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Belhadj Z, Akther T, Wang Z, Xie J. Characterization of a deazaflavin analog as a potent inhibitor of multidrug resistance-associated protein 1. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 178:117167. [PMID: 39032285 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.117167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Selective inhibition of overexpressed ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters is an attractive approach to enhancing the efficacy of chemotherapeutics in multidrug resistant cancers. Previously, we reported that the cancer sensitizing effect of deazaflavin analogs, an important chemotype for developing combination treatments with topoisomerase II (TOP2) poisons, is associated with increased intracellular drug accumulation. Here we report the characterization of ZW-1226, a deazaflavin analog, as a potent inhibitor of multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1). Specifically, ZW-1226 inhibited MRP1 with a 16-fold higher potency than the most widely used positive control MK-571 in vesicular transport assay and displayed excellent selectivity indices exceeding 100 over other major ABC transporters, including P-glycoprotein (P-gp), breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), MRP2 and MRP3. Mechanistically, we revealed that its MRP1 inhibitory action requires the participation of GSH. In chemo-sensitization test, ZW-1226 fully reversed the MRP1-mediated drug resistance to TOP2 poisons etoposide (ETP) and doxorubicin (DOX) in H69AR cells and conferred CC50s comparable to those in the sensitive parental NCI-H69 cells. The sensitization was associated with boosted intracellular accumulation of ETP and DOX and elevated endogenous GSH. Moreover, ZW-1226 showed potential to occupy the leukotriene C4 binding site in molecular docking with bovine MRP1, presumably with the help of GSH. Lastly, ZW-1226 exhibited high tissue to plasma partitions in mice but did not alter ETP distribution to normal tissues, suggesting it could be a viable lead with desirable pharmacokinetic properties to warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakia Belhadj
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Thamina Akther
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Zhengqiang Wang
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jiashu Xie
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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2
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Belhadj Z, Offei S, Jacobson BA, Cambron D, Kratzke RA, Wang Z, Xie J. Cancer sensitizing effect of deazaflavin analogs is associated with increased intracellular drug accumulation. Eur J Pharm Sci 2024; 193:106686. [PMID: 38159687 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
As part of our efforts geared towards developing mechanism-based cancer sensitizing agents, we have previously synthesized and characterized novel deazaflavin analogs as potent tyrosyl DNA phosphodiesterase 2 (TDP2) inhibitors for combination treatments with topoisomerase II (TOP2) poisons. Interestingly, the sensitizing effect of a few analogs toward TOP2 poison etoposide (ETP) was associated with a significant increase in intracellular drug accumulation, which could be an alternative mechanism to boost the clinical efficacy of ETP in cancer chemotherapies. Hence, we evaluated more deazaflavin TDP2 inhibitors for their impact on drug retention in cancer cells. We found that all but one tested TDP2 inhibitors substantially increased the ETP retention in DT40 cells. Particularly, we identified an exceptionally potent analog, ZW-1226, which at 3 nM increased the intracellular ETP by 13-fold. Significantly, ZW-1226 also stimulated cellular accumulation of two other anticancer drugs, TOP2 poison teniposide and antifolate pemetrexed, and produced an effect more pronounced than those of ABC transporter inhibitors verapamil and elacridar in human leukemic CCRF-CEM cells toward ETP. Lastly, ZW-1226 potentiated the action of ETP in the sensitive human CCRF-CEM cells and a few resistant non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells, including H460 and H838 cells. Collectively, the results of this study strongly suggest that deazaflavin analog ZW-1226 could be an effective cancer sensitizing agent which warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakia Belhadj
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Samuel Offei
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Blake A Jacobson
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Daniel Cambron
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Robert A Kratzke
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Zhengqiang Wang
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jiashu Xie
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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3
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Salomatina OV, Kornienko TE, Zakharenko AL, Komarova NI, Achara C, Reynisson J, Salakhutdinov NF, Lavrik OI, Volcho KP. New Dual Inhibitors of Tyrosyl-DNA Phosphodiesterase 1 and 2 Based on Deoxycholic Acid: Design, Synthesis, Cytotoxicity, and Molecular Modeling. Molecules 2024; 29:581. [PMID: 38338326 PMCID: PMC10856758 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29030581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Deoxycholic acid derivatives containing various heterocyclic functional groups at C-3 on the steroid scaffold were designed and synthesized as promising dual tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1 and 2 (TDP1 and TDP2) inhibitors, which are potential targets to potentiate topoisomerase poison antitumor therapy. The methyl esters of DCA derivatives with benzothiazole or benzimidazole moieties at C-3 demonstrated promising inhibitory activity in vitro against TDP1 with IC50 values in the submicromolar range. Furthermore, methyl esters 4d-e, as well as their acid counterparts 3d-e, inhibited the phosphodiesterase activity of both TDP1 and TDP2. The combinations of compounds 3d-e and 4d-e with low-toxic concentrations of antitumor drugs topotecan and etoposide showed significantly greater cytotoxicity than the compounds alone. The docking of the derivatives into the binding sites of TDP1 and TDP2 predicted plausible binding modes of the DCA derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana V. Salomatina
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, SB RAS, 9, Lavrent’ev Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (O.V.S.); (N.I.K.); (N.F.S.)
