PD-L1 and HER2 expression in gastric adenocarcinoma and their prognostic significance

Three biomarkers (HER2, PD-L1, and microsatellite status) in a large cohort of metastatic gastroesophageal adenocarcinomas: The MD Anderson Cancer Center experience

Human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2), programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), and microsatellite (MS) status are well-established biomarkers in gastroesophageal adenocarcinomas (GEAs). However, it is unclear how the combination of these biomarkers is associated with clinicopathological factors and prognosis. This retrospective study included baseline metastatic GEA patients who were tested for all three biomarkers (HER2, PD-L1, and MS status) at the MD Anderson Cancer Center between 2012 and 2022. Stratification was performed according to the combination of biomarker profiles: triple negative (TN), single positive (SP), and multiple positive (MP). Comparative analyses of clinicopathological factors and survival using combinations of biomarkers were performed. Among the 698 GEA patients analyzed, 251 (36.0%) were classified as TN, 334 (47.9%) as SP, and 113 (16.1%) as MP. The MP group showed a significant association with tumors located in the esophagus (p < .001), well to moderate differentiation (p < .001), and the absence of signet ring cells (p < .001). In the survival analysis, MP group had a significantly longer overall survival (OS) compared to the other groups (MP vs. TN, p < .001 and MP vs. SP, p < .001). Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that MP serves as an independent positive prognostic indicator for OS (hazard ratio = 0.63, p < .01). Our findings indicate that MP biomarkers are associated with a favorable prognosis in metastatic GEA. These results are reflective of clinical practice and offer valuable insights into how therapeutics and future biomarkers could influence therapy/prognosis.

HER-2 positive gastric cancer: Current targeted treatments

Gastric cancer (GC) is highly metastatic and characterized by HER2 amplification. Aberrant HER2 expression drives metastasis, therapy resistance, and tumor recurrence. HER2 amplification contributes to drug resistance by upregulating DNA repair enzymes and drug afflux proteins, reducing drug efficacy. HER2 modulates transcription factors critical for cancer stem cell properties, further impacting drug resistance. HER2 activity is influenced by HER-family ligands, promoting oncogenic signaling. These features point to HER2 as a targetable driver in GC. This review outlines recent advances in HER2-mediated mechanisms and their upstream and downstream signaling pathways in GC. Additionally, it discusses preclinical research investigation that comprehends trastuzumab-sensitizing phytochemicals, chemotherapeutics, and nanoparticles as adjunct therapies. These developments hold promise for improving outcomes and enhancing the management of HER2-positive GC.

PD-L1 regulates tumor proliferation and T-cell function in NF2-associated meningiomas

INTRODUCTION

Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression is an immune evasion mechanism that has been demonstrated in many tumors and is commonly associated with a poor prognosis. Over the years, anti-PD-L1 agents have gained attention as novel anticancer therapeutics that induce durable tumor regression in numerous malignancies. They may be a new treatment choice for neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) patients.

AIMS

The aims of this study were to detect the expression of PD-L1 in NF2-associated meningiomas, explore the effect of PD-L1 downregulation on tumor cell characteristics and T-cell functions, and investigate the possible pathways that regulate PD-L1 expression to further dissect the possible mechanism of immune suppression in NF2 tumors and to provide new treatment options for NF2 patients.

RESULTS

PD-L1 is heterogeneously expressed in NF2-associated meningiomas. After PD-L1 knockdown in NF2-associated meningioma cells, tumor cell proliferation was significantly inhibited, and the apoptosis rate was elevated. When T cells were cocultured with siPD-L1-transfected NF2-associated meningioma cells, the expression of CD69 on both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells was partly reversed, and the capacity of CD8+ T cells to kill siPD-L1-transfected tumor cells was partly restored. Results also showed that the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway regulates PD-L1 expression, and the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin rapidly and persistently suppresses PD-L1 expression. In vivo experimental results suggested that anti-PD-L1 antibody may have a synergetic effect with the mTOR inhibitor in reducing tumor cell proliferation and that reduced PD-L1 expression could contribute to antitumor efficacy.

