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Wei X, Zhang B, Pan B. MMP1 Is a Prognostic-Related Biomarker and Correlated with Immune Infiltration in Breast Cancer. Health (London) 2022. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2022.142017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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Ito K, Kitajima Y, Kai K, Matsufuji S, Yamada K, Egawa N, Kitagawa H, Okuyama K, Tanaka T, Noshiro H. Matrix metalloproteinase‑1 expression is regulated by HIF‑1‑dependent and epigenetic mechanisms and serves a tumor‑suppressive role in gastric cancer progression. Int J Oncol 2021; 59:102. [PMID: 34738626 PMCID: PMC8577796 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2021.5282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family is associated with degradation of the extracellular matrix and is known to promote cancer invasion. The present study aimed to investigate the biological role of MMP-1 in gastric cancer cells and analyze the association between MMP-1 expression and the clinical outcomes of gastric cancer patients. In the present study, hypoxia accelerated invasion, accompanied by elevated MMP-1 expression in the gastric cancer cell line 58As9. Additionally, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) knock- down in 58As9 cells reduced MMP-1 expression under hypoxic conditions. Treatment with 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine and trichostatin A restored MMP-1 expression in the MMP-1-deficient cell lines MKN45 and MKN74. These results indicated that MMP-1 expression was controlled by both HIF-1α-dependent and epigenetic mechanisms in gastric cancer cell lines. In addition, MMP-1 knockdown impaired the hypoxia-induced invasiveness of 58As9 cells, implicating MMP-1 in the elevated invasion. By contrast, knockdown enhanced the proliferative ability of 58As9 cells, whereby expression of cell cycle-related genes was subsequently altered. In nude mouse models, the knockdown accelerated the growth of xenograft tumor and the development of peritoneal dissemination. In an immunohistochemical study using 161 surgically resected cancer tissues, the Ki67 score was significantly higher in the group with low MMP-1 expression (P<0.001). Disease-free survival (DFS) and disease-specific survival (DSS) were both significantly reduced in patients with low MMP-1 expression (log-rank test; DFS: P=0.005; DSS: P=0.022). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that MMP-1 expression was an independent prognostic factor for DFS and DSS [DFS: HR=2.11 (1.22–3.92) P=0.005, DSS: HR=2.90 (1.23–8.50) P=0.012]. In conclusion, the present study indicated that MMP-1 may serve as a tumor-suppressive factor that inhibits gastric cancer progression, although it promoted invasion in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Ito
- Department of Surgery, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga 849‑8501, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Kitajima
- Department of Surgery, National Hospital Organization Higashisaga Hospital, Miyaki, Saga 849‑0101, Japan
| | - Keita Kai
- Department of Pathology, Saga University Hospital, Saga 849‑8501, Japan
| | - Shohei Matsufuji
- Department of Surgery, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga 849‑8501, Japan
| | - Kohei Yamada
- Department of Surgery, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga 849‑8501, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Egawa
- Department of Surgery, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga 849‑8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- Department of Surgery, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga 849‑8501, Japan
| | - Keiichiro Okuyama
- Department of Surgery, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga 849‑8501, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Tanaka
- Department of Surgery, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga 849‑8501, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Noshiro
- Department of Surgery, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga 849‑8501, Japan
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Shi X, Tu S, Zhu L. Risk characteristics with seven epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related genes are used to predict the prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastrointest Oncol 2021; 12:1884-1894. [PMID: 34532136 DOI: 10.21037/jgo-21-394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related genes (ERGs) have been shown to play an important role in cancer invasion, tumor resistance, and tumor metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma. This study sought to examine the prognostic value of ERGs and other pre-hepatoma genes. Methods Relevant data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were analyzed and synthesized. Specifically, 1,014 ERGs were downloaded and subject to a gene set enrichment analysis; 318 different EAG expressions were found, and the possible molecular mechanism of EAG was predicted by GO analysis and KEGG analysis. To determine the prediction of ERGS, a Cox regression model was used to establish a risk hypothesis. Based on risk patterns, patients were divided into high- or low-risk groups. Kaplan-Meier and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves confirmed the predictive value of the model. Results Seven prognostically relevant ERGs (i.e., ECT2, EZH2, MYCN, ROR2, SPP1, SQSTM1, and STC2) were identified. Using Cox's regression analysis method, appropriate cases were selected to establish a new risk prediction model. Under the risk model, the overall survival rate of the low-risk group samples was higher than that of the high-risk group samples (P<0.00001). Conclusions In short, we developed a risk model for liver cancer based on ERGs terminology. This model improve the postpartum treatment of patients with liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianqing Shi
- Department of Oncology, Liyang People's Hospital, Liyang, China
| | - Shuhuan Tu
- Department of Oncology, Liyang People's Hospital, Liyang, China
| | - Liqun Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Liyang People's Hospital, Liyang, China
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Mechanical Intermittent Compression Affects the Progression Rate of Malignant Melanoma Cells in a Cycle Period-Dependent Manner. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11061112. [PMID: 34207144 PMCID: PMC8234529 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11061112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Static mechanical compression is a biomechanical factor that affects the progression of melanoma cells. However, little is known about how dynamic mechanical compression affects the progression of melanoma cells. In the present study, we show that mechanical intermittent compression affects the progression rate of malignant melanoma cells in a cycle period-dependent manner. Our results suggest that intermittent compression with a cycle of 2 h on/2 h off could suppress the progression rate of melanoma cells by suppressing the elongation of F-actin filaments and mRNA expression levels related to collagen degradation. In contrast, intermittent compression with a cycle of 4 h on/4 h off could promote the progression rate of melanoma cells by promoting cell proliferation and mRNA expression levels related to collagen degradation. Mechanical intermittent compression could therefore affect the progression rate of malignant melanoma cells in a cycle period-dependent manner. Our results contribute to a deeper understanding of the physiological responses of melanoma cells to dynamic mechanical compression.
