laboratory Science and Safety, FDA Office of the Commissioner, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Ajay Singh
- Kristin W. Prentice, MS, is an Associate, Booz Allen Hamilton, Rockville, MD. Lindsay DePalma, MS, is a Staff Life Scientist, Booz Allen Hamilton, McLean, VA. Jason G. Ramage, MS, MBA, PMP, is Assistant Vice Chancellor for Research and Innovation and Director of Research Compliance, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. Jawad Sarwar, MS, is a Senior Research Scientist, and Nishanth Parameswaran and Mrinmayi Joshi, MS, are Research Scientists; all at Omni Array Biotechnology, Rockville, MD. Jeannine Petersen, PhD, Brook Yockey, and John Young are Microbiologists; all with DHHS/CDC/OID/NCEZID/DVBD/BDB, Fort Collins, CO. Nagarajan Thirunavvukarasu, PhD, is an ORISE Fellow; Christine A. Pillai and Gowri Manickam, PhD, are ORISE Fellow Research Scientists; and Shashi K. Sharma, PhD, is a Research Microbiologist; all at the FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Molecular Methods Development Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD. Ajay Singh, PhD, is a Research Scientist, Laulima Government Solutions, Contractor Support to USAMRICD, Neurobiological Toxicology Branch, Analytical Toxicology Division, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Carol Chapman, MS, is a Microbiologist, Geneva Foundation, Contractor Support to the Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Julie R. Avila, MS, is a Scientific Associate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Livermore, CA. Stephen A. Morse, MSPH, PhD, is a Senior Advisor, CDC Division of Select Agents and Toxins, and is currently with IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA. Kodumudi Venkat Venkateswaran, PhD, is Chief Scientist, Tetracore, Inc., Rockville, MD. Kevin Anderson, PhD, and David R. Hodge, PhD, are Program Managers, Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC. Segaran P. Pillai, PhD, is Director, Office of Laboratory Science and Safety, FDA Office of the Commissioner, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Carol Chapman
- Kristin W. Prentice, MS, is an Associate, Booz Allen Hamilton, Rockville, MD. Lindsay DePalma, MS, is a Staff Life Scientist, Booz Allen Hamilton, McLean, VA. Jason G. Ramage, MS, MBA, PMP, is Assistant Vice Chancellor for Research and Innovation and Director of Research Compliance, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. Jawad Sarwar, MS, is a Senior Research Scientist, and Nishanth Parameswaran and Mrinmayi Joshi, MS, are Research Scientists; all at Omni Array Biotechnology, Rockville, MD. Jeannine Petersen, PhD, Brook Yockey, and John Young are Microbiologists; all with DHHS/CDC/OID/NCEZID/DVBD/BDB, Fort Collins, CO. Nagarajan Thirunavvukarasu, PhD, is an ORISE Fellow; Christine A. Pillai and Gowri Manickam, PhD, are ORISE Fellow Research Scientists; and Shashi K. Sharma, PhD, is a Research Microbiologist; all at the FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Molecular Methods Development Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD. Ajay Singh, PhD, is a Research Scientist, Laulima Government Solutions, Contractor Support to USAMRICD, Neurobiological Toxicology Branch, Analytical Toxicology Division, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Carol Chapman, MS, is a Microbiologist, Geneva Foundation, Contractor Support to the Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Julie R. Avila, MS, is a Scientific Associate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Livermore, CA. Stephen A. Morse, MSPH, PhD, is a Senior Advisor, CDC Division of Select Agents and Toxins, and is currently with IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA. Kodumudi Venkat Venkateswaran, PhD, is Chief Scientist, Tetracore, Inc., Rockville, MD. Kevin Anderson, PhD, and David R. Hodge, PhD, are Program Managers, Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC. Segaran P. Pillai, PhD, is Director, Office of Laboratory Science and Safety, FDA Office of the Commissioner, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Julie R. Avila
- Kristin W. Prentice, MS, is an Associate, Booz Allen Hamilton, Rockville, MD. Lindsay DePalma, MS, is a Staff Life Scientist, Booz Allen Hamilton, McLean, VA. Jason G. Ramage, MS, MBA, PMP, is Assistant Vice Chancellor for Research and Innovation and Director of Research Compliance, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. Jawad Sarwar, MS, is a Senior Research Scientist, and Nishanth Parameswaran and Mrinmayi Joshi, MS, are Research Scientists; all at Omni Array Biotechnology, Rockville, MD. Jeannine Petersen, PhD, Brook Yockey, and John Young are Microbiologists; all with DHHS/CDC/OID/NCEZID/DVBD/BDB, Fort Collins, CO. Nagarajan Thirunavvukarasu, PhD, is an ORISE Fellow; Christine A. Pillai and Gowri Manickam, PhD, are ORISE Fellow Research Scientists; and Shashi K. Sharma, PhD, is a Research Microbiologist; all at the FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Molecular Methods Development Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD. Ajay Singh, PhD, is a Research Scientist, Laulima Government Solutions, Contractor Support to USAMRICD, Neurobiological Toxicology Branch, Analytical Toxicology Division, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Carol Chapman, MS, is a Microbiologist, Geneva Foundation, Contractor Support to the Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Julie R. Avila, MS, is a Scientific Associate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Livermore, CA. Stephen A. Morse, MSPH, PhD, is a Senior Advisor, CDC Division of Select Agents and Toxins, and is currently with IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA. Kodumudi Venkat Venkateswaran, PhD, is Chief Scientist, Tetracore, Inc., Rockville, MD. Kevin Anderson, PhD, and David R. Hodge, PhD, are Program Managers, Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC. Segaran P. Pillai, PhD, is Director, Office of Laboratory Science and Safety, FDA Office of the Commissioner, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Christine A. Pillai
- Kristin W. Prentice, MS, is an Associate, Booz Allen Hamilton, Rockville, MD. Lindsay DePalma, MS, is a Staff Life Scientist, Booz Allen Hamilton, McLean, VA. Jason G. Ramage, MS, MBA, PMP, is Assistant Vice Chancellor for Research and Innovation and Director of Research Compliance, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. Jawad Sarwar, MS, is a Senior Research Scientist, and Nishanth Parameswaran and Mrinmayi Joshi, MS, are Research Scientists; all at Omni Array Biotechnology, Rockville, MD. Jeannine Petersen, PhD, Brook Yockey, and John Young are Microbiologists; all with DHHS/CDC/OID/NCEZID/DVBD/BDB, Fort Collins, CO. Nagarajan Thirunavvukarasu, PhD, is an ORISE Fellow; Christine A. Pillai and Gowri Manickam, PhD, are ORISE Fellow Research Scientists; and Shashi K. Sharma, PhD, is a Research Microbiologist; all at the FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Molecular Methods Development Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD. Ajay Singh, PhD, is a Research Scientist, Laulima Government Solutions, Contractor Support to USAMRICD, Neurobiological Toxicology Branch, Analytical Toxicology Division, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Carol Chapman, MS, is a Microbiologist, Geneva Foundation, Contractor Support to the Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Julie R. Avila, MS, is a Scientific Associate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Livermore, CA. Stephen A. Morse, MSPH, PhD, is a Senior Advisor, CDC Division of Select Agents and Toxins, and is currently with IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA. Kodumudi Venkat Venkateswaran, PhD, is Chief Scientist, Tetracore, Inc., Rockville, MD. Kevin Anderson, PhD, and David R. Hodge, PhD, are Program Managers, Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC. Segaran P. Pillai, PhD, is Director, Office of Laboratory Science and Safety, FDA Office of the Commissioner, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Gowri Manickam