CONCLUSIONS

Targeting PD-L1 could be helpful for restoring the function of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and inducing apoptosis to inhibit tumor proliferation in NF2-associated meningiomas. Dissecting the mechanisms of the PD-L1-driven tumorigenesis of NF2-associated meningioma will help to improve our understanding of the mechanisms underlying tumor progression and could facilitate further refinement of current therapies to improve the treatment of NF2 patients.

Best Practices for Managing Patients with Unresectable Metastatic Gastric and Gastroesophageal Junction Cancer in Canada

Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common types of cancer and is associated with relatively low survival rates. Despite its considerable burden, there is limited guidance for Canadian clinicians on the management of unresectable metastatic GC and gastroesophageal junction cancer (GEJC). Therefore, we aimed to discuss best practices and provide expert recommendations for patient management within the current Canadian unresectable GC and GEJC landscape. A multidisciplinary group of Canadian healthcare practitioners was assembled to develop expert recommendations via a working group. The often-rapid progression of unresectable GC and GEJC and the associated malnutrition have a significant impact on the patient's quality of life and ability to tolerate treatment. Hence, recommendations include early diagnosis, identification of relevant biomarkers to improve personalized treatment, and relevant support to manage comorbidities. A multidisciplinary approach including early access to registered dietitians, personal support networks, and palliative care services, is needed to optimize possible outcomes for patients. Where possible, patients with unresectable GC and GEJC would benefit from access to clinical trials and innovative treatments.

In era of immunotherapy: the value of trastuzumab beyond progression in patients with trastuzumab-resistant HER2-positive advanced or metastatic gastric cancer

Background

For patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2)-positive advanced or metastatic gastric cancer who have progressed on first-line trastuzumab therapy, the clinical value of the continuous use of trastuzumab beyond progression (TBP) is controversial.

Objectives

The present study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and explore new treatment strategies of TBP for patients with trastuzumab-resistant HER2-positive advanced or metastatic gastric cancer in the era of cancer immunotherapy.

Design

Retrospective analysis.

Methods

Patients with HER2-positive advanced or metastatic gastric cancer who have failed first-line treatment based on trastuzumab-targeted therapy from June 2019 to December 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS). Secondary endpoints included overall survival (OS), objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), and safety. Survival curves of patients were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log-rank test.

Results

In all, 30 patients received TBP with chemotherapy, immunotherapy, or anti-angiogenic therapy, and the other 26 patients received treatment of physician's choice without trastuzumab. The median PFS in the TBP and non-TBP population was 6.0 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 3.8-8.2] and 3.5 (95% CI = 2.2-4.8) months, respectively (p = 0.038), and the median OS was 12.3 (95% CI = 10.4-14.2) and 9.0 (95% CI = 6.6-11.4) months (p = 0.008). The patients who received TBP treatment had more favorable PFS and OS than the non-TBP population. In the TBP group, patients who received trastuzumab plus chemotherapy and immunotherapy had higher ORR (40.0% versus 16.7%), DCR (90.0% versus 50.0%), and showed a significant improvement in PFS (7.0 versus 1.9 m) compared to TBP with chemotherapy alone. Subgroup analysis suggested that patients with male, HER2 positive with immunohistochemistry score 3+ and PFS of first-line treatment less than 6 months had a greater benefit from TBP. The incidence of Grade 3-4 adverse events in the TBP and non-TBP groups was 43.3% and 38.5%.

Conclusion

The continuous use of TBP improves PFS and OS in patients with trastuzumab-resistant HER2-positive advanced or metastatic gastric cancer with well-tolerated toxicity. In the era of immunotherapy, TBP combined with chemotherapy and immunotherapy may further enhance the clinical benefit and provide a new treatment strategy.

Trial registration

This study is a retrospective study, which does not require clinical registration.

