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Tayyeb JZ, Mondal S, Anisur Rahman M, Kumar S, Bayıl I, Akash S, Hossain MS, Alqahtani T, Zaki MEA, Oliveira JIN. Identification of Helicobacter pylori-carcinogenic TNF-alpha-inducing protein inhibitors via daidzein derivatives through computational approaches. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18358. [PMID: 38693868 PMCID: PMC11063725 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is considered a class 1 carcinogen that is closely linked to infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), which affects over 1 million people each year. However, the major challenge to fight against H. pylori and its associated gastric cancer due to drug resistance. This research gap had led our research team to investigate a potential drug candidate targeting the Helicobacter pylori-carcinogenic TNF-alpha-inducing protein. In this study, a total of 45 daidzein derivatives were investigated and the best 10 molecules were comprehensively investigated using in silico approaches for drug development, namely pass prediction, quantum calculations, molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations, Lipinski rule evaluation, and prediction of pharmacokinetics. The molecular docking study was performed to evaluate the binding affinity between the target protein and the ligands. In addition, the stability of ligand-protein complexes was investigated by molecular dynamics simulations. Various parameters were analysed, including root-mean-square deviation (RMSD), root-mean-square fluctuation (RMSF), radius of gyration (Rg), hydrogen bond analysis, principal component analysis (PCA) and dynamic cross-correlation matrix (DCCM). The results has confirmed that the ligand-protein complex CID: 129661094 (07) and 129664277 (08) formed stable interactions with the target protein. It was also found that CID: 129661094 (07) has greater hydrogen bond occupancy and stability, while the ligand-protein complex CID 129664277 (08) has greater conformational flexibility. Principal component analysis revealed that the ligand-protein complex CID: 129661094 (07) is more compact and stable. Hydrogen bond analysis revealed favourable interactions with the reported amino acid residues. Overall, this study suggests that daidzein derivatives in particular show promise as potential inhibitors of H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jehad Zuhair Tayyeb
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, College of MedicineUniversity of JeddahJeddahSaudi Arabia
| | - Shibam Mondal
- Pharmacy Discipline, School of Life SciencesKhulna UniversityKhulnaBangladesh
| | | | - Swapon Kumar
- Department of PharmacyJahangirnagar UniversitySavarBangladesh
| | - Imren Bayıl
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational BiologyGaziantep UniversityGaziantepTurkey
| | - Shopnil Akash
- Department of PharmacyDaffodil International UniversityDhakaBangladesh
| | | | - Taha Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacology, College of PharmacyKing Khalid UniversityAbhaSaudi Arabia
| | - Magdi E. A. Zaki
- Department of Chemistry, College of ScienceImam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic UniversityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
| | - Jonas Ivan Nobre Oliveira
- Department of Biophysics and Pharmacology, Bioscience CenterFederal University of Rio Grande do NorteNatalBrazil
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2
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Shirani M, Pakzad R, Haddadi MH, Akrami S, Asadi A, Kazemian H, Moradi M, Kaviar VH, Zomorodi AR, Khoshnood S, Shafieian M, Tavasolian R, Heidary M, Saki M. The global prevalence of gastric cancer in Helicobacter pylori-infected individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:543. [PMID: 37598157 PMCID: PMC10439572 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08504-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori is a gastrointestinal pathogen that infects around half of the world's population. H. pylori infection is the most severe known risk factor for gastric cancer (GC), which is the second highest cause of cancer-related deaths globally. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the global prevalence of GC in H. pylori-infected individuals. METHODS We performed a systematic search of the PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases for studies of the prevalence of GC in H. pylori-infected individuals published from 1 January 2011 to 20 April 2021. Metaprop package were used to calculate the pooled prevalence with 95% confidence interval. Random-effects model was applied to estimate the pooled prevalence. We also quantified it with the I2 index. Based on the Higgins classification approach, I2 values above 0.7 were determined as high heterogeneity. RESULTS Among 17,438 reports screened, we assessed 1053 full-text articles for eligibility; 149 were included in the final analysis, comprising data from 32 countries. The highest and lowest prevalence was observed in America (pooled prevalence: 18.06%; 95% CI: 16.48 - 19.63; I2: 98.84%) and Africa (pooled prevalence: 9.52%; 95% CI: 5.92 - 13.12; I2: 88.39%). Among individual countries, Japan had the highest pooled prevalence of GC in H. pylori positive patients (Prevalence: 90.90%:95% CI: 83.61-95.14), whereas Sweden had the lowest prevalence (Prevalence: 0.07%; 95% CI: 0.06-0.09). The highest and lowest prevalence was observed in prospective case series (pooled prevalence: 23.13%; 95% CI: 20.41 - 25.85; I2: 97.70%) and retrospective cohort (pooled prevalence: 1.17%; 95% CI: 0.55 - 1.78; I 2: 0.10%). CONCLUSIONS H. pylori infection in GC patients varied between regions in this systematic review and meta-analysis. We observed that large amounts of GCs in developed countries are associated with H. pylori. Using these data, regional initiatives can be taken to prevent and eradicate H. pylori worldwide, thus reducing its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Shirani
- Toxicology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Reza Pakzad
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Ilam University Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | | | - Sousan Akrami
- Students' Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Arezoo Asadi
- Endocrine Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Kazemian
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Melika Moradi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Vahab Hassan Kaviar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Science, Ilam, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Rafati Zomorodi
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saeed Khoshnood
- Student Research Committee, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Shafieian
- Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Ronia Tavasolian
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Nutrition Science, University of Cheste, Chester, UK
| | - Mohsen Heidary
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran.