- Kristin W. Prentice, MS, is an Associate, Booz Allen Hamilton, Rockville, MD. Lindsay DePalma, MS, is a Staff Life Scientist, Booz Allen Hamilton, McLean, VA. Jason G. Ramage, MS, MBA, PMP, is Assistant Vice Chancellor for Research and Innovation and Director of Research Compliance, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. Jawad Sarwar, MS, is a Senior Research Scientist, and Nishanth Parameswaran and Mrinmayi Joshi, MS, are Research Scientists; all at Omni Array Biotechnology, Rockville, MD. Jeannine Petersen, PhD, Brook Yockey, and John Young are Microbiologists; all with DHHS/CDC/OID/NCEZID/DVBD/BDB, Fort Collins, CO. Nagarajan Thirunavvukarasu, PhD, is an ORISE Fellow; Christine A. Pillai and Gowri Manickam, PhD, are ORISE Fellow Research Scientists; and Shashi K. Sharma, PhD, is a Research Microbiologist; all at the FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Molecular Methods Development Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD. Ajay Singh, PhD, is a Research Scientist, Laulima Government Solutions, Contractor Support to USAMRICD, Neurobiological Toxicology Branch, Analytical Toxicology Division, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Carol Chapman, MS, is a Microbiologist, Geneva Foundation, Contractor Support to the Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Julie R. Avila, MS, is a Scientific Associate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Livermore, CA. Stephen A. Morse, MSPH, PhD, is a Senior Advisor, CDC Division of Select Agents and Toxins, and is currently with IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA. Kodumudi Venkat Venkateswaran, PhD, is Chief Scientist, Tetracore, Inc., Rockville, MD. Kevin Anderson, PhD, and David R. Hodge, PhD, are Program Managers, Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC. Segaran P. Pillai, PhD, is Director, Office of Laboratory Science and Safety, FDA Office of the Commissioner, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Shashi K. Sharma
- Kristin W. Prentice, MS, is an Associate, Booz Allen Hamilton, Rockville, MD. Lindsay DePalma, MS, is a Staff Life Scientist, Booz Allen Hamilton, McLean, VA. Jason G. Ramage, MS, MBA, PMP, is Assistant Vice Chancellor for Research and Innovation and Director of Research Compliance, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. Jawad Sarwar, MS, is a Senior Research Scientist, and Nishanth Parameswaran and Mrinmayi Joshi, MS, are Research Scientists; all at Omni Array Biotechnology, Rockville, MD. Jeannine Petersen, PhD, Brook Yockey, and John Young are Microbiologists; all with DHHS/CDC/OID/NCEZID/DVBD/BDB, Fort Collins, CO. Nagarajan Thirunavvukarasu, PhD, is an ORISE Fellow; Christine A. Pillai and Gowri Manickam, PhD, are ORISE Fellow Research Scientists; and Shashi K. Sharma, PhD, is a Research Microbiologist; all at the FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Molecular Methods Development Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD. Ajay Singh, PhD, is a Research Scientist, Laulima Government Solutions, Contractor Support to USAMRICD, Neurobiological Toxicology Branch, Analytical Toxicology Division, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Carol Chapman, MS, is a Microbiologist, Geneva Foundation, Contractor Support to the Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Julie R. Avila, MS, is a Scientific Associate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Livermore, CA. Stephen A. Morse, MSPH, PhD, is a Senior Advisor, CDC Division of Select Agents and Toxins, and is currently with IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA. Kodumudi Venkat Venkateswaran, PhD, is Chief Scientist, Tetracore, Inc., Rockville, MD. Kevin Anderson, PhD, and David R. Hodge, PhD, are Program Managers, Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC. Segaran P. Pillai, PhD, is Director, Office of Laboratory Science and Safety, FDA Office of the Commissioner, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Stephen A. Morse
- Kristin W. Prentice, MS, is an Associate, Booz Allen Hamilton, Rockville, MD. Lindsay DePalma, MS, is a Staff Life Scientist, Booz Allen Hamilton, McLean, VA. Jason G. Ramage, MS, MBA, PMP, is Assistant Vice Chancellor for Research and Innovation and Director of Research Compliance, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. Jawad Sarwar, MS, is a Senior Research Scientist, and Nishanth Parameswaran and Mrinmayi Joshi, MS, are Research Scientists; all at Omni Array Biotechnology, Rockville, MD. Jeannine Petersen, PhD, Brook Yockey, and John Young are Microbiologists; all with DHHS/CDC/OID/NCEZID/DVBD/BDB, Fort Collins, CO. Nagarajan Thirunavvukarasu, PhD, is an ORISE Fellow; Christine A. Pillai and Gowri Manickam, PhD, are ORISE Fellow Research Scientists; and Shashi K. Sharma, PhD, is a Research Microbiologist; all at the FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Molecular Methods Development Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD. Ajay Singh, PhD, is a Research Scientist, Laulima Government Solutions, Contractor Support to USAMRICD, Neurobiological Toxicology Branch, Analytical Toxicology Division, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Carol Chapman, MS, is a Microbiologist, Geneva Foundation, Contractor Support to the Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Julie R. Avila, MS, is a Scientific Associate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Livermore, CA. Stephen A. Morse, MSPH, PhD, is a Senior Advisor, CDC Division of Select Agents and Toxins, and is currently with IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA. Kodumudi Venkat Venkateswaran, PhD, is Chief Scientist, Tetracore, Inc., Rockville, MD. Kevin Anderson, PhD, and David R. Hodge, PhD, are Program Managers, Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC. Segaran P. Pillai, PhD, is Director, Office of Laboratory Science and Safety, FDA Office of the Commissioner, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Kodumudi Venkat Venkateswaran
- Kristin W. Prentice, MS, is an Associate, Booz Allen Hamilton, Rockville, MD. Lindsay DePalma, MS, is a Staff Life Scientist, Booz Allen Hamilton, McLean, VA. Jason G. Ramage, MS, MBA, PMP, is Assistant Vice Chancellor for Research and Innovation and Director of Research Compliance, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. Jawad Sarwar, MS, is a Senior Research Scientist, and Nishanth Parameswaran and Mrinmayi Joshi, MS, are Research Scientists; all at Omni Array Biotechnology, Rockville, MD. Jeannine Petersen, PhD, Brook Yockey, and John Young are Microbiologists; all with DHHS/CDC/OID/NCEZID/DVBD/BDB, Fort Collins, CO. Nagarajan Thirunavvukarasu, PhD, is an ORISE Fellow; Christine A. Pillai and Gowri Manickam, PhD, are ORISE Fellow Research Scientists; and Shashi K. Sharma, PhD, is a Research Microbiologist; all at the FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Molecular Methods Development Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD. Ajay Singh, PhD, is a Research Scientist, Laulima Government Solutions, Contractor Support to USAMRICD, Neurobiological Toxicology Branch, Analytical Toxicology Division, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Carol Chapman, MS, is a Microbiologist, Geneva Foundation, Contractor Support to the Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Julie R. Avila, MS, is a Scientific Associate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Livermore, CA. Stephen A. Morse, MSPH, PhD, is a Senior Advisor, CDC Division of Select Agents and Toxins, and is currently with IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA. Kodumudi Venkat Venkateswaran, PhD, is Chief Scientist, Tetracore, Inc., Rockville, MD. Kevin Anderson, PhD, and David R. Hodge, PhD, are Program Managers, Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC. Segaran P. Pillai, PhD, is Director, Office of Laboratory Science and Safety, FDA Office of the Commissioner, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Kevin Anderson
- Kristin W. Prentice, MS, is an Associate, Booz Allen Hamilton, Rockville, MD. Lindsay DePalma, MS, is a Staff Life Scientist, Booz Allen Hamilton, McLean, VA. Jason G. Ramage, MS, MBA, PMP, is Assistant Vice Chancellor for Research and Innovation and Director of Research Compliance, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. Jawad Sarwar, MS, is a Senior Research Scientist, and Nishanth Parameswaran and Mrinmayi Joshi, MS, are Research Scientists; all at Omni Array Biotechnology, Rockville, MD. Jeannine Petersen, PhD, Brook Yockey, and John Young are Microbiologists; all with DHHS/CDC/OID/NCEZID/DVBD/BDB, Fort Collins, CO. Nagarajan Thirunavvukarasu, PhD, is an ORISE Fellow; Christine A. Pillai and Gowri Manickam, PhD, are ORISE Fellow Research Scientists; and Shashi K. Sharma, PhD, is a Research Microbiologist; all at the FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Molecular Methods Development Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD. Ajay Singh, PhD, is a Research Scientist, Laulima Government Solutions, Contractor Support to USAMRICD, Neurobiological Toxicology Branch, Analytical Toxicology Division, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Carol Chapman, MS, is a Microbiologist, Geneva Foundation, Contractor Support to the Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Julie R. Avila, MS, is a Scientific Associate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Livermore, CA. Stephen A. Morse, MSPH, PhD, is a Senior Advisor, CDC Division of Select Agents and Toxins, and is currently with IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA. Kodumudi Venkat Venkateswaran, PhD, is Chief Scientist, Tetracore, Inc., Rockville, MD. Kevin Anderson, PhD, and David R. Hodge, PhD, are Program Managers, Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC. Segaran P. Pillai, PhD, is Director, Office of Laboratory Science and Safety, FDA Office of the Commissioner, Silver Spring, MD
