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Mårdh O, Quinten C, Amato-Gauci AJ, Duffell E. Mortality from liver diseases attributable to hepatitis B and C in the EU/EEA - descriptive analysis and estimation of 2015 baseline. Infect Dis (Lond) 2020; 52:625-637. [PMID: 32644030 DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2020.1766104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: WHO has set target to reduce mortality attributable to hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C (HCV) by 65% by 2030, with 2015 as baseline. We aimed to describe the European Union/European Economic Area (EU/EEA) baseline mortality from liver diseases, as defined by WHO Core-10 indicator through ICD-10 codes, and estimate mortality attributable to HBV and HCV.Methods: Age-standardised mortality rates per 100,000 for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC, ICD-10 C22.0), chronic liver disease (CLD, ICD-10 K72-K75) and chronic viral hepatitis B and C (CHB/CHC, ICD-10 B18.1-B18.3) were calculated by gender, age-group and country using 2015 Eurostat data. Because aetiology fraction (AF) estimates were lacking for HCC and CLD as defined by C10, number of deaths in EU/EEA countries in 2015 from liver cancer (ICD-10 C22) and 'cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases' (ICD-10 B18-B18.9, I85-I85.9, I98.2, K70-K70.3, K71.7, K74-K74.9, K75.2, K75.4-K76.2, K76.4-K76.9 and K77.8) were adjusted by corresponding AF estimates from Global Burden of Disease publications.Results: In 2015, there were wide variations across countries in mortality rates from HCC, CLD and CHB/CHC. A 2015 mortality baseline of 63,927 deaths attributable to HBV and HCV is proposed, that includes 55% of liver cancer and 45% of 'cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases' deaths.Conclusions: The HBV and HCV attributable mortality in the EU/EEA is high. Greater efforts are needed to identify HBV and HCV infections at an early stage and link cases to care to reduce mortality from liver diseases. Country-specific AF estimates are needed to accurately estimate HBV, HCV associated mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otilia Mårdh
- European Centre for Diseases Prevention and Control, Solna, Sweden
| | - Chantal Quinten
- European Centre for Diseases Prevention and Control, Solna, Sweden
| | | | - Erika Duffell
- European Centre for Diseases Prevention and Control, Solna, Sweden
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Naganuma H, Ishida H, Ogawa M, Sato T, Sageshima M, Suzuki K, Ohyama Y. Hepatocellular carcinoma in otherwise sonographically normal liver. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ULTRASOUND : JCU 2019; 47:325-330. [PMID: 30484875 DOI: 10.1002/jcu.22677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) on normal liver is very rare. The goal of this study was to determine the clinical manifestations and the role of ultrasonography (US) in the diagnosis of HCC arising in normal liver. METHODS The clinical data and US findings in 12 cases of surgically resected HCC in normal liver were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS The patients were asymptomatic, had no hepatocarcinogenic factor, and hepatic function tests were almost normal in most cases. HCCs were large, encapsulated, and solitary, and there were predominantly well-differentiated or moderately differentiated in most cases. US showed a hypoechoic rim and lateral shadowing, suggestive of peritumoral capsule formation, and on contrast-enhanced US (CEUS), the tumor was hyperenhanced in arterial phase and washed out in postvascular phase, revealing typical HCC findings. CONCLUSIONS US raises suspicion of HCC by showing lateral shadowing on grayscale ultrasound and hypervascularity on CEUS of the lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Naganuma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yokote Municipal Hospital, Yokote, Akita Prefecture, Japan
| | - Hideaki Ishida
- Department of Gastroenterology, Akita Red Cross Hospital, Akita, Akita Prefecture, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ogawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nihon University, Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tutomu Sato
- Department of Surgery, Akita Municipal Hospital, Akita Prefecture, Japan
| | - Masato Sageshima
- Department of Pathology, Akita Municipal Hospital, Akita Prefecture, Japan
| | - Katunori Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yamagata Prefectural Central Hospital, Yamagata, Yamagata Prefecture, Japan
| | - Yoko Ohyama
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Akita Kousei Medical Hospital, Akita, Akita Prefecture, Japan
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Effect of PAK1 gene silencing on proliferation and apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines MHCC97-H and HepG2 and cells in xenograft tumor. Gene Ther 2018; 25:284-296. [PMID: 29802374 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-018-0016-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study intends to explore the effect of the PAK1 gene silencing on apoptosis and proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) MHCC97-H and HepG2 cells and cells in xenograft tumor. MHCC97-H and HepG2 cells and mice with xenograft tumor in vivo were randomly divided into control, empty vector and PAK1 shRNA groups. Morphology and the expression of green fluorescent protein of MHCC97-H and HepG2 cells and cells in xenograft tumor were observed. MTT assay and flow cytometry were used to detect proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis of MHCC97-H and HepG2 cells and cells in xenograft tumor. The expressions of PAK1, PCNA, Ki67, Cyclin E, CDK2, p21, p53, Bax and Bcl-2 were measured using the quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. Compared with the control and empty vector groups, number of adherent cells of MHCC97-H and HepG2 cells and cells in xenograft tumor was reduced, and green fluorescent cells became round and reduced in the PAK1 shRNA group. Cell proliferation, the cells at S phase, the mRNA and protein expressions of PAK1, PCNA, Ki67, Cyclin E, CDK2 and Bcl-2 of MHCC97-H and HepG2 cells and cells in xenograft tumor were decreased, while the cells at G1 phase, apoptosis rate, the mRNA and protein expressions of p21, p53 and Bax of MHCC97-H and HepG2 cells and cells in xenograft tumor were increased in the PAK1 shRNA group. PAK1 gene silencing decreases proliferation of MHCC97-H cells, HepG2 cells and cells in xenograft tumor through the p53/p21 pathway.
