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Rosner M, Horer S, Feichtinger M, Hengstschläger M. Multipotent fetal stem cells in reproductive biology research. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:157. [PMID: 37287077 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03379-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the limited accessibility of the in vivo situation, the scarcity of the human tissue, legal constraints, and ethical considerations, the underlying molecular mechanisms of disorders, such as preeclampsia, the pathological consequences of fetomaternal microchimerism, or infertility, are still not fully understood. And although substantial progress has already been made, the therapeutic strategies for reproductive system diseases are still facing limitations. In the recent years, it became more and more evident that stem cells are powerful tools for basic research in human reproduction and stem cell-based approaches moved into the center of endeavors to establish new clinical concepts. Multipotent fetal stem cells derived from the amniotic fluid, amniotic membrane, chorion leave, Wharton´s jelly, or placenta came to the fore because they are easy to acquire, are not associated with ethical concerns or covered by strict legal restrictions, and can be banked for autologous utilization later in life. Compared to adult stem cells, they exhibit a significantly higher differentiation potential and are much easier to propagate in vitro. Compared to pluripotent stem cells, they harbor less mutations, are not tumorigenic, and exhibit low immunogenicity. Studies on multipotent fetal stem cells can be invaluable to gain knowledge on the development of dysfunctional fetal cell types, to characterize the fetal stem cells migrating into the body of a pregnant woman in the context of fetomaternal microchimerism, and to obtain a more comprehensive picture of germ cell development in the course of in vitro differentiation experiments. The in vivo transplantation of fetal stem cells or their paracrine factors can mediate therapeutic effects in preeclampsia and can restore reproductive organ functions. Together with the use of fetal stem cell-derived gametes, such strategies could once help individuals, who do not develop functional gametes, to conceive genetically related children. Although there is still a long way to go, these developments regarding the usage of multipotent fetal stem cells in the clinic should continuously be accompanied by a wide and detailed ethical discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margit Rosner
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 10, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefanie Horer
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 10, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Markus Hengstschläger
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 10, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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2
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Dai F, Wang R, Deng Z, Yang D, Wang L, Wu M, Hu W, Cheng Y. Comparison of the different animal modeling and therapy methods of premature ovarian failure in animal model. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:135. [PMID: 37202808 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03333-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Incidence of premature ovarian failure (POF) is higher with the increase of the pace of life. The etiology of POF is very complex, which is closely related to genes, immune diseases, drugs, surgery, and psychological factors. Ideal animal models and evaluation indexes are essential for drug development and mechanism research. In our review, we firstly summarize the modeling methods of different POF animal models and compare their advantages and disadvantages. Recently, stem cells are widely studied for tumor treatment and tissue repair with low immunogenicity, high homing ability, high ability to divide and self-renew. Hence, we secondly reviewed recently published data on transplantation of stem cells in the POF animal model and analyzed the possible mechanism of their function. With the further insights of immunological and gene therapy, the combination of stem cells with other therapies should be actively explored to promote the treatment of POF in the future. Our article may provide guidance and insight for POF animal model selection and new drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Dai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Ruiqi Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Zhimin Deng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Dongyong Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Linlin Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Mali Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Ultrasound, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.
| | - Yanxiang Cheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China.
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Najafi-Ghalehlou N, Feizkhah A, Mobayen M, Pourmohammadi-Bejarpasi Z, Shekarchi S, Roushandeh AM, Roudkenar MH. Plumping up a Cushion of Human Biowaste in Regenerative Medicine: Novel Insights into a State-of-the-Art Reserve Arsenal. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2022; 18:2709-2739. [PMID: 35505177 PMCID: PMC9064122 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-022-10383-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Major breakthroughs and disruptive methods in disease treatment today owe their thanks to our inch by inch developing conception of the infinitive aspects of medicine since the very beginning, among which, the role of the regenerative medicine can on no account be denied, a branch of medicine dedicated to either repairing or replacing the injured or diseased cells, organs, and tissues. A novel means to accomplish such a quest is what is being called "medical biowaste", a large assortment of biological samples produced during a surgery session or as a result of physiological conditions and biological activities. The current paper accentuating several of a number of promising sources of biowaste together with their plausible applications in routine clinical practices and the confronting challenges aims at inspiring research on the existing gap between clinical and basic science to further extend our knowledge and understanding concerning the potential applications of medical biowaste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Najafi-Ghalehlou
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Paramedicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Feizkhah
- Burn and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, School of Medicine, Velayat Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Mobayen
- Burn and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, School of Medicine, Velayat Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Zahra Pourmohammadi-Bejarpasi
- Burn and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, School of Medicine, Velayat Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Shima Shekarchi
- Anatomical Sciences Department, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Amaneh Mohammadi Roushandeh
- Burn and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, School of Medicine, Velayat Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
| | - Mehryar Habibi Roudkenar
- Burn and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, School of Medicine, Velayat Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
- Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Heshmat Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
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Combination Therapy of Placenta-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells with WKYMVm Promotes Hepatic Function in a Rat Model with Hepatic Disease via Vascular Remodeling. Cells 2022; 11:cells11020232. [PMID: 35053347 PMCID: PMC8773666 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in the structure and function of blood vessels are important factors that play a primary role in regeneration of injured organs. WKYMVm has been reported as a therapeutic factor that promotes the migration and proliferation of angiogenic cells. Additionally, we previously demonstrated that placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells (PD-MSCs) induce hepatic regeneration in hepatic failure via antifibrotic effects. Therefore, our objectives were to analyze the combination effect of PD-MSCs and WKYMVm in a rat model with bile duct ligation (BDL) and evaluate their therapeutic mechanism. To analyze the anti-fibrotic and angiogenic effects on liver regeneration, it was analyzed using ELISA, qRT-PCR, Western blot, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemistry. Collagen accumulation was significantly decreased in PD-MSCs with the WKYMVm combination (Tx+WK) group compared with the nontransplantation (NTx) and PD-MSC-transplanted (Tx) group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the combination of PD-MSCs with WKYMVm significantly promoted hepatic function by increasing hepatocyte proliferation and albumin as well as angiogenesis by activated FPR2 signaling (p < 0.05). The combination therapy of PD-MSCs with WKYMVm could be an efficient treatment in hepatic diseases via vascular remodeling. Therefore, the combination therapy of PD-MSCs with WKYMVm could be a new therapeutic strategy in degenerative medicine.
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Segovia-Zafra A, Di Zeo-Sánchez DE, López-Gómez C, Pérez-Valdés Z, García-Fuentes E, Andrade RJ, Lucena MI, Villanueva-Paz M. Preclinical models of idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (iDILI): Moving towards prediction. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:3685-3726. [PMID: 35024301 PMCID: PMC8727925 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (iDILI) encompasses the unexpected harms that prescription and non-prescription drugs, herbal and dietary supplements can cause to the liver. iDILI remains a major public health problem and a major cause of drug attrition. Given the lack of biomarkers for iDILI prediction, diagnosis and prognosis, searching new models to predict and study mechanisms of iDILI is necessary. One of the major limitations of iDILI preclinical assessment has been the lack of correlation between the markers of hepatotoxicity in animal toxicological studies and clinically significant iDILI. Thus, major advances in the understanding of iDILI susceptibility and pathogenesis have come from the study of well-phenotyped iDILI patients. However, there are many gaps for explaining all the complexity of iDILI susceptibility and mechanisms. Therefore, there is a need to optimize preclinical human in vitro models to reduce the risk of iDILI during drug development. Here, the current experimental models and the future directions in iDILI modelling are thoroughly discussed, focusing on the human cellular models available to study the pathophysiological mechanisms of the disease and the most used in vivo animal iDILI models. We also comment about in silico approaches and the increasing relevance of patient-derived cellular models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Segovia-Zafra
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Gastroenterología, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área Temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Daniel E. Di Zeo-Sánchez
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Gastroenterología, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Carlos López-Gómez
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Aparato Digestivo, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga 29010, Spain
| | - Zeus Pérez-Valdés
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Gastroenterología, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Eduardo García-Fuentes
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Aparato Digestivo, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga 29010, Spain
| | - Raúl J. Andrade
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Gastroenterología, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área Temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - M. Isabel Lucena
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Gastroenterología, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área Temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid 28029, Spain
- Platform ISCIII de Ensayos Clínicos, UICEC-IBIMA, Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Marina Villanueva-Paz
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Gastroenterología, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain
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Choi J, Kang S, Kim B, So S, Han J, Kim GN, Lee MY, Roh S, Lee JY, Oh SJ, Sung YH, Lee Y, Kim SH, Kang E. Efficient hepatic differentiation and regeneration potential under xeno-free conditions using mass-producible amnion-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:569. [PMID: 34772451 PMCID: PMC8588618 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02470-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amnion-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AM-MSCs) are an attractive source of stem cell therapy for patients with irreversible liver disease. However, there are obstacles to their use due to low efficiency and xeno-contamination for hepatic differentiation. METHODS We established an efficient protocol for differentiating AM-MSCs into hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs) by analyzing transcriptome-sequencing data. Furthermore, to generate the xeno-free conditioned differentiation protocol, we replaced fetal bovine serum (FBS) with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). We investigated the hepatocyte functions with the expression of mRNA and protein, secretion of albumin, and activity of CYP3A4. Finally, to test the transplantable potential of HPCs, we transferred AM-MSCs along with hepatic progenitors after differentiated days 11, 12, and 13 based on the expression of hepatocyte-related genes and mitochondrial function. Further, we established a mouse model of acute liver failure using a thioacetamide (TAA) and cyclophosphamide monohydrate (CTX) and transplanted AM-HPCs in the mouse model through splenic injection. RESULTS We analyzed gene expression from RNA sequencing data in AM-MSCs and detected downregulation of hepatic development-associated genes including GATA6, KIT, AFP, c-MET, FGF2, EGF, and c-JUN, and upregulation of GSK3. Based on this result, we established an efficient hepatic differentiation protocol using the GSK3 inhibitor, CHIR99021. Replacing FBS with PVA resulted in improved differentiation ability, such as upregulation of hepatic maturation markers. The differentiated hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) not only synthesized and secreted albumin, but also metabolized drugs by the CYP3A4 enzyme. The best time for translation of AM-HPCs was 12 days from the start of differentiation. When the AM-HPCs were transplanted into the liver failure mouse model, they settled in the damaged livers and differentiated into hepatocytes. CONCLUSION This study offers an efficient and xeno-free conditioned hepatic differentiation protocol and shows that AM-HPCs could be used as transplantable therapeutic materials. Thus, we suggest that AM-MSC-derived HPCs are promising cells for treating liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwan Choi
- Department of Medical Science, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology (AMIST), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, 05505, South Korea
- Stem Cell Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, 05505, South Korea
- Present Address: Center for Embryo & Stem Cell Research, CHA Advanced Research Institute and Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Pocheon-si, Gyeonggi, 13488, South Korea
| | - Seoon Kang
- Department of Medical Science, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology (AMIST), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, 05505, South Korea
- Stem Cell Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, 05505, South Korea
- Present Address: Center for Embryo & Stem Cell Research, CHA Advanced Research Institute and Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Pocheon-si, Gyeonggi, 13488, South Korea
| | - Bitnara Kim
- Stem Cell Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, 05505, South Korea
- Present Address: Center for Embryo & Stem Cell Research, CHA Advanced Research Institute and Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Pocheon-si, Gyeonggi, 13488, South Korea
| | - Seongjun So
- Department of Medical Science, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology (AMIST), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, 05505, South Korea
- Stem Cell Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, 05505, South Korea
| | - Jongsuk Han
- Department of Medical Science, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology (AMIST), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, 05505, South Korea
- Stem Cell Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, 05505, South Korea
- Present Address: Center for Embryo & Stem Cell Research, CHA Advanced Research Institute and Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Pocheon-si, Gyeonggi, 13488, South Korea
| | - Gyeong-Nam Kim
- Department of Medical Science, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology (AMIST), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, 05505, South Korea
- Convergence Medicine Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, 05505, South Korea
| | - Mi-Young Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, 05505, South Korea
| | - Seonae Roh
- Stem Cell Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, 05505, South Korea
| | - Ji-Yoon Lee
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center and Department of Convergence Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Seoul, 05505, South Korea
| | - Soo Jin Oh
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center and Department of Convergence Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Seoul, 05505, South Korea
| | - Young Hoon Sung
- Department of Medical Science, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology (AMIST), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, 05505, South Korea
- Convergence Medicine Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, 05505, South Korea
| | - Yeonmi Lee
- Stem Cell Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, 05505, South Korea
- Present Address: Center for Embryo & Stem Cell Research, CHA Advanced Research Institute and Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Pocheon-si, Gyeonggi, 13488, South Korea
| | - Sung Hoon Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, 05505, South Korea.
| | - Eunju Kang
- Department of Medical Science, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology (AMIST), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, 05505, South Korea.