| | - Tatyana E. Kornienko
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, SB RAS, 8, Lavrent’ev Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (T.E.K.); (A.L.Z.); (O.I.L.)
| | - Alexandra L. Zakharenko
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, SB RAS, 8, Lavrent’ev Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (T.E.K.); (A.L.Z.); (O.I.L.)
| | - Nina I. Komarova
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, SB RAS, 9, Lavrent’ev Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (O.V.S.); (N.I.K.); (N.F.S.)
| | - Chigozie Achara
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Hornbeam Building, Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK; (C.A.); (J.R.)
| | - Jóhannes Reynisson
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Hornbeam Building, Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK; (C.A.); (J.R.)
| | - Nariman F. Salakhutdinov
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, SB RAS, 9, Lavrent’ev Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (O.V.S.); (N.I.K.); (N.F.S.)
| | - Olga I. Lavrik
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, SB RAS, 8, Lavrent’ev Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (T.E.K.); (A.L.Z.); (O.I.L.)
| | - Konstantin P. Volcho
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, SB RAS, 9, Lavrent’ev Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (O.V.S.); (N.I.K.); (N.F.S.)
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4
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Shu J, Jiang J, Wang X, Yang X, Zhao G, Cai T. MDM2 provides TOP2 poison resistance by promoting proteolysis of TOP2βcc in a p53-independent manner. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:83. [PMID: 38263255 PMCID: PMC10806188 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06474-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
DNA topoisomerase II (TOP2) is an enzyme that performs a critical function in manipulating DNA topology during replication, transcription, and chromosomal compaction by forming a vital intermediate known as the TOP2-DNA cleavage complex (TOP2cc). Although the TOP2cc is often transient, stabilization can be achieved by TOP2 poisons, a family of anti-cancer chemotherapeutic agents targeting TOP2, such as etoposide (VP-16), and then induce double-strand breaks (DSBs) in cellular DNA. TOP2cc first needs to be proteolyzed before it can be processed by TDP2 for the removal of these protein adducts and to produce clean DNA ends necessary for proper repair. However, the mechanism by which TOP2βcc is proteolyzed has not been thoroughly studied. In this study, we report that after exposure to VP-16, MDM2, a RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligase, attaches to TOP2β and initiates polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Mechanistically, during exposure to VP-16, TOP2β binds to DNA to form TOP2βcc, which promotes MDM2 binding and subsequent TOP2β ubiquitination and degradation, and results in a decrease in TOP2βcc levels. Biologically, MDM2 inactivation abrogates TOP2β degradation, stabilizes TOP2βcc, and subsequently increases the number of TOP2β-concealed DSBs, resulting in the rapid death of cancer cells via the apoptotic process. Furthermore, we demonstrate the combination activity of VP-16 and RG7112, an MDM2 inhibitor, in the xenograft tumor model and in situ lung cancer mouse model. Taken together, the results of our research reveal an underlying mechanism by which MDM2 promotes cancer cell survival in the presence of TOP2 poisons by activating proteolysis of TOP2βcc in a p53-independent manner, and provides a rationale for the combination of MDM2 inhibitors with TOP2 poisons for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Shu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Ningbo No.2 Hospital, Ningbo, 315010, Zhejiang, China
- Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinni Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Ningbo No.2 Hospital, Ningbo, 315010, Zhejiang, China
- Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaofang Wang
- Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuejie Yang
- Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guofang Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Ningbo No.2 Hospital, Ningbo, 315010, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Ting Cai
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Ningbo No.2 Hospital, Ningbo, 315010, Zhejiang, China.
- Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315000, Zhejiang, China.
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Shimizu N, Hamada Y, Morozumi R, Yamamoto J, Iwai S, Sugiyama KI, Ide H, Tsuda M. Repair of topoisomerase 1-induced DNA damage by tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 2 (TDP2) is dependent on its magnesium binding. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104988. [PMID: 37392847 PMCID: PMC10407441 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Topoisomerases are enzymes that relax DNA supercoiling during replication and transcription. Camptothecin, a topoisomerase 1 (TOP1) inhibitor, and its analogs trap TOP1 at the 3'-end of DNA as a DNA-bound intermediate, resulting in DNA damage that can kill cells. Drugs with this mechanism of action are widely used to treat cancers. It has previously been shown that tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1 (TDP1) repairs TOP1-induced DNA damage generated by camptothecin. In addition, tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 2 (TDP2) plays critical roles in repairing topoisomerase 2 (TOP2)-induced DNA damage at the 5'-end of DNA and in promoting the repair of TOP1-induced DNA damage in the absence of TDP1. However, the catalytic mechanism by which TDP2 processes TOP1-induced DNA damage has not been elucidated. In this study, we found that a similar catalytic mechanism underlies the repair of TOP1- and TOP2-induced DNA damage by TDP2, with Mg2+-TDP2 binding playing a role in both repair mechanisms. We show chain-terminating nucleoside analogs are incorporated into DNA at the 3'-end and abort DNA replication to kill cells. Furthermore, we found that Mg2+-TDP2 binding also contributes to the repair of incorporated chain-terminating nucleoside analogs. Overall, these findings reveal the role played by Mg2+-TDP2 binding in the repair of both 3'- and 5'-blocking DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Shimizu
- Program of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yusaku Hamada
- Program of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Morozumi
- Program of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Junpei Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigenori Iwai
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kei-Ichi Sugiyama
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ide
- Program of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan.
| | - Masataka Tsuda
- Program of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan; Program of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan; Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan.
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6
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Jin N, Kan CM, Pei XM, Cheung WL, Ng SSM, Wong HT, Cheng HYL, Leung WW, Wong YN, Tsang HF, Chan AKC, Wong YKE, Cho WCS, Chan JKC, Tai WCS, Chan TF, Wong SCC, Yim AKY, Yu ACS. Cell-free circulating tumor RNAs in plasma as the potential prognostic biomarkers in colorectal cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1134445. [PMID: 37091184 PMCID: PMC10115432 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1134445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundCell free RNA (cfRNA) contains transcript fragments from multiple cell types, making it useful for cancer detection in clinical settings. However, the pathophysiological origins of cfRNAs in plasma from colorectal cancer (CRC) patients remain unclear.MethodsTo identify the tissue-specific contributions of cfRNAs transcriptomic profile, we used a published single-cell transcriptomics profile to deconvolute cell type abundance among paired plasma samples from CRC patients who underwent tumor-ablative surgery. We further validated the differentially expressed cfRNAs in 5 pairs of CRC tumor samples and adjacent tissue samples as well as 3 additional CRC tumor samples using RNA-sequencing.ResultsThe transcriptomic component from intestinal secretory cells was significantly decreased in the in-house post-surgical cfRNA. The HPGD, PACS1, and TDP2 expression was consistent across cfRNA and tissue samples. Using the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) CRC datasets, we were able to classify the patients into two groups with significantly different survival outcomes.ConclusionsThe three-gene signature holds promise in applying minimal residual disease (MRD) testing, which involves profiling remnants of cancer cells after or during treatment. Biomarkers identified in the present study need to be validated in a larger cohort of samples in order to ascertain their possible use in early diagnosis of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Jin
- R&D, Codex Genetics Limited, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chau-Ming Kan
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiao Meng Pei
- Department of Applied Biology & Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wing Lam Cheung
- Department of Applied Biology & Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Simon Siu Man Ng
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Heong Ting Wong
- Department of Pathology, Kiang Wu Hospital, Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Hennie Yuk-Lin Cheng