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Abstract
Hepatic involvement in Wilson disease (WD) manifests as a diffuse chronic disease in the majority of patients. However, in a subset of patients focal liver lesions may develop, presenting with a wide range of imaging features. The majority of focal liver lesions in patients with WD are benign nodules, but there are reports that have described malignant liver tumors or dysplastic nodules in these patients. Because of the possibility of malignant transformation of liver nodules, major concerns have been raised with respect to the management and follow-up of patients with WD in whom focal liver lesions have been identified. The assessment of liver involvement in patients with WD is generally performed with ultrasonography. However, ultrasonography conveys limited specificity so that magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is often performed to improve lesion characterization. This review was performed to illustrate the spectrum of MR imaging features of focal liver lesions that develop in patients with WD. It is assumed that familiarity with the MR imaging presentation of focal liver lesions in WD may help clarify the actual nature of hepatic nodules in patients with this condition.
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Jariwala N, Sarkar D. Emerging role of lncRNA in cancer: a potential avenue in molecular medicine. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2016; 4:286. [PMID: 27569205 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2016.06.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for the second largest number of cancer related deaths globally with limited management options for the advanced disease. Although substantial research has identified molecular targets, with strong validation in pre-clinical in vivo studies, translation of therapeutics to clinics has shown modest success. In a recent manuscript in Hepatology, Zhou and Yang et al. unravel a novel p53 associated long non-coding RNA (PRAL) as a potential prognostic marker and molecular target in HCC. Their work provides a promising approach at capitalizing the tumor suppressive role of p53 protein in fighting HCC. More importantly, it emphasizes the evolving significance of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) in molecular medicine. Current research trends focus on identifying and understanding roles of lncRNA in regulation of gene expression relevant to multiple disease pathophysiologies thereby presenting a new avenue of research in molecular and translational medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Jariwala
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Devanand Sarkar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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Doreille A, N'Kontchou G, Halimi A, Bouhafs F, Coderc E, Sellier N, Seror O. Percutaneous treatment of extrahepatic recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma. Diagn Interv Imaging 2016; 97:1117-1123. [PMID: 27138073 DOI: 10.1016/j.diii.2015.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Revised: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The goal of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the results of imaging-guided percutaneous ablation in patients with controlled intrahepatic hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with limited extrahepatic disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eleven patients with limited extrahepatic disease and/or potential short-term clinical manifestations with controlled primary intrahepatic HCC were included into the study. There were nine men and two women, with a mean age of 67.4 years±10.2 (SD) (range: 54-85 years). All patients had extrahepatic disease treated by either radiofrequency ablation or electroporation. Extrahepatic disease consisted of lymph node metastases (5 patients), tumor seeding along a needle tract (3 patients), adrenal gland metastasis, bone metastasis and pulmonary metastasis (one patient each). RESULTS Response to treatment was complete in 7/11 patients (64%). The mean survival time after treatment was 18.8±12.7 (SD) months (median, 16 months; range: 4-42 months). No severe complications associated with percutaneous treatment were observed. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that imaging-guided percutaneous ablation techniques should be considered as a useful option for the treatment of extrahepatic disease in patients with HCC. Further studies are needed, however to fully determine the potential role of these techniques in this elective application.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Doreille
- Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Saint-Denis, Hôpital Jean-Verdier, Service de Radiologie, 93140 Bondy, France
| | - G N'Kontchou
- Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Saint-Denis, Hôpital Jean-Verdier, Service d'Hépatologie, 93140 Bondy, France
| | - A Halimi
- Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Saint-Denis, Hôpital Jean-Verdier, Service de Radiologie, 93140 Bondy, France; Université Paris 13, COMUE Sorbonne Paris Cité, UFR SMBH, 93000 Bobigny, France
| | - F Bouhafs
- Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Saint-Denis, Hôpital Jean-Verdier, Service de Radiologie, 93140 Bondy, France; Université Paris 13, COMUE Sorbonne Paris Cité, UFR SMBH, 93000 Bobigny, France
| | - E Coderc
- Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Saint-Denis, Hôpital Jean-Verdier, Service de Radiologie, 93140 Bondy, France
| | - N Sellier
- Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Saint-Denis, Hôpital Jean-Verdier, Service de Radiologie, 93140 Bondy, France; Université Paris 13, COMUE Sorbonne Paris Cité, UFR SMBH, 93000 Bobigny, France
| | - O Seror
- Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Saint-Denis, Hôpital Jean-Verdier, Service de Radiologie, 93140 Bondy, France; Université Paris 13, COMUE Sorbonne Paris Cité, UFR SMBH, 93000 Bobigny, France; Inserm, UMR 1162, Génomique fonctionnelle des Tumeurs solides, 75010 Paris, France.