- Stem Cell Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, 05505, South Korea.
- Present Address: Center for Embryo & Stem Cell Research, CHA Advanced Research Institute and Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Pocheon-si, Gyeonggi, 13488, South Korea.
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Mesenchymal stem cells therapy for acute liver failure: Recent advances and future perspectives. LIVER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Serras AS, Rodrigues JS, Cipriano M, Rodrigues AV, Oliveira NG, Miranda JP. A Critical Perspective on 3D Liver Models for Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Studies. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:626805. [PMID: 33732695 PMCID: PMC7957963 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.626805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The poor predictability of human liver toxicity is still causing high attrition rates of drug candidates in the pharmaceutical industry at the non-clinical, clinical, and post-marketing authorization stages. This is in part caused by animal models that fail to predict various human adverse drug reactions (ADRs), resulting in undetected hepatotoxicity at the non-clinical phase of drug development. In an effort to increase the prediction of human hepatotoxicity, different approaches to enhance the physiological relevance of hepatic in vitro systems are being pursued. Three-dimensional (3D) or microfluidic technologies allow to better recapitulate hepatocyte organization and cell-matrix contacts, to include additional cell types, to incorporate fluid flow and to create gradients of oxygen and nutrients, which have led to improved differentiated cell phenotype and functionality. This comprehensive review addresses the drug-induced hepatotoxicity mechanisms and the currently available 3D liver in vitro models, their characteristics, as well as their advantages and limitations for human hepatotoxicity assessment. In addition, since toxic responses are greatly dependent on the culture model, a comparative analysis of the toxicity studies performed using two-dimensional (2D) and 3D in vitro strategies with recognized hepatotoxic compounds, such as paracetamol, diclofenac, and troglitazone is performed, further highlighting the need for harmonization of the respective characterization methods. Finally, taking a step forward, we propose a roadmap for the assessment of drugs hepatotoxicity based on fully characterized fit-for-purpose in vitro models, taking advantage of the best of each model, which will ultimately contribute to more informed decision-making in the drug development and risk assessment fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana S. Serras
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana S. Rodrigues
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Madalena Cipriano
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Armanda V. Rodrigues
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nuno G. Oliveira
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana P. Miranda
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Jin M, Yi X, Liao W, Chen Q, Yang W, Li Y, Li S, Gao Y, Peng Q, Zhou S. Advancements in stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cell models for hepatotoxicity testing. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:84. [PMID: 33494782 PMCID: PMC7836452 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02152-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is one of the leading causes of clinical trial failures and high drug attrition rates. Currently, the commonly used hepatocyte models include primary human hepatocytes (PHHs), animal models, and hepatic cell lines. However, these models have disadvantages that include species-specific differences or inconvenient cell extraction methods. Therefore, a novel, inexpensive, efficient, and accurate model that can be applied to drug screening is urgently needed. Owing to their self-renewable ability, source abundance, and multipotent competence, stem cells are stable sources of drug hepatotoxicity screening models. Because 3D culture can mimic the in vivo microenvironment more accurately than can 2D culture, the former is commonly used for hepatocyte culture and drug screening. In this review, we introduce the different sources of stem cells used to generate hepatocyte-like cells and the models for hepatotoxicity testing that use stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meixian Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Xiao Yi
- Department of Gynecology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Liao
- General Surgery Center, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Organ and Tissue Engineering, Guangzhou Clinical Research and Transformation Center for Artificial Liver, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Wanren Yang
- General Surgery Center, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Organ and Tissue Engineering, Guangzhou Clinical Research and Transformation Center for Artificial Liver, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yang Li
- General Surgery Center, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Organ and Tissue Engineering, Guangzhou Clinical Research and Transformation Center for Artificial Liver, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shao Li
- General Surgery Center, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Organ and Tissue Engineering, Guangzhou Clinical Research and Transformation Center for Artificial Liver, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yi Gao
- General Surgery Center, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Organ and Tissue Engineering, Guangzhou Clinical Research and Transformation Center for Artificial Liver, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qing Peng
- General Surgery Center, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Organ and Tissue Engineering, Guangzhou Clinical Research and Transformation Center for Artificial Liver, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Shuqin Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, China.
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Jun JH, Jung J, Kim JY, Hwang SG, Bae SH, Kim GJ. Upregulation of C-Reactive Protein by Placenta-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Promotes Angiogenesis in A Rat Model with Cirrhotic Liver. Int J Stem Cells 2020; 13:404-413. [PMID: 33122469 PMCID: PMC7691864 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc20052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives Liver cirrhosis is accompanied by abnormal vascular shunts. The Wnt pathway is essential for endothelial cell survival and proliferation. C-reactive protein (CRP), which is produced by hepatocyte, activates angiogenesis in cardiovascular diseases. Methods and Results The expression of CRP in CCl4-injured rat livers was detected using qRT-PCR and Western blotting after transplantation of placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells (PD-MSCs) into rats. To determine whether CRP functions in hepatic regeneration by promoting angiogenesis through the Wnt pathway, we detected VEGF and β-catenin in liver tissues and BrdU and β-catenin in hepatocytes by immunofluorescence. The expression levels of CRP, Wnt pathway-related and angiogenic factors were increased in CCl4-injured and PD-MSCs transplanted rat livers. In vitro, the expression levels of Wnt signaling and angiogenic factors were decreased in siRNA-CRP-transfected rat hepatocytes. Conclusions CRP upregulation by PD-MSCs participates in vascular remodeling to promote liver regeneration via the Wnt signaling pathway during hepatic failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hye Jun
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jieun Jung
- Non-Clinical Evaluation Center, CHA Advanced Research Institute, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jae Yeon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Seong-Gyu Hwang
- Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Si Hyun Bae
- Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University Medical College, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gi Jin Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
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11
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Seok J, Jun S, Lee JO, Kim GJ. Mitochondrial Dynamics in Placenta-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Regulate the Invasion Activity of Trophoblast. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228599. [PMID: 33202697 PMCID: PMC7696686 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dynamics are involved in many cellular events, including the proliferation, differentiation, and invasion/migration of normal as well as cancerous cells. Human placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells (PD-MSCs) were known to regulate the invasion activity of trophoblasts. However, the effects of PD-MSCs on mitochondrial function in trophoblasts are still insufficiently understood. Therefore, the objectives of this study are to analyze the factors related to mitochondrial function and investigate the correlation between trophoblast invasion and mitophagy via PD-MSC cocultivation. We assess invasion ability and mitochondrial function in invasive trophoblasts according to PD-MSC cocultivation by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and extracellular flux (XF) assay. Under PD-MSCs co-cultivation, invasion activity of a trophoblast is increased via activation of the Rho signaling pathway as well as Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Additionally, the expression of mitochondrial function (e.g., reactive oxygen species (ROS), calcium, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis) in trophoblasts are increased via PD-MSCs co-cultivation. Finally, PD-MSCs regulate mitochondrial autophagy factors in invasive trophoblasts via regulating the balance between PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) and parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase (PARKIN) expression. Taken together, these results demonstrate that PD-MSCs enhance the invasion ability of trophoblasts via altering mitochondrial dynamics. These results support the fundamental mechanism of trophoblast invasion via mitochondrial function and provide a new stem cell therapy for infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Seok
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Korea; (J.S.); (S.J.)
| | - Sujin Jun
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Korea; (J.S.); (S.J.)
| | - Jung Ok Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Korea;
| | - Gi Jin Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Korea; (J.S.); (S.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-881-7245
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12
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Exosomes from Placenta-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Are Involved in Liver Regeneration in Hepatic Failure Induced by Bile Duct Ligation. Stem Cells Int 2020; 2020:5485738. [PMID: 33133194 PMCID: PMC7568818 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5485738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the liver has a regenerative capacity, hepatic failure is a severe and irreversible chronic disease. Placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells (PD-MSCs) have distinctive features, such as recycling of the placenta waste after birth, ease of accessibility, abundant cell numbers, and strong immunosuppressive properties. Previously, we reported that PD-MSCs can regenerate the liver in hepatic failure through antifibrotic and autophagic mechanisms. Many reports have investigated whether exosomes, which are formed by the budding of vesicular bodies and are emitted into the blood, from stem cells have therapeutic potential in various diseases. C-reactive protein (CRP) is produced in hepatocytes and secreted via vessels. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to compare the expression of CRP in exosomes of a hepatic failure rat model (bile duct ligation, BDL) and to evaluate the therapeutic effect by their correlation between CRP and angiogenesis depending on PD-MSC transplantation. The exosomes were analyzed in a BDL rat model with transplantation of PD-MSCs through LC-MS analysis and precipitation solution. The exosomes, CRP, and factors related to these molecules were evaluated and quantified in exosomes as well as investigated by real-time PCR, Western blot, and immunofluorescence (IF) in vivo and in vitro. CRP was present in exosomes from serum of a rat model and increased by PD-MSC transplantation. In the exosomes, CRP upregulated the factors related to the Wnt signaling pathway and angiogenesis in the BDL rat liver-transplanted PD-MSCs. Also, CRP regulated the Wnt pathway and vascularization in rat hepatocytes by interacting with endothelial cells. Therefore, our findings indicate that CRP in exosomes excreted by PD-MSCs functions in angiogenesis via the Wnt signaling pathway.
