1
|
Kim SR, Waghmare A, Hijano DR. Approach to hematopoietic cell transplant candidates with respiratory viral detection. Front Pediatr 2024; 11:1339239. [PMID: 38304442 PMCID: PMC10830789 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1339239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The management of respiratory viruses prior to hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) can be controversial and requires special consideration of host factors, transplant parameters, and the specific respiratory virus (RV). In the setting of adenovirus (ADV), human metapneumovirus (HMPV), influenza, parainfluenza virus (PIV), and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) detection prior to hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT), clinical practice guidelines recommend transplant delay when possible; however, there is much more ambiguity when other respiratory viruses, such as seasonal coronaviruses (CoVs), human rhinovirus (HRV), and SARS-CoV-2, are detected. Our aims for this review include detailing clinical practical guidelines and reviewing current literature on pre-transplant respiratory viral infections (RVIs), including antiviral therapies and prevention strategies, when available. We will center our discussion on three representative clinical scenarios, with the goal of providing practical guidance to clinicians.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara R. Kim
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Alpana Waghmare
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Diego R. Hijano
- Departments of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hijano DR, Ferrolino JA, Gu Z, Brazelton JN, Zhu H, Suganda S, Glasgow HL, Dallas RH, Allison KJ, Maron G, Darji H, Tang L, Fabrizio TP, Webby RJ, Hayden RT. Digital PCR to Measure SARS-CoV-2 RNA, Variants, and Outcomes in Youth. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2023; 12:618-626. [PMID: 37956414 PMCID: PMC10725239 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piad101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of SARS-CoV-2 viral load in predicting contagiousness, disease severity, transmissibility, and clinical decision-making continues to be an area of great interest. However, most studies have been in adults and have evaluated SARS-CoV-2 loads using cycle thresholds (Ct) values, which are not standardized preventing consistent interpretation critical to understanding clinical impact and utility. Here, a quantitative SARS-CoV-2 reverse-transcription digital PCR (RT-dPCR) assay normalized to WHO International Units was applied to children at risk of severe disease diagnosed with COVID-19 at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital between March 28, 2020, and January 31, 2022. METHODS Demographic and clinical information from children, adolescents, and young adults treated at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital were abstracted from medical records. Respiratory samples underwent SARS-CoV-2 RNA quantitation by RT-dPCR targeting N1 and N2 genes, with sequencing to determine the genetic lineage of infecting virus. RESULTS Four hundred and sixty-two patients aged 0-24 years (median 11 years old) were included during the study period. Most patients were infected by the omicron variant (43.72%), followed by ancestral strain (22.29%), delta (13.20%), and alpha (2.16%). Viral load at presentation ranged from 2.49 to 9.14 log10 IU/mL, and higher viral RNA loads were associated with symptoms (OR 1.32; CI 95% 1.16-1.49) and respiratory disease (OR 1.23; CI 95% 1.07-1.41). Viral load did not differ by SARS-CoV-2 variant, vaccination status, age, or baseline diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS SARS-CoV-2 RNA loads predict the presence of symptomatic and respiratory diseases. The use of standardized, quantitative methods is feasible, allows for replication, and comparisons across institutions, and has the potential to facilitate consensus quantitative thresholds for risk stratification and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego R Hijano
- Departments of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jose A Ferrolino
- Departments of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Zhengming Gu
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jessica N Brazelton
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Haiqing Zhu
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sri Suganda
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Heather L Glasgow
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ronald H Dallas
- Departments of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kim J Allison
- Departments of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Gabriela Maron
- Departments of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Himani Darji
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Li Tang
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Thomas P Fabrizio
- Departments of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Richard J Webby
- Departments of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Randall T Hayden
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fan G, Jin Y, Wang Q, Yue Y. Assessing the comparability of cycle threshold values derived from five external quality assessment rounds for omicron nucleic acid testing. Virol J 2023; 20:119. [PMID: 37291570 PMCID: PMC10249569 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02032-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A variety of open-system real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays for several acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 are currently in use. This study aimed to ensure the quality of omicron nucleic acid testing and to assess the comparability of cycle threshold (Ct) values derived from RT-PCR. METHODS Five external quality assessment (EQA) rounds using the omicron virus-like particles were organized between February 2022 and June 2022. RESULTS A total of 1401 qualitative EQA reports have been collected. The overall positive percentage agreement was 99.72%, the negative percentage agreement was 99.75%, and the percent agreement was 99.73%. This study observed a significant variance in Ct values derived from different test systems. There was a wide heterogeneity in PCR efficiency among different RT-PCR kits and inter-laboratories. CONCLUSION There was strong concordance among laboratories performing qualitative omicron nucleic acid testing. Ct values from qualitative RT-PCR tests should not be used for clinical or epidemiological decision-making to avoid the potential for misinterpretation of the results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaowei Fan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8 Gongren Tiyuchang Nanlu, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