- Department of Applied Biology & Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wing Wa Leung
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yee Ni Wong
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hin Fung Tsang
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | - Yin Kwan Evelyn Wong
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - William Chi Shing Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | - William Chi Shing Tai
- Department of Applied Biology & Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ting-Fung Chan
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sze Chuen Cesar Wong
- Department of Applied Biology & Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Allen Chi-Shing Yu, ; Aldrin Kay-Yuen Yim, ; Sze Chuen Cesar Wong,
| | - Aldrin Kay-Yuen Yim
- R&D, Codex Genetics Limited, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Allen Chi-Shing Yu, ; Aldrin Kay-Yuen Yim, ; Sze Chuen Cesar Wong,
| | - Allen Chi-Shing Yu
- R&D, Codex Genetics Limited, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Allen Chi-Shing Yu, ; Aldrin Kay-Yuen Yim, ; Sze Chuen Cesar Wong,
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Shu J, Wang X, Yang X, Zhao G. ATM inhibitor KU60019 synergistically sensitizes lung cancer cells to topoisomerase II poisons by multiple mechanisms. Sci Rep 2023; 13:882. [PMID: 36650267 PMCID: PMC9845372 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28185-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Type II topoisomerases (TOP2) poisons represent one class of the most successful and widely prescribed chemotherapeutics, which is frontline therapy for a myriad of systemic cancers and solid tumors, including lymphomas, leukemias, and lung cancer. Despite this, treatment with this class of drugs induces unwanted side effects (including cardiovascular morbidity and secondary malignancies). Additionally, the emergence of drug resistance also greatly compromises the clinical use of these drugs. To enhance therapeutic efficiency while lowering unwanted side effects, new insights into effective combination therapy are required. In this study we found that KU60019, a novel, and highly specific ATM kinase inhibitor interferes with the association of ATM with TOP2β and stabilizes TOP2β-DNA cleavage complex, thereby impairing the repair of TOP2 poison-induced DSBs and contributes to genome stability, leading to accelerated cell death. In H1299 as well as in A549 lung cancer cell lines, biologically, KU60019 combined with VP-16 (one of the TOP2 poisons) synergistically suppressed the growth of cells and survival and triggered a much higher apoptosis rate. In summary, we provide a proof-of-concept strategy that ATM inhibitors combined with TOP2 poison would synergistically suppresses lung cancer cell survival as well as reduce DNA damage responses, thus may lowering the possibility of cardiotoxicity and secondary malignancy linked to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Shu
- HwaMei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 41 Xibei Road, Ningbo, 315010, Zhejiang, China
- Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaofang Wang
- HwaMei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 41 Xibei Road, Ningbo, 315010, Zhejiang, China
- Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuejie Yang
- HwaMei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 41 Xibei Road, Ningbo, 315010, Zhejiang, China
- Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guofang Zhao
- HwaMei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 41 Xibei Road, Ningbo, 315010, Zhejiang, China.
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8
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Discovery, enantioselective synthesis of myrtucommulone E analogues as tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 2 inhibitors and their biological activities. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 238:114445. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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9
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The synthesis of furoquinolinedione and isoxazoloquinolinedione derivatives as selective Tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 2 (TDP2) inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2021; 111:104881. [PMID: 33839584 PMCID: PMC9893515 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Based on our previous study on the development of the furoquinolinedione and isoxazoloquinolinedione TDP2 inhibitors, the further structure-activity relationship (SAR) was studied in this work. A series of furoquinolinedione and isoxazoloquinolinedione derivatives were synthesized and tested for enzyme inhibitions. Enzyme-based assays indicated that isoxazoloquinolinedione derivatives selectively showed high TDP2 inhibitory activity at sub-micromolar range, as well as furoquinolinedione derivatives at low micromolar range. The most potent 3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)isoxazolo[4,5-g]quinoline-4,9-dione (70) showed TDP2 inhibitory activity with IC50 of 0.46 ± 0.15 μM. This work will facilitate future efforts for the discovery of isoxazoloquinolinedione TDP2 selective inhibitors.