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Suresh M, Menne S. Application of the woodchuck animal model for the treatment of hepatitis B virus-induced liver cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2021; 13:509-535. [PMID: 34163570 PMCID: PMC8204361 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v13.i6.509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This review describes woodchucks chronically infected with the woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) as an animal model for hepatocarcinogenesis and treatment of primary liver cancer or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) induced by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). Since laboratory animal models susceptible to HBV infection are limited, woodchucks experimentally infected with WHV, a hepatitis virus closely related to HBV, are increasingly used to enhance our understanding of virus-host interactions, immune response, and liver disease progression. A correlation of severe liver pathogenesis with high-level viral replication and deficient antiviral immunity has been established, which are present during chronic infection after WHV inoculation of neonatal woodchucks for modeling vertical HBV transmission in humans. HCC in chronic carrier woodchucks develops 17 to 36 mo after neonatal WHV infection and involves liver tumors that are comparable in size, morphology, and molecular gene signature to those of HBV-infected patients. Accordingly, woodchucks with WHV-induced liver tumors have been used for the improvement of imaging and ablation techniques of human HCC. In addition, drug efficacy studies in woodchucks with chronic WHV infection have revealed that prolonged treatment with nucleos(t)ide analogs, alone or in combination with other compounds, minimizes the risk of liver disease progression to HCC. More recently, woodchucks have been utilized in the delineation of mechanisms involved in innate and adaptive immune responses against WHV during acute, self-limited and chronic infections. Therapeutic interventions based on modulating the deficient host antiviral immunity have been explored in woodchucks for inducing functional cure in HBV-infected patients and for reducing or even delaying associated liver disease sequelae, including the onset of HCC. Therefore, woodchucks with chronic WHV infection constitute a well-characterized, fully immunocompetent animal model for HBV-induced liver cancer and for preclinical evaluation of the safety and efficacy of new modalities, which are based on chemo, gene, and immune therapy, for the prevention and treatment of HCC in patients for which current treatment options are dismal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasa Suresh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, United States
| | - Stephan Menne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, United States
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6
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Wu D, Ma Z, Ma D, Li Q. Long non-coding RNA maternally expressed gene 3 affects cell proliferation, apoptosis and migration by targeting the microRNA-9-5p/midkine axis and activating the phosphoinositide-dependent kinase/AKT pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2021; 21:345. [PMID: 33747202 PMCID: PMC7967927 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) maternally expressed gene 3 (MEG3) is a tumor suppressor in several cancers, such as glioma, prostate cancer and esophageal cancer. However, the role of MEG3 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and the related molecular mechanisms are not well understood. The present study aimed to determine the biological function of MEG3 in regulating HCC cell viability, apoptosis and migration. In addition, the interaction between MEG3, microRNA (miR)-9-5p and Midkine (MDK), and the activation of the phosphoinositide-dependent kinase (PDK)/AKT pathway in HCC cell line MHCC-97L were examined. Luciferase reporter assays, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blotting were used to determine the interaction between MEG3, miR-9-5p and MDK and the activation of the PDK/AKT pathway. Cell viability was determined by the CCK8 assay and the cell cycle analysis using flow cytometry analysis. Cell apoptosis was examined by flow cytometry analysis and caspase 3/9 activity. Wound healing assays and western blotting were used to investigate cell migration. The present study demonstrated that MEG3 suppressed HCC cell viability and migration, and induced cell apoptosis. In addition, it was also found that MEG3 targets the miR-9-5p/MDK axis and modulates the PDK/AKT pathway in HCC. In conclusion, the findings of the present study demonstrated that lncRNA MEG3 affects HCC cell viability, apoptosis and migration through its targeting of miR-9-5p/MDK and regulation of the PDK/AKT pathway. The MEG3/miR-9-5p/MDK axis may be a potential therapeutic target in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezhi Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou 550002, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Ma
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei 061001, P.R. China
| | - Deyu Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Qiquan Li
- GCP Center, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
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Xiong C, Wang G, Bai D. A novel prognostic models for identifying the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma based on epithelial-mesenchymal transition-associated genes. Bioengineered 2020; 11:1034-1046. [PMID: 32951492 PMCID: PMC8291854 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2020.1822715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-associated genes (EAGs) have been confirmed to correlate with the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. Herein, we explored the value of EAGs in the prognosis of HCC relying on data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. A total of 200 EMT-associated genes were downloaded from the Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) website. Moreover, 96 differentially expressed EAGs were identified. Using Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis, we forecasted the potential molecular mechanisms of EAGs. To identify prognostic EAGs, Cox regression was used in developing a prognostic risk model. Then, the Kaplan-Meier and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were plotted to validate the prognostic significance of the model. A total of 5 prognostic correlated EAGs (P3H1, SPP1, MMP1, LGALS1, and ITGB5) were screened via Cox regression, which provided the basis for developing a novel prognostic risk model. Based on the risk model, patients were subdivided into high-risk and low-risk groups. The overall survival of the low-risk group was better compared to the high-risk group (P < 0.00001). The ROC curve of the risk model showed a higher AUC (Area under Curve) (AUC = 0.723) compared to other clinical features (AUC ≤ 0.511). A nomogram based on this model was constructed to predict the 1-year, 2-year, and 3-year overall survival rates (OS) of patients. Conclusively, we developed a novel HCC prognostic risk model based on the expression of EAGs, which help advance the prognostic management of HCC patients. Abbreviations: HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma; TCGA: The Cancer Genome Atlas; EMT: epithelial-mesenchymal transition; EAGs: EMT-associated genes; GSEA: gene set enrichment analysis; GO: Gene Ontology; KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; PPI: protein-protein interaction; TF: transcription factor; ROC: receiver operating characteristic; K-M: Kaplan-Meier; AUC: the area under the ROC curve; FDR: false discovery rate; TNM: Tumor size/lymph nodes/distance metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xiong
- Dalian Medical University , Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Guifu Wang
- Dalian Medical University , Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Dousheng Bai
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou, P.R. China
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He XX, Shi LL, Qiu MJ, Li QT, Wang MM, Xiong ZF, Yang SL. Molecularly targeted anti-cancer drugs inhibit the invasion and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma by regulating the expression of MMP and TIMP gene families. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 504:878-884. [PMID: 30219235 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.08.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the effect of multi-kinase kinase inhibitors (sorafenib; regorafenib; lenvatinib) on the invasion and metastasis of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells, and the outcome of this effect on the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs), yet unclarified. Cells were subjected to four different treatments: blank control group, sorafenib (10 μmol/L) treatment group, regorafenib (20 mmol/L) treatment group, and lenvatinib (4 μmol/L) treatment group. Anti-invasion and anti-metastasis effects were tested using the wound-healing assay and transwell invasion assay. Real-time PCR and Western blot analyses were used to determine the impact of sorafenib, regorafenib, and lenvatinib on the gene expression of MMPs and TIMPs in the two HCC lines (Hep3B and SMMC-7721). Results from the wound-healing and transwell invasion assays showed the three tested anti-cancer drugs to have a significant inhibitory effect on the metastasis and invasion of HCC cells. Real-time PCR and western blot analyses revealed that sorafenib down-regulated the expressions of MMP-7,10,16 and up-regulated those of TIMP-1,3,4, regorafenib down-regulated the expression of MMP-1 and up-regulated TIMP-3 gene expression, and lenvatinib down-regulated the expressions of MMP-1,2,7,9,10,16 and up-regulated those of TIMP-1,3,4. However, these three targeted anti-cancer drugs seem to have no significant regulatory effect on the expressions of other MMPs and TIMPs family genes. In conclusion, sorafenib, regorafenib, and lenvatinib inhibit the invasion and metastasis of HCC cells by regulating MMPs/TIMPs expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xiao He
- Division of Gastroenterology, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430077, China
| | - Liang-Liang Shi
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Meng-Jun Qiu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430077, China
| | - Qiu-Ting Li
- Division of Gastroenterology, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430077, China
| | - Meng-Meng Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430077, China
| | - Zhi-Fan Xiong
- Division of Gastroenterology, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430077, China.