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13
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Michalik M, Gładyś A, Czekaj P. Differentiation of Cells Isolated from Afterbirth Tissues into Hepatocyte-Like Cells and Their Potential Clinical Application in Liver Regeneration. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2020; 17:581-603. [PMID: 32974851 PMCID: PMC8036182 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-020-10045-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Toxic, viral and surgical injuries can pose medical indications for liver transplantation. The number of patients waiting for a liver transplant still increases, but the number of organ donors is insufficient. Hepatocyte transplantation was suggested as a promising alternative to liver transplantation, however, this method has some significant limitations. Currently, afterbirth tissues seem to be an interesting source of cells for the regenerative medicine, because of their unique biological and immunological properties. It has been proven in experimental animal models, that the native stem cells, and to a greater extent, hepatocyte-like cells derived from them and transplanted, can accelerate regenerative processes and restore organ functioning. The effective protocol for obtaining functional mature hepatocytes in vitro is still not defined, but some studies resulted in obtaining functionally active hepatocyte-like cells. In this review, we focused on human stem cells isolated from placenta and umbilical cord, as potent precursors of hepatocyte-like cells for regenerative medicine. We summarized the results of preclinical and clinical studies dealing with the introduction of epithelial and mesenchymal stem cells of the afterbirth origin to the liver failure therapy. It was concluded that the use of native afterbirth epithelial and mesenchymal cells in the treatment of liver failure could support liver function and regeneration. This effect would be enhanced by the use of hepatocyte-like cells obtained from placental and/or umbilical stem cells. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Michalik
- Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Gładyś
- Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Piotr Czekaj
- Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland.
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14
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Collins DP, Hapke JH, Aravalli RN, Steer CJ. In vitro Differentiation of Human TERT-Transfected Multi-Lineage Progenitor Cells (MLPC) into Immortalized Hepatocyte-Like Cells. Hepat Med 2020; 12:79-92. [PMID: 32607015 PMCID: PMC7295760 DOI: 10.2147/hmer.s245916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Research directed towards drug development, metabolism, and liver functions often utilize primary hepatocytes (PH) for preliminary in vitro studies. Variability in the in vitro functionality of PH and the unsuitability of hepatocarcinoma cells for these studies have driven researchers to look to ESC, iPS, and other stem cell types using differentiation protocols to provide more reliable and available cells. This study describes the development of hepatocyte-like cells through the in vitro differentiation of human TERT-immortalized cord blood-derived multi-lineage progenitor cells (MLPC). The E12 clonal cell line derived from polyclonal TERT-transfected cells was used throughout the study. Methods E12 MLPC were subjected to a three-step differentiation protocol using alternating combinations of growth factors, cytokines, and maturational factors. Cells at various stages of differentiation were analyzed for consistency with PH by morphology, immunohistochemistry, urea production, and gene expression. Results E12 MLPC were shown to significantly change morphology with each stage of differentiation. Coincidental with the morphological changes in the cells, immunohistochemistry data documented the differentiation to committed endoderm by the expression of SOX-17 and GATA-4; the progression to committed hepatocyte-like cells by the expression of a large number of markers including α-fetoprotein and albumin; and the final differentiation by the expression of nuclear and cytoplasmic HNF4. Fully differentiated cells demonstrated gene expression, urea production, and immunohistochemistry consistent with PH. A methodology and medium formulation to continuously expand the E12-derived hepatocyte-like cells is described. Conclusion The availability of immortalized hepatocyte-like cell lines could provide a consistent tool for the study of hepatic diseases, drug discovery, and the development of cellular therapies for liver disorders. Utilization of these techniques could provide a basis for the development of bridge therapies for liver failure patients awaiting transplant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joel H Hapke
- Cytomedical Design Group, LLC, Saint Paul, MN 55127, USA
| | - Rajagopal N Aravalli
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Clifford J Steer
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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15
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Saleh M, Taher M, Sohrabpour AA, Vaezi AA, Nasiri Toosi M, Kavianpour M, Ghazvinian Z, Abdolahi S, Verdi J. Perspective of placenta derived mesenchymal stem cells in acute liver failure. Cell Biosci 2020; 10:71. [PMID: 32483484 PMCID: PMC7245988 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-020-00433-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute Liver failure (ALF) is a life-threatening disease and is determined by coagulopathy (with INR ≥ 1.5) and hepatic encephalopathy as a result of severe liver injury in patients without preexisting liver disease. Since there are problems with liver transplantation including lack of donors, use of immunosuppressive drugs, and high costs of this process, new therapeutic approaches alongside current treatments are needed. The placenta is a tissue that is normally discarded after childbirth. On the other hand, human placenta is a rich source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which is easily available, without moral problems, and its derived cells are less affected by age and environmental factors. Therefore, placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells (PD-MSCs) can be considered as an allogeneic source for liver disease. Considering the studies on MSCs and their effects on various diseases, it can be stated that MSCs are among the most important agents to be used for novel future therapies of liver diseases. In this paper, we will investigate the effects of mesenchymal stem cells through migration and immigration to the site of injury, cell-to-cell contact, immunomodulatory effects, and secretory factors in ALF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahshid Saleh
- 1Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taher
- 2Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Imam Hospital Complex, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Ali Sohrabpour
- 3Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Abbas Vaezi
- 4Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mohsen Nasiri Toosi
- 5Internal Medicine, School of Medicine Liver Transplantation Research Center Imam, Khomeini Hospital Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maria Kavianpour
- 1Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeinab Ghazvinian
- 1Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahrokh Abdolahi
- 1Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Verdi
- 1Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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16
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Kim JY, Jun JH, Park SY, Yang SW, Bae SH, Kim GJ. Dynamic Regulation of miRNA Expression by Functionally Enhanced Placental Mesenchymal Stem Cells PromotesHepatic Regeneration in a Rat Model with Bile Duct Ligation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215299. [PMID: 31653075 PMCID: PMC6862171 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells (PD-MSCs) were highlighted as therapeutic sources in several degenerative diseases. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs)were found to mediate one of the therapeutic mechanisms of PD-MSCs in regenerative medicine. To enhance the therapeutic effects of PD-MSCs, we established functionally enhanced PD-MSCs with phosphatase of regenerating liver-1 overexpression (PRL-1(+)). However, the profile and functions of miRNAs induced by PRL-1(+) PD-MSCs in a rat model with hepatic failure prepared by bile duct ligation (BDL) remained unclear. Hence, the objectives of the present study were to analyze the expression of miRNAs and investigate their therapeutic mechanisms for hepatic regeneration via PRL-1(+) in a rat model with BDL. We selected candidate miRNAs based on microarray analysis. Under hypoxic conditions, compared with migrated naïve PD-MSCs, migrated PRL-1(+) PD-MSCs showed improved integrin-dependent migration abilitythrough Ras homolog (RHO) family-targeted miRNA expression (e.g., hsa-miR-30a-5p, 340-5p, and 146a-3p). Moreover, rno-miR-30a-5p and 340-5p regulated engraftment into injured rat liver by transplantedPRL-1(+) PD-MSCs through the integrin family. Additionally, an increase inplatelet-derived growth factor receptor A (PDGFRA) by suppressing rno-miR-27a-3p improved vascular structure in rat liver tissues after PRL-1(+) PD-MSC transplantation. Furthermore, decreased rno-miR-122-5p was significantly correlated with increased proliferation of hepatocytes in liver tissues by PRL-1(+) PD-MSCs byactivating the interleukin-6 (IL-6) signaling pathway through the repression of rno-miR-21-5p. Taken together, these findings improve the understandingof therapeutic mechanisms based on miRNA-mediated stem-cell therapy in liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Yeon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Korea.
| | - Ji Hye Jun
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Korea.
| | - Soo Young Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Korea.
| | - Seong Wook Yang
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120749, Korea.
| | - Si Hyun Bae
- Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University Medical College, Seoul 03312, Korea.
| | - Gi Jin Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Korea.
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17
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Han Y, Li X, Zhang Y, Han Y, Chang F, Ding J. Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Regenerative Medicine. Cells 2019; 8:E886. [PMID: 31412678 PMCID: PMC6721852 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 634] [Impact Index Per Article: 126.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, the biomedical applications of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have attracted increasing attention. MSCs are easily extracted from the bone marrow, fat, and synovium, and differentiate into various cell lineages according to the requirements of specific biomedical applications. As MSCs do not express significant histocompatibility complexes and immune stimulating molecules, they are not detected by immune surveillance and do not lead to graft rejection after transplantation. These properties make them competent biomedical candidates, especially in tissue engineering. We present a brief overview of MSC extraction methods and subsequent potential for differentiation, and a comprehensive overview of their preclinical and clinical applications in regenerative medicine, and discuss future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Han
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun 130041, China
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Xuezhou Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun 130041, China
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Yanbo Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun 130033, China.
| | - Yuping Han
- Department of Urology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun 130033, China.
| | - Fei Chang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun 130041, China.
| | - Jianxun Ding
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China
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18
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Chen J, Chen X, Yao J, Li M, Yang X. The combination of Decitabine and EPZ-6438 effectively facilitate adipogenic differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 516:307-312. [PMID: 31256938 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.06.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
As a novel type of mesenchymal stem cell, induced pluripotent stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells (iPMSCs) have huge potential for cell therapy. iPMSCs exhibited the typical characteristics of MSCs, whereas the tri-lineage differentiation potential is limited, especially the adipogenic propensity. Here, to reveal the molecular mechanism we carried out the epigenetic comparisons between the iPMSCs and the bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and embryonic stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells (EMSCs). We found that the iPMSCs was significantly higher than the BMSCs in terms of genome-wide DNA methylation. Meanwhile, the adipogenic gene PPARγ promoter region existed hypermethylation. In addition, compared with EMSCs and BMSCs, iPMSCs had significant differences in the histones epigenetic modification of methylation and acetylation, especially high levels of histone 27 lysine trimethylation (H3K27me3). Furthermore, the epigenetic modifiers Decitabine and EPZ6438 effectively upregulated the gene expression of PPARγ and promoted the adipogenic differentiation of iPMSCs via chromatin remodeling. Taken together, our findings set new metrics to the applications for improving the efficiency and the therapeutic potential of iPMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Chen
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350108, PR China
| | - Xuan Chen
- Fujian Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350001, PR China
| | - Jianfeng Yao
- Quanzhou Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, Quanzhou, 362000, PR China
| | - Ming Li
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350108, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350108, PR China; Fuzhou Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, Fuzhou, 350005, PR China.