Association of PD-L1 Expression with Clinicopathologic Characters in Gastric Cancer: A Comprehensive Meta-analysis

PURPOSE

The expression level of programmed death ligand-1(PD-L1) in patients with gastric cancer is the key to determining the use of immune drugs. The relationship between PD-L1 expression level and clinical characteristics is worth exploring.

METHODS

By setting the search terms correlated to PD-L1 and gastric cancer, a nearly comprehensive search was carried out in four major databases, and the deadline for searching was September 1, 2022. The retrieved documents were further screened by strict inclusion and exclusion criteria after removing the duplication. Next, the quality of the included studies was evaluated with the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) scale. Finally, the STATA15.1 software was used to process data and draw plots, and the odds ratios (ORs) were adopted to assess the pooled effect size.

RESULTS

A total of 85 works of literature were included in this study through screening strictly, and detailed data were extracted after evaluating the quality of the literature. The process of analysis was conducted in the whole population, Asia-Africa population, European and American population, and Asian population with CPS≥1, amd all found that the expression of PD-L1 in gastric cancer was correlated with age, tumor size, EBV infection, Her-2 expression and microsatellite status. However, the subgroup of the region also found some differences in Asian and Western regions, which was interesting and worth studying further. The included research of this study did not have significant publish bias.

CONCLUSION

After careful analysis, this study found that age (>60 years), tumor size (>5cm), EBV infection (+), Her-2 expression (+), microsatellite status (MSI), and mismatch repair status (dMMR) were risk factors for positive expression of PD-L1 in gastric cancer.

Tracking circulating PD-L1-positive cells to monitor the outcome of patients with gastric cancer receiving anti-HER2 plus anti-PD-1 therapy

Dual blockade of HER2 and PD-1/PD-L1 is the most promising regimen for HER2-positive patients with gastric cancer (GC); PD-L1 combined positive score, rather than HER2 status, indicates potential benefit. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and circulating endothelial cells (CECs) derived from the tumor microenvironment provide platforms for the dynamic evaluation of PD-L1 expression. Whether PD-L1 positive CTCs/CECs (PD-L1+CTCs/CECs) can serve as biomarkers for evaluating the efficacy of combination therapy remains unknown. Therefore, this study investigated PD-L1 expression and heterogeneous karyotypic features of CTCs/CECs and their involvement in the clinical response to treatment in 72 patients with advanced GC by applying a pre-established surface molecule-independent subtraction enrichment (SE)-iFISH strategy. In the captured PD-L1 positive cells, there were 42.80% and 57.20% of CTCs and CECs, respectively. PD-L1+ CTCs were pre-therapeutically detected in 0% (0/11) of HER2-negative patients and 14.75% (9/61) of HER2-positive patients. The presence of baseline PD-L1+CTCs was relevant to inferior prognosis (mPFS: 14.40 months vs 5.00 months, P = 0.065); post-treatment PD-L1+ CECs were associated with longer irPFS (immunotherapeutic-related PFS) (mPFS: 15.57 months vs 6.73 months, P = 0.053). Further dynamic karyotype-based profiling of PD-L1+ CTCs/CECs indicated that multiploidy and triploidy were the dominant subtypes of baseline PD-L1+ CTCs, and that triploidy was specifically associated with therapeutic resistance. Intratherapeutically detected multiploid PD-L1+ CECs demonstrated a superior clinical response; triploidy and tetraploidy contributed to acquired resistance. The karyotypic features of PD-L1+CTCs/CECs should be dynamically profiled in patients with GC treated with anti-HER2 plus anti-PD-1 therapy. Triploid-PD-L1+ CTCs and multiploid-PD-L1+ CECs are potential indicators of therapeutic response.