| | - Sheng-Li Yang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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Sánchez-Lorencio MI, Saenz L, Ramirez P, Villalba-López F, de la Orden V, Mediero-Valeros B, Revilla Nuin B, Gonzalez MR, Cascales-Campos PA, Ferreras-Martínez D, Noguera-Velasco JA, Díaz-Rubio E, Parrilla P. Matrix Metalloproteinase 1 as a Novel Biomarker for Monitoring Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Liver Transplant Patients. Transplant Proc 2018; 50:623-627. [PMID: 29579870 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2017.11.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Orthotopic liver transplantation (LT) is considered to be one of the few curative treatments available for early stages of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Alfa-fetoprotein (AFP) is the most-used biomarker for HCC despite low sensitivity and specificity. Matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1) has been considered to be involved in the process of vascular invasion of the malignant cells. The objective of this study was to assess the use of MMP-1 for the management of HCC patients for LT. METHODS Levels in serum of MMP-1 (ng/mL) and AFP (ng/mL) were assessed in 20 HCC patients (Milan criteria) before and 1, 6, and 12 months after LT. RESULTS There was a strong significant correlation between levels of MMP-1 and levels of AFP (ρ = .954; P ≤ .05). There were statistical differences in the levels of MMP-1 and APF between the pre-transplantation and post-transplantation groups (1 and 12 months). Increments of both markers 6 months after LT compared with the levels 1 month after LT were detected in 4 of the 20 HCC patients. The detection of recurrence by means of imaging was coincident with the increment of both markers 6 months after LT in 3 of those 4 patients. CONCLUSIONS After 12 months of follow-up, levels of MMP-1 were comparable to AFP levels after LT. Levels of both markers increase 6 months after LT in patients showing recurrence, indicating discriminatory power to predict relapse and thus serving as valuable markers for HCC monitoring. MMP-1 could be useful in the management of HCC after LT.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Sánchez-Lorencio
- Clinical Analysis Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca-IMIB, Murcia, Spain
| | - L Saenz
- Clinical Analysis Department, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
| | - P Ramirez
- Liver Transplant Unit, Department of Surgery, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca-IMIB, Murcia, Spain
| | - F Villalba-López
- Clinical Analysis Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca-IMIB, Murcia, Spain
| | - V de la Orden
- CTC Unit, Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Hospital Clínico Universitario San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos, CIBERONC Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - B Mediero-Valeros
- CTC Unit, Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - M R Gonzalez
- Liver Transplant Unit, Department of Surgery, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca-IMIB, Murcia, Spain
| | - P A Cascales-Campos
- Liver Transplant Unit, Department of Surgery, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca-IMIB, Murcia, Spain
| | - D Ferreras-Martínez
- Liver Transplant Unit, Department of Surgery, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca-IMIB, Murcia, Spain
| | - J A Noguera-Velasco
- Clinical Analysis Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca-IMIB, Murcia, Spain
| | - E Díaz-Rubio
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - P Parrilla
- Liver Transplant Unit, Department of Surgery, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca-IMIB, Murcia, Spain
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Delire B, Henriet P, Lemoine P, Leclercq IA, Stärkel P. Chronic liver injury promotes hepatocarcinoma cell seeding and growth, associated with infiltration by macrophages. Cancer Sci 2018; 109:2141-2152. [PMID: 29727510 PMCID: PMC6029836 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ninety percent of hepatocarcinoma (HCC) develops in a chronically damaged liver. Interactions between non‐tumor stromal components, especially macrophages, and cancer cells are still incompletely understood. Our aim was to determine whether a chronically injured liver represents a favorable environment for the seeding and growth of HCC cells, and to evaluate the potential roles of macrophages infiltrated within the tumor. HCC cells were injected into the liver in healthy mice (healthy liver group [HL]) and in mice chronically treated with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) for 7 weeks (CCl4 7w group). Livers were examined for the presence of tumor 2 weeks post‐injection. Tumor and non‐tumor tissues were analyzed for macrophage infiltration, origin (monocytes‐derived vs resident macrophages) and polarization state, and MMP production. Fifty‐three percent of mice developed neoplastic lesion in the HL group whereas a tumor lesion was found in all livers in the CCl4 7w group. Macrophages infiltrated more deeply the tumors of the CCl4 7w group. Evaluation of factors involved in the recruitment of macrophages and of markers of their polarization state was in favor of prominent infiltration of M2 pro‐tumor monocyte‐derived macrophages inside the tumors developing in a chronically injured liver. MMP‐2 and ‐9 production, attributed to M2 pro‐tumor macrophages, was significantly higher in the tumors of the CCl4 7w group. In our model, chronic liver damage promotes cancer development. Our results suggest that an injured background favors the infiltration of M2 pro‐tumor monocyte‐derived macrophages. These secrete MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 that promote tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bénédicte Delire
- Laboratory of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patrick Henriet
- Cell Biology Unit, de Duve Institute, Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pascale Lemoine
- Cell Biology Unit, de Duve Institute, Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Isabelle A Leclercq
- Laboratory of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Peter Stärkel
- Laboratory of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Gastroenterology, Saint-Luc Academic Hospital and Institute of Clinical Research, Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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11
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Wang J, Ye C, Lu D, Chen Y, Jia Y, Ying X, Xiong H, Zhao W, Zhou J, Wang L. Matrix metalloproteinase-1 expression in breast carcinoma: a marker for unfavorable prognosis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:91379-91390. [PMID: 29207651 PMCID: PMC5710931 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP1) is a member of the matrix metalloproteinases family, and its aberrant expression is implicated in tumor invasion and metastasis. However, the relationship between MMP1 abnormal expression and clinical outcome in breast cancer patients remains to be elucidated. To address this issue, we conducted immunohistochemistry in breast cancer and adjacent normal tissues, and mined the transcriptional and survival data of MMP1 in breast cancer patients through Oncomine, Kaplan-Meier Plotter, bc-GenExMiner, COSMIC and cBioPortal databases. First, we found that both protein and mRNA levels of MMP1 expression were significantly higher in breast cancer tissues. Second, high MMP1 mRNA expression correlated with worse overall survival among grade II (HR = 1.75; p = 0.011), nodal-negative (HR = 2.00; p = 0.00028), ER-positive (HR = 1.61; p = 0.00027) and HER2-negative (HR = 3.17; p = 0.029) patients with breast cancer by using Kaplan-Meier plotter database. Third, the overexpression of MMP1 was associated with unfavorable survival results including overall survival (HR = 1.6; p = 1.6e-05), relapse free survival (HR = 1.78; p < 1e-16) and distant metastasis free survival (HR = 1.65; p = 5.3e-05) in patients with breast cancer. Taken together, the expression status of MMP1 is a significant prognostic indicator and a potential drug target for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China.,Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China
| | - Chenyang Ye
- Cancer Institute, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Demin Lu
- Cancer Institute, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Yongxia Chen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China.,Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China
| | - Yunlu Jia
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China.,Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China
| | - Xiaogang Ying
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China.,Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China
| | - Hanchu Xiong
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China.,Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China
| | - Wenhe Zhao
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China.,Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China
| | - Jichun Zhou
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China.,Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China
| | - Linbo Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China.,Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China
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12