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Hansen C, Ronot M, Toso C, Rubbia-Brandt L, Boudabbous S, Terraz S. Endobiliary hepatocellular carcinoma: A rare tumor mimicking cholangiocarcinoma. Diagn Interv Imaging 2016; 97:365-7. [PMID: 26851819 DOI: 10.1016/j.diii.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Hansen
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - M Ronot
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Radiology, AP-HP, University Hospitals Paris Nord Val-de-Seine, Beaujon, Clichy, Hauts-de-Seine, France; University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM U1149, centre de recherche biomédicale Bichat-Beaujon, CRB3, Paris, France.
| | - C Toso
- Department of Visceral Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Hepato-pancreatico-biliary center, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; University of Medicine, Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - L Rubbia-Brandt
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Hepato-pancreatico-biliary center, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; University of Medicine, Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - S Boudabbous
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - S Terraz
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Hepato-pancreatico-biliary center, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; University of Medicine, Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland
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Lafitte M, Laurent V, Soyer P, Ayav A, Balaj C, Petit I, Hossu G. MDCT features of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in non-cirrhotic liver. Diagn Interv Imaging 2015; 97:355-60. [PMID: 26546291 DOI: 10.1016/j.diii.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Revised: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the multidetector row computed tomography (MDCT) imaging features of HCC that develops in patients who are free from underlying liver cirrhosis and to determine if the MDCT presentation of this specific tumor differs from that of the more common HCC that develops in patients with liver cirrhosis using a retrospective case-control study. PATIENTS AND METHODS The MDCT examinations of 38 patients with HCC in non-cirrhotic liver (group 1) were quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed and compared to those obtained in 38 patients with HCC in cirrhotic liver (group 2) matched for age and gender. Quantitative and qualitative characteristics of HCC of both groups were compared using univariate analysis. RESULTS HCCs were significantly larger in group 1 (81.5mm±55.5) than in group 2 (44.5mm±39.1 SD; P=0.0015). In group 1, HCCs were more frequently single tumors (87%) than in group 2 (37%) (P<0.0001), encapsulated (92% vs. 47% respectively; P<0.0001), had more frequently fatty component (24% vs. 8%, respectively; P=0.0279) and internal hemorrhage (29% vs. 3%, respectively; P=0.0033). No significant differences were found between the two groups for location, hyperenhancement of HCC during the arterial phase, washout during the portal phase, endoluminal portal involvement by HCC, endoportal cruoric thrombus, invasion of adjacent organs and underlying liver steatosis. CONCLUSION HCC in non-cirrhotic liver are larger than those observed in cirrhotic liver and more frequently present as a single encapsulated tumor. They have the same patterns of enhancement than HCC that develops in cirrhotic liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lafitte
- Service de radiologie, hôpital Brabois, allée du Morvan, 54511 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
| | - V Laurent
- Service de radiologie, hôpital Brabois, allée du Morvan, 54511 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - P Soyer
- Université Sorbonne Paris-Cité-Diderot Paris 7, 10, avenue de Verdun, 75010 Paris, France
| | - A Ayav
- Service de radiologie, hôpital Brabois, allée du Morvan, 54511 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - C Balaj
- Service de radiologie, hôpital Brabois, allée du Morvan, 54511 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - I Petit
- Service de radiologie, hôpital Brabois, allée du Morvan, 54511 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - G Hossu
- Service de radiologie, hôpital Brabois, allée du Morvan, 54511 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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Imaging of Von Meyenburg complexes. Diagn Interv Imaging 2015; 97:401-9. [PMID: 26522945 DOI: 10.1016/j.diii.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Von Meyenburg complexes, or biliary hamartomas, are frequently incidentally detected. They are usually easy to characterize with magnetic resonance imaging. However, in some occasions they are difficult to differentiate from other liver lesions, in particular from small liver metastases. Von Meyenburg complexes are developmental malformations of the ductal plate. They can be found in association with Caroli disease and Caroli syndrome. Like other ductal plate malformations, Von Meyenburg complexes associated with cholangiocarcinoma have been described and their relationship has been established. This review provides an update on the etiopathogenesis of Von Meyenburg complexes, illustrates the imaging features on ultrasound, CT and MRI of this condition and discusses the most common diagnostic pitfalls. The relationships between Von Meyenburg complexes and the various ductal plate malformations and the most recent literature data regarding the relationships between Von Meyenburg complexes and cholangiocarcinoma are presented.