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10
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4-Benzylideneisoquinoline-1,3( 2H, 4H)-diones as tyrosyl DNA phosphodiesterase 2 (TDP2) inhibitors. Med Chem Res 2021; 30:371-386. [PMID: 33776385 DOI: 10.1007/s00044-020-02662-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 2 (TDP2) repairs topoisomerase II (Top2) mediated DNA damages, including double-strand breaks (DSBs) that underpin the anticancer mechanism of clinical TOP2 poisons such as etoposide (ETP). Inhibition of TDP2 could sensitize cancer cells toward TOP2 poisons by increasing Top2 cleavage complex. We have previously identified isoquinoline-1,3-dione as a selective inhibitor type of TDP2. However, the reported structure-activity relationship (SAR) was limited to simple substitutions on the isoquinoline-1,3-dione core. Herein, we report the extended SAR consisting of the synthesis and testing of a total of 50 analogs featuring N-2 and C-4 modifications. Major SAR observations include the loss of potency upon N-2 substitution, the lack of inhibition with C-4 enamine analogs (subtype 11), or any other C-4 modifications (subtypes 13-15) except for the benzylidene substitution (subtype 12), where eight analogs showed low micromolar potency. The best analog, 12q, inhibited TDP2 with an IC50 of 4.8 μM. Molecular modeling was performed to help understand the observed SAR trends. Overall, these SAR observations which could significantly benefit future work on the design of improved TDP2 inhibitors.
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11
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Huang SYN, Michaels SA, Mitchell BB, Majdalani N, Vanden Broeck A, Canela A, Tse-Dinh YC, Lamour V, Pommier Y. Exonuclease VII repairs quinolone-induced damage by resolving DNA gyrase cleavage complexes. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/10/eabe0384. [PMID: 33658195 PMCID: PMC7929499 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe0384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The widely used quinolone antibiotics act by trapping prokaryotic type IIA topoisomerases, resulting in irreversible topoisomerase cleavage complexes (TOPcc). Whereas the excision repair pathways of TOPcc in eukaryotes have been extensively studied, it is not known whether equivalent repair pathways for prokaryotic TOPcc exist. By combining genetic, biochemical, and molecular biology approaches, we demonstrate that exonuclease VII (ExoVII) excises quinolone-induced trapped DNA gyrase, an essential prokaryotic type IIA topoisomerase. We show that ExoVII repairs trapped type IIA TOPcc and that ExoVII displays tyrosyl nuclease activity for the tyrosyl-DNA linkage on the 5'-DNA overhangs corresponding to trapped type IIA TOPcc. ExoVII-deficient bacteria fail to remove trapped DNA gyrase, consistent with their hypersensitivity to quinolones. We also identify an ExoVII inhibitor that synergizes with the antimicrobial activity of quinolones, including in quinolone-resistant bacterial strains, further demonstrating the functional importance of ExoVII for the repair of type IIA TOPcc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shar-Yin N Huang
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Stephanie A Michaels
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Brianna B Mitchell
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nadim Majdalani
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Arnaud Vanden Broeck
- Integrated Structural Biology Department, IGBMC, UMR7104 CNRS, U1258 Inserm, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch 67404, France
| | - Andres Canela
- The Hakubi Center for Advanced Research, Radiation Biology Center, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yuk-Ching Tse-Dinh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Valerie Lamour
- Integrated Structural Biology Department, IGBMC, UMR7104 CNRS, U1258 Inserm, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch 67404, France
| | - Yves Pommier
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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12
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Gütschow M, Vanden Eynde JJ, Jampilek J, Kang C, Mangoni AA, Fossa P, Karaman R, Trabocchi A, Scott PJH, Reynisson J, Rapposelli S, Galdiero S, Winum JY, Brullo C, Prokai-Tatrai K, Sharma AK, Schapira M, Azuma YT, Cerchia L, Spetea M, Torri G, Collina S, Geronikaki A, García-Sosa AT, Vasconcelos MH, Sousa ME, Kosalec I, Tuccinardi T, Duarte IF, Salvador JAR, Bertinaria M, Pellecchia M, Amato J, Rastelli G, Gomes PAC, Guedes RC, Sabatier JM, Estévez-Braun A, Pagano B, Mangani S, Ragno R, Kokotos G, Brindisi M, González FV, Borges F, Miloso M, Rautio J, Muñoz-Torrero D. Breakthroughs in Medicinal Chemistry: New Targets and Mechanisms, New Drugs, New Hopes-7. Molecules 2020; 25:E2968. [PMID: 32605268 PMCID: PMC7412072 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25132968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Breakthroughs in Medicinal Chemistry [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gütschow
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Jean Jacques Vanden Eynde
- Formerly head of the Department of Organic Chemistry (FS), University of Mons-UMONS, 7000 Mons, Belgium;