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Lai YL, Gong CL, Fu CK, Yueh TC, Tsai CW, Chang WS, Hsiao CL, Yen ST, Li HT, Jeng LB, Wang SC, Bau DAT. The Contribution of Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 Genotypes to Hepatocellular Carcinoma Susceptibility in Taiwan. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2017; 14:119-125. [PMID: 28387651 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of proteases which have been shown to be overexpressed in various types of cancers. However, the contribution of MMP1 genotype to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has not been well studied. This study aimed to evaluate the contribution of MMP1 promoter 1607 genotype to the risk of HCC in Taiwan, where HCC incidence is relatively high in the world. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this case-control study, MMP1 genotype and its interaction with consumption of cigarettes and alcohol in determining HCC risk was investigated among 298 HCC patients and 889 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. RESULTS The percentages of ever smokers and ever alcohol drinkers were much higher in the case group than in the control group. The percentages of 2G/2G, 1G/2G and 1G/1G for MMP1 promoter 1607 genotype were 37.2%, 38.3% and 24.5% in the HCC group and 34.8%, 44.0% and 21.2% in the control group, respectively (p for trend=0.2048). The allelic frequency distribution analysis showed the variant 1G allele of MMP1 promoter 1607 conferred similar HCC susceptibility as the wild-type 2G allele (odds ratio (OR)=1.01, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.84-1.22, p=0.8735). As for the gene-lifestyle interaction, there was an obvious protective effect of MMP1 promoter 1607 1G allele on the risk of HCC among non-smokers, but not non-smokers, even alcohol drinkers or non-drinkers. CONCLUSION The 1G allele of MMP1 promoter 1607 may have a protective effect on HCC risk for non-smokers in Taiwan and further validations are needed in other population groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Liang Lai
- Taichung Armed Forces General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chi-Li Gong
- Department of Physiology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chun-Kai Fu
- Taichung Armed Forces General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Te-Cheng Yueh
- Taichung Armed Forces General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chia-Wen Tsai
- Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wen-Shin Chang
- Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chieh-Lun Hsiao
- Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shiou-Ting Yen
- Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Hsin-Ting Li
- Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Long-Bin Jeng
- Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shou-Cheng Wang
- Taichung Armed Forces General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C. .,Natiosnal Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - DA-Tian Bau
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C. .,Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
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13
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Ward MP, Spiers JP. Protein phosphatase 2A regulation of markers of extracellular matrix remodelling in hepatocellular carcinoma cells: functional consequences for tumour invasion. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:1116-1130. [PMID: 28239848 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE A hallmark of tumour invasion is breakdown of the extracellular matrix due to dysregulation of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) system. While our understanding of how this is regulated by kinase signalling pathways is well established, its counter-regulation by protein phosphatases (PP) is poorly understood. Therefore, we investigated the effect of PP inhibition on markers of extracellular remodelling and how PP2A activity modulated MMP-9 abundance and function of Hep3B cells. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Cells were exposed to okadaic acid (OA), tautomycetin and cyclosporin A, and the expression profile determined using PCR. Effects of OA and a protein inhibitor of PP2A, CIP2A, on MMP-9 abundance, PP2A activity and cell migration were investigated using ELISA, promoter constructs, siRNA knockdown and transwell migration assays. KEY RESULTS OA increased expression and abundance of MMP-9 and the tissue inhibitor of MMP, TIMP-1, without affecting other MMPs, TIMPs and ADAMs. The effect on MMP-9 was mimicked by CIP2A overexpression and knockdown of the PPP2CA catalytic, but not PPP2R1A scaffolding, subunit. Cyclosporin A and PPP1CA silencing did not alter MMP-9 expression, while tautomycetin transiently increased it. Mutation of AP-1, but not NF-κB, binding sites inhibited OA-mediated MMP-9 transcriptional activity. OA and CIP2A decreased PP2A activity and increased cell migration. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS OA increased MMP-9 by decreasing PP2A activity and PP2Ac, through AP-1 binding sites on the MMP-9 promoter. The functional consequence of this and CIP2A overexpression was increased cell migration. Hence, PP2A inhibition induced a metastatic phenotype through alterations in MMP-9 in Hep3B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Ward
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - J P Spiers
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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14
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Han Y, Wu Y, Yang C, Huang J, Guo Y, Liu L, Chen P, Wu D, Liu J, Li J, Zhou X, Hou J. Dynamic and specific immune responses against multiple tumor antigens were elicited in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma after cell-based immunotherapy. J Transl Med 2017; 15:64. [PMID: 28330473 PMCID: PMC5363021 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-017-1165-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers in China and frequently occurs with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. To investigate whether cell-based cancer immunotherapy induces tumor specific immune responses in patients with HCC and provides clinical benefits, as well as to elucidate the most immunogenic tumor associated antigens (TAAs), multiple antigen stimulating cellular therapy (MASCT) was applied in addition to standard of care. METHODS Mature dendritic cells (DCs) and activated T cells prepared for MASCT were generated from autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). DCs were loaded with a peptide pool of multiple HCC-related tumor antigens, and T cells were stimulated by these DCs. RESULTS Thirteen patients with HCC received repeated MASCT after tumor resection during which their immune responses were examined. After three courses of MASCT, the frequency of regulatory T cells in the patients' PBMCs significantly decreased (p < 0.001), while the antigen peptide pool-triggered T cell proliferation (p < 0.001) and IFNγ production (p = 0.001) were significantly enhanced. The specific T cell responses against each antigen in the pool were detected in 11 patients, but with individualized distinct patterns. The most immunogenic TAAs for HCC are survivin, CCND1, and RGS5. Moreover, the antigen-specific immune responses observed in tumor-free patients' PBMCs were significantly stronger than that in the patients with recurrence (p = 0.037). CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that MASCT is well-tolerated by patients with HCC and elicits strong and dynamic immune responses specifically against multiple tumor associated antigens, which may correlate with clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Han
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,HRYZ Biotech Co., Shenzhen, China
| | - Yeting Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chou Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yabing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | | | | | - Jin Li
- HRYZ Biotech Co., Shenzhen, China
| | | | - Jinlin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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15
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Liu Y, Ding X, Li J, Luo Z, Hu Y, Liu J, Dai L, Zhou J, Hou C, Cai K. Enzyme responsive drug delivery system based on mesoporous silica nanoparticles for tumor therapy in vivo. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 26:145102. [PMID: 25789511 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/26/14/145102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
To reduce the toxic side effects of traditional chemotherapeutics in vivo, we designed and constructed a biocompatible, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) responsive drug delivery system based on mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs). MMPs substrate peptide containing PLGLAR (sensitive to MMPs) was immobilized onto the surfaces of amino-functionalized MSNs via an amidation reaction, serving as MMPs sensitive intermediate linker. Bovine serum albumin was then covalently coupled to linker as end-cap for sealing the mesopores of MSNs. Lactobionic acid was further conjugated to the system as targeting motif. Doxorubicin hydrochloride was used as the model anticancer drug in this study. A series of characterizations revealed that the system was successfully constructed. The peptide-functionalized MSNs system demonstrated relatively high sensitivity to MMPs for triggering drug delivery, which was potentially important for tumor therapy since the tumor's microenvironment overexpressed MMPs in nature. The in vivo experiments proved that the system could efficiently inhibit the tumor growth with minimal side effects. This study provides an approach for the development of the next generation of nanotherapeutics toward efficient cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China. Research Center for Medicine and Biology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, People's Republic of China
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16
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Niu ZS, Niu XJ, Wang M. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma: Predictive value of immunohistochemical markers for postoperative survival. World J Hepatol 2015; 7:7-27. [PMID: 25624992 PMCID: PMC4295195 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v7.i1.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for over 90% of all primary liver cancers. With an ever increasing incidence trend year by year, it has become the third most common cause of death from cancer worldwide. Hepatic resection is generally considered to be one of the most effective therapies for HCC patients, however, there is a high risk of recurrence in postoperative HCC. In clinical practice, there exists an urgent need for valid prognostic markers to identify patients with prognosis, hence the importance of studies on prognostic markers in improving the prediction of HCC prognosis. This review focuses on the most promising immunohistochemical prognostic markers in predicting the postoperative survival of HCC patients.