A Clinical Viewpoint on the Use of Targeted Therapy in Advanced Gastric Cancer

The development of therapies for advanced gastric cancer (GC) has made significant progress over the past few years. The identification of new molecules and molecular targets is expanding our understanding of the disease's intricate nature. The end of the classical oncology era, which relied on well-studied chemotherapeutic agents, is giving rise to novel and unexplored challenges, which will cause a significant transformation of the current oncological knowledge in the next few years. The integration of established clinically effective regimens in additional studies will be crucial in managing these innovative aspects of GC. This study aims to present an in-depth and comprehensive review of the clinical advancements in targeted therapy and immunotherapy for advanced GC.

Down-regulation of stimulator of interferon genes (STING) expression and CD8+ T-cell infiltration depending on HER2 heterogeneity in HER2-positive gastric cancer

BACKGROUND

HER2 signaling might be involved in the regulation of immune cell activation in the tumor microenvironment (TME) of gastric cancer (GC). However, the relationship between HER2 status and immune cell condition in the HER2-positive GC TME is not clearly understood.

METHODS

To investigate the effect of HER2 signaling on the activation of the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway, which contributes to immune cell activation in the GC TME, we evaluated the associations among the expressions of HER2, cGAS-STING, and the number of CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) by considering HER2 heterogeneity in HER2-positive GC tissues. We also examined the effect of HER2 signaling on the activation of STING signaling in vitro using human HER2-positive GC cell lines.

RESULTS

The expression of HER2 is highly heterogeneous in HER2-positive GC tissues, and we found that the number of CD8+ TIL in HER2 high areas was significantly lower than that in HER2 low areas in HER2-positive GC tissues. Intriguingly, the tumor cell-intrinsic expression of STING, but not cGAS, was also significantly lower in the HER2 high areas than the HER2 low areas in HER2-positive GC tissues. Moreover, in vitro experiments, we demonstrated that the blockade of HER2 signaling increased the expression of STING and its target genes, including IFNB1, CXCL9/10/11, and CCL5, in HER2-positive GC cell lines.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results suggest that HER2 signaling might suppress immune cell activation in the GC TME by inhibiting STING signaling in tumor cells in HER2-positive GC.

PD-L1 expression-related PI3K pathway correlates with immunotherapy efficacy in gastric cancer

Background

The programed death ligand-1 combined positive score (PD-L1 CPS), the only FDA-approved biomarker for immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy in gastric cancer (GC) patients, is an important but imperfect predictive biomarker. The molecular characteristics of tumors that influence the PD-L1 CPS are largely unknown and would be helpful for screening patients who would benefit from immunotherapy.

Methods

PD-L1 immunohistochemistry (IHC) and targeted next-generation sequencing techniques were used to compare genomic alterations in 492 GC patients in two groups (PD-L1 CPS ⩾ 1, positive; CPS < 1, negative). Screened PD-L1 expression-related factors were analyzed for immunotherapy efficacy in three distinct GC cohorts from public databases.

Results

Positive PD-L1 expression occurred in 40% of GC patients and was associated with a higher proportion of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), SWItch/Sucrose NonFermentable (SWI/SNF), lysine demethylase (KDM), and DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase (DNMT) (all p < 0.01), pathway alterations. Compared to wild-type GC patients, those with PI3K pathway alterations had a higher response rate (p = 0.002) and durable clinical benefit rate with immunotherapy (p = 0.023, p = 0.038) as well as longer progression-free survival (p = 0.084, p = 0.0076) and overall survival (p = 0.2, p = 0.037) with immunotherapy.

Conclusion

This study revealed PD-L1 expression-related factors in the tumor genome in a GC cohort. Alterations in the PI3K pathway associated with PD-L1 positivity were shown to be associated with better immunotherapy efficacy in three distinct GC cohorts from public databases. Our results provide a potential avenue for patient selection and rational immune combination development for GC patients.