| | - Josef Jampilek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - CongBao Kang
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 10 Biopolis Road, Chromos, 05-01, Singapore 138670, Singapore;
| | - Arduino A. Mangoni
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University and Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, Adelaide 5042, Australia;
- Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Paola Fossa
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy;
| | - Rafik Karaman
- Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem P.O. Box 20002, Palestine;
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Viadell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Andrea Trabocchi
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 13, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy;
| | - Peter J. H. Scott
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
| | - Jóhannes Reynisson
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK;
| | - Simona Rapposelli
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
- Interdepartmental Research Centre of Ageing Biology and Pathology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefania Galdiero
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Naples, Italy; (S.G.); (J.A.); (B.P.); (M.B.)
| | - Jean-Yves Winum
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM) UMR 5247 CNRS, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, CEDEX 05, 34296 Montpellier, France;
| | - Chiara Brullo
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Genoa, V.le Benedetto XV 3, I-16132 Genova, Italy;
| | - Katalin Prokai-Tatrai
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA;
| | - Arun K. Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Cancer Institute, CH72, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA;
| | - Matthieu Schapira
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, MaRS Centre, South Tower, 101 College St., Suite 700, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada;
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Yasu-Taka Azuma
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Division of Veterinary Science, Osaka Prefecture University Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, 1-58 Rinku-ohraikita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan;
| | - Laura Cerchia
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology “G. Salvatore” (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Mariana Spetea
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| | - Giangiacomo Torri
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche “G. Ronzoni”, via Giuseppe Colombo 81, 20133 Milano, Italy;
| | - Simona Collina
- Department of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology Section, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Athina Geronikaki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | | | - M. Helena Vasconcelos
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal;
- Cancer Drug Resistance Group-IPATIMUP-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho, 45, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Biological Sciences, FFUP-Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Emília Sousa
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências, Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
- Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Ivan Kosalec
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Tiziano Tuccinardi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Iola F. Duarte
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO—Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
| | - Jorge A. R. Salvador
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal;
| | - Massimo Bertinaria
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Torino, Italy;
| | - Maurizio Pellecchia
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA;
| | - Jussara Amato
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Naples, Italy; (S.G.); (J.A.); (B.P.); (M.B.)
| | - Giulio Rastelli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy;
| | - Paula A. C. Gomes
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Rita C. Guedes
- iMed.Ulisboa and Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Jean-Marc Sabatier
- Institute of NeuroPhysiopathology, UMR 7051, Faculté de Médecine Secteur Nord, 51, Boulevard Pierre Dramard-CS80011, CEDEX 15, 13344-Marseille, France;
| | - Ana Estévez-Braun
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica (CIBICAN), Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 Tenerife, Spain;
| | - Bruno Pagano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Naples, Italy; (S.G.); (J.A.); (B.P.); (M.B.)
| | - Stefano Mangani
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, DoE 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Rino Ragno
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Rome Center for Molecular Design, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - George Kokotos
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771 Athens, Greece;
| | - Margherita Brindisi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Naples, Italy; (S.G.); (J.A.); (B.P.); (M.B.)