| | - David R. Hodge
- Kristin W. Prentice, MS, is an Associate, Booz Allen Hamilton, Rockville, MD. Lindsay DePalma, MS, is a Staff Life Scientist, Booz Allen Hamilton, McLean, VA. Jason G. Ramage, MS, MBA, PMP, is Assistant Vice Chancellor for Research and Innovation and Director of Research Compliance, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. Jawad Sarwar, MS, is a Senior Research Scientist, and Nishanth Parameswaran and Mrinmayi Joshi, MS, are Research Scientists; all at Omni Array Biotechnology, Rockville, MD. Jeannine Petersen, PhD, Brook Yockey, and John Young are Microbiologists; all with DHHS/CDC/OID/NCEZID/DVBD/BDB, Fort Collins, CO. Nagarajan Thirunavvukarasu, PhD, is an ORISE Fellow; Christine A. Pillai and Gowri Manickam, PhD, are ORISE Fellow Research Scientists; and Shashi K. Sharma, PhD, is a Research Microbiologist; all at the FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Molecular Methods Development Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD. Ajay Singh, PhD, is a Research Scientist, Laulima Government Solutions, Contractor Support to USAMRICD, Neurobiological Toxicology Branch, Analytical Toxicology Division, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Carol Chapman, MS, is a Microbiologist, Geneva Foundation, Contractor Support to the Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Julie R. Avila, MS, is a Scientific Associate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Livermore, CA. Stephen A. Morse, MSPH, PhD, is a Senior Advisor, CDC Division of Select Agents and Toxins, and is currently with IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA. Kodumudi Venkat Venkateswaran, PhD, is Chief Scientist, Tetracore, Inc., Rockville, MD. Kevin Anderson, PhD, and David R. Hodge, PhD, are Program Managers, Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC. Segaran P. Pillai, PhD, is Director, Office of Laboratory Science and Safety, FDA Office of the Commissioner, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Segaran P. Pillai
- Kristin W. Prentice, MS, is an Associate, Booz Allen Hamilton, Rockville, MD. Lindsay DePalma, MS, is a Staff Life Scientist, Booz Allen Hamilton, McLean, VA. Jason G. Ramage, MS, MBA, PMP, is Assistant Vice Chancellor for Research and Innovation and Director of Research Compliance, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. Jawad Sarwar, MS, is a Senior Research Scientist, and Nishanth Parameswaran and Mrinmayi Joshi, MS, are Research Scientists; all at Omni Array Biotechnology, Rockville, MD. Jeannine Petersen, PhD, Brook Yockey, and John Young are Microbiologists; all with DHHS/CDC/OID/NCEZID/DVBD/BDB, Fort Collins, CO. Nagarajan Thirunavvukarasu, PhD, is an ORISE Fellow; Christine A. Pillai and Gowri Manickam, PhD, are ORISE Fellow Research Scientists; and Shashi K. Sharma, PhD, is a Research Microbiologist; all at the FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Molecular Methods Development Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD. Ajay Singh, PhD, is a Research Scientist, Laulima Government Solutions, Contractor Support to USAMRICD, Neurobiological Toxicology Branch, Analytical Toxicology Division, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Carol Chapman, MS, is a Microbiologist, Geneva Foundation, Contractor Support to the Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Julie R. Avila, MS, is a Scientific Associate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Livermore, CA. Stephen A. Morse, MSPH, PhD, is a Senior Advisor, CDC Division of Select Agents and Toxins, and is currently with IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA. Kodumudi Venkat Venkateswaran, PhD, is Chief Scientist, Tetracore, Inc., Rockville, MD. Kevin Anderson, PhD, and David R. Hodge, PhD, are Program Managers, Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC. Segaran P. Pillai, PhD, is Director, Office of Laboratory Science and Safety, FDA Office of the Commissioner, Silver Spring, MD
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Klisara N, Palaniappan A, Liedberg B. Sorbent-incorporated dipstick for direct assaying of proteases. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:1385-1393. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02366-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Parida M, Dash PK, Shukla J. Advance detection technologies for select biothreat agents. HANDBOOK ON BIOLOGICAL WARFARE PREPAREDNESS 2020. [PMCID: PMC7153318 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-812026-2.00005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This chapter provides a comprehensive update about various technological developments in the field of biothreat agent detection. We have attempted to provide the reader with all the basic information starting with the culture considered as gold standard of diagnosis, immunological assays like the immunochromatographic test (ICT) which includes the lateral flow rapid strip test, flow through spot test and molecular assays, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), real-time RT-PCR, isothermal gene amplification assays, next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology, etc. One major highlight of the chapter includes bio-monitoring and aerosol generation technologies. We have also provided information about the sensor technologies nanomaterials biosensors, various analytical techniques besides various instrumental technologies like mass spectroscopy and Raman chemical imaging. The last part of the chapter is devoted to some newer technologies like biodetectors where we have given details about those that are currently commercially available.
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Hobbs RJ, Thomas CA, Halliwell J, Gwenin CD. Rapid Detection of Botulinum Neurotoxins-A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E418. [PMID: 31319550 PMCID: PMC6669533 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11070418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A toxin is a poisonous substance produced within living cells or organisms. One of the most potent groups of toxins currently known are the Botulinum Neurotoxins (BoNTs). These are so deadly that as little as 62 ng could kill an average human; to put this into context that is approximately 200,000 × less than the weight of a grain of sand. The extreme toxicity of BoNTs leads to the need for methods of determining their concentration at very low levels of sensitivity. Currently the mouse bioassay is the most widely used detection method monitoring the activity of the toxin; however, this assay is not only lengthy, it also has both cost and ethical issues due to the use of live animals. This review focuses on detection methods both existing and emerging that remove the need for the use of animals and will look at three areas; speed of detection, sensitivity of detection and finally cost. The assays will have wide reaching interest, ranging from the pharmaceutical/clinical industry for production quality management or as a point of care sensor in suspected cases of botulism, the food industry as a quality control measure, to the military, detecting BoNT that has been potentially used as a bio warfare agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Hobbs
- Applied Research in Chemistry and Health (ARCH) Research Group, School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Carol A Thomas
- Applied Research in Chemistry and Health (ARCH) Research Group, School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Jennifer Halliwell
- Applied Research in Chemistry and Health (ARCH) Research Group, School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Christopher D Gwenin
- Applied Research in Chemistry and Health (ARCH) Research Group, School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales LL57 2UW, UK.