Immunotherapeutic strategy in the management of gastric cancer: molecular profiles, current practice, and ongoing trials

Gastric cancer (GC) is the one of the most commonly solid cancer worldwide. Although under the aggressive treatment, the poor clinical outcomes of patients with GCs have not been improved. Current studies emphasized that targeting therapies or immune response-based therapeutic strategy may be a potential approach to improve the clinical outcomes. Moreover, accumulative evidence has reported the increasing expression of PD-L1 expression in GC cells and highlighted its role in the tumor progression. Currently, great development has been established in the immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and further changed the clinical practice of GC treatment and prognosis. In addition, the combination therapies with targeting therapy or traditional therapies are expected to push the development of immunotherapies. In our present review, we predominantly focus on the biomarkers and molecular profiles for immunotherapies in GCs and highlight the role and administration of ICIs-based immunotherapeutic strategies against the GCs.

HER2-Positive Gastric Cancer: The Role of Immunotherapy and Novel Therapeutic Strategies

Gastric cancer is an aggressive disease with increasing global incidence in recent years. Human epidermal growth receptor 2 (HER2) is overexpressed in approximately 10-20% of gastric cancers. The implementation of targeted therapy against HER2 as part of the standard of care treatment in metastatic disease has improved the prognosis of this subset of patients. However, gastric cancer still has high mortality rates and urgently requires new treatment strategies. The combination of immunotherapy with HER2-targeted therapies has shown synergistic effects in preclinical models, this being the rationale behind exploring this combination in clinical trials in locally advanced and metastatic settings. Additionally, the irruption of antibody-drug conjugates and other novel HER2-targeted agents has led to the development of numerous clinical trials showing promising results. This review presents the molecular mechanisms supporting the use of HER2-targeted drugs in combination with immunotherapy and provides an overview of the therapeutic scenario of HER2-positive disease. We focus on the role of immunotherapy but also summarize emerging therapies and combinations under clinical research that may change the standard treatment in HER-2 positive disease in the future.

Role of β-catenin in PD-L1 expression of nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a particular type of tumor connected to Epstein-Barr virus infection, genetic, and environmental factors. It is typically discovered late, with few therapeutic options and poor clinical outcomes. Cellular immune responses can be attenuated when programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) are combined. Although PD-1 inhibitors have a different anti-tumor response rate than chemotherapy alone, they can nevertheless considerably outperform chemotherapy in patients with metastatic or recurrent NPC. The nuclear β-catenin can bind to the CD274 promoter region, promoting transcription and upregulating the expression of tumor-specific PD-L1. Separation of β-catenin from E-cadherin and translocation it into nucleus were both aided by β-catenin phosphorylates at the Tyr654 site. Its function in NPC and the expression of PD-L1 have not yet been investigated. This study investigated the predictive significance of PD-L1 and p-β-catenin^Tyr654 expressions in NPC. Our findings indicated that patients with distant metastases or poor prognoses exhibited higher levels of PD-L1 and p-β-catenin^Tyr654 expressions. According to Cox multivariate prognostic analysis, PD-L1 was also an effective indicator for predicting the survival status of patients with NPC. We subsequently demonstrated that PD-L1 transcription and protein production could be downregulated by targeting inhibition of the level of β-catenin in NPC cells. This is for developing the β-catenin or TCF4 inhibitor as a potential new option for immune checkpoint immunosuppression in NPC.

The first Middle East and North Africa expert consensus recommendations for management of advanced gastric cancer

Gastric cancer (GC) ranks as the fifth most prevalent cancer and the fourth deadliest cancer worldwide. In the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, GC represents about 4.8% of cancer cases with more than 35,000 new cases in 2020. To strengthen and improve the management of this cancer in the region, a group of MENA experts in the field of GC developed the first MENA consensus recommendations for the management of advanced GC. A total of 28 statements were drafted, discussed and voted on, using a modified Delphi process, during a virtual consensus meeting. The statements addressed the areas of epidemiology, biomarkers and treatment.