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17
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Huang CH, Lu SH, Chang CC, Thomas PA, Jayakumar T, Sheu JR. Hinokitiol, a tropolone derivative, inhibits mouse melanoma (B16-F10) cell migration and in vivo tumor formation. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 746:148-57. [PMID: 25449038 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Invasion and metastasis are the major causes of treatment failure in patients with cancer. Hinokitiol, a natural bioactive compound found in Chamacyparis taiwanensis, has been used in hair tonics, cosmetics, and food as an antimicrobial agent. In this study, we investigated the effects and possible mechanisms of action of hinokitiol on migration by the metastatic melanoma cell line, B16-F10, in which matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) is found to be highly- expressed. Treatment with hinokitiol revealed a concentration-dependent inhibition of migration of B16-F10 melanoma cells. Hinokitiol appeared to achieve this effect by reducing the expression of MMP-1 and by suppressing the phosphorylation of mitogen- activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling molecules such as extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, p38 MAPK and c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK). On the other hand, hinokitiol treatment reversed IκB-α degradation and inhibited the phosphorylation of p65 nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and cJun in B16-F10 cells. In addition, hinokitiol suppressed the translocation of p65 NF-κB from the cytosol to the nucleus, suggesting reduced NF-κB activation. Consistent with these in vitro findings, our in vivo study demonstrated that hinokitiol treatment significantly reduced the total number of mouse lung metastatic nodules and improved histological alterations in B16-F10 injected C57BL/6 mice. These findings suggest that treatment of B16-F10 cells with hinokitiol significantly inhibits metastasis, possibly by blocking MMP-1 activation, MAPK signaling pathways and inhibition of the transcription factors, NF-κB and c-Jun, involved in cancer cell migration. These results may accelerate the development of novel therapeutic agents for the treatment of malignant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Hsun Huang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taipei City Hospital, Zhongxiao Branch, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shing-Hwa Lu
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taipei City Hospital, Zhongxiao Branch, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Chien Chang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; Department of Cardiology, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Philip Aloysius Thomas
- Department of Research and Development, Institute of Ophthalmology, Joseph Eye Hospital, Tiruchirappalli 620001, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Thanasekaran Jayakumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Joen-Rong Sheu
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
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18
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Zhang YH, Yan HQ, Wang F, Wang YY, Jiang YN, Wang YN, Gao FG. TIPE2 inhibits TNF-α-induced hepatocellular carcinoma cell metastasis via Erk1/2 downregulation and NF-κB activation. Int J Oncol 2014; 46:254-64. [PMID: 25339267 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-α-induced protein 8-like 2 (TNFAIP8L2, TIPE2), which belongs to the TNF-α-induced protein 8 family, is a negative regulator of immune homeostasis. Although pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α have been reported to be involved in liver carcinoma metastasis, the effect of TIPE2 on hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis remains unknown. We demonstrate that TNF-α clearly augments MMP-13/MMP-3 expression and promotes cell migration in HepG2 cells through activation of the Erk1/2-NF-κB pathways. Interestingly, in addition to human PBLs, macrophages and fibroblasts, liver cancer cells specifically express TNF-α following LPS treatment. Most importantly, TIPE2 overexpression efficiently abrogates the effects of LPS on TNF-α secretion and abolishes the effects of TNF-α on MMP-13/MMP-3 upregulation, cell migration and Erk1/2-NF-κB activation. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that TIPE2 was able to suppress TNF-α-induced hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis by inhibiting Erk1/2 and NF-κB activation, indicating that both TNF-α and TIPE2 might be potential targets for the treatment of HCC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Hua Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine Science, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P.R. China
| | - Hong Qiong Yan
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine Science, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P.R. China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine Science, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P.R. China
| | - Yan Yan Wang
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine Science, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P.R. China
| | - Yi Na Jiang
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine Science, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P.R. China
| | - Yi Nan Wang
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine Science, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P.R. China
| | - Feng Guang Gao
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine Science, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P.R. China
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19
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Eiró N, Altadill A, Juárez LM, Rodríguez M, González LO, Atienza S, Bermúdez S, Fernandez-Garcia B, Fresno-Forcelledo MF, Rodrigo L, Vizoso FJ. Toll-like receptors 3, 4 and 9 in hepatocellular carcinoma: Relationship with clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis. Hepatol Res 2014; 44:769-78. [PMID: 23742263 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIM Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is in the 10 leading cancer types, being difficult to detect as most of patients who develop this tumor have no symptoms other than those related to their long-standing liver disease. The liver is constantly exposed to bacterial products, viral infection, alcohol or other products, which may be the cause of chronic liver damage, and thus an increasing risk for HCC. Toll-like receptors (TLR) have gained an extraordinary interest in cancer research due to their role in several biological processes such as innate immune responses, the induction of adaptive immune responses, regulation of inflammation, would healing and carcinogenesis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the expression and clinical relevance of TLR3, 4 and 9 in HCC. METHODS The expression levels of TLR3, TLR4 and TLR9 were analyzed in tumors from 30 patients with HCC. The analysis was performed by immunohistochemistry. Results were correlated with various clinicopathological findings and with overall survival. RESULTS TLR3 was significantly high in large tumors (>4 cm in diameter) compared with small tumors (P < 0.05). Our results demonstrated that patients whose tumors showed both TLR4 and TLR9 positive immunostaining had poor prognosis. In addition, TLR9 expression by fibroblast-like cells was significantly associated with a shortened overall survival (P = 0.015). CONCLUSION The results demonstrated an association between TLR3, TLR4 and TLR9 expression and tumor aggressiveness and poor prognosis in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemí Eiró
- Research Unit, Foundation Hospital of Jove, Gijón, Spain
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20
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Okazaki I, Noro T, Tsutsui N, Yamanouchi E, Kuroda H, Nakano M, Yokomori H, Inagaki Y. Fibrogenesis and Carcinogenesis in Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH): Involvement of Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) and Tissue Inhibitors of Metalloproteinase (TIMPs). Cancers (Basel) 2014; 6:1220-55. [PMID: 24978432 PMCID: PMC4190539 DOI: 10.3390/cancers6031220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is emerging worldwide because life-styles have changed to include much over-eating and less physical activity. The clinical and pathophysiological features of NASH are very different from those of HBV- and HCV-chronic liver diseases. The prognosis of NASH is worse among those with nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD), and some NASH patients show HCC with or without cirrhosis. In the present review we discuss fibrogenesis and the relationship between fibrosis and HCC occurrence in NASH to clarify the role of MMPs and TIMPs in both mechanisms. Previously we proposed MMP and TIMP expression in the multi-step occurrence of HCC from the literature based on viral-derived HCC. We introduce again these expressions during hepatocarcinogenesis and compare them to those in NASH-derived HCC, although the relationship with hepatic stem/progenitor cells (HPCs) invasion remains unknown. Signal transduction of MMPs and TIMPs is also discussed because it is valuable for the prevention and treatment of NASH and NASH-derived HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isao Okazaki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sanno Hospital, International University of Health and Welfare, Tokyo 107-0052, Japan.
| | - Takuji Noro
- Department of Surgery, International University of Health and Welfare Hospital, Tochigi 329-2763, Japan.
| | - Nobuhiro Tsutsui
- Department of Surgery, International University of Health and Welfare Hospital, Tochigi 329-2763, Japan.
| | - Eigoro Yamanouchi
- Department of Radiology, International University of Health and Welfare Hospital, Tochigi 329-2763, Japan.
| | - Hajime Kuroda
- Department of Pathology, International University of Health and Welfare Hospital, Tochigi 329-2763, Japan.
| | - Masayuki Nakano
- Department of Pathology, Ofuna Chuo Hospital, Kanagawa 247-0056, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Yokomori
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kitasato University Medical Center, Saitama 364-8501, Japan.
| | - Yutaka Inagaki
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine and Institute of Medical Sciences, Isehara 259-1193, Japan.
