1
|
Shi L, Tian H, Wang P, Li L, Zhang Z, Zhang J, Zhao Y. Spaceflight and simulated microgravity suppresses macrophage development via altered RAS/ERK/NFκB and metabolic pathways. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:1489-1502. [PMID: 31900461 PMCID: PMC8167113 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-019-0346-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Spaceflight-associated immune system weakening ultimately limits the ability of humans to expand their presence beyond the earth's orbit. A mechanistic study of microgravity-regulated immune cell function is necessary to overcome this challenge. Here, we demonstrate that both spaceflight (real) and simulated microgravity significantly reduce macrophage differentiation, decrease macrophage quantity and functional polarization, and lead to metabolic reprogramming, as demonstrated by changes in gene expression profiles. Moreover, we identified RAS/ERK/NFκB as a major microgravity-regulated pathway. Exogenous ERK and NFκB activators significantly counteracted the effect of microgravity on macrophage differentiation. In addition, microgravity also affects the p53 pathway, which we verified by RT-qPCR and Western blot. Collectively, our data reveal a new mechanism for the effects of microgravity on macrophage development and provide potential molecular targets for the prevention or treatment of macrophage differentiation deficiency in spaceflight.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongling Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaoqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Quinet A, Lerner LK, Martins DJ, Menck CFM. Filling gaps in translesion DNA synthesis in human cells. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2018; 836:127-142. [PMID: 30442338 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
During DNA replication, forks may encounter unrepaired lesions that hamper DNA synthesis. Cells have universal strategies to promote damage bypass allowing cells to survive. DNA damage tolerance can be performed upon template switch or by specialized DNA polymerases, known as translesion (TLS) polymerases. Human cells count on more than eleven TLS polymerases and this work reviews the functions of some of these enzymes: Rev1, Pol η, Pol ι, Pol κ, Pol θ and Pol ζ. The mechanisms of damage bypass vary according to the lesion, as well as to the TLS polymerases available, and may occur directly at the fork during replication. Alternatively, the lesion may be skipped, leaving a single-stranded DNA gap that will be replicated later. Details of the participation of these enzymes are revised for the replication of damaged template. TLS polymerases also have functions in other cellular processes. These include involvement in somatic hypermutation in immunoglobulin genes, direct participation in recombination and repair processes, and contributing to replicating noncanonical DNA structures. The importance of DNA damage replication to cell survival is supported by recent discoveries that certain genes encoding TLS polymerases are induced in response to DNA damaging agents, protecting cells from a subsequent challenge to DNA replication. We retrace the findings on these genotoxic (adaptive) responses of human cells and show the common aspects with the SOS responses in bacteria. Paradoxically, although TLS of DNA damage is normally an error prone mechanism, in general it protects from carcinogenesis, as evidenced by increased tumorigenesis in xeroderma pigmentosum variant patients, who are deficient in Pol η. As these TLS polymerases also promote cell survival, they constitute an important mechanism by which cancer cells acquire resistance to genotoxic chemotherapy. Therefore, the TLS polymerases are new potential targets for improving therapy against tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annabel Quinet
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.
| | - Leticia K Lerner
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology,Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.