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19
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Umezawa A, Hasegawa A, Inoue M, Tanuma-Takahashi A, Kajiwara K, Makino H, Chikazawa E, Okamoto A. Amnion-derived cells as a reliable resource for next-generation regenerative medicine. Placenta 2019; 84:50-56. [PMID: 31272680 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2019.06.381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The placenta is composed of the amnion, chorionic plate, villous and smooth chorion, decidua basalis, and umbilical cord. The amnion is a readily obtainable source of a large number of cells and cell types, including epithelium, mesenchyme, and endothelium, and is thus an allogeneic resource for regenerative medicine. Endothelial cells are obtained from large arteries and veins in the amniotic membrane as well as the umbilical cord. The amnion-derived cells exhibit transdifferentiation capabilities, including chondrogenesis and cardiomyogenesis, by introduction of transcription factors, in addition to their original and potential phenotypes. The amnion is also a source for production of induced pluripotent stem cells (AM-iPSCs). The AM-iPSCs exhibit stable phenotypes, such as multipotency and immortality, and a unique gene expression pattern. Through the use of amnion-derived cells, as well as other placenta-derived cells, preclinical proof of concept has been achieved in a mouse model of muscular dystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Umezawa
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan.
| | - Akihiro Hasegawa
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 105-8471, Japan
| | - Momoko Inoue
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 105-8471, Japan
| | - Akiko Tanuma-Takahashi
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 105-8471, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kajiwara
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 105-8471, Japan
| | - Hatsune Makino
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Emi Chikazawa
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Aikou Okamoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 105-8471, Japan
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20
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Zhang J, Li K, Kong F, Sun C, Zhang D, Yu X, Wang X, Li X, Liu T, Shao G, Guan Y, Zhao S. Induced Intermediate Mesoderm Combined with Decellularized Kidney Scaffolds for Functional Engineering Kidney. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019; 16:501-512. [PMID: 31624705 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-019-00197-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic kidney disease is a severe threat to human health with no ideal treatment strategy. Mature mammalian kidneys have a fixed number of nephrons, and regeneration is difficult once they are damaged. For this reason, developing an efficient approach to achieve kidney regeneration is necessary. The technology of the combination of decellularized kidney scaffolds with stem cells has emerged as a new strategy; however, in previous studies, the differentiation of stem cells in decellularized scaffolds was insufficient for functional kidney regeneration, and many problems remain. Methods We used 0.5% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) to produce rat kidney decellularized scaffolds, and induce adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) into intermediate mesoderm by adding Wnt agonist CHIR99021 and FGF9 in vitro. The characteristics of decellularized scaffolds and intermediate mesoderm induced from adipose-derived stem cells were identified. The scaffolds were recellularized with ADSCs and intermediate mesoderm cells through the renal artery and ureter. After cocultured for 10 days, cells adhesion and differentiation was evaluated. Results Intermediate mesoderm cells were successfully induced from ADSCs and identified by immunofluorescence and Western blotting assays (OSR1 + , PAX2 +). Immunofluorescence showed that intermediate mesoderm cells differentiated into tubular-like (E-CAD + , GATA3 +) and podocyte-like (WT1 +) cells with higher differentiation efficiency than ADSCs in the decellularized scaffolds. Comparatively, this phenomenon was not observed in induced intermediate mesoderm cells cultured in vitro. Conclusion In this study, we demonstrated that intermediate mesoderm cells could be induced from ADSCs and that they could differentiate well after cocultured with decellularized scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianye Zhang
- 1Department of Urology, The Second Hospital, Shandong University, 247 Beiyuan Street, Jinan, 250033 Shandong People's Republic of China
| | - Kailin Li
- 2Department of Central Research Lab, The Second Hospital, Shandong University, 247 Beiyuan Street, Jinan, 250033 Shandong People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Kong
- 2Department of Central Research Lab, The Second Hospital, Shandong University, 247 Beiyuan Street, Jinan, 250033 Shandong People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Kidney Regeneration of Shandong Province, 247 Beiyuan Street, Jinan, 250033 Shandong People's Republic of China.,4Shandong University- Karolinska Institutet Collaborative Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, 247 Beiyuan Street, Jinan, 250033 Shandong People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Sun
- 2Department of Central Research Lab, The Second Hospital, Shandong University, 247 Beiyuan Street, Jinan, 250033 Shandong People's Republic of China
| | - Denglu Zhang
- 5The Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 16369 Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250011 Shandong People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Yu
- 1Department of Urology, The Second Hospital, Shandong University, 247 Beiyuan Street, Jinan, 250033 Shandong People's Republic of China
| | - Xuesheng Wang
- 1Department of Urology, The Second Hospital, Shandong University, 247 Beiyuan Street, Jinan, 250033 Shandong People's Republic of China
| | - Xian Li
- 6The Second Hospital of Shandong University, 247 Beiyuan Street, Jinan, 250033 Shandong People's Republic of China
| | - Tongyan Liu
- 6The Second Hospital of Shandong University, 247 Beiyuan Street, Jinan, 250033 Shandong People's Republic of China
| | - Guangfeng Shao
- 1Department of Urology, The Second Hospital, Shandong University, 247 Beiyuan Street, Jinan, 250033 Shandong People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Guan
- 1Department of Urology, The Second Hospital, Shandong University, 247 Beiyuan Street, Jinan, 250033 Shandong People's Republic of China.,7Shandong Provincial Hospital of Shandong University, 324 Jingwuweiqi Road, Jinan, 250021 Shandong People's Republic of China
| | - Shengtian Zhao
- 1Department of Urology, The Second Hospital, Shandong University, 247 Beiyuan Street, Jinan, 250033 Shandong People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Kidney Regeneration of Shandong Province, 247 Beiyuan Street, Jinan, 250033 Shandong People's Republic of China.,4Shandong University- Karolinska Institutet Collaborative Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, 247 Beiyuan Street, Jinan, 250033 Shandong People's Republic of China.,7Shandong Provincial Hospital of Shandong University, 324 Jingwuweiqi Road, Jinan, 250021 Shandong People's Republic of China
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Environmental Benzopyrene Attenuates Stemness of Placenta-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells via Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:7414015. [PMID: 30766605 PMCID: PMC6350590 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7414015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The toxic effects of particulate matter have been linked to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) such as benzopyrene. PAHs are potent inducers of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), which is an expressed nuclear receptor that senses environmental stimuli and modulates gene expression. Even though several studies have shown that the benzopyrene (BP) of chemical pollutants significantly impaired stem cell activity, the exact molecular mechanisms were not clearly elucidated. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effects of BP on placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells (PD-MSCs) in vitro. We found that the AhR in PD-MSCs was expressed under the treatment of BP, and its activation markedly disrupted osteogenic differentiation through the alteration of stemness activity of PD-MSCs. Moreover, BP treatment significantly reduced the proliferation activity of PD-MSCs and expression of pluripotent markers through the induction of AhR. Treatment with StemRegenin 1 (SR1), a purine derivative that antagonizes the AhR, effectively prevented BP-induced reduction of the proliferation and differentiation activity of PD-MSCs. In this study, we found that BP treatment in PD-MSCs markedly obstructs PD-MSC stemness through AhR signaling. Noteworthy, SR1-mediated MSC application will contribute to new perspectives on MSC-based therapies for air pollution-related bone diseases.
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22
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Chinnici CM, Pietrosi G, Iannolo G, Amico G, Cuscino N, Pagano V, Conaldi PG. Mesenchymal stromal cells isolated from human fetal liver release soluble factors with a potential role in liver tissue repair. Differentiation 2018; 105:14-26. [PMID: 30553176 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We isolated a population of proliferating cells from cultured human fetal hepatocytes of 16-22 weeks gestational age. The cells shared a similar phenotype to that of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) according to the International Society for Cellular Therapy (ISCT), including plastic adherence, antigen expression profile, and in vitro multilineage differentiation potential. Fetal liver (FL)-MSCs expressed the albumin gene, and harbored a subpopulation of CK18+ cells (20-40%), which defined their hepatic origin. However, when subjected to in vitro hepatic differentiation, FL-MSCs did not acquire significant liver functions. Quantitative analysis of conditioned medium (CM) collected from cultured cells revealed the presence of growth factors and chemokines with potential liver regenerative properties, the most relevant of which (concentration ≥3000 pg/ml) were SDF-1 alpha, IL-6, MCP-1, IL-8, MIP-1 beta, VEGF-A, Gro-alpha, and HGF. Culturing of FL-MSCs as spheroids significantly enhanced the secretion of HGF and bFGF (approximately 5-fold) compared with culture monolayers. Moreover, CM assessed in vitro induced capillary-like organization and migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and fibroblasts as target cells. Interestingly, exosomes isolated from CM induced similar cellular responses in vitro with high efficiency and in a dose-dependent manner. FL-MSCs underwent several in vitro subcultivations, and did not stimulate allogenic T-cell proliferation thus suggesting a low immunogenicity. Furthermore, 5-year cryopreservation did not affect cell viability (approximately 90% of viable post-thawed FL-MSCs). These observations support the feasibility of a cell bank establishment for allogenic transplantation. We concluded that FL-MSCs or they secreted factors may be a valid alternative to hepatocyte transplantation in liver cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Maria Chinnici
- Fondazione Ri.MED, Palermo, Italy; Department of Research, IRCCS-ISMETT, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Giada Pietrosi
- Hepatology Unit, Department for the Treatment and Study of Abdominal Diseases and Abdominal Transplantation, IRCCS-ISMETT, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Giandomenico Amico
- Fondazione Ri.MED, Palermo, Italy; Department of Research, IRCCS-ISMETT, Palermo, Italy
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23
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Kim TH, Choi JH, Jun Y, Lim SM, Park S, Paek JY, Lee SH, Hwang JY, Kim GJ. 3D-cultured human placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cell spheroids enhance ovary function by inducing folliculogenesis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15313. [PMID: 30333505 PMCID: PMC6193033 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33575-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells (PD-MSCs) have numerous advantages over other adult MSCs that make them an attractive cell source for regenerative medicine. Here, we demonstrate the therapeutic effect of PD-MSCs in ovariectomized (Ovx) rats and compare their efficacy when generated via a conventional monolayer culture system (2D, naïve) and a spheroid culture system (3D, spheroid). PD-MSC transplantation significantly increased the estradiol level in Ovx rats compared with the non-transplantation (NTx) group. In particular, the estradiol level in the Spheroid group was significantly higher than that in the Naïve group at 2 weeks. Spheroid PD-MSCs exhibited a significantly higher efficiency of engraftment onto ovarian tissues at 2 weeks. The mRNA and protein expression levels of Nanos3, Nobox, and Lhx8 were also significantly increased in the Spheroid group compared with those in the NTx group at 1 and 2 weeks. These results suggest that PD-MSC transplantation can restore ovarian function in Ovx rats by increasing estrogen production and enhancing folliculogenesis-related gene expression levels and further indicate that spheroid-cultured PD-MSCs have enhanced therapeutic potential via increased engraftment efficiency. These findings improve our understanding of stem-cell-based therapies for reproductive systems and may suggest new avenues for developing efficient therapies using 3D cultivation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Hee Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine Hospital, 170 Jomaru-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyunggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Ho Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, 689, Sampyeong-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyunggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yesl Jun
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Mook Lim
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, 689, Sampyeong-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyunggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sohae Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, 689, Sampyeong-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyunggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Young Paek
- Department of Clinical Pathology, CHA Gangnam Medical Center, CHA University, School of Medicine, 566 Nonhyun-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hoon Lee
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Health Science, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Young Hwang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Health Science, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Gi Jin Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, 689, Sampyeong-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyunggi-do, Republic of Korea.
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24
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Wang X, Young DJ, Wu YL, Loh XJ. Thermogelling 3D Systems towards Stem Cell-Based Tissue Regeneration Therapies. Molecules 2018; 23:E553. [PMID: 29498651 PMCID: PMC6017244 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23030553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell culturing and differentiation is a very important research direction for tissue engineering. Thermogels are well suited for encapsulating cells because of their non-biotoxic nature and mild sol-gel transition as temperature increases. In particular, thermogels provide a 3D growth environment for stem cell growth, which is more similar to the extracellular matrix than flat substrates, so thermogels as a medium can overcome many of the cell abnormalities caused by 2D cell growth. In this review, we summarize the applications of thermogels in cell and stem cell culture in recent years. We also elaborate on the methods to induce stem cell differentiation by using thermogel-based 3D scaffolds. In particular, thermogels, encapsulating specific differentiation-inducing factor and having specific structures and moduli, can induce the differentiation into the desired tissue cells. Three dimensional thermogel scaffolds that control the growth and differentiation of cells will undoubtedly have a bright future in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyuan Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - David James Young
- Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore 4558, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Yun-Long Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Xian Jun Loh
- A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore 138634, Singapore.