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Real-Time Monitoring of a Botulinum Neurotoxin Using All-Carbon Nanotube-Based Field-Effect Transistor Devices. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18124235. [PMID: 30513867 PMCID: PMC6308983 DOI: 10.3390/s18124235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The possibility of exposure to botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT), a powerful and potential bioterrorism agent, is considered to be ever increasing. The current gold-standard assay, live-mouse lethality, exhibits high sensitivity but has limitations including long assay times, whereas other assays evince rapidity but lack factors such as real-time monitoring or portability. In this study, we aimed to devise a novel detection system that could detect BoNT at below-nanomolar concentrations in the form of a stretchable biosensor. We used a field-effect transistor with a p-type channel and electrodes, along with a channel comprising aligned carbon nanotube layers to detect the type E light chain of BoNT (BoNT/E-Lc). The detection of BoNT/E-Lc entailed observing the cleavage of a unique peptide and the specific bonding between BoNT/E-Lc and antibody BoNT/E-Lc (Anti-BoNT/E-Lc). The unique peptide was cleaved by 60 pM BoNT/E-Lc; notably, 52 fM BoNT/E-Lc was detected within 1 min in the device with the antibody in the bent state. These results demonstrated that an all-carbon nanotube-based device (all-CNT-based device) could be produced without a complicated fabrication process and could be used as a biosensor with high sensitivity, suggesting its potential development as a wearable BoNT biosensor.
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Ozanich RM, Colburn HA, Victry KD, Bartholomew RA, Arce JS, Heredia-Langner A, Jarman K, Kreuzer HW, Bruckner-Lea CJ. Evaluation of PCR Systems for Field Screening of Bacillus anthracis. Health Secur 2017; 15:70-80. [PMID: 28192050 PMCID: PMC5314994 DOI: 10.1089/hs.2016.0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There is little published data on the performance of hand-portable polymerase chain reaction (PCR) systems that can be used by first responders to determine if a suspicious powder contains a potential biothreat agent. We evaluated 5 commercially available hand-portable PCR instruments for detection of Bacillus anthracis. We used a cost-effective, statistically based test plan to evaluate systems at performance levels ranging from 0.85-0.95 lower confidence bound (LCB) of the probability of detection (POD) at confidence levels of 80% to 95%. We assessed specificity using purified genomic DNA from 13 B. anthracis strains and 18 Bacillus near neighbors, potential interference with 22 suspicious powders that are commonly encountered in the field by first responders during suspected biothreat incidents, and the potential for PCR inhibition when B. anthracis spores were spiked into these powders. Our results indicate that 3 of the 5 systems achieved 0.95 LCB of the probability of detection with 95% confidence levels at test concentrations of 2,000 genome equivalents/mL (GE/mL), which is comparable to 2,000 spores/mL. This is more than sufficient sensitivity for screening visible suspicious powders. These systems exhibited no false-positive results or PCR inhibition with common suspicious powders and reliably detected B. anthracis spores spiked into these powders, though some issues with assay controls were observed. Our testing approach enables efficient performance testing using a statistically rigorous and cost-effective test plan to generate performance data that allow users to make informed decisions regarding the purchase and use of field biodetection equipment. The authors evaluated 5 commercially available hand-portable PCR instruments for detecting Bacillus anthracis. These systems exhibited no false-positive results or PCR inhibition with common suspicious powders and reliably detected B. anthracis spores spiked into these powders, though some issues with assay controls were observed.
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Bartholomew RA, Ozanich RM, Arce JS, Engelmann HE, Heredia-Langner A, Hofstad BA, Hutchison JR, Jarman K, Melville AM, Victry KD, Bruckner-Lea CJ. Evaluation of Immunoassays and General Biological Indicator Tests for Field Screening of Bacillus anthracis and Ricin. Health Secur 2017; 15:81-96. [PMID: 28192054 PMCID: PMC5346815 DOI: 10.1089/hs.2016.0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is little published data on the performance of biological indicator tests and immunoassays that could be used by first responders to determine if a suspicious powder contains a potential biothreat agent. We evaluated a range of biological indicator tests, including 3 protein tests, 2 ATP tests, 1 DNA test, and 1 FTIR spectroscopy instrument for their ability to screen suspicious powders for Bacillus anthracis (B. anthracis) spores and ricin. We also evaluated 12 immunoassays (mostly lateral flow immunoassays) for their ability to screen for B. anthracis and ricin. We used a cost-effective, statistically based test plan that allows instruments to be evaluated at performance levels ranging from 0.85 to 0.95 lower confidence bound of the probability of detection at confidence levels of 80% to 95%. We also assessed interference with 22 common suspicious powders encountered in the field. The detection reproducibility for the biological indicators was evaluated at 108B. anthracis spores and 62.5 μg ricin, and the immunoassay detection reproducibility was evaluated at 107 spores/mL (B. anthracis) and 0.1 μg/mL (ricin). Seven out of 12 immunoassays met our most stringent criteria for B. anthracis detection, while 9 out of 12 met our most stringent test criteria for ricin detection. Most of the immunoassays also detected ricin in 3 different crude castor seed preparations. Our testing results varied across products and sample preparations, indicating the importance of reviewing performance data for specific instruments and sample types of interest for the application in order to make informed decisions regarding the selection of biodetection equipment for field use. The authors evaluated a range of biological indicator tests, including 3 protein tests, 2 ATP tests, 1 DNA test, and 1 FTIR spectroscopy instrument for their ability to screen suspicious powders for Bacillus anthracis spores and ricin.
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Tripathi P, Upadhyay N, Nara S. Recent advancements in lateral flow immunoassays: A journey for toxin detection in food. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:1715-1734. [PMID: 28071928 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1276048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Biotechnology embraces various physical and chemical phenomena toward advancement of health diagnostics. Toward such advancement, detection of toxins plays an important role. Toxins produce severe health impacts on consumption with high mortality associated in acute cases. The most prominent route of infection and intoxication is through food matrices. Therefore, rapid detection of toxins at low concentrations is the need of modern diagnostics. Lateral flow immunoassays are one of the emergent and popularly used rapid detection technology developed for detecting various kinds of analytes. This review thus focuses on recent advancements in lateral flow immunoassays for detecting different toxins in agricultural food. Appropriate emphasis was given on how the labels, recognition elements, or detection strategy has laid an impact on improvement in immunochromatographic assays for toxins. The paper also discusses the gradual change in sensitivities and specificities of assays in accordance with the method of food processing used. The review concludes with the major challenges faced by this technology and provides an outlook and insight of ideas to improve it in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav Tripathi
- a Department of Biotechnology , Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology , Allahabad , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Neha Upadhyay
- a Department of Biotechnology , Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology , Allahabad , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Seema Nara
- a Department of Biotechnology , Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology , Allahabad , Uttar Pradesh , India
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Ramage JG, Prentice KW, DePalma L, Venkateswaran KS, Chivukula S, Chapman C, Bell M, Datta S, Singh A, Hoffmaster A, Sarwar J, Parameswaran N, Joshi M, Thirunavkkarasu N, Krishnan V, Morse S, Avila JR, Sharma S, Estacio PL, Stanker L, Hodge DR, Pillai SP. Comprehensive Laboratory Evaluation of a Highly Specific Lateral Flow Assay for the Presumptive Identification of Bacillus anthracis Spores in Suspicious White Powders and Environmental Samples. Health Secur 2017; 14:351-65. [PMID: 27661796 DOI: 10.1089/hs.2016.0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a comprehensive, multiphase laboratory evaluation of the Anthrax BioThreat Alert(®) test strip, a lateral flow immunoassay (LFA) for the rapid detection of Bacillus anthracis spores. The study, conducted at 2 sites, evaluated this assay for the detection of spores from the Ames and Sterne strains of B. anthracis, as well as those from an additional 22 strains. Phylogenetic near neighbors, environmental background organisms, white powders, and environmental samples were also tested. The Anthrax LFA demonstrated a limit of detection of about 10(6) spores/mL (ca. 1.5 × 10(5) spores/assay). In this study, overall sensitivity of the LFA was 99.3%, and the specificity was 98.6%. The results indicated that the specificity, sensitivity, limit of detection, dynamic range, and repeatability of the assay support its use in the field for the purpose of qualitatively evaluating suspicious white powders and environmental samples for the presumptive presence of B. anthracis spores.