Low co-expression of PD-L1 and oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinases HER2 and cMET in urothelial carcinoma is associated with discordant expression between primary and metastatic sites

OBJECTIVES

Novel regimens targeting immune checkpoints and the cMET or HER2 pathways are under investigation in metastatic urothelial carcinoma (mUC) though co-expression of these molecular targets has not been defined. We sought to characterize the protein co-expression rates of PD-L1, cMET and HER2 in primary and metastatic mUC lesions and agreement rates in paired biopsies.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We assessed PD-L1, cMET and HER2 protein expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in archival mUC samples identified from an institutional database (n = 143). Correlation of expression between primary and metastatic biopsies was performed in patients with available paired biopsies (n = 79). Protein expression levels by predefined thresholds were measured, and Cohen's kappa statistics (κ) were utilized to assess the agreement in expression between paired primary and metastatic samples.

RESULTS

In primary tumors (n = 85), high expression of PD-L1, cMET, and HER2 was observed in 14.1%, 34.1%, and 12.9%, respectively. In metastatic samples (n = 143), high expression of PD-L1, cMET and HER2 was detected in 9.8%, 41.3%, and 9.8%, respectively. Expression agreement rates between paired specimens (n = 79) were PD-L1: 79.7% (κ = 0.09), cMET: 69.6% (κ = 0.35), HER2: 84.8% (κ = 0.17). High PD-L1/cMET co-expression was observed in only 5.1% (n = 4) of primary and 4.9% (n = 7) of metastatic specimens. High co-expression of PD-L1/HER2 occurred in 3.8% (n = 3) of primary samples and no metastatic samples. The overall co-expression agreement between paired samples was 55.7% (κ = 0.22) for PD-L1/cMET and 67.1% (κ = 0.06) for PD-L1/HER2, but agreement for high co-expression between paired samples was very low (2.5% for PD-L1/cMET and 0% for PD-L1/HER2).

CONCLUSIONS

Tumor co-expression of high cMET or HER2 and PD-L1 is low in this cohort. Agreement of high co-expression between primary and metastatic sites is rare. Biomarker-based strategies used in selection of patients for contemporary trials testing combinations of immune checkpoint inhibitors with either cMET or HER2-targeted agents should account for discordant biomarker expression between primary and metastatic sites.

Comprehensive biomarker analysis of long-term response to trastuzumab in patients with HER2-positive advanced gastric or gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma

BACKGROUND

A subgroup of patients with HER2-positive metastatic gastric and gastroesophageal junction cancers shows long-term response under trastuzumab maintenance monotherapy. Obviously, HER2 status alone is not able to identify these patients. We performed this study to identify potential new prognostic biomarkers for this long-term responding patient group.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Tumour samples of 19 patients with HER2-positive metastatic gastric and gastroesophageal junction cancer who underwent trastuzumab treatment were retrospectively collected from multiple centres. Patients were divided into long-term responding (n = 7) or short-term responding group (n = 12) according to progression-free survival (PFS≥12 months vs. PFS < 12 months). Next-generation sequencing and microarray-based gene expression analysis were performed along with HER2 and PD-L1 immunohistochemistry.

RESULTS

Long-term responding patients had significantly higher PD-L1 combined positive scores (CPS) and CPS correlated with longer progression-free survival. PD-L1 positivity (CPS ≥ 1) was further associated with an increased CD4+ memory T-cell score. The ERBB2 copy number as well as the tumour mutational burden could not discriminate between short-term and long-term responding patients. Genetic alterations and coamplifications in HER2 pathway associated genes such as EGFR, which were connected to trastuzumab resistance, were present in 10% of the patients and equally distributed between the groups.

CONCLUSION

The study highlights the clinical relevance of PD-L1 testing also in the context of trastuzumab treatment and offers a biological rational by demonstrating elevated CD4+ memory T-cells scores in the PD-L1-positive group.

The AGAMENON-SEOM model for prediction of survival in patients with advanced HER2-positive oesophagogastric adenocarcinoma receiving first-line trastuzumab-based therapy

Background

Trastuzumab and chemotherapy is the standard first-line treatment in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive advanced gastro-oesophageal cancer. The objective was to develop a predictive model for overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in patients treated with trastuzumab.