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25
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Placenta and Placental Derivatives in Regenerative Therapies: Experimental Studies, History, and Prospects. Stem Cells Int 2018. [PMID: 29535770 PMCID: PMC5822788 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4837930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Placental structures, capable to persist in a genetically foreign organism, are a natural model of allogeneic engraftment carrying a number of distinctive properties. In this review, the main features of the placenta and its derivatives such as structure, cellular composition, immunological and endocrine aspects, and the ability to invasion and deportation are discussed. These features are considered from a perspective that determines the placental material as a unique source for regenerative cell therapies and a lesson for immunological tolerance. A historical overview of clinical applications of placental extracts, cells, and tissue components is described. Empirically accumulated data are summarized and compared with modern research. Furthermore, we define scopes and outlooks of application of placental cells and tissues in the rapidly progressing field of regenerative medicine.
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26
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Lee CW, Chen YF, Wu HH, Lee OK. Historical Perspectives and Advances in Mesenchymal Stem Cell Research for the Treatment of Liver Diseases. Gastroenterology 2018; 154:46-56. [PMID: 29107021 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Liver transplantation is the only effective therapy for patients with decompensated cirrhosis and fulminant liver failure. However, due to a shortage of donor livers and complications associated with immune suppression, there is an urgent need for new therapeutic strategies for patients with end-stage liver diseases. Given their unique function in self-renewal and differentiation potential, stem cells might be used to regenerate damaged liver tissue. Recent studies have shown that stem cell-based therapies can improve liver function in a mouse model of hepatic failure. Moreover, acellular liver scaffolds seeded with hepatocytes produced functional bioengineered livers for organ transplantation in preclinical studies. The therapeutic potential of stem cells or their differentiated progenies will depend on their capacity to differentiate into mature and functional cell types after transplantation. It will also be important to devise methods to overcome their genomic instability, immune reactivity, and tumorigenic potential. We review directions and advances in the use of mesenchymal stem cells and their derived hepatocytes for liver regeneration. We also discuss the potential applications of hepatocytes derived from human pluripotent stem cells and challenges to using these cells in treating end-stage liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Wei Lee
- Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Stem Cell Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Fan Chen
- Stem Cell Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Hsiang Wu
- Stem Cell Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Oscar K Lee
- Stem Cell Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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27
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Investigating the mincing method for isolation of adipose-derived stem cells from pregnant women fat. Cytotechnology 2017; 70:55-66. [PMID: 29234944 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-017-0162-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The success of stem cell application in regenerative medicine, usually require a stable source of stem or progenitor cells. Fat tissue represents a good source of stem cells because it is rich in stem cells and there are fewer ethical issues related to the use of such stem cells, unlike embryonic stem cells. Therefore, there has been increased interest in adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) for tissue engineering applications. Here, we aim to provide an easy processing method for isolating adult stem cells from human adipose tissue harvested from the subcutaneous fat of the abdominal wall during gynecologic surgery. We used a homogenizer to mince fat and compared the results with those obtained from the traditional cut method involving a sterile scalpel and forceps. Our results showed that our method provides another stable and quality source of stem cells that could be used in cases with a large quantity of fat. Furthermore, we found that pregnancy adipose-derived stem cells (P-ADSCs) could be maintained in vitro for extended periods with a stable population doubling and low senescence levels. P-ADSCs could also differentiate in vitro into adipogenic, osteogenic, chondrogenic, and insulin-producing cells in the presence of lineage-specific induction factors. In conclusion, like human lipoaspirates, adipose tissues obtained from pregnant women contain multipotent cells with better proliferation and showed great promise for use in both stem cell banking studies as well as in stem cell therapy.
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28
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Bharti D, Shivakumar SB, Park JK, Ullah I, Subbarao RB, Park JS, Lee SL, Park BW, Rho GJ. Comparative analysis of human Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells derived from different parts of the same umbilical cord. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 372:51-65. [PMID: 29204746 PMCID: PMC5862947 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2699-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Easy isolation, lack of ethical issues, high proliferation, multi-lineage differentiation potential and immunomodulatory properties of umbilical cord (UC)-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) make them a valuable tool in stem cell research. Recently, Wharton’s jelly (WJ) was proven as the best MSC source among various compartments of UC. However, it is still unclear whether or not Wharton’s jelly-derived MSCs (WJMSCs) from different parts of the whole cord exhibit the same characteristics. There may be varied MSCs present in different parts of WJ throughout the length of the UC. For this purpose, using an explant attachment method, WJMSCs were isolated from three different parts of the UC, mainly present towards the placenta (mother part), the center of the whole cord (central part) and the part attached to the fetus (baby part). WJMSCs from all three parts were maintained in normal growth conditions (10% ADMEM) and analyzed for mesenchymal markers, pluripotent genes, proliferation rate and tri-lineage differentiation potential. All WJMSCs were highly proliferative, positively expressed CD90, CD105, CD73 and vimentin, while not expressing CD34, CD45, CD14, CD19 or HLA-DR, differentiated into adipocytes, osteocytes and chondrocytes and expressed pluripotency markers OCT-4, SOX-2 and NANOG at gene and protein levels. Furthermore, MSCs derived from all the parts were shown to have potency towards hepatocyte-like cell differentiation. Human bone marrow-derived MSCs were used as a positive control. Finally, we conclude that WJMSCs derived from all the parts are valuable sources and can be efficiently used in various fields of regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Bharti
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sharath Belame Shivakumar
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Kwon Park
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Imran Ullah
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Raghavendra Baregundi Subbarao
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Sung Park
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Lim Lee
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Wook Park
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyu-Jin Rho
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea. .,Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea.
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29
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Kumar A, Kumar V, Rattan V, Jha V, Pal A, Bhattacharyya S. Molecular spectrum of secretome regulates the relative hepatogenic potential of mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow and dental tissue. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15015. [PMID: 29118330 PMCID: PMC5678086 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14358-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver regeneration is a spontaneous process that occurs after liver injury, but acute liver failure is a complex and fatal disease which is difficult to treat. Cell-based therapies are promising alternative therapeutic approach for liver failure and different cell sources have been tested in this regard. We investigated the comparative hepatogenic potential of human bone marrow stem cells (BMSC) with stem cells derived from human dental pulp (DPSC), apical papilla (SCAP) and follicle (DFSC) during this study. Hepatogenic potential of stem cells was assessed by functional assays at both genetic and protein level. We observed higher expression of most of the hepatic markers post differentiation in DPSCs compared to other cell types. LC-MS/MS analysis of stem cell secretome revealed the presence of different proteins related to hepatogenic lineage like growth arrest specific protein 6, oncostatin M, hepatocyte growth factor receptor etc. Interactome and Reactome pathway analysis revealed the interaction of DPSC/SCAP secretome proteins and these proteins were found to be associated with various pathways involved in lipid transport and metabolism. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study regarding detailed investigation of hepatogenic potential of BMSCs v/s DMSCs (DPSC, SCAP & DFSC) along-with secretome characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar
- Department of Biophysics, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Nephrology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vidya Rattan
- Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial surgery, Oral health science centre, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vivekananda Jha
- Department of Nephrology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India.,University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Arnab Pal
- Department of Biochemistry, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
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30
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Baig MT, Ali G, Awan SJ, Shehzad U, Mehmood A, Mohsin S, Khan SN, Riazuddin S. Serum from CCl 4-induced acute rat injury model induces differentiation of ADSCs towards hepatic cells and reduces liver fibrosis. Growth Factors 2017; 35:144-160. [PMID: 29110545 DOI: 10.1080/08977194.2017.1392945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cellular therapies hold promise to alleviate liver diseases. This study explored the potential of allogenic serum isolated from rat with acute CCl4 injury to differentiate adipose derived stem cells (ADSCs) towards hepatic lineage. Acute liver injury was induced by CCl4 which caused significant increase in serum levels of VEGF, SDF1α and EGF. ADSCs were preconditioned with 3% serum isolated from normal and acute liver injury models. ADSCs showed enhanced expression of hepatic markers (AFP, albumin, CK8 and CK19). These differentiated ADSCs were transplanted intra-hepatically in CCl4-induced liver fibrosis model. After one month of transplantation, fibrosis and liver functions (alkaline phosphatase, ALAT and bilirubin) showed marked improvement in acute injury group. Elevated expression of hepatic (AFP, albumin, CK 18 and HNF4a) and pro survival markers (PCNA and VEGF) and improvement in liver architecture as deduced from results of alpha smooth muscle actin, Sirius red and Masson's trichome staining was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tayyab Baig
- a Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology , University of Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Gibran Ali
- a Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology , University of Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Sana Javaid Awan
- a Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology , University of Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Umara Shehzad
- a Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology , University of Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Azra Mehmood
- a Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology , University of Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Sadia Mohsin
- b Cardiovascular Research Centre, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Shaheen N Khan
- a Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology , University of Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Sheikh Riazuddin
- a Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology , University of Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan
- c Allama Iqbal Medical College , Lahore , Pakistan
- d Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University (SZABMU) , Islamabad , Pakistan
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31
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Hong JH, Lee HJ, Jeong B. Injectable Polypeptide Thermogel as a Tissue Engineering System for Hepatogenic Differentiation of Tonsil-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:11568-11576. [PMID: 28290667 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b02488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(l-alanine) (PEG-l-PA) hydrogel incorporating tonsil-derived mesenchymal stem cells (TMSCs), tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and fibroblast growth factor 4 (FGF4) was prepared through thermal gelation of an aqueous polymer solution for an injectable tissue engineering application. The thermal gelation accompanied conformational changes of both PA and PEG blocks. The gel modulus at 37 °C was controlled to be 1000 Pa by using a 14.0 wt % aqueous polymer solution. The gel preserved its physical integrity during the 3D culture of the cells. TUDCA, HGF, and FGF4 were released from the PEG-l-PA hydrogel over 21 days of the 3D cell culture period. TMSCs initially exhibited a spherical shape, whereas some fibers protruded from the cells on days 14-21 of 3D culture. The injectable system exhibited pronounced expressions of the hepatic biomarkers at both mRNA and protein levels, which are significantly better than the commercially available hyaluronic acid gel. In particular, the hepatogenically differentiated cells from the TMSCs in the injectable system demonstrated hepatic biofunctions comparable to HepG2 cells for the uptakes of low density lipoproteins (52%) and indocyanine green (76%), and the production of albumin (40%) and urea (52%), which are also significantly better than the 3D-cultured cells in the commercially available hyaluronic acid gel. Our studies suggest that the PEG-l-PA thermogel incorporating TMSCs, TUDCA, and growth factors is highly promising as an in situ forming tissue engineering system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ja Hye Hong
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University , 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University , 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Byeongmoon Jeong
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University , 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Korea
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32
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Esmaeli S, Allameh A, Adelipour M, Soleimani M, Allameh M. The impact of oxidative DNA changes and ATM expression on morphological and functional activities on hepatocytes obtained from mesenchymal stem cells. Biologicals 2017; 47:52-58. [PMID: 28262479 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to oxidative damages in undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in comparison with the undifferentiated progenitor cells may differ depending on several factors. This study was carried out to examine the impact of hepatogenic differentiation process of MSCs on oxidative DNA damage markers. Hepatic differentiation of MSCs was carried out using a two-step conventional protocol and the cells were processed for characterization using morphological and biochemical markers. During the course of differentiation cellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG) and expression of ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) protein were estimated at time intervals (10, 20 and 30 days). The results showed a decrease in cellular ROS (13%, P < 0.05) at early stages of hepatogenic differentiation. Similarly, there was a small but significant decrease in 8-OH-dG level and ATM expression in differentiated hepatocytes. Despite the small changes in oxidative damage factors and ATM expression during the differentiation process, the hepatocytes obtained were morphologically and biologically intact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahnaz Esmaeli
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolamir Allameh
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maryam Adelipour
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Soleimani
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Allameh
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Quebec, H9X 3V9, Canada
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Cipriano M, Correia JC, Camões SP, Oliveira NG, Cruz P, Cruz H, Castro M, Ruas JL, Santos JM, Miranda JP. The role of epigenetic modifiers in extended cultures of functional hepatocyte-like cells derived from human neonatal mesenchymal stem cells. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:2469-2489. [PMID: 27909741 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1901-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The development of predictive in vitro stem cell-derived hepatic models for toxicological drug screening is an increasingly important topic. Herein, umbilical cord tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hnMSCs) underwent hepatic differentiation using an optimized three-step core protocol of 24 days that mimicked liver embryogenesis with further exposure to epigenetic markers, namely the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA), the cytidine analogue 5-azacytidine (5-AZA) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). FGF-2 and FGF-4 were also tested to improve endoderm commitment and foregut induction during Step 1 of the differentiation protocol, being HHEX expression increased with FGF-2 (4 ng/mL). DMSO (1%, v/v) when added at day 10 enhanced cell morphology, glycogen storage ability, enzymatic activity and induction capacity. Moreover, the stability of the hepatic phenotype under the optimized differentiation conditions was examined up to day 34. Our findings showed that hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) acquired the ability to metabolize glucose, produce albumin and detoxify ammonia. Global transcriptional analysis of the HLCs showed a partial hepatic differentiation degree. Global analysis of gene expression in the different cells revealed shared expression of gene groups between HLCs and human primary hepatocytes (hpHeps) that were not observed between HepG2 and hpHeps. In addition, bioinformatics analysis of gene expression data placed HLCs between the HepG2 cell line and hpHeps and distant from hnMSCs. The enhanced hepatic differentiation observed was supported by the presence of the hepatic drug transporters OATP-C and MRP-2 and gene expression of the hepatic markers CK18, TAT, AFP, ALB, HNF4A and CEBPA; and by their ability to display stable UGT-, EROD-, ECOD-, CYP1A1-, CYP2C9- and CYP3A4-dependent activities at levels either comparable with or even higher than those observed in primary hepatocytes and HepG2 cells. Overall, an improvement of the hepatocyte-like phenotype was achieved for an extended culture time suggesting a role of the epigenetic modifiers in hepatic differentiation and maturation and presenting hnMSC-HLCs as an advantageous alternative for drug discovery and in vitro toxicology testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cipriano
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - J C Correia
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S P Camões
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - N G Oliveira
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - P Cruz
- ECBio S.A., Amadora, Portugal
| | - H Cruz
- ECBio S.A., Amadora, Portugal
| | - M Castro
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - J L Ruas
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - J P Miranda
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal.