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[On-site detection of bioterrorism-relevant agents : Rapid detection methods for viruses, bacteria and toxins - capabilities and limitations]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2016; 59:1577-1586. [PMID: 27778086 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-016-2463-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In Europe, besides the threat of terrorist attacks involving conventional methods such as explosive devices and automatic weapons, there is also a potential threat of terrorist groups using non-conventional material like biological agents in the scope of future attacks. Consequently, rapid and reliable detection systems for biological agents are being developed and tested continuously to inform crisis management. For environmental detection, a broad spectrum of different laboratory-based techniques has been developed for relevant biological agents. However for environmental samples, fast and reliable on-site detection methods are desired by first responders for rapid assessment.Based on different functional principles, generic, immunological and nucleic-acid-based on-site detection methods can be distinguished. Those should be facile, fast, sensitive, and specific. However, commercially available kits usually have limited sensitivity and often have not been validated independently. Furthermore in this context, the multitude of relevant biological agents that potentially have to be considered present in complex environmental matrices poses a serious challenge for reliable detection. Therefore, detailed knowledge of the specific scope of applications and the limitations of different analytical systems is necessary to evaluate the results obtained purposefully.The aim of this article is to provide an overview of the analytical principles, benefits and limitations of prevailing on-site environmental detection systems for bioterrorism-relevant viruses, bacteria and toxins. Despite promising developments the informative value of currently available on-site tests is still limited. Thus, expert laboratories have to conduct confirmatory testing.
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Simon S, Fiebig U, Liu Y, Tierney R, Dano J, Worbs S, Endermann T, Nevers MC, Volland H, Sesardic D, Dorner MB. Recommended Immunological Strategies to Screen for Botulinum Neurotoxin-Containing Samples. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:5011-34. [PMID: 26703727 PMCID: PMC4690110 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7124860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) cause the life-threatening neurological illness botulism in humans and animals and are divided into seven serotypes (BoNT/A–G), of which serotypes A, B, E, and F cause the disease in humans. BoNTs are classified as “category A” bioterrorism threat agents and are relevant in the context of the Biological Weapons Convention. An international proficiency test (PT) was conducted to evaluate detection, quantification and discrimination capabilities of 23 expert laboratories from the health, food and security areas. Here we describe three immunological strategies that proved to be successful for the detection and quantification of BoNT/A, B, and E considering the restricted sample volume (1 mL) distributed. To analyze the samples qualitatively and quantitatively, the first strategy was based on sensitive immunoenzymatic and immunochromatographic assays for fast qualitative and quantitative analyses. In the second approach, a bead-based suspension array was used for screening followed by conventional ELISA for quantification. In the third approach, an ELISA plate format assay was used for serotype specific immunodetection of BoNT-cleaved substrates, detecting the activity of the light chain, rather than the toxin protein. The results provide guidance for further steps in quality assurance and highlight problems to address in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Simon
- CEA Saclay, Institute of Biology and Technologies of Saclay, Laboratory for Immunoanalytical Researches, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191 cedex, France.
| | - Uwe Fiebig
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestrasse 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Yvonne Liu
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, a Centre of Medicines & Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK.
| | - Rob Tierney
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, a Centre of Medicines & Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK.
| | - Julie Dano
- CEA Saclay, Institute of Biology and Technologies of Saclay, Laboratory for Immunoanalytical Researches, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191 cedex, France.
| | - Sylvia Worbs
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestrasse 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Tanja Endermann
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestrasse 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Marie-Claire Nevers
- CEA Saclay, Institute of Biology and Technologies of Saclay, Laboratory for Immunoanalytical Researches, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191 cedex, France.
| | - Hervé Volland
- CEA Saclay, Institute of Biology and Technologies of Saclay, Laboratory for Immunoanalytical Researches, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191 cedex, France.
| | - Dorothea Sesardic
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, a Centre of Medicines & Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK.
| | - Martin B Dorner
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestrasse 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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Electrochemical immunosensor for botulinum neurotoxin type-E using covalently ordered graphene nanosheets modified electrodes and gold nanoparticles-enzyme conjugate. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 69:249-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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25
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Ching KH, He X, Stanker LH, Lin AV, McGarvey JA, Hnasko R. Detection of shiga toxins by lateral flow assay. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:1163-73. [PMID: 25855129 PMCID: PMC4417961 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7041163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) produce shiga toxins (Stxs) that can cause human disease and death. The contamination of food products with STEC represents a food safety problem that necessitates rapid and effective detection strategies to mitigate risk. In this manuscript, we report the development of a colorimetric lateral flow assay (LFA) for the rapid detection of Stxs in <10 min using a pair of monoclonal antibodies that bind epitopes common to Stx1 and six Stx2 variants. This LFA provides a rapid and sensitive test for the detection of Stxs directly from STEC culture supernatants or at risk food samples with a 0.1 ng/mL limit of detection (LOD) for Stx2a. This Stx LFA is applicable for use in the rapid evaluation of Stx production from cultured E. coli strains or as a tool to augment current methods as part of food safety testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn H Ching
- Produce Safety & Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
| | - Xiaohua He
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
| | - Larry H Stanker
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
| | - Alice V Lin
- Produce Safety & Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
| | - Jeffery A McGarvey
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
| | - Robert Hnasko
- Produce Safety & Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
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26
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Saravanan P, Rajaseger G, Eric YPH, Moochhala S. Botulinum Toxin: Present Knowledge and Threats. BIOLOGICAL TOXINS AND BIOTERRORISM 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5869-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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27
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Shi J, Guo J, Bai G, Chan C, Liu X, Ye W, Hao J, Chen S, Yang M. A graphene oxide based fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) biosensor for ultrasensitive detection of botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT/A) enzymatic activity. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 65:238-44. [PMID: 25461164 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are among the most potent toxic bacterial proteins for humans, which make them potential agents for bioterrorism. Therefore, an ultrasensitive detection of BoNTs and their active states is in great need as field-deployable systems for anti-terrorism applications. We report the construction of a novel graphene oxide (GO)-peptide based fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) biosensor for ultrasensitive detection of the BoNT serotype A light chain (BoNT-LcA) protease activity. A green fluorescence protein (GFP) modified SNAP-25 peptide substrate (SNAP-25-GFP) was optimally designed and synthesized with the centralized recognition/cleavage sites. This FRET platform was constructed by covalent immobilization of peptide substrate on GO with BSA passivation which have advantages of low non-specific adsorption and high stability in protein abundant solution. BoNT-LcA can specifically cleave SNAP-25-GFP substrate covalently immobilized on GO to release the fragment with GFP. Based on fluorescence signal recovery measurement, the target BoNT-LcA was detected sensitively and selectively with the linear detection range from 1fg/mL to 1pg/mL. The limit of detection (LOD) for BoNT-LcA is around 1fg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Shi
- Interdisciplinary Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Jiubiao Guo
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Gongxun Bai
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Chunyu Chan
- Interdisciplinary Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Xuan Liu
- Institute of Textiles & Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Weiwei Ye
- Interdisciplinary Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Jianhua Hao
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Mo Yang
- Interdisciplinary Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, PR China.
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Slotved HC, Sparding N, Tanassi JT, Steenhard NR, Heegaard NHH. Evaluating 6 ricin field detection assays. Biosecur Bioterror 2014; 12:186-9. [PMID: 24978020 DOI: 10.1089/bsp.2014.0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This study presents data showing the performance of 6 commercial detection assays against ricin around concentrations specified as detection limits by the producers. A 2-fold dilution series of 20 ng/ml ricin was prepared and used for testing the lateral-flow kits: BADD, Pro Strips™, ENVI, RAID DX, Ricin BioThreat Alert, and IMASS™ device. Three of the 6 tested field assays (IMASS™ device, ENVI assay, and the BioThreat Alert assay) were able to detect ricin, although differences in the measured detection limits compared to the official detection limits and false-negative results were observed. We were not able to get the BADD, Pro Strips™, and RAID assays to function in our laboratory. We conclude that when purchasing a field responder assay, there is large variation in the specificity of the assays, and a number of in-house tests must be performed to ensure functionality.