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21
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Eiró N, Vizoso FJ. Importance of tumor/stroma interactions in prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr 2014; 3:98-101. [PMID: 24812604 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2304-3881.2014.02.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third largest cause of cancer deaths worldwide. It seems to be needed to find new ways to address the mechanisms involved in the progression of HCC, which can provide a prognostic evaluation and new therapeutic targets. Several studies have established that crosstalk between tumor cells and the microenvironment plays a key role in tumor progression and metastasis. In this context, the work of Zhu et al. contributes to assess interactions between tumor and microenvironment associated-macrophages promoting tumor progression and metastasis. Indeed, they concluded that the interplay of osteopontin (OPN) and peritumoral macrophages (PTMs) represents a new insight into tumor progression and therapeutic targets for HCC. Historically, tumor-infiltrating leukocytes have been considered to be manifestations of an intrinsic defensive mechanism against developing tumors, however, now, it is know that that leukocytes infiltration can promote tumor phenotypes, such as angiogenesis, growth, and invasion. Characterization of functional heterogeneity of stromal cell components, and specifically the analysis of stromal fibroblasts can provide a new focus on mechanisms involved in the progression of HCC. All of this opens the possibility to provide prognostic information for HCC based on biological parameters derived from peritumoral status from tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemí Eiró
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Gijón, Asturias, Spain
| | - Francisco J Vizoso
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Gijón, Asturias, Spain
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22
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Lempinen M, Lyytinen I, Nordin A, Tervahartiala T, Mäkisalo H, Sorsa T, Isoniemi H. Prognostic value of serum MMP-8, -9 and TIMP-1 in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Med 2013; 45:482-7. [PMID: 23962148 DOI: 10.3109/07853890.2013.823779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Prediction of prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is difficult. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of serum MMP-8, -9, -13, and TIMP-1 in patients with HCC. METHODS Pre-treatment serum samples from 134 patients with HCC were retrospectively analyzed. The serum concentration of MMP-8 was analyzed with immunofluorometric assay (IFMA), and those of MMP-9, MMP-13, and TIMP-1 were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Clinical data were retrieved from patient records and survival data obtained from Statistics Finland. RESULTS The overall cumulative disease-specific survival was 69% at 1 year, 50% at 2 years, and 33% at 5 years. Kaplan-Meier overall survival analysis showed that patients with low concentrations of serum MMP-8 or TIMP-1 had a statistically significantly better overall survival than patients with high concentrations of serum MMP-8 or TIMP-1 (P=0.013 and P=0.003). Interestingly, the overall survival in patients with high MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio was statistically significantly better than in those patients with low MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio (P=0.004). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that serum MMP-8, TIMP-1, and the ratio of MMP-9/TIMP-1 might be useful adjuncts as predictors of prognosis in patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Lempinen
- Clinic of Surgery, Department of Transplantation and Liver Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital , Helsinki Finland
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Nunes de Carvalho S, Helal-Neto E, de Andrade DC, Costa Cortez EA, Thole AA, Barja-Fidalgo C, de Carvalho L. Bone marrow mononuclear cell transplantation increases metalloproteinase-9 and 13 and decreases tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-1 and 2 expression in the liver of cholestatic rats. Cells Tissues Organs 2013; 198:139-48. [PMID: 23886643 DOI: 10.1159/000353215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis results from chronic injury followed by activation of macrophages and fibrogenic cells like myofibroblasts and activated hepatic stellate cells. These fibrogenic cells express α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and produce excessive extracellular matrix (ECM), with disorganization and loss of function of hepatic parenchyma. It is known that increased levels of metalloproteinases (MMPs) in liver fibrosis are associated with reduction of the pathologic ECM and fibrosis resolution. Recently, it has been shown that bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMNCs) may reduce collagen and α-SMA expression, and ameliorate liver function in cholestatic rats. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze MMP-2, MMP-9 and MMP-13, and tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs)-1 and TIMP-2 in the liver of cholestatic rats transplanted with BMMNC. Animals were divided into normal rats, cholestatic rats obtained after 14 and 21 days of bile duct ligation (BDL), and rats obtained after 14 days of BDL that received BMMNCs and were killed after 7 days. MMP and TIMP expression was assessed by Western blotting, along with α-SMA, CD68 and CD11b expression by confocal microscopy. Western blotting analysis showed that 14-day BDL animals had significantly reduced amounts of MMP-2 and MMP-13, but increased amounts of MMP-9 compared to normal rats. After 21 days of BDL, overall MMP amounts were decreased and TIMPs were increased. BMMNC transplantation significantly increased MMP-9 and MMP-13, and decreased TIMP expression. Increased MMP activity was confirmed by zymography. MMP-9 and MMP-13 were expressed by macrophages near fibrotic septa, suggesting BMMNC may stimulate MMP production in fibrotic livers, contributing to ECM degradation and hepatic regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Nunes de Carvalho
- Laboratório Cultura de Células, Departamento de Histologia e Embriologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Ochoa-Callejero L, Toshkov I, Menne S, Martínez A. Expression of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in the woodchuck model of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Med Virol 2013; 85:1127-38. [PMID: 23595580 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play a central role in tumor invasion and metastasis. Increased expression of MMPs occurs during development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in humans following infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV). Woodchucks are used as an animal model for hepadnavirus-induced HCC. All woodchucks infected chronically with woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV), a virus that is closely related to HBV, develop HCC. In the present study MMPs and related molecules were investigated in woodchucks to better understand the mechanisms of extracellular matrix remodeling in HCC. Three groups of samples were studied: liver and HCC tissues from animals infected with WHV and age- and gender-matched normal liver from animals not infected with WHV. New partial gene sequences for woodchuck MMP-2, MMP-7, and MMP-9 as well as their inhibitors NGAL, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2 were identified and used for determination of expression levels in liver and HCC by qRT-PCR. Compared to liver of WHV-naïve woodchucks, high levels of MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-7, NGAL, and TIMP-1 were detected in liver of animals infected with WHV. However, no differences were found for TIMP-2. MMP-9 expression was higher in HCC than in liver of animals not infected with WHV. Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated that MMP-9 immunoreactivity was most intense in HCC, correlating with the progression of liver disease. Upregulation of MMP-9 in HCC was confirmed by Western blotting and zymography analysis. Furthermore, the activity of woodchuck MMPs was suppressed by BiPS, a common inhibitor of mammalian MMPs. These results suggest the use of MMP inhibitors as a potential HCC treatment strategy that could be explored in woodchucks.