- Beijing Medical Laboratory Quality Control and Improvement Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yali Jin
- Beijing Center for Clinical Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Qingtao Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8 Gongren Tiyuchang Nanlu, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Center for Clinical Laboratory, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Medical Laboratory Quality Control and Improvement Center, Beijing, China.
| | - Yuhong Yue
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8 Gongren Tiyuchang Nanlu, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Center for Clinical Laboratory, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Medical Laboratory Quality Control and Improvement Center, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Le Neindre K, Couturier J, Schnuriger A, Jolivet S, Gouot C, Majerholc M, Supplisson P, Tan C, Perrier M, Lazare C, Morand-Joubert L, Barbut F. Environmental severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) contamination in hospital rooms during the first and third coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) waves. ANTIMICROBIAL STEWARDSHIP & HEALTHCARE EPIDEMIOLOGY : ASHE 2022; 2:e82. [PMID: 36483393 PMCID: PMC9726484 DOI: 10.1017/ash.2022.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the frequency, distribution, and risk factors of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) environmental contamination around infected patients during the first and third wave of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. The shedding of SARS-CoV-2 in rooms of infected patients was limited in our hospital setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Killian Le Neindre
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Jeanne Couturier
- Infection Control Unit, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Schnuriger
- Department of Virology, Saint-Antoine Tenon Trousseau Hospitals, Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), France
- Department of Virology, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (iPLESP), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Sarah Jolivet
- Infection Control Unit, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Cyril Gouot
- Infection Control Unit, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Mickaël Majerholc
- Infection Control Unit, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Pierre Supplisson
- Infection Control Unit, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Céline Tan
- Infection Control Unit, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Marine Perrier
- Department of Virology, Saint-Antoine Tenon Trousseau Hospitals, Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), France
| | - Christelle Lazare
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Laurence Morand-Joubert
- Department of Virology, Saint-Antoine Tenon Trousseau Hospitals, Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), France
- Department of Virology, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (iPLESP), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Barbut
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
- Infection Control Unit, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Comparative Evaluation of Six SARS-CoV-2 Real-Time RT-PCR Diagnostic Approaches Shows Substantial Genomic Variant–Dependent Intra- and Inter-Test Variability, Poor Interchangeability of Cycle Threshold and Complementary Turn-Around Times. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11040462. [PMID: 35456137 PMCID: PMC9029830 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11040462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Several professional societies advise against using real-time Reverse-Transcription PCR (rtRT-PCR) cycle threshold (Ct) values to guide clinical decisions. We comparatively assessed the variability of Ct values generated by six diagnostic approaches by testing serial dilutions of well-characterized isolates of 10 clinically most relevant SARS-CoV-2 genomic variants: Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, Eta, Iota, Omicron, A.27, B.1.258.17, and B.1 with D614G mutation. Comparison of three fully automated rtRT-PCR analyzers and a reference manual rtRT-PCR assay using RNA isolated with three different nucleic acid isolation instruments showed substantial inter-variant intra-test and intra-variant inter-test variability. Ct value differences were dependent on both the rtRT-PCR platform and SARS-CoV-2 genomic variant. Differences ranging from 2.0 to 8.4 Ct values were observed when testing equal concentrations of different SARS-CoV-2 variants. Results confirm that Ct values are an unreliable surrogate for viral load and should not be used as a proxy of infectivity and transmissibility, especially when different rtRT-PCR assays are used in parallel and multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants are circulating. A detailed turn-around time (TAT) comparative assessment showed substantially different TATs, but parallel use of different diagnostic approaches was beneficial and complementary, allowing release of results for more than 81% of non-priority samples within 8 h after admission.