Methods

Patients with HER2-positive advanced gastro-oesophageal adenocarcinoma (AGA) from the Spanish Society of Medical Oncology (SEOM)-AGAMENON registry and treated first line with trastuzumab and chemotherapy between 2008 and 2021 were included. The model was externally validated in an independent series (The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK).

Results

In all, 737 patients were recruited (AGAMENON-SEOM, n = 654; Manchester, n = 83). Median PFS and OS in the training cohort were 7.76 [95% confidence interval (CI), 7.13-8.25] and 14.0 months (95% CI, 13.0-14.9), respectively. Six covariates were significantly associated with OS: neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status, Lauren subtype, HER2 expression, histological grade and tumour burden. The AGAMENON-HER2 model demonstrated adequate calibration and fair discriminatory ability with a c-index for corrected PFS/OS of 0.606 (95% CI, 0.578-0.636) and 0.623 (95% CI, 0.594-0.655), respectively. In the validation cohort, the model is well calibrated, with a c-index of 0.650 and 0.683 for PFS and OS, respectively.

Conclusion

The AGAMENON-HER2 prognostic tool stratifies HER2-positive AGA patients receiving trastuzumab and chemotherapy according to their estimated survival endpoints.

The Role of Tumor-Associated Antigen HER2/neu in Tumor Development and the Different Approaches for Using It in Treatment: Many Choices and Future Directions

The treatment of HER2-positive cancers has changed significantly over the past ten years thanks to a significant number of promising new approaches that have been added to our arsenal in the fight against cancer, including monoclonal antibodies, inhibitors of tyrosine kinase, antibody-drug conjugates, vaccination, and particularly, adoptive-T-cell therapy after its great success in hematological malignancies. Equally important is the new methodology for determining patients eligible for targeted HER2 therapy, which has doubled the number of patients who can benefit from these treatments. However, despite the initial enthusiasm, there are still several problems in this field represented by drug resistance and tumor recurrence that require the further development of new more efficient drugs. In this review, we discuss various approaches for targeting the HER2 molecule in cancer treatment, highlighting their benefits and drawbacks, along with the different mechanisms responsible for resistance to HER2-targeted therapies and how to overcome them.

Incorporating Immunotherapy in the Management of Gastric Cancer: Molecular and Clinical Implications

Simple Summary

Gastric cancer is one of the most common malignant tumours worldwide, with the fifth and third highest morbidity and mortality, respectively, of all cancers. Survival is limited, as most of the patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage, and are not suitable for surgery with a curative intent. Chemotherapy has only modestly improved patients’ outcomes and is mainly given with a palliative intent. Immunotherapy has improved overall survival of patients with gastric cancer, and has thus become a new standard of care in clinic. In this review we discuss the strong molecular rationale for the administration of immunotherapy in this disease and analyse the clinical data supporting its use.

Abstract

Gastric cancer has a median survival of 11 months, and this poor prognosis has not improved over the last 30 years. Recent pre-clinical data suggest that there is high tumour-related neoantigen expression in gastric cancer cells, suggesting that a clinical strategy that enhances the host’s immune system against cancer cells may be a successful approach to improve clinical outcomes. Additionally, there has been an increasing amount of translational evidence highlighting the relevance of PD-L1 expression in gastric cancer cells, indicating that PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors may be useful. Several molecular subgroups of gastric cancer have been identified to respond with excellent outcomes to immunotherapy, including microsatellite instable tumours, tumours bearing a high tumour mutational burden, and tumours related to a chronic EBV infection. In gastric cancer, immunotherapy has produced durable responses in chemo-refractory patients; however, most recently there has been a lot of enthusiasm as several large-scale clinical trials highlight the improved survival noted from the incorporation of immunotherapy in the first line setting for advanced gastric cancer. Our review aims to discuss current pre-clinical and clinical data supporting the innovative role of immunotherapy in gastric cancer.