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29
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Slotved HC, Tanassi JT, Sparding N, Lindqvist A, Steenhard NR, Heegaard NHH. Botulinum toxin field assays evaluated using cosmetic botox preparations. Biosecur Bioterror 2013; 11:280-6. [PMID: 24219493 DOI: 10.1089/bsp.2013.0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Several quick tests for identifying botulinum toxins (BoNTs) are commercially available, but generally these tests have not been evaluated by independent laboratories. This study presents data on the evaluation of a number of commercial tests and demonstrates the use of cosmetic preparations of BoNT A and B as positive controls. For reference we used an in-house ELISA procedure. The cosmetic toxins, Botox(®) and Neurobloc(®), were found to be useful-that is, they had a sufficiently high toxin content to be used in test evaluation studies. Some commercial kits based on columns (ABICAP(®)) or lateral flow technology were tested for their detection limits. The ABICAP column system was found to be a useful alternative to an in-house ELISA method. In general, the lateral flow-based test systems evaluated here were not able to detect BoNT, and a large proportion of the tests showed construction failures. In conclusion, this study showed that cosmetic BoNT products have enough toxin content to be used as convenient and accessible means of testing commercially available quick tests. The lateral flow tests used in this study were not satisfactory, while the ABICAP system was found to be a good alternative to an ELISA.
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Abstract
The challenge for first responders, physicians in the emergency room, public health personnel, as well as for food manufacturers, distributors and retailers is accurate and reliable identification of pathogenic agents and their corresponding diseases. This is the weakest point in biological agent detection capability today. There is intense research for new molecular detection technologies that could be used for very accurate detection of pathogens that would be a concern to first responders. These include the need for sensors for multiple applications as varied as understanding the ecology of pathogenic micro-organisms, forensics, environmental sampling for detect-to-treat applications, biological sensors for 'detect to warn' in infrastructure protection, responses to reports of 'suspicious powders', and customs and borders enforcement, to cite a few examples. The benefits of accurate detection include saving millions of dollars annually by reducing disruption of the workforce and the national economy and improving delivery of correct countermeasures to those who are most in need of the information to provide protective and/or response measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Jakupciak
- CosmosID, 5010 River Hill Road, Bethesda, MD 20816, USA, University of Maryland Institute for Advanced Computer Studies, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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31
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van Oordt T, Stevens GB, Vashist SK, Zengerle R, von Stetten F. Rapid and highly sensitive luciferase reporter assay for the automated detection of botulinum toxin in the centrifugal microfluidic LabDisk platform. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra44482a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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32
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Singh AK, Stanker LH, Sharma SK. Botulinum neurotoxin: where are we with detection technologies? Crit Rev Microbiol 2012; 39:43-56. [PMID: 22676403 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2012.691457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Because of its high toxicity, botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) poses a significant risk to humans and it represents a possible biological warfare agent. Nevertheless, BoNT serotypes A and B are considered an effective treatment for a variety of neurological disorders. The growing applicability of BoNT as a drug, and its potential use as a biological threat agent, highlight the urgent need to develop sensitive detection assays and therapeutic counter measures. In the last decade, significant progress has been made in BoNT detection technologies but none have fully replaced the mouse lethality assay, the current "gold standard". Recently, new advances in robotics and the availability of new reagents have allowed development of methods for rapid toxin analysis. These technologies while promising need further refinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay K Singh
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD 20740, USA
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33
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Rapid and selective detection of botulinum neurotoxin serotype-A and -B with a single immunochromatographic test strip. J Immunol Methods 2012; 380:23-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2012.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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34
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Liu Z, Song C, Li Y, Liu F, Zhang K, Sun Y, Li H, Wei Y, Xu Z, Zhang C, Yang A, Xu Z, Yang K, Jin B. Development of highly sensitive chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay based on the anti-recombinant H(C) subunit of botulinum neurotoxin type A monoclonal antibodies. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 735:23-30. [PMID: 22713913 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are the most poisonous substances ever known. The early detection of these toxins could bear more time for appropriate medical intervention. The standard method for detecting BoNTs is the mouse bioassay, which is time consuming (up to 4 days) and requires a large number of laboratory animals. The immunologic detection methods could detect the toxins within a day, but most of these methods are less sensitive compared with the mouse bioassay due to the lack of high-affinity antibodies. Recently, the recombinant H(C) subunit of botulinum neurotoxin type A (rAH(C)) was expressed as an effective vaccine against botulism, indicating that the rAH(C) could be an effective immunogen that raises the monoclonal antibody (mAb) for detecting BoNT/A. After immunized BALB/c mice with rAH(C), 56 mAbs were generated. Two of these mAbs were selected to establish a highly sensitive sandwich chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay (CLEIA), in which FMMU-BTA-49 and FMMU-BTA-22 were used as capture antibody and detection antibody, respectively. The calculated limit of detection (LOD) based on molecular weight of rAH(C) and BoNT/A reached 0.45 pg mL(-1). This CLEIA can be used in the detection of BoNT/A in matrices such as milk and beef extract. This method has 20-40 fold lower LOD than that of the mouse bioassay and takes only 3 h to complete the detection, indicating that it can be used as a valuable method to detect and quantify BoNT/A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijia Liu
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, No. 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China.
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Neurotransmitter vesicle release from human model neurons (NT2) is sensitive to botulinum toxin A. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2012; 32:1021-9. [PMID: 22373696 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-012-9818-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) internalize into nerve terminals and block the release of neurotransmitters into the synapse. BoNTs are widely used as a therapeutic agent for treatment of movement disorders and recently gained more attention as a biological weapon. Consequently, there is strong interest to develop a cell-based assay platform to screen the toxicity and bioactivity of the BoNTs. In this study, we present an in vitro screening assay for BoNT/A based on differentiated human embryonal carcinoma stem (NT2) cells. The human NT2 cells fully differentiated into mature neurons that display immunoreactivity to cytoskeletal markers (βIII-tubulin and MAP2) and presynaptic proteins (synapsin and synaptotagmin I). We showed that the human NT2 cells undergo a process of exo-endocytotic synaptic vesicle recycling upon depolarization with high K(+) buffer. By employing an antibody directed against light chain of BoNT/A, we detected internalized toxin as a punctate staining along the neurites of the NT2 neurons. Using well-established methods of synaptic vesicle exocytosis assay (luminal synaptotagmin I and FM1-43 imaging) we show that pre-incubation with BoNT/A resulted in a blockade of vesicle release from human NT2 neurons in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, this blocking effect of BoNT/A was abolished by pre-adsorbing the toxin with neutralizing antibody. In a proof of principle, we demonstrate that our cell culture assay for vesicle release is sensitive to BoNT/A and the activity of BoNT/A can be blocked by specific neutralizing antibodies. Overall our data suggest that human NT2 neurons are suitable for large scale screening of botulinum bioactivity.