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Jia X, Dang S, Cheng Y, Zhang X, Li M, Li Y, Li S. Effects of saikosaponin-d on syndecan-2, matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2 in rats with hepatocellular carcinoma. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2013; 32:415-22. [PMID: 23297566 DOI: 10.1016/s0254-6272(13)60048-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate effects of Saikosaponin D (SSd) on syndecan-2, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2 (TIMP-2) in livers of rat with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS Male SD rats were divided into control (n=10), model (n=20) and SSd (n=20) groups, and model and SSd groups given intragastric 0.2% (w/v) N-diethylnitrosamine to induce HCC. SSd group received 0.03% (w/v) SSd in saline. Liver samples were analysed immunohistochemically for syndecan-2, MMP-2, MMP-13 and TIMP-2 at 16 weeks. RESULTS The model group had more malignant nodules than the SSd group; all model-group HCC cells were grade III; SSd-group HCC cells were grades I-II. Controls showed normal hepatic cell phenotypes and no syndecan-2+ staining. Syndecan-2+ staining was greater in the model group (35.2%, P < or = 0.001) than in controls or the SSd group (16.5%, P < or = 0.001). The model group had more intense MMP-2+ staining than controls (0.37 vs 0.27, P< or =0.01) or the SSd group (0.31 vs 0.37, P< or =0.05); and higher MMP-13+ staining (72.55%) than in controls (12.55%, P< or =0.001) and SSd group (20.18%, P< or =0.01). The model group also had more TIMP-2+ staining (57.2%) than controls (20.9%, P< or =0.001) and SSd group (22.7%, P< or=0.001). Controls and SSd group showed no difference in TIMP-2+ rates. CONCLUSION SSd inhibited HCC development, and downregulated expression of syndecan-2, MMP-2, MMP-13 and TIMP-2 in rat HCC liver tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Jia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, China
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Eiró N, González-Reyes S, González L, González LO, Altadill A, Andicoechea A, Fresno-Forcelledo MF, Rodrigo-Sáez L, Vizoso FJ. Duodenal expression of Toll-like receptors and interleukins are increased in both children and adult celiac patients. Dig Dis Sci 2012; 57:2278-85. [PMID: 22562536 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-012-2184-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have achieved an extraordinary amount of interest in inflammatory diseases due to their role in the inflammatory activation. By activating the production of several biological factors, TLRs induce type I interferons and other cytokines, which drive the inflammatory response and activate the adaptive immune system. AIMS The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the expression and clinical relevance of TLRs and interleukins in pediatric and adult celiac disease (CD), defined as intolerance to dietary proteins found in wheat, barley, and rye. METHODS The expression levels of TLR3, TLR4, and TLR7, interleukins, and different transcription factors were analyzed on duodenal biopsies from ten children and 31 adults with CD, and 21 duodenal controls biopsies without CD (ten children and 11 adults). The analyses were performed by immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR. RESULTS There were no significant differences in the studied parameters between adults and children. TLR4 expression level was increased twofold in CD specimens compared to controls. CD patients with high levels of TLR4 also showed high levels of interleukins (IL1, IL6, IL8, and IL17) as well as transcription factors (IRAK4, MyD88, and NF-κB). CONCLUSIONS TLR4 expression is associated with CD independently of age at diagnosis. Pediatric patients and adult patients have a similar inflammatory profile, making it possible to treat both with the same immunological therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemí Eiró
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital de Jove, Gijón, Spain
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Chen QJ, Lv ZL, Dang YW, Wei JJ. Correlation between MMP-9/TIMP-1 imbalance and ZHX2 expression in gastric carcinoma. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2012; 20:1832-1837. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v20.i20.1832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To detect the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-l (TIMP-1) and ZHX2 in gastric carcinoma and to analyze their association with pathological features.
METHODS: Immunohistochemistry was used to examine the expression of MMP-9, TIMP-1, and ZHX2 proteins in 62 cases of gastric carcinoma and matched tumor-adjacent tissue specimens. The correlation of MMP-9, TIMP-1 and ZHX2 protein expression with clinicopathological characteristics of gastric carcinoma was then analyzed.
RESULTS: The positive rate of MMP-9 expression was significantly higher (66.13% vs 29.03%, P < 0.01), and that of TIMP-1 was significantly lower (41.94% vs 74.19%, P < 0.01) in gastric carcinoma than in tumor-adjacent tissue. The positive rate of MMP-9 expression was significantly higher in the ZHX2-positive group than in the ZHX2-negative group (84.44% vs 17.65%, P < 0.05). MMP-9 expression was not associated with age, gender, tumor size, tumor location, general type, tumor differentiation, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, or TNM stage, but was significantly associated with depth of invasion (P < 0.05). The positive rate of TIMP-1 expression was significantly lower in the ZHX2-positive group than in the ZHX2-negative group (28.89% vs 76.49%, P < 0.05). TIMP-1 expression was not associated with age, gender, tumor size, tumor location, general type, tumor differentiation, depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, or TNM stage.
CONCLUSION: Detection of MMP-9 protein expression may be used to assess the malignant biological behavior and prognosis of gastric carcinoma. MMP-9/TIMP-1 imbalance may be related to the expression of ZHX2 in gastric carcinoma.
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Study of the expression of toll-like receptors in different histological types of colorectal polyps and their relationship with colorectal cancer. J Clin Immunol 2012; 32:848-54. [PMID: 22371291 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-012-9666-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Dysregulation of toll-like receptors (TLR) signaling can result in chronic inflammatory and over-exuberant repair responses. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression and clinical relevance of TLR in colorectal polyps. METHODS The expression levels of six TLR were analyzed in 70 patients with different histological types of colorectal polyps, 38 of which developed colorectal carcinoma (CC). These analyses were performed by real-time polymerase chain reaction, western blot, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS TLR9 expression was higher in hyperplastic or adenomatous polyps compared to other polyp types. Hyperplastic polyps also showed increased TLR7 levels compared to the other polyp types. TLR7 expression was lower in both hyperplastic and tubulovillous adenoma polyps from patients who developed CC. TLR9 expression was decreased in hyperplastic and villous polyps from patients who developed CC. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest a possible protective role of TLR expression against malignant transformation in the colorectal mucosa. TLR may represent a pathological marker of CC risk in colorectal polyps. The role of these factors in the pathology of colorectal polyps deserves further investigation.