Collapse
|
6
|
Davies E, Farooq HZ, Brown B, Tilston P, McEwan A, Birtles A, O'Hara RW, Ahmad S, Machin N, Hesketh L, Guiver M. An Overview of SARS-CoV-2 Molecular Diagnostics in Europe. Clin Lab Med 2022; 42:161-191. [PMID: 35636820 PMCID: PMC8901364 DOI: 10.1016/j.cll.2022.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Davies
- Department of Virology, UK Health Security Agency, Manchester Foundation Trust, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK.
| | - Hamzah Z Farooq
- Department of Virology, UK Health Security Agency, Manchester Foundation Trust, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK; Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, North Manchester General Hospital, Manchester Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Benjamin Brown
- Department of Virology, UK Health Security Agency, Manchester Foundation Trust, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Peter Tilston
- Department of Virology, UK Health Security Agency, Manchester Foundation Trust, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Ashley McEwan
- Department of Virology, UK Health Security Agency, Manchester Foundation Trust, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Andrew Birtles
- Department of Virology, UK Health Security Agency, Manchester Foundation Trust, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Robert William O'Hara
- Department of Virology, UK Health Security Agency, Manchester Foundation Trust, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Shazaad Ahmad
- Department of Virology, UK Health Security Agency, Manchester Foundation Trust, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Nicholas Machin
- Department of Virology, UK Health Security Agency, Manchester Foundation Trust, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Louise Hesketh
- Department of Virology, UK Health Security Agency, Manchester Foundation Trust, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Malcolm Guiver
- Department of Virology, UK Health Security Agency, Manchester Foundation Trust, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Odilov A, Volkov A, Abdullaev A, Gasanova T, Lipina T, Babichenko I. COVID-19: Multiorgan Dissemination of SARS-CoV-2 Is Driven by Pulmonary Factors. Viruses 2021; 14:v14010039. [PMID: 35062243 PMCID: PMC8777766 DOI: 10.3390/v14010039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multi-organ failure is one of the common causes of fatal outcome in COVID-19 patients. However, the pathogenetic association of the SARS-CoV-2 viral load (VL) level with fatal dysfunctions of the lungs, liver, kidneys, heart, spleen and brain, as well as with the risk of death in COVID-19 patients remains poorly understood. SARS-CoV-2 VL in the lungs, heart, liver, kidneys, brain, spleen and lymph nodes have been measured by RT qPCR using the following formula: NSARS-CoV-2/NABL1 × 100. Dissemination of SARS-CoV-2 in 30.5% of cases was mono-organ, and in 63.9% of cases, it was multi-organ. The average SARS-CoV-2 VL in the exudative phase of diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) was 60 times higher than in the proliferative phase. The SARS-CoV-2 VL in the lungs ranged from 0 to 250,281 copies. The "pulmonary factors" of SARS-CoV-2 multi-organ dissemination are the high level of SARS-CoV-2 VL (≥4909) and the exudative phase of DAD. The frequency of SARS-CoV-2 dissemination to lymph nodes was 86.9%, heart-56.5%, spleen-52.2%, liver-47.8%, kidney-26%, and brain-13%. We found no link between the SARS-CoV-2 VL level in the liver, kidneys, and heart and the serum level of CPK, LDH, ALP, ALT, AST and Cr of COVID-19 patients. Isolated detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the myocardium of COVID-19 patients who died from heart failure is possible. The pathogenesis of COVID-19-associated multi-organ failure requires further research in a larger cohort of patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akmaljon Odilov
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Peoples′ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St, Moscow 117198, Russia; (A.V.); (I.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Alexey Volkov
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Peoples′ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St, Moscow 117198, Russia; (A.V.); (I.B.)