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A bioanalytical platform for simultaneous detection and quantification of biological toxins. SENSORS 2012; 12:2324-39. [PMID: 22438766 PMCID: PMC3304168 DOI: 10.3390/s120202324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Prevalent incidents support the notion that toxins, produced by bacteria, fungi, plants or animals are increasingly responsible for food poisoning or intoxication. Owing to their high toxicity some toxins are also regarded as potential biological warfare agents. Accordingly, control, detection and neutralization of toxic substances are a considerable economic burden to food safety, health care and military biodefense. The present contribution describes a new versatile instrument and related procedures for array-based simultaneous detection of bacterial and plant toxins using a bioanalytical platform which combines the specificity of covalently immobilized capture probes with a dedicated instrumentation and immuno-based microarray analytics. The bioanalytical platform consists of a microstructured polymer slide serving both as support of printed arrays and as incubation chamber. The platform further includes an easy-to-operate instrument for simultaneous slide processing at selectable assay temperature. Cy5 coupled streptavidin is used as unifying fluorescent tracer. Fluorescence image analysis and signal quantitation allow determination of the toxin's identity and concentration. The system's performance has been investigated by immunological detection of Botulinum Neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A), Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), and the plant toxin ricin. Toxins were detectable at levels as low as 0.5-1 ng · mL(-1) in buffer or in raw milk.
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Dorner MB, Schulz KM, Kull S, Dorner BG. Complexity of Botulinum Neurotoxins: Challenges for Detection Technology. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-45790-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Brunt J, Webb MD, Peck MW. Rapid affinity immunochromatography column-based tests for sensitive detection of Clostridium botulinum neurotoxins and Escherichia coli O157. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:4143-50. [PMID: 20435757 PMCID: PMC2897428 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03059-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Existing methods for detection of food-borne pathogens and their toxins are frequently time-consuming, require specialized equipment, and involve lengthy culture procedures and/or animal testing and are thus unsuitable for a rapid response to an emergency public health situation. A series of simple and rapid affinity immunochromatography column (AICC) assays were developed to detect Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin types A, B, E, and F and Escherichia coli O157 in food matrices. Specifically, for milk, grape juice with peach juice, and bottled water, the detection limit for the botulinum neurotoxin type A complex was 0.5 ng. Use of this method with a 10-ml sample would therefore result in a detection limit of 50 pg ml(-l). Thus, this assay is approximately 2 orders of magnitude more sensitive than a comparable lateral-flow assay. For botulinum neurotoxin complex types B, E, and F, the minimum detection limit was 5 ng to 50 ng. Sensitive detection of E. coli O157 was achieved, and the detection limit was 500 cells. The AICC test was also shown to be specific, rapid, and user friendly. This test takes only 15 to 30 min to complete without any specialized equipment and thus is suitable for use in the field. It has the potential to replace existing methods for presumptive detection of botulinum neurotoxin types A, B, E, and F and E. coli O157 in contaminated matrices without a requirement for preenrichment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Brunt
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
Sensitive and rapid detection of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs), the most poisonous substances known to date, is essential for studies of medical applications of BoNTs and detection of poisoned food, as well as for response to potential bioterrorist threats. Currently, the most common method of BoNT detection is the mouse bioassay. While this assay is sensitive, it is slow, quite expensive, has limited throughput and requires sacrificing animals. Herein, we discuss and compare recently developed alternative in vitro detection methods and assess their ability to supplement or replace the mouse bioassay in the analysis of complex matrix samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Čapek
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA;
| | - Tobin J. Dickerson
- Department of Chemistry and Worm Institute for Research and Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +1-858-784-2522; Fax: +1-858-784-2590
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Čapek P, Dickerson TJ. Sensing the deadliest toxin: technologies for botulinum neurotoxin detection. Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:24-53. [PMID: 22069545 PMCID: PMC3206617 DOI: 10.3390/toxins2020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Revised: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensitive and rapid detection of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs), the most poisonous substances known to date, is essential for studies of medical applications of BoNTs and detection of poisoned food, as well as for response to potential bioterrorist threats. Currently, the most common method of BoNT detection is the mouse bioassay. While this assay is sensitive, it is slow, quite expensive, has limited throughput and requires sacrificing animals. Herein, we discuss and compare recently developed alternative in vitro detection methods and assess their ability to supplement or replace the mouse bioassay in the analysis of complex matrix samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Čapek
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA;
| | - Tobin J. Dickerson
- Department of Chemistry and Worm Institute for Research and Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Sun S, Ossandon M, Kostov Y, Rasooly A. Lab-on-a-chip for botulinum neurotoxin a (BoNT-A) activity analysis. LAB ON A CHIP 2009; 9:3275-81. [PMID: 19865736 PMCID: PMC2849933 DOI: 10.1039/b912097a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A Lab-on-a-chip (LOC) was designed, fabricated and tested for the in vitro detection of botulinum neurotoxin serotype A (BoNT-A) activity using an assay that measures cleavage of a fluorophore-tagged peptide substrate specific for BoNT-A (SNAP-25) by the toxin light chain (LcA). LcA cleavage was detected by Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) fluorescence. FRET fluorescence was measured by a newly developed portable charge-coupled device (CCD) fluorescent detector equipped with multi-wavelength light-emitting diodes (LED) illumination. An eight V-junction microchannel device for BoNTs activity assays was constructed using Laminated Object Manufacturing (LOM) technology. The six-layer device was fabricated with a Poly(methyl methacrylate (PMMA) core and five polycarbonate (PC) layers micromachined by CO2 laser. The LOC is operated by syringe and is equipped with reagents, sample wells, reaction wells, diffusion traps (to avoid cross contamination among channels) and waste reservoirs. The system was detected LcA at concentrations as low as 0.5 nM, which is the reported sensitivity of the SNAP-25 in vitro cleavage assay. Combined with our CCD detector, the simple point of care system enables the detection of BoNTs activity and may be useful for the performance of other complex medical assays without a laboratory. This approach may realize the potential to enhance the quality of health care delivery for underserved populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Sun
- Division of Biology, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, FDA, NIH/NCI, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA6130 Executive Blvd. EPN, Room 6035A Rockville, 20852; Fax: (+301) 402-7819; Tel: (+301) 402-4185
- Center for Advanced Sensor Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, MD, 21250
| | - Miguel Ossandon
- Cancer Diagnosis Program, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, 20892
| | - Yordan Kostov
- Center for Advanced Sensor Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, MD, 21250
| | - Avraham Rasooly
- Division of Biology, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, FDA, NIH/NCI, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA6130 Executive Blvd. EPN, Room 6035A Rockville, 20852; Fax: (+301) 402-7819; Tel: (+301) 402-4185
- Cancer Diagnosis Program, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, 20892
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Ozanich RM, Bruckner-Lea CJ, Warner MG, Miller K, Antolick KC, Marks JD, Lou J, Grate JW. Rapid multiplexed flow cytometric assay for botulinum neurotoxin detection using an automated fluidic microbead-trapping flow cell for enhanced sensitivity. Anal Chem 2009; 81:5783-93. [PMID: 19530657 DOI: 10.1021/ac9006914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A bead-based sandwich immunoassay for botulinum neurotoxin serotype A (BoNT/A) has been developed and demonstrated using a recombinant 50 kDa fragment (BoNT/A-HC-fragment) of the BoNT/A heavy chain (BoNT/A-HC) as a structurally valid simulant. Three different anti-BoNT/A antibodies were attached to three different fluorescent dye encoded flow cytometry beads for multiplexing. The assay was conducted in two formats: a manual microcentrifuge tube format and an automated fluidic system format. Flow cytometry detection was used for both formats. The fluidic system used a novel microbead-trapping flow cell to capture antibody-coupled beads with subsequent sequential perfusion of sample, wash, dye-labeled reporter antibody, and final wash solutions. After the reaction period, the beads were collected for analysis by flow cytometry. Sandwich assays performed on the fluidic system gave median fluorescence intensity signals on the flow cytometer that were 2-4 times higher than assays performed manually in the same amount of time. Limits of detection were estimated at 1 pM (approximately 50 pg/mL for BoNT/A-HC-fragment) for the 15 min fluidic assay in buffer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Ozanich
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, USA.