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Deng W, Cao X, Wang Q, Wang Y, Chen J, Yu Q, Zhang Z, Zhou J, Xu W, Du P, Chen J, Gao X, Yu J, Xu X. Prolonged Three-Dimensional Co-Delivery of Yamanaka Factors for Cell Reprogramming. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:19916-19927. [PMID: 27428246 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b05825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Reprogramming somatic cells into a pluripotent state has been widely investigated in two-dimensional (2D) systems but not described in the more biologically faithful three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds. Here, we devise a 3D porous tissue engineering scaffold that could achieve successful and efficient induction of pluripotency. To construct this 3D scaffold, nonviral hybrid nanoparticles were fabricated beforehand by employing calcium phosphate and cationized Pleurotus eryngii polysaccharide to codeliver plasmids OCT4, SOX2, KLF4 ,and C-MYC (pOSKM). These hybrid nanoparticles were then loaded into a 3D porous collagen scaffold to obtain the so-called pOSKM-activated 3D scaffold. This 3D scaffold could reprogram human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (HUMSCs) into a pluripotent state, generating 3D cell spheres which showed positive expression of pluripotency markers in the 3D scaffolds and tightly packed colonies when transferred to 2D feeder layers. Besides sharing similar morphology, epigenetic modification, and expression of pluripotency genes with the embryonic stem cells, the 3D system-generated colonies could also be expanded on feeder layers for more than 20 passages, indicating the successful establishment of stable induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines. Our findings represent a first employment of porous 3D scaffolds to achieve successful reprogramming via a one-time transfection, offering a safe, simple, and effective alternative strategy for iPSC generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Deng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy and Center for Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang 212001, P.R. China
| | - Xia Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy and Center for Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang 212001, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy and Center for Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang 212001, P.R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy and Center for Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang 212001, P.R. China
| | - Jingjing Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy and Center for Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang 212001, P.R. China
| | - Qingtong Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy and Center for Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang 212001, P.R. China
| | - Zhijian Zhang
- Center for Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering and School of Medicine, Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang 212001, P.R. China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy and Center for Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang 212001, P.R. China
| | - Wenqian Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy and Center for Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang 212001, P.R. China
| | - Pan Du
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy and Center for Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang 212001, P.R. China
| | - Jiaxin Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy and Center for Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang 212001, P.R. China
| | - Xiangdong Gao
- School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009, P.R. China
| | - Jiangnan Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy and Center for Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang 212001, P.R. China
| | - Ximing Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy and Center for Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang 212001, P.R. China
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In Vitro and In Vivo Hepatic Differentiation of Adult Somatic Stem Cells and Extraembryonic Stem Cells for Treating End Stage Liver Diseases. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2015:871972. [PMID: 26347063 PMCID: PMC4541019 DOI: 10.1155/2015/871972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The shortage of liver donors is a major handicap that prevents most patients from receiving liver transplantation and places them on a waiting list for donated liver tissue. Then, primary hepatocyte transplantation and bioartificial livers have emerged as two alternative treatments for these often fatal diseases. However, another problem has emerged. Functional hepatocytes for liver regeneration are in short supply, and they will dedifferentiate immediately in vitro after they are isolated from liver tissue. Alternative stem-cell-based therapeutic strategies, including hepatic stem cells (HSCs), embryonic stem cells (ESCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), are more promising, and more attention has been devoted to these approaches because of the high potency and proliferation ability of the cells. This review will focus on the general characteristics and the progress in hepatic differentiation of adult somatic stem cells and extraembryonic stem cells
in vitro and in vivo for the treatment of end stage liver diseases. The hepatic differentiation of stem cells would offer an ideal and promising source for cell therapy and tissue engineering for treating liver diseases.
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Oliveira MS, Barreto-Filho JB. Placental-derived stem cells: Culture, differentiation and challenges. World J Stem Cells 2015; 7:769-775. [PMID: 26029347 PMCID: PMC4444616 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v7.i4.769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell therapy is a promising approach to clinical healing in several diseases. A great variety of tissues (bone marrow, adipose tissue, and placenta) are potentially sources of stem cells. Placenta-derived stem cells (p-SCs) are in between embryonic and mesenchymal stem cells, sharing characteristics with both, such as non-carcinogenic status and property to differentiate in all embryonic germ layers. Moreover, their use is not ethically restricted as fetal membranes are considered medical waste after birth. In this context, the present review will be focused on the biological properties, culture and potential cell therapy uses of placental-derived stem cells. Immunophenotype characterization, mainly for surface marker expression, and basic principles of p-SC isolation and culture (mechanical separation or enzymatic digestion of the tissues, the most used culture media, cell plating conditions) will be presented. In addition, some preclinical studies that were performed in different medical areas will be cited, focusing on neurological, liver, pancreatic, heart, muscle, pulmonary, and bone diseases and also in tissue engineering field. Finally, some challenges for stem cell therapy applications will be highlighted. The understanding of the mechanisms involved in the p-SCs differentiation and the achievement of pure cell populations (after differentiation) are key points that must be clarified before bringing the preclinical studies, performed at the bench, to the medical practice.