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Dohan A, Faraoun S, Barral M, Guerrache Y, Boudiaf M, Dray X, Hoeffel C, Allez M, Farges O, Beaugerie L, Aparicio T, Marteau P, Fishman E, Lucidarme O, Eveno C, Pocard M, Dautry R, Soyer P. Extra-intestinal malignancies in inflammatory bowel diseases: An update with emphasis on MDCT and MR imaging features. Diagn Interv Imaging 2015; 96:871-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diii.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma: An old method, now flavor of the day. Diagn Interv Imaging 2015; 96:607-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diii.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Aubé C, Bouvier A, Lebigot J, Vervueren L, Cartier V, Oberti F. Radiological treatment of HCC: Interventional radiology at the heart of management. Diagn Interv Imaging 2015; 96:625-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diii.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Danielsson Borssén Å, Almer S, Prytz H, Wallerstedt S, Friis-Liby IL, Bergquist A, Nyhlin N, Hultcrantz R, Sangfelt P, Weiland O, Lindgren S, Verbaan H, Werner M. Hepatocellular and extrahepatic cancer in patients with autoimmune hepatitis--a long-term follow-up study in 634 Swedish patients. Scand J Gastroenterol 2015; 50:217-23. [PMID: 25483724 DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2014.983154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cirrhosis is a well-known risk factor for hepatocellular cancer, but the true risk in autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is scarcely studied. Other cancers may arise after prolonged use of immune-modulating drugs. The aim of this study was to investigate the cancer risk in a large cohort of AIH patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS Six hundred and thirty-four Swedish patients in a well-defined cohort were matched to the Cause of Death Registry and the Cancer Registry. Standard incidence ratios were calculated by relating the incidences in the cohort to an age-matched material from the Swedish background population. RESULTS A higher overall incidence of malignancies than the background population was found, counting from the date of diagnosis (standard incidence ratio (SIR) 2.08, 95% CI 1.68-2.55). The highest risk was found for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We found 10 cases (4.0%) in 248 patients with cirrhosis, which gives an incidence rate of 0.3%. Standard incidence ratio for developing hepatobiliary cancer was 54.55 (95% CI 19.92-99.99). HCC only occurred in cirrhotic patients. There was also an increased risk for non-melanoma skin cancer (SIR 9.87, 95% CI 6.26-14.81). CONCLUSION A slightly enhanced risk for malignancies in general compared to the background population was found. The risk of hepatobiliary cancer was increased, but the annual risk over the observational period was well under the postulated 1.5% when surveillance in cirrhotic patients is considered to be cost-effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Åsa Danielsson Borssén
- Departments of Medicine, Sections for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Umeå University Hospital , Umeå , Sweden
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Kondo Y, Kimura O, Shimosegawa T. Radiation therapy has been shown to be adaptable for various stages of hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:94-101. [PMID: 25574082 PMCID: PMC4284364 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i1.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to surgical procedures, radiofrequency ablation is commonly used for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) of limited size and number. Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE), using iodized poppy seed oil, Lipiodol and anticancer drugs, has been actively performed for the treatment of unresectable HCC, particularly in Asian countries. Recently, Sorafenib become available for advanced HCCs when the liver is still sufficiently functional. Sorafenib is an oral multikinase inhibitor with antiproliferative and antiangiogenic effects. However, the effect of sorafenib seems to be inadequate to control the progression of HCC. Radiation therapy (RT) for HCC has a potential role across all stages of HCC. However, RT is generally not considered an option in HCC consensus documents or national guidelines, primarily because of insufficient supporting evidence. However, the method of RT has much improved because of advances in technology. Moreover, combined treatment of RT plus other treatments (TACE, sorafenib and chemotherapy etc.) has become one of the alternative therapies for HCC. Therefore, we should understand the various kinds of RT available for HCC. In this review, we focus on various kinds of external beam radiation therapy.
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