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Municipal Clinical Hospital Named after E.O. Mukhin, Moscow 111399, Russia
| | - Adhamjon Abdullaev
- Laboratory of Molecular Hematology, National Research Center for Hematology, Novy Zykovski lane 4a, Moscow 125167, Russia;
| | - Tatiana Gasanova
- Department of Virology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gori, 1, 40, Moscow 119234, Russia;
| | - Tatiana Lipina
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gori, 1, 12, Moscow 119234, Russia;
| | - Igor Babichenko
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Peoples′ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St, Moscow 117198, Russia; (A.V.); (I.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Comparison of SARS-CoV-2 Detection by Rapid Antigen and by Three Commercial RT-qPCR Tests: A Study from Martin University Hospital in Slovakia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18137037. [PMID: 34280974 PMCID: PMC8295881 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18137037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is having a tremendous impact on the global economy, health care systems and the lives of almost all people in the world. The Central European country of Slovakia reached one of the highest daily mortality rates per 100,000 inhabitants in the first 3 months of 2021, despite implementing strong prophylactic measures, lockdowns and repeated nationwide antigen testing. The present study reports a comparison of the performance of the Standard Q COVID-19 antigen test (SD Biosensor) with three commercial RT-qPCR kits (vDetect COVID-19-MultiplexDX, gb SARS-CoV-2 Multiplex-GENERI BIOTECH Ltd. and Genvinset COVID-19 [E]-BDR Diagnostics) in the detection of infected individuals among employees of the Martin University Hospital in Slovakia. Health care providers, such as doctors and nurses, are classified as “critical infrastructure”, and there is no doubt about the huge impact that incorrect results could have on patients. Out of 1231 samples, 14 were evaluated as positive for SARS-CoV-2 antigen presence, and all of them were confirmed by RT-qPCR kit 1 and kit 2. As another 26 samples had a signal in the E gene, these 40 samples were re-isolated and subsequently re-analysed using the three kits, which detected the virus in 22, 23 and 12 cases, respectively. The results point to a divergence not only between antigen and RT-qPCR tests, but also within the “gold standard” RT-qPCR testing. Performance analysis of the diagnostic antigen test showed the positive predictive value (PPV) to be 100% and negative predictive value (NPV) to be 98.10%, indicating that 1.90% of individuals with a negative result were, in fact, positive. If these data are extrapolated to the national level, where the mean daily number of antigen tests was 250,000 in April 2021, it points to over 4700 people per day being misinterpreted and posing a risk of virus shedding. While mean Ct values of the samples that were both antigen and RT-qPCR positive were about 20 (kit 1: 20.47 and 20.16 for Sarbeco E and RdRP, kit 2: 19.37 and 19.99 for Sarbeco E and RdRP and kit 3: 17.47 for ORF1b/RdRP), mean Ct values of the samples that were antigen-negative but RT-qPCR-positive were about 30 (kit 1: 30.67 and 30.00 for Sarbeco E and RdRP, kit 2: 29.86 and 31.01 for Sarbeco E and RdRP and kit 3: 27.47 for ORF1b/RdRP). It confirms the advantage of antigen test in detecting the most infectious individuals with a higher viral load. However, the reporting of Ct values is still a matter of ongoing debates and should not be conducted without normalisation to standardised controls of known concentration.
Collapse
|