| | - Davi J Martins
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos F M Menck
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lerner LK, Francisco G, Soltys DT, Rocha CRR, Quinet A, Vessoni AT, Castro LP, David TIP, Bustos SO, Strauss BE, Gottifredi V, Stary A, Sarasin A, Chammas R, Menck CFM. Predominant role of DNA polymerase eta and p53-dependent translesion synthesis in the survival of ultraviolet-irradiated human cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:1270-1280. [PMID: 28180309 PMCID: PMC5388406 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw1196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome lesions trigger biological responses that help cells manage damaged DNA, improving cell survival. Pol eta is a translesion synthesis (TLS) polymerase that bypasses lesions that block replicative polymerases, avoiding continued stalling of replication forks, which could lead to cell death. p53 also plays an important role in preventing cell death after ultraviolet (UV) light exposure. Intriguingly, we show that p53 does so by favoring translesion DNA synthesis by pol eta. In fact, the p53-dependent induction of pol eta in normal and DNA repair-deficient XP-C human cells after UV exposure has a protective effect on cell survival after challenging UV exposures, which was absent in p53- and Pol H-silenced cells. Viability increase was associated with improved elongation of nascent DNA, indicating the protective effect was due to more efficient lesion bypass by pol eta. This protection was observed in cells proficient or deficient in nucleotide excision repair, suggesting that, from a cell survival perspective, proper bypass of DNA damage can be as relevant as removal. These results indicate p53 controls the induction of pol eta in DNA damaged human cells, resulting in improved TLS and enhancing cell tolerance to DNA damage, which parallels SOS responses in bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leticia K Lerner
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Francisco
- Department of Center for Translational Oncology Cellular, Biology Group, Center for Translational Oncology, Cancer Institute of the State of São Paulo-ICESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniela T Soltys
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clarissa R R Rocha
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Annabel Quinet
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre T Vessoni
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ligia P Castro
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Taynah I P David
- Viral Vector Laboratory, Heart Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvina O Bustos
- Department of Center for Translational Oncology Cellular, Biology Group, Center for Translational Oncology, Cancer Institute of the State of São Paulo-ICESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bryan E Strauss
- Viral Vector Laboratory, Heart Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vanesa Gottifredi
- Cell Cycle and Genomic Stability Laboratory, Fundación Instituto Leloir-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Anne Stary
- CNRS-UMR8200, Université Paris-Sud, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Alain Sarasin
- CNRS-UMR8200, Université Paris-Sud, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Roger Chammas
- Department of Center for Translational Oncology Cellular, Biology Group, Center for Translational Oncology, Cancer Institute of the State of São Paulo-ICESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos F M Menck
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Odkhuu E, Mendjargal A, Koide N, Naiki Y, Komatsu T, Yokochi T. Lipopolysaccharide downregulates the expression of p53 through activation of MDM2 and enhances activation of nuclear factor-kappa B. Immunobiology 2014; 220:136-41. [PMID: 25172547 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the expression of p53 protein in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells was examined. LPS downregulated the expression of p53 protein 4-24 h after the stimulation. LPS-induced p53 inhibition was restored with pharmacological inhibitors of c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). It was also restored by inhibitors of MDM2 activation and proteasome. LPS-induced p53 inhibition corresponded to activation of MDM2. LPS-induced MDM2 activation was prevented by inhibitors of JNK and PI3K. The expression of p65 NF-κB at a late stage after LPS stimulation was downregulated in the presence of a MDM2 inhibitor. Nutlin-3 as a MDM2 inhibitor reduced LPS-induced production of nitric oxide but not tumor necrosis factor-α. Administration of LPS into mice downregulated the in vivo expression of p53 in the livers. Taken together, LPS was suggested to downregulate the expression of p53 via activation of MDM2 and enhance the activation of NF-κB at a late stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erdenezaya Odkhuu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan; Departments of Anatomy, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 210648, Mongolia.
| | - Adilsaikhan Mendjargal
- Oncology, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 210648, Mongolia
| | - Naoki Koide
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Naiki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Takayuki Komatsu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Takashi Yokochi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Leach DM, Zacal NJ, Rainbow AJ. Host cell reactivation of gene expression for an adenovirus-encoded reporter gene reflects the repair of UVC-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and methylene blue plus visible light-induced 8-oxoguanine. Mutagenesis 2013; 28:507-13. [PMID: 23793457 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/get027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we have reported the use of a recombinant adenovirus (Ad)-based host cell reactivation (HCR) assay to examine nucleotide excision repair (NER) of UVC-induced DNA lesions in several mammalian cell types. The recombinant non-replicating Ad expresses the Escherichia coli β-galactosidase (β-gal) reporter gene under control of the cytomegalovirus immediate-early enhancer region. We have also used methylene blue plus visible light (MB + VL) to induce the major oxidative lesion 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG) in the recombinant Ad-encoded reporter gene in order to study