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Daneshvar N, Rasedee A, Shamsabadi FT, Moeini H, Mehrboud P, Rahman HS, Boroojerdi MH, Vellasamy S. Induction of pluripotency in human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells in feeder layer-free condition. Tissue Cell 2015; 47:575-82. [PMID: 26471847 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) has been produced by the reprogramming of several types of somatic cells through the expression of different sets of transcription factors. This study consists of a technique to obtain iPSCs from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs) in a feeder layer-free process using a mini-circle vector containing defined reprogramming genes, Lin28, Nanog, Oct4 and Sox2. The human MSCs transfected with the minicircle vector were cultured in iPSCs medium. Human embryonic stem cell (ESC)-like colonies with tightly packed domelike structures appeared 7-10 days after the second transfection. In the earliest stages, the colonies were green fluorescence protein (GFP)-positive, while upon continuous culture and passage, genuine hiPSC clones expressing GFP were observed. The induced cells, based on the ectopic expression of the pluripotent markers, exhibited characteristics similar to the embryonic stem cells. These iPSCs demonstrated in vitro capabilities for differentiation into the three main embryonic germ layers by embryoid bodies formation. There was no evidence of transgenes integration into the genome of the iPSCs in this study. In conclusion, this method offers a means of producing iPSCs without viral delivery that could possibly overcome ethical concerns and immune rejection in the use of stem cells in medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasibeh Daneshvar
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Faculty of Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Abdullah Rasedee
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | | | - Hassan Moeini
- German Cancer Research Center, Department of Virus-Associated Tumours (F100), Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, DH-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Parvaneh Mehrboud
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Heshu Sulaiman Rahman
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sulaimany, Sulaimany City, Iraq
| | | | - Shalini Vellasamy
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine Building, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Han SM, Coh YR, Ahn JO, Jang G, Yum SY, Kang SK, Lee HW, Youn HY. Enhanced hepatogenic transdifferentiation of human adipose tissue mesenchymal stem cells by gene engineering with Oct4 and Sox2. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0108874. [PMID: 25815812 PMCID: PMC4376765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue mesenchymal stem cells (ATMSCs) represent an attractive tool for the establishment of a successful stem cell-based therapy in the field of liver regeneration medicine. ATMSCs overexpressing Oct4 and Sox2 (Oct4/Sox2-ATMSCs) showed enhanced proliferation and multipotency. Hence, we hypothesized that Oct4 and Sox2 can increase "transdifferentiation" of ATMSCs into cells of the hepatic lineage. In this study, we generated Oct4- and Sox2-overexpressing human ATMSCs by liposomal transfection. We confirmed the expression of mesenchymal stem cell surface markers without morphological alterations in both red-fluorescent protein (RFP) (control)- and Oct4/Sox2-ATMSCs by flow cytometry. After induction of differentiation into hepatocyte-like cells, the morphology of ATMSCs changed and they began to appear as round or polygonal epithelioid cells. Hepatic markers were evaluated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and confirmed by immunofluorescence. The results showed that albumin was strongly expressed in hepatogenic differentiated Oct4/Sox2-ATMSCs, whereas the expression level of α-fetoprotein was lower than that of RFP-ATMSCs. The functionality of hepatocytes was evaluated by periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining and urea assays. The number of PAS-positive cells was significantly higher and urea production was significantly higher in Oct4/Sox2-ATMSCs compared to that in RFP-ATMSCs. Taken together, the hepatocyte-like cells derived from Oct4/Sox2-ATMSCs were mature hepatocytes, possibly functional hepatocytes with enhanced capacity to store glycogen and produce urea. In this study, we demonstrated the enhanced transdifferentiation of Oct4- and Sox2-overexpressing ATMSCs into hepatocyte-like cells that have enhanced hepatocyte-specific functions. Therefore, we expect that Oct4/Sox2-ATMSCs may become a very useful source for hepatocyte regeneration or liver cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sei-Myoung Han
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151–742, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye-Rin Coh
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151–742, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Ok Ahn
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151–742, Republic of Korea
| | - Goo Jang
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151–742, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Young Yum
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151–742, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Keun Kang
- Stem Cell Research Center, K-STEMCELL Co. Ltd., Seoul, 153–768, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Woo Lee
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151–742, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa-Young Youn
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151–742, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151–742, Republic of Korea
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Placenta as a Source of Stem Cells for Regenerative Medicine. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40139-015-0070-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Kim SJ, Park MH, Moon HJ, Park JH, Ko DY, Jeong B. Polypeptide thermogels as a three dimensional culture scaffold for hepatogenic differentiation of human tonsil-derived mesenchymal stem cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:17034-17043. [PMID: 25192309 DOI: 10.1021/am504652y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Tonsil-derived mesenchymal stem cells (TMSCs) were investigated for hepatogenic differentiation in the 3D matrixes of poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(l-alanine) (PEG-L-PA) thermogel. The diblock polymer formed β-sheet based fibrous nanoassemblies in water, and the aqueous polymer solution undergoes sol-to-gel transition as the temperature increases in a concentration range of 5.0-8.0 wt %. The cell-encapsulated 3D matrix was prepared by increasing the temperature of the cell-suspended PEG-L-PA aqueous solution (6.0 wt %) to 37 °C. The gel modulus at 37 °C was about 1000 Pa, which was similar to that of decellularized liver tissue. Cell proliferation, changes in cell morphology, hepatogenic biomarker expressions, and hepatocyte-specific biofunctions were compared for the following 3D culture systems: TMSC-encapsulated thermogels in the absence of hepatogenic growth factors (protocol M), TMSC-encapsulated thermogels where hepatogenic growth factors were supplied from the medium (protocol MGF), and TMSC-encapsulated thermogels where hepatogenic growth factors were coencapsulated with TMSCs during the sol-to-gel transition (protocol GGF). The spherical morphology and size of the encapsulated cells were maintained in the M system during the 3D culture period of 28 days, whereas the cells changed their morphology and significant aggregation of cells was observed in the MGF and GGF systems. The hepatocyte-specific biomarker expressions and metabolic functions were negligible for the M system. However, hepatogenic genes of albumin, cytokeratin 18 (CK-18), and hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF 4α) were significantly expressed in both MGF and GGF systems. In addition, production of albumin and α-fetoprotein was also significantly observed in both MGF and GGF systems. The uptake of cardiogreen and low-density lipoprotein, typical metabolic functions of hepatocytes, was apparent for MGF and GGF. The above data indicate that the 3D culture system of PEG-L-PA thermogels provides cytocompatible microenvironments for hepatogenic differentiation of TMSCs. In particular, the successful results of the GGF system suggest that the PEG-L-PA thermogel can be a promising injectable tissue engineering system for liver tissue regeneration after optimizing the aqueous formulation of TMSCs, hepatogenic growth factors, and other biochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Jin Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University , Global Top 5 Research Program, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-750, Korea
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Heazlewood CF, Sherrell H, Ryan J, Atkinson K, Wells CA, Fisk NM. High incidence of contaminating maternal cell overgrowth in human placental mesenchymal stem/stromal cell cultures: a systematic review. Stem Cells Transl Med 2014; 3:1305-11. [PMID: 25154781 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2014-0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Placenta is a readily accessible translationally advantageous source of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) currently used in cryobanking and clinical trials. MSCs cultured from human chorion have been widely assumed to be fetal in origin, despite evidence that placental MSCs may be contaminated with maternal cells, resulting in entirely maternally derived MSC cultures. To document the frequency and determinants of maternal cell contamination in chorionic MSCs, we undertook a PRISMA-compliant systematic review of publications in the PubMed, Medline, and Embase databases (January 2000 to July 2013) on placental and/or chorionic MSCs from uncomplicated pregnancies. Of 147 studies, only 26 (18%) investigated fetal and/or maternal cell origin. After excluding studies that did not satisfy minimal MSC criteria, 7 of 15 informative studies documented MSC cultures as entirely fetal, a further 7 studies reported cultured human chorionic MSC populations to be either maternal (n=6) or mixed (n=1), whereas 1 study separately cultured pure fetal and pure maternal MSC from the same placenta. Maternal cell contamination was associated with term and chorionic membrane samples and greater passage number but was still present in 30% of studies of chorionic villous MSCs. Although most studies assume fetal origin for MSCs sourced from chorion, this systematic review documents a high incidence of maternal-origin MSC populations in placental MSC cultures. Given that fetal MSCs have more primitive properties than adult MSCs, our findings have implications for clinical trials in which knowledge of donor and tissue source is pivotal. We recommend sensitive methods to quantitate the source and purity of placental MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celena F Heazlewood
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology at the Translational Research Institute, and Centre for Advanced Prenatal Care, Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Sherrell
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology at the Translational Research Institute, and Centre for Advanced Prenatal Care, Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Ryan
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology at the Translational Research Institute, and Centre for Advanced Prenatal Care, Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Kerry Atkinson
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology at the Translational Research Institute, and Centre for Advanced Prenatal Care, Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Christine A Wells
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology at the Translational Research Institute, and Centre for Advanced Prenatal Care, Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas M Fisk
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology at the Translational Research Institute, and Centre for Advanced Prenatal Care, Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Passipieri JA, Kasai-Brunswick TH, Suhett G, Martins AB, Brasil GV, Campos DB, Rocha NN, Ramos IP, Mello DB, Rodrigues DC, Christie BB, Silva-Mendes BJ, Balduíno A, Sá RM, Lopes LM, Goldenberg RC, Campos de Carvalho AC, Carvalho AB. Improvement of cardiac function by placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells does not require permanent engraftment and is independent of the insulin signaling pathway. Stem Cell Res Ther 2014; 5:102. [PMID: 25145631 PMCID: PMC4354978 DOI: 10.1186/scrt490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficacy of placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy in a mouse model of myocardial infarction (MI). Since MSCs can be obtained from two different regions of the human term placenta (chorionic plate or villi), cells obtained from both these regions were compared so that the best candidate for cell therapy could be selected. METHODS For the in vitro studies, chorionic plate MSCs (cp-MSCs) and chorionic villi MSCs (cv-MSCs) were extensively characterized for their genetic stability, clonogenic and differentiation potential, gene expression, and immunophenotype. For the in vivo studies, C57Bl/6 mice were submitted to MI and, after 21 days, received weekly intramyocardial injections of cp-MSCs for 3 weeks. Cells were also stably transduced with a viral construct expressing luciferase, under the control of the murine stem cell virus (MSCV) promoter, and were used in a bioluminescence assay. The expression of genes associated with the insulin signaling pathway was analyzed in the cardiac tissue from cp-MSCs and placebo groups. RESULTS Morphology, differentiation, immunophenotype, and proliferation were quite similar between these cells. However, cp-MSCs had a greater clonogenic potential and higher expression of genes related to cell cycle progression and genome stability. Therefore, we considered that the chorionic plate was preferable to the chorionic villi for the isolation of MSCs. Sixty days after MI, cell-treated mice had a significant increase in ejection fraction and a reduction in end-systolic volume. This improvement was not caused by a reduction in infarct size. In addition, tracking of cp-MSCs transduced with luciferase revealed that cells remained in the heart for 4 days after the first injection but that the survival period was reduced after the second and third injections. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction revealed similar expression of genes involved in the insulin signaling pathway when comparing cell-treated and placebo groups. CONCLUSIONS Improvement of cardiac function by cp-MSCs did not require permanent engraftment and was not mediated by the insulin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana A Passipieri
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Sala G2-053, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.
- Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rua das Laranjeiras 374, Rio de Janeiro, 22240-006, Brazil.
| | - Tais H Kasai-Brunswick
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Sala G2-053, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.
- Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rua das Laranjeiras 374, Rio de Janeiro, 22240-006, Brazil.
| | - Grazielle Suhett
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Sala G2-053, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.
- Departamento de Radiologia, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Rua Rodolpho Paulo Rocco 255, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-913, Brazil.
| | - Andreza B Martins
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Sala G2-053, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.
- Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rua das Laranjeiras 374, Rio de Janeiro, 22240-006, Brazil.
| | - Guilherme V Brasil
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Sala G2-053, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Dilza B Campos
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Sala G2-053, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Nazareth N Rocha
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Professor Hernani Melo 101, Niterói, 24210-130, Brazil.
| | - Isalira P Ramos
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Sala G2-053, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.
- Departamento de Radiologia, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Rua Rodolpho Paulo Rocco 255, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-913, Brazil.
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Av Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Debora B Mello
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Sala G2-053, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Deivid C Rodrigues
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Sala G2-053, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Beatriz B Christie
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Sala G2-053, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Bernardo J Silva-Mendes
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Sala G2-053, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Alex Balduíno
- Centro de Pesquisa, Tecnologia e Inovação, Universidade Veiga de Almeida, Rua Ibituruna 108, Rio de Janeiro, 20271-020, Brazil.
| | - Renato M Sá
- Centro Pré-Natal de Diagnóstico e Tratamento, Clínica Perinatal, Rua das Laranjeiras 445, Rio de Janeiro, 22240-002, Brazil.
| | - Laudelino M Lopes
- Centro Pré-Natal de Diagnóstico e Tratamento, Clínica Perinatal, Rua das Laranjeiras 445, Rio de Janeiro, 22240-002, Brazil.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Western University, London Health Sciences Centre-Victoria Hospital, B2-401, London, ON, N6H 5W9, Canada.
| | - Regina C Goldenberg
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Sala G2-053, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Av Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Antonio C Campos de Carvalho
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Sala G2-053, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.
- Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rua das Laranjeiras 374, Rio de Janeiro, 22240-006, Brazil.
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Av Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Adriana B Carvalho
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Sala G2-053, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Av Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil.