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Yoon JH, Choi YJ, Lee SG. Ginsenoside Rh1 suppresses matrix metalloproteinase-1 expression through inhibition of activator protein-1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 679:24-33. [PMID: 22314224 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Invasion and metastasis are the major causes of treatment failure in patients with cancer. Here, we investigated the effects of ginsenoside Rh1 on tumor invasion and metastasis in human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells and its possible mechanism of action. Rh1 showed concentration- and time-dependent inhibition of HepG2 cell migration and invasion. Matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) gene expression and its promoter activity were also concentration-dependently inhibited by Rh1 treatment. The inhibitory effect of Rh1 on MMP-1 expression was due to inactivation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) ERK, JNK, and p38 MAPK. By transient transfection analysis with the MMP-1 promoter (-2846 to -29 nt) and AP-1 promoter, MMP-1 and AP-1 promoter activities were induced by phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) but were significantly inhibited by PD98059 (ERK1/2 inhibitor) or SP600125 (JNK inhibitor). The induction of MMP-1 and AP-1 promoters by PMA was attenuated by Rh1, and both promoter activities were synergistically inhibited by co-treatment with PD98059. To evaluate the effects of Rh1 on AP-1 dimers, expression analysis and electrophoretic mobility shift (EMSA) assay using radiolabeled AP-1-specific oligomers at proximal site (-73 nt) and distal site (-1600 nt) of the MMP-1 promoter were performed. The results showed that Rh1 inhibited the expression of c-Jun and c-Fos but did not affect the DNA binding ability of AP-1-specific oligomers. However, Rh1 attenuated the stability of c-Jun. Therefore, Rh1 has potential for development of novel chemotherapeutic agents for treatment of malignant cancers, including early hepatocellular carcinoma related to MMP-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hae Yoon
- Department of Biotechnology, Bio-Energy Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea
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Liao M, Tong P, Zhao J, Zhang Y, Li Z, Wang J, Feng X, Hu M, Pan Y. Prognostic Value of Matrix Metalloproteinase-1/ Proteinase-Activated Receptor-1 Signaling Axis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Pathol Oncol Res 2011; 18:397-403. [DOI: 10.1007/s12253-011-9458-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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The anti-metastatic efficacy of β-ionone and the possible mechanisms of action in human hepatocarcinoma SK-Hep-1 cells. Br J Nutr 2011; 107:631-8. [PMID: 21787455 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114511003473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
β-Ionone (BI), a precursor for carotenoids, is widely distributed in fruit and vegetables. Recent in vitro studies have demonstrated the potential anti-metastatic effects of BI, but the mechanisms underlying such actions are not clear. Because liver cancer is the most endemic cancer in Taiwan and in a large region of the world, we hereby investigate the anti-metastatic effects of BI and its mechanisms of actions in a highly metastatic human hepatocarcinoma SK-Hep-1 cells. We show that incubation of cells with BI (1-50 μm) for 24 and 48 h significantly inhibited cell invasion, migration and adhesion. Mechanistically, incubation of cells with BI (1-50 μm) for 24 h resulted in the following: (1) significant inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-9 and urokinase-type plasminogen activator activities, (2) up-regulation of protein expression of the tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1, TIMP-2 and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, (3) down-regulation of the expression of migration-related proteins, including focal adhesion kinase (FAK), phosphorylated form of FAK, Rho, Rac1 and Cdc42 and (4) up-regulation of the expression of nm23-H1 protein (P < 0·05). Overall, the results show that BI effectively inhibits the metastasis of SK-Hep-1 cells, and this effect involves the regulation of gene expression and signal pathways related to invasion and migration.
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Huang XY, Huang ZL, Wang L, Xu YH, Huang XY, Ai KX, Zheng Q, Tang ZY. Herbal compound "Songyou Yin" reinforced the ability of interferon-alfa to inhibit the enhanced metastatic potential induced by palliative resection of hepatocellular carcinoma in nude mice. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:580. [PMID: 20969807 PMCID: PMC2976755 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Liver resection is a widely accepted treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Our previous clinical study showed that the rate of palliative resection was 34.0% (1958-2008, 2754 of 8107). However, the influence of palliative resection on tumor metastasis remains controversial. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of palliative resection on residual HCC and to explore interventional approaches. Methods Palliative resection was done in an orthotopic nude mice model of HCC (MHCC97H) with high metastatic potential. Tumor growth, invasion, metastasis, lifespan, and some molecular alterations were examined in vivo and in vitro. Mice that underwent palliative resection were treated with the Chinese herbal compound "Songyou Yin," interferon-alfa-1b (IFN-α), or their combination to assess their effects. Results In the palliative resection group, the number of lung metastatic nodules increased markedly as compared to the sham operation group (14.3 ± 4.7 versus 8.7 ± 3.6, P < 0.05); tumor matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) activity was elevated by 1.4-fold, with up-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and down-regulation of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP2). The sera of mice undergoing palliative resection significantly enhanced cell invasiveness by 1.3-fold. After treatment, tumor volume was 1205.2 ± 581.3 mm3, 724.9 ± 337.6 mm3, 507.6 ± 367.0 mm3, and 245.3 ± 181.2 mm3 in the control, "Songyou Yin," IFN-α, and combination groups, respectively. The combined therapy noticeably decreased the MMP2/TIMP2 ratio and prolonged the lifespan by 42.2%. Moreover, a significant (P < 0.001) reduction of microvessel density was found: 43.6 ± 8.5, 34.5 ± 5.9, 23.5 ± 5.6, and 18.2 ± 8.0 in the control and treatment groups, respectively. Conclusion Palliative resection-stimulated HCC metastasis may occur, in part, by up-regulation of VEGF and MMP2/TIMP2. "Songyou Yin" reinforced the ability of IFN-α to inhibit the metastasis-enhancing potential induced by palliative resection, which indicated its potential postoperative use in patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Yan Huang
- Department of General Surgery, 6th People's Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200233, PR China
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Grimm M, Lazariotou M, Kircher S, Stuermer L, Reiber C, Höfelmayr A, Gattenlöhner S, Otto C, Germer CT, von Rahden BHA. MMP-1 is a (pre-)invasive factor in Barrett-associated esophageal adenocarcinomas and is associated with positive lymph node status. J Transl Med 2010; 8:99. [PMID: 20946664 PMCID: PMC2967517 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-8-99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Esophageal adenocarcinomas (EACs) arise due to gastroesophageal reflux, with Barrett's esophagus (BE) regarded as precancerous lesion. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) might play a role during the multistep carcinogenetic process. Methods Expression of MMP-1 and -13 was analyzed in esophageal cancer (n = 41 EAC with BE, n = 19 EAC without BE, and n = 10 esophageal squamous-cell carcinomas, ESCC), furthermore in BE without intraepithelial neoplasia (IN) (n = 18), and the cell line OE-33. MMP-1 was co-labelled with Ki-67 (proliferation), Cdx-2 (marker for intestinal metaplasia, BE) and analyzed on mRNA level. MMP-1 staining results were correlated with clinicopatholocical parameters. Results On protein level, MMP-1 expression was found in 39 of 41 (95%) EAC with BE, in 19 of 19 (100%) EAC without BE, in 6 of 10 (60%) ESCC, and in 10 of 18 (56%) BE without IN. No expression of MMP-13 was found in these specimens. Quantification showed 48% MMP-1 positive cells in EAC with BE, compared to 35% in adjacent BE (p < 0.05), 44% in EAC without BE, 32% in ESCC, and 4% in BE without IN. Immunofluorescence double staining experiments revealed increased MMP-1 expressing in proliferating cells (MMP-1+/Ki-67+) (r = 0.943 for BE and r = 0.811 for EAC). On mRNA-level, expression of MMP-1 was significantly higher in EAC compared to BE (p = 0.01) and confirmed immunohistochemical staining results. High MMP-1 levels were associated with lymph node metastases but not with poorer survival (p = 0.307). Conclusions Our findings suggest that MMP-1 plays a role as preinvasive factor in BE-associated EAC. Expression of MMP-1 in proliferating BE and EAC cells suggest malignant proliferation following the clonal expansion model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Grimm
- Department of General-, Visceral-, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery, University of Wuerzburg Hospital, Oberduerrbacher Strasse 6, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
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Cascinu S. Hepatocellular carcinoma: The beginning of a long journey. Dig Liver Dis 2009; 41:707-8. [PMID: 19699696 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2009.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2009] [Accepted: 07/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Cascinu
- Clinica di Oncologia Medica, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona, via Conca, Ancona, Italy.
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