base excision repair (BER). The reported variability regarding 8-oxoG's potential to block transcription by RNA polymerase II and data demonstrating that a number of factors play a role in transcriptional bypass of the lesion led us to examine the repair of 8-oxoG in the Ad reporter and its relationship to HCR for expression of the reporter gene. We have used Southern blotting to examine removal of UVC- and MB + VL-induced DNA damage by loss of endonuclease-sensitive sites from the Ad-encoded β-gal reporter gene in human and rodent cells. We show that repair of MB + VL-induced 8-oxoG via BER and UVC-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) via NER is substantially greater in human SV40-transformed GM637F skin fibroblasts compared to hamster CHO-AA8 cells. We also show that HCR for expression of the MB + VL-damaged and the UVC-damaged reporter gene is substantially greater in human SV40-transformed GM637F skin fibroblasts compared to hamster CHO-AA8 cells. The difference between the human and rodent cells in the removal of both 8-oxoG and CPDs from the damaged reporter gene was comparable to the difference in HCR for expression of the damaged reporter gene. These results suggest that the major factor for HCR of the MB + VL-treated reporter gene in mammalian cells is DNA repair in the Ad rather than lesion bypass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Derrik M Leach
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zheltukhin AO, Chumakov PM. Constitutive and induced functions of the p53 gene. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2011; 75:1692-721. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297910130110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
7
|
Dregoesc D, Rainbow AJ. Differential effects of hypoxia and acidosis on p53 expression, repair of UVC-damaged DNA and viability after UVC in normal and tumor-derived human cells. DNA Repair (Amst) 2009; 8:370-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2008.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2008] [Revised: 11/21/2008] [Accepted: 11/24/2008] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
8
|
Ghodgaonkar MM, Zacal N, Kassam S, Rainbow AJ, Shah GM. Depletion of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 reduces host cell reactivation of a UV-damaged adenovirus-encoded reporter gene in human dermal fibroblasts. DNA Repair (Amst) 2008; 7:617-32. [PMID: 18289944 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2008.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2007] [Revised: 01/04/2008] [Accepted: 01/05/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In response to ultraviolet radiation (UV), mammalian cells rapidly activate a nuclear enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP), and we recently showed that one of the causes for PARP-activation is UV-induced direct DNA photolesions which are repaired by nucleotide excision repair process (NER). To determine whether PARP can play a role in NER, we stably depleted PARP in NER-proficient human skin fibroblasts GM637 by DNA vector-based RNAi. In these cells, we examined host cell reactivation (HCR) of UVB or UVC-irradiated recombinant adenovirus AdCA35lacZ, encoding a beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) reporter gene. The depletion of PARP decreased the HCR of UVB- or UVC-damaged reporter gene to a similar extent, indicating the role of PARP in NER. Moreover, PARP-depletion reduced the HCR capacity of the NER-competent GM637 cells to a level closer to that in the XP-C and CS-B cell lines, which are deficient in the lesion recognition steps of the global genome repair (GGR) and transcription-coupled repair (TCR) sub-pathways of NER, respectively. In order to identify the potential role of PARP in these two sub-pathways of NER from that of its known role in base excision repair (BER) of UVB-induced oxidant damage, we depleted PARP from XP-C and CS-B cells and examined HCR of the reporter gene damaged by UVB, UVC or photoactivated methylene blue, the latter causing predominantly 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine damage that is repaired by BER. Interestingly, a decreased HCR due to PARP-depletion was observed in both the NER-deficient cell lines in response to virus damaged by these three agents, albeit with different kinetics from 12 to 44h after infection. The role of PARP in NER was highlighted by a decreased clonogenic survival of UV-irradiated NER-competent GM637 cells depleted of PARP. Our results, while confirming the role of PARP in base excision repair, suggest a novel role of PARP in both the GGR and TCR sub-pathways of NER.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Medini M Ghodgaonkar
- Laboratory for Skin Cancer Research, CHUL Research Centre (CHUQ), Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec G1V 4G2, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kassam SN, Rainbow AJ. Deficient base excision repair of oxidative DNA damage induced by methylene blue plus visible light in xeroderma pigmentosum group C fibroblasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 359:1004-9. [PMID: 17573042 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2007] [Accepted: 06/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Methylene blue plus visible light (MB+VL) results in oxidative DNA damage, producing predominantly 7,8-dihydroxy-8-oxoguanine and other single base modifications that are repaired by base excision repair (BER). AdCA17 is non-replicating recombinant human adenovirus that infects human cells and expresses the beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) reporter gene. We have examined host cell reactivation (HCR) of beta-gal activity for (MB+VL)-treated AdCA17 in cells from patients with xeoroderma pigmentosum from complementation group C (XP-C). HCR was substantially reduced in an SV40 transformed XP-C fibroblast compared to two SV40-transformed normal cells and in three XP-C primary fibroblast strains compared to four normal strains for both untreated and UVC-treated cells. These results indicate an involvement of the XPC gene in BER of MB+VL-induced oxidative DNA damage. In addition, pre-UVC-treatment of both normal and XP-C fibroblasts resulted in enhanced HCR of the MB+VL-treated reporter gene giving evidence for a UVC-inducible and XPC-independent BER pathway in human cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaqil N Kassam
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada L8S 4K1
| | | |
Collapse
|