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Dueñas F, Becerra V, Cortes Y, Vidal S, Sáenz L, Palomino J, De Los Reyes M, Peralta OA. Hepatogenic and neurogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells from abattoir-derived bovine fetuses. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:154. [PMID: 25011474 PMCID: PMC4098697 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-10-154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are multipotent progenitor cells characterized by their ability to both self-renew and differentiate into tissues of mesodermal origin. The plasticity or transdifferentiation potential of MSC is not limited to mesodermal derivatives, since under appropriate cell culture conditions and stimulation by bioactive factors, MSC have also been differentiated into endodermal (hepatocytes) and neuroectodermal (neurons) cells. The potential of MSC for hepatogenic and neurogenic differentiation has been well documented in different animal models; however, few reports are currently available on large animal models. In the present study we sought to characterize the hepatogenic and neurogenic differentiation and multipotent potential of bovine MSC (bMSC) isolated from bone marrow (BM) of abattoir-derived fetuses. Results Plastic-adherent bMSC isolated from fetal BM maintained a fibroblast-like morphology under monolayer culture conditions. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that bMSC populations were positive for MSC markers CD29 and CD73 and pluripotency markers OCT4 and NANOG; whereas, were negative for hematopoietic markers CD34 and CD45. Levels of mRNA of hepatic genes α-fetoprotein (AFP), albumin (ALB), alpha1 antitrypsin (α1AT), connexin 32 (CNX32), tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) and cytochrome P450 (CYP3A4) were up-regulated in bMSC during a 28-Day period of hepatogenic differentiation. Functional analyses in differentiated bMSC cultures evidenced an increase (P < 0.05) in albumin and urea production and glycogen storage. bMSC cultured under neurogenic conditions expressed NESTIN and MAP2 proteins at 24 h of culture; whereas, at 144 h also expressed TRKA and PrPC. Levels of MAP2 and TRKA mRNA were up-regulated at the end of the differentiation period. Conversely, bMSC expressed lower levels of NANOG mRNA during both hepatogenic and neurogenic differentiation processes. Conclusion The expression patterns of linage-specific markers and the production of functional metabolites support the potential for hepatogenic and neurogenic differentiation of bMSC isolated from BM of abattoir-derived fetuses. The simplicity of isolation and the potential to differentiate into a wide variety of cell lineages lays the foundation for bMSC as an interesting alternative for investigation in MSC biology and eventual applications for regenerative therapy in veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Oscar A Peralta
- Departamento de Fomento de la Producción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Jin J, Wang J, Huang J, Huang F, Fu J, Yang X, Miao Z. Transplantation of human placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells in a silk fibroin/hydroxyapatite scaffold improves bone repair in rabbits. J Biosci Bioeng 2014; 118:593-8. [PMID: 24894683 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The main requirements for successful tissue engineering of the bone are non-immunogenic cells with osteogenic potential and a porous biodegradable scaffold. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the potential of a silk fibroin/hydroxyapatite (SF/HA) porous material as a delivery vehicle for human placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells (PMSCs) in a rabbit radius defect model. In this study, we randomly assigned 16 healthy adult New Zealand rabbits into two groups, subjected to transplantation with either SF/HA and PMSCs (experimental group) or SF/HA alone (control group). To evaluate fracture healing, we assessed the extent of graft absorption, the quantity of newly formed bone, and re-canalization of the cavitas medullaris using radiographic and histological tools. We performed flow cytometric analysis to characterize PMSCs, and found that while they express CD90, CD105 and CD73, they stain negative for HLA-DR and the hematopoietic cell surface markers CD34 and CD45. When PMSCs were exposed to osteogenic induction medium, they secreted calcium crystals that were identified by von Kossa staining. Furthermore, when seeded on the surface of SF/HA scaffold, they actively secreted extracellular matrix components. Here, we show, through radiographic and histological analyses, that fracture healing in the experimental group is significantly improved over the control group. This strongly suggests that transplantation of human PMSCs grown in an SF/HA scaffold into injured radius segmental bone in rabbits, can markedly enhance tissue repair. Our finding provides evidence supporting the utility of human placenta as a potential source of stem cells for bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Jin
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Jian Huang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Fang Huang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Jianhong Fu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Xinjing Yang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Zongning Miao
- The Stem Cell Research Lab of Wuxi, No. 3 People's Hospital, Xingyuan Bei Road, Wuxi 214041, China.
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46
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Khanjani S, Khanmohammadi M, Zarnani AH, Akhondi MM, Ahani A, Ghaempanah Z, Naderi MM, Eghtesad S, Kazemnejad S. Comparative evaluation of differentiation potential of menstrual blood- versus bone marrow-derived stem cells into hepatocyte-like cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86075. [PMID: 24505254 PMCID: PMC3914790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Menstrual blood has been introduced as an easily accessible and refreshing stem cell source with no ethical consideration. Although recent works have shown that menstrual blood stem cells (MenSCs) possess multi lineage differentiation capacity, their efficiency of hepatic differentiation in comparison to other stem cell resources has not been addressed so far. The aim of this study was to investigate hepatic differentiation capacity of MenSCs compared to bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMSCs) under protocols developed by different concentrations of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and oncostatin M (OSM) in combination with other components in serum supplemented or serum-free culture media. Such comparison was made after assessment of immunophenotye, trans-differentiation potential, immunogenicity and tumorigeicity of these cell types. The differential expression of mature hepatocyte markers such as albumin (ALB), cytokeratin 18 (CK-18), tyrosine aminotransferase and cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activities (CYP7A1) at both mRNA and protein levels in differentiating MenSCs was significantly higher in upper concentration of HGF and OSM (P1) compared to lower concentration of these factors (P2). Moreover, omission of serum during differentiation process (P3) caused typical improvement in functions assigned to hepatocytes in differentiated MenSCs. While up-regulation level of ALB and CYP7A1 was higher in differentiated MenSCs compared to driven BMSCs, expression level of CK-18, detected level of produced ALB and glycogen accumulation were lower or not significantly different. Therefore, based on the overall comparable hepatic differentiation ability of MenSCs with BMSCs, and also accessibility, refreshing nature and lack of ethical issues of MenSCs, these cells could be suggested as an apt and safe alternative to BMSCs for future stem cell therapy of chronic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayeh Khanjani
- Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Manijeh Khanmohammadi
- Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir-Hassan Zarnani
- Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- Immunology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Mehdi Akhondi
- Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Ahani
- Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Ghaempanah
- Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Naderi
- Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saman Eghtesad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Somaieh Kazemnejad
- Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- * E-mail:
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47
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Patil R, Kumar BM, Lee WJ, Jeon RH, Jang SJ, Lee YM, Park BW, Byun JH, Ahn CS, Kim JW, Rho GJ. Multilineage potential and proteomic profiling of human dental stem cells derived from a single donor. Exp Cell Res 2013; 320:92-107. [PMID: 24162002 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Dental tissues provide an alternative autologous source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for regenerative medicine. In this study, we isolated human dental MSCs of follicle, pulp and papilla tissue from a single donor tooth after impacted third molar extraction by excluding the individual differences. We then compared the morphology, proliferation rate, expression of MSC-specific and pluripotency markers, and in vitro differentiation ability into osteoblasts, adipocytes, chondrocytes and functional hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs). Finally, we analyzed the protein expression profiles of undifferentiated dental MSCs using 2DE coupled with MALDI-TOF-MS. Three types of dental MSCs largely shared similar morphology, proliferation potential, expression of surface markers and pluripotent transcription factors, and differentiation ability into osteoblasts, adipocytes, and chondrocytes. Upon hepatogenic induction, all MSCs were transdifferentiated into functional HLCs, and acquired hepatocyte functions by showing their ability for glycogen storage and urea production. Based on the proteome profiling results, we identified nineteen proteins either found commonly or differentially expressed among the three types of dental MSCs. In conclusion, three kinds of dental MSCs from a single donor tooth possessed largely similar cellular properties and multilineage potential. Further, these dental MSCs had similar proteomic profiles, suggesting their interchangeable applications for basic research and call therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajreddy Patil
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
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Huang HI, Chen SK, Wang RYL, Shen CR, Cheng YC. Human foreskin fibroblast-like stromal cells can differentiate into functional hepatocytic cells. Cell Biol Int 2013; 37:1308-19. [PMID: 23956153 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Foreskin fibroblast-like stromal cells (FDSCs) are progenitors isolated from human tissue that can differentiate into diverse cell types. Many types of stem cells can differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells, which could be used for drug testing or in liver regeneration therapy, but whether FDSCs can be converted into functional hepatocytes is unknown. FDSCs show divergent properties when cultured in distinct media, forming spheres in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) containing F12, epidermal growth factor (EGF), and basic fibroblast growth factor (b-FGF), but have fibroblast-like morphology when cultured in DMEM-based growth medium. Both cell populations express the typical mesenchymal stem cell markers CD90, CD105, and CD73, but the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) was detected only in FDSC spheres. Both types of FDSCs can differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells, which express typical liver markers, including albumin and hepatocyte paraffin 1 (Hep Par1), along with liver-specific biological activities. When plasmids containing the human hepatitis B virus (HBV) genome were transfected transiently into FDSCs, differentiated hepatocyte-like cells secrete large amounts of HBe and HBs antigens. FDSCs could be used for clinical hepatic therapy and/or serve as a model of HBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsing-I Huang
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, R.O.C
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He Y, Zhou JW, Xu L, Gong MJ, He TC, Bi Y. Comparison of proliferation and differentiation potential between mouse primary hepatocytes and embryonic hepatic progenitor cells in vitro. Int J Mol Med 2013; 32:476-84. [PMID: 23756629 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell therapy may be a novel and effective treatment strategy for liver diseases, replacing liver transplantation. The potential of two alternative cell types (hepatic progenitor/stem cells and mature hepatocytes) has not yet been fully assessed; the issues of low amplification efficiency and recovery function remain to be resolved. In this study, we investigated the proliferation, differentiation and function of primary mouse mature hepatocytes and embryonic hepatic progenitor cells. Primary cells were obtained from the livers of mouse embryos at 14.5 days post coitus [hepatic progenitor 14.5d (HP14.5d) cells], as well as from the livers of 3-month-old mice [liver cells 3m (LC3m)]. Using trypan blue staining and crystal violet staining to detect cell viability, we found that compared with the limited growth capability of primary LC3m cells, primary HP14.5d cells exhibited an active cell proliferation; however, proliferative ability of passaged HP14.5d cells significantly decreased. After the HP14.5d cells were treated in hepatic induction medium, the expression of progenitor cell markers decreased and that of mature hepatic markers increased, to levels similar to those of LC3m cells. On day 12 of induction, the HP14.5d cells showed comparable indocyanine green (ICG) uptake and glycogen storage to that of the LC3m cells. Therefore, our study demonstrates that primary hepatic progenitor cells have a stronger proliferation capacity and differentiation potential, supporting their clinical application in liver cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun He
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Stem Cell Biology and Therapy Laboratory, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Stem Cell Therapy Engineering Technical Center, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
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50
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Alaimo G, Cozzoli E, Marfe G, Esposito L, Ranalli M, Hmada D, Giordano A, Gambacurta A. Blood-derived stem cells (BDSCs) plasticity: in vitro hepatic differentiation. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:1249-54. [PMID: 23139117 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The limited availability of hepatic tissue suitable for the treatment of liver disease and drug research encourages the generation of hepatic-like cells from alternative sources as support for the regenerative medicine. Human blood derived stem cells (BDSCs) express surface markers and genes characteristic of pluripotent stem cells and have the ability to differentiate into different cell types, including tissues of endodermal origin (i.e., liver). Therefore they can represent a valuable source of hepatocytes for medicine. In this investigation, we exploited a fast hepatic differentiation protocol to generate hepatocyte-like cells from human BDSCs using only hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and fibroblast growth factor-4 (FGF-4) as growth factors. The resulting cell population exhibited hepatic cell-like morphology and it was characterized with a variety of biological endpoint analyses. Here, we demonstrate how human BDSCs can be reprogrammed in hepatocyte-like cells by morphological, functional analysis, reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR, and Western Blot assay. This study defines a fast and easy reprogramming strategy that facilitates the differentiation of human BDSCs along a hepatic lineage and provides a framework for a helpful source in the stem cells therapy and liver disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Alaimo
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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