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From lateral flow devices to a novel nano-color microfluidic assay. SENSORS 2009; 9:6084-100. [PMID: 22454573 PMCID: PMC3312431 DOI: 10.3390/s90806084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Revised: 07/24/2009] [Accepted: 07/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Improving the performance of traditional diagnostic lateral flow assays combined with new manufacturing technologies is a primary goal in the research and development plans of diagnostic companies. Taking into consideration the components of lateral flow diagnostic test kits; innovation can include modification of labels, materials and device design. In recent years, Resonance-Enhanced Absorption (REA) of metal nano-particles has shown excellent applicability in bio-sensing for the detection of a variety of bio-molecular binding interactions. In a novel approach, we have now integrated REA-assays in a diagnostic microfluidic setup thus resolving the bottleneck of long incubation times inherent in previously existing REA-assays and simultaneously integrated automated fabrication techniques for diagnostics manufacture. Due to the roller-coating based technology and chemical resistance, we used PET-co-polyester as a substrate and a CO(2) laser ablation system as a fast, highly precise and contactless alternative to classical micro-milling. It was possible to detect biological binding within three minutes - visible to the eye as colored text readout within the REA-fluidic device. A two-minute in-situ silver enhancement was able to enhance the resonant color additionally, if required.
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Quantum dot immunoassays in renewable surface column and 96-well plate formats for the fluorescence detection of botulinum neurotoxin using high-affinity antibodies. Biosens Bioelectron 2009; 25:179-84. [PMID: 19643593 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2009.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2009] [Revised: 06/03/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A fluorescence sandwich immunoassay using high-affinity antibodies and quantum dot (QD) reporters has been developed for detection of botulinum neurotoxin serotype A (BoNT/A) using a nontoxic recombinant fragment of the holotoxin (BoNT/A-H(C)-fragment) as a structurally valid simulant for the full toxin molecule. The antibodies used, AR4 and RAZ1, bind to nonoverlapping epitopes present on both the full toxin and on the recombinant fragment. In one format, the immunoassay is carried out in a 96-well plate with detection in a standard plate reader using AR4 as the capture antibody and QD-coupled RAZ1 as the reporter. Detection to 31 pM with a total incubation time of 3 h was demonstrated. In a second format, the AR4 capture antibody was coupled to Sepharose beads, and the reactions were carried out in microcentrifuge tubes with an incubation time of 1 h. The beads were subsequently captured and concentrated in a rotating rod "renewable surface" flow cell equipped with a fiber optic system for fluorescence measurements. In PBS buffer, the BoNT/A-H(C)-fragment was detected to concentrations as low as 5 pM using the fluidic measurement approach.
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Grate JW, Warner MG, Ozanich RM, Miller KD, Colburn HA, Dockendorff B, Antolick KC, Anheier NC, Lind MA, Lou J, Marks JD, Bruckner-Lea CJ. Renewable surface fluorescence sandwich immunoassay biosensor for rapid sensitive botulinum toxin detection in an automated fluidic format. Analyst 2009; 134:987-96. [PMID: 19381395 DOI: 10.1039/b900794f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A renewable surface biosensor for rapid detection of botulinum neurotoxin serotype A is described based on fluidic automation of a fluorescence sandwich immunoassay, using a recombinant protein fragment of the toxin heavy chain ( approximately 50 kDa) as a structurally valid simulant. Monoclonal antibodies AR4 and RAZ1 bind to separate non-overlapping epitopes of the full botulinum holotoxin ( approximately 150 kDa). Both of the targeted epitopes are located on the recombinant fragment. The AR4 antibody was covalently bound to Sepharose beads and used as the capture antibody. A rotating rod flow cell was used to capture these beads delivered as a suspension by a sequential injection flow system, creating a 3.6 microL column. After perfusing the bead column with sample and washing away the matrix, the column was perfused with Alexa 647 dye-labeled RAZ1 antibody as the reporter. Optical fibers coupled to the rotating rod flow cell at a 90 degrees angle to one another delivered excitation light from a HeNe laser (633 nm) using one fiber and collected fluorescent emission light for detection with the other. After each measurement, the used Sepharose beads are released and replaced with fresh beads. In a rapid screening approach to sample analysis, the toxin simulant was detected to concentrations of 10 pM in less than 20 minutes using this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay W Grate
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P. O. Box 999, Richland, WA 99352, USA
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Anderson GP, Taitt CR. Amplification of microsphere-based microarrays using catalyzed reporter deposition. Biosens Bioelectron 2008; 24:324-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2008.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2007] [Revised: 03/28/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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A fluorescence detection platform using spatial electroluminescent excitation for measuring botulinum neurotoxin A activity. Biosens Bioelectron 2008; 24:618-25. [PMID: 18644709 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2008.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2008] [Revised: 04/23/2008] [Accepted: 06/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Current biodetection illumination technologies (laser, LED, tungsten lamp, etc.) are based on spot illumination with additional optics required when spatial excitation is required. Herein we describe a new approach of spatial illumination based on electroluminescence (EL) semiconductor strips available in several wavelengths, greatly simplifying the biosensor design by eliminating the need for additional optics. This work combines EL excitation with charge-coupled device (CCD) based detection (EL-CCD detector) of fluorescence for developing a simple portable detector for botulinum neurotoxin A (BoTN-A) activity analysis. A Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) activity assay for BoTN-A was used to both characterize and optimize the EL-CCD detector. The system consists of two modules: (1) the detection module which houses the CCD camera and emission filters, and (2) the excitation and sample module, containing the EL strip, the excitation filter and the 9-well sample chip. The FRET activity assay used in this study utilized a FITC/DABCYL-SNAP-25 peptide substrate in which cleavage of the substrate by BoTN-A, or its light chain derivative (LcA), produced an increase in fluorescence emission. EL-CCD detector measured limits of detection (LODs) were similar to those measured using a standard fluorescent plate reader with valves between 0.625 and 1.25 nM (31-62 ng/ml) for LcA and 0.313 nM (45 ng/ml) for the full toxin, BoTN-A. As far as the authors are aware this is the first demonstration of phosphor-based EL strips being used for the spatial illumination/excitation of a surface, coupled with CCD for point of care detection.
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Stanker LH, Merrill P, Scotcher MC, Cheng LW. Development and partial characterization of high-affinity monoclonal antibodies for botulinum toxin type A and their use in analysis of milk by sandwich ELISA. J Immunol Methods 2008; 336:1-8. [PMID: 18452945 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2008.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2007] [Revised: 03/03/2008] [Accepted: 03/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT), produced by the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium botulinum, cause severe neuroparalytic disease and are considered the most toxic biological agents known. While botulism is rare in the U.S. it often is fatal if not treated quickly, and recovery is long, requiring intensive treatment. BoNT is synthesized as a 150 kDa precursor protein (holotoxin), which is then enzymatically cleaved to form two subunit chains linked by a single disulfide bond. The 'gold standard' for BoNT detection relies on a mouse bioassay. This is a time consuming (up to 4 days) assay and it lacks specificity, however, it gives a sensitivity (mouse LD(50)) of approximately 10 pg mL(-1). Most BoNT immunoassays are much less sensitive. In this study we describe the development of four high-affinity (dissociation constants (Kd's) in the low pM range) monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that specifically bind BoNT serotype A (BoNT/A). These antibodies, designated F1-2, F1-5, F1-40, and F2-43 are IgG1 subclass mAbs with kappa light chains and they specifically bind BoNT serotype A. Western blot analyses following SDS-PAGE demonstrate that mAbs F1-2 and F1-5 bind the 100 kDa heavy chain subunit and that mAb F1-40 binds the 50 kDa light chain. The fourth antibody demonstrated strong binding to the 150 kDa holotoxin in the ELISA and on Western blots following electrophoresis on native gels. However binding in Western blot studies was not observed for mAb F2-43 following SDS-PAGE. A highly sensitive sandwich ELISA, capable of detecting as little as 2 pg/mL BoNT/A was developed using mAbs F1-2 and F1-40. Such an assay represents a realistic, high sensitivity alternative to the mouse bioassay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry H Stanker
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, United States.
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