| | - Florenci V. González
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Universitat Jaume I, 12080 Castelló, Spain;
| | - Fernanda Borges
- CIQUP/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre 1021/1055, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Mariarosaria Miloso
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Experimental Neurology Unit, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, MB, Italy;
| | - Jarkko Rautio
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland;
| | - Diego Muñoz-Torrero
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Tsuda M, Kitamasu K, Kumagai C, Sugiyama K, Nakano T, Ide H. Tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 2 (TDP2) repairs topoisomerase 1 DNA-protein crosslinks and 3'-blocking lesions in the absence of tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1 (TDP1). DNA Repair (Amst) 2020; 91-92:102849. [PMID: 32460231 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2020.102849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Topoisomerase I (TOP1) resolves DNA topology during replication and transcription. The enzyme forms an intermediate TOP1 cleavage complex (TOP1cc) through transient TOP1-DNA-protein crosslinks. Camptothecin is a frontline anticancer agent that freezes this reaction intermediate, leading to the generation of irreversible TOP1ccs that act as 3'-blocking lesions. It is widely accepted that TOP1cc is repaired via a two-step pathway involving proteasomal degradation of TOP1cc to the crosslinked peptide, followed by removal of the TOP1cc-derived peptide from DNA by tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1 (TDP1). In the present study, we developed an assay system to estimate repair kinetics of TOP1cc separately in the first and second steps, using monoclonal antibodies against the TOP1 protein and the TOP1 catalytic site peptide-DNA complex, respectively. Although TDP1-deficient (TDP1-/-) TK6 cells had normal kinetics of the first step, a delay in the kinetics of the second step was observed relative to that in wild-type cells. Tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 2 (TDP2) reportedly promotes the repair of TOP1-induced DNA damage in the absence of TDP1. The present assays additionally demonstrated that TDP2 promotes the second, but not the first, step of TOP1cc repair in the absence of TDP1. We also analyzed sensitivities of TK6 cells with deficiencies in TDP1 and/or TDP2 to agents that produce 3' -blocking lesions. These experiments showed that TDP1-/-TDP2-/- cells were more sensitive to the agents Azidothymidine (zidovudine), Cytarabine, Abacavir, Gemcitabine, and Trifluridine than TDP1-/- or TDP2-/- cells. Taken together, our findings confirm the roles of TDP2 in the repair of 3'-blocking lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Tsuda
- Program of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan.
| | - Kaito Kitamasu
- Program of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Chiho Kumagai
- Program of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Kazuya Sugiyama
- Program of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Nakano
- DNA Damage Chemistry Research Group, Institute for Quantum Life Science, National Institutes of Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 8-1-7 Umemidai, Kizugawa-shi, Kyoto 619-0215, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ide
- Program of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan.
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14
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Zhang HL, Zhang Y, Yan XL, Xiao LG, Hu DX, Yu Q, An LK. Secondary metabolites from Isodon ternifolius (D. Don) Kudo and their anticancer activity as DNA topoisomerase IB and Tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115527. [PMID: 32345458 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Based on DNA topoisomerase IB (TOP1) and tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1 (TDP1) inhibition of the ethanol extract of the roots of Isodon ternifolius (D. Don) Kudo (Labiatae), its secondary metabolites has been studied. Two new compounds, an ent-abietane diterpenoid isodopene A (1) and a 2,3-seco-triterpene isodopene B (13), along with 25 known compounds were isolated. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis and theoretical calculations. The enzyme-based assays indicated that 1 and 13 showed strong (+++) and moderate (++) TOP1 inhibition, respectively. Two chalcone derivatives 11 and 12 were firstly found as dual TDP1 and TOP1 natural inhibitors, and showed synergistic effect with the clinical TOP1 inhibitors topotecan in MCF-7 cells. Compounds 8, 16, and 22 acted as TOP1 catalytic inhibitors with equipotent TOP1 inhibition to camptothecin (++++). Compounds 7 and 8 exhibited significant cytotoxicity against MCF-7, A549, and HCT116 cells with GI50 values in the range of 2.2-4.8 μM. This work would provide valuable information that secondary metabolites from I. ternifolius could be developed as anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Li Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xue-Long Yan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Long-Gao Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - De-Xuan Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qian Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Clinical Pharmacy (School of Integrative Pharmacy, Institute of Integrative Pharmaceutical Research), Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Lin-Kun An
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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