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran.
| | - Morteza Saki
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
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Zhang Q, Dan J, Meng S, Li Y, Li J. TLR4 inhibited autophagy by modulating PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in Gastric cancer cell lines. Gene 2023:147520. [PMID: 37257791 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors found on both immune and cancerous cells. Gastric cancer (GC) cells/tissues have been shown to exhibit elevated levels of TLR4. Here, we examined the role of TLR4 on autophagy and proliferation in GC cells. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blot (WB) were used to determine TLR4 levels at different stages of GC cells/tissues as well as the levels of autophagy-related proteins (ARPs) and determine the underlying signaling mechanism. Proliferation was assessed via the CCK-8 assay. The protein and mRNA levels of ARPs were elucidated, followed by estimating the involved signaling pathways. Our results demonstrated that the modulation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway resulted from autophagy inhibition/induction, which was induced by the overexpression and knockdown of TLR4. Thus, TLR4 played a vital role in GC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning Province, 121000, China
| | - Jun Dan
- Department of Geriatric, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning Province, 121000, China
| | - Shuang Meng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning Province, 121000, China
| | - Yingjie Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning Province, 121000, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning Province, 121000, China.
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Pan C, Ding Z, Dai J, Yang L, Wei Y, Wang X. CircSMARCA5
functions as a potential biomarker for clinicopathology and therapy in solid tumors: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. PRECISION MEDICAL SCIENCES 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/prm2.12100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
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5
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Pachuashvili NV, Nagornaya DP, Tertychnyi AS. [Metachronous tumors of the stomach in a patient with autoimmune gastritis]. Arkh Patol 2023; 85:57-61. [PMID: 36785963 DOI: 10.17116/patol20238501157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Stomach cancer continues to be a global health problem, ranking 5th among cancers and 4th among the causes of death from cancer in the world. Autoimmune atrophic gastritis is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by the production of antibodies to parietal cells and intrinsic factor, followed by atrophy of the mucous membrane of the body and fundus of the stomach. Chronic autoimmune inflammation can lead to damage to the genetic apparatus of the cell and trigger a multi-stage process of carcinogenesis. Our article presents an unusual case of three different gastric tumors, including adenocarcinoma with microsatellite instability, in a patient with autoimmune gastritis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - D P Nagornaya
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - A S Tertychnyi
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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6
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Sun J, Cao H, Wen T, Xu Z, Zhang X, Wang J, Zhu H. The bioinformatics analysis of CD59 in Helicobacter pylori infected gastric cancer. Cancer Biomark 2023; 38:27-35. [PMID: 37522198 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-230034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell surface molecules play important roles in cell signal transduction pathways during microbial infection. OBJECTIVE In this study, the expression and the functions of CD59 was investigated in H. pylori infected gastric cancer (GC). METHODS AND RESULTS The differential expression of CD59 and the influence of H. pylori on the expression of CD59 were analyzed via bioinformatics through Gene Set Enrichment in GC. In addition, the expression of CD59 in GES-1, AGS cells and GC tissues infected with H. pylori was confirmed by Western blot. Bioinformatics results and H. pylori infection experiments showed CD59 decreased obviously in H. pylori infected GC cells and tissues. The expression of CD59 was linked to the survival rate of GC patients, and influenced various immune cells in the immune microenvironment of GC. CD59 interacts with other genes to form a network in H. pylori infected GC. Certainly, CD59 decreased significantly in H. pylori infected GC tissues, GES-1 and AGS cells in vitro. CONCLUSION H. pylori infection could influence the expression of CD59 in GC indicating that CD59 may be a promising treatment target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Sun
- Department of Medical Service, Kunshan First People's Hospital, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Medical Service, Kunshan First People's Hospital, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui Cao
- Department of food safety and evaluation, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Medical Service, Kunshan First People's Hospital, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tingting Wen
- Department of Pharmacy, Kunshan First People's Hospital, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zi Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kunshan First People's Hospital, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kunshan First People's Hospital, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianjun Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kunshan First People's Hospital, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Backert S, Linz B, Tegtmeyer N. Helicobacter pylori-Induced Host Cell DNA Damage and Genetics of Gastric Cancer Development. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2023; 444:185-206. [PMID: 38231219 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-47331-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is a very serious and deadly disease worldwide with about one million new cases every year. Most gastric cancer subtypes are associated with genetic and epigenetic aberrations caused by chromosome instability, microsatellite instability or Epstein-Barr virus infection. Another risk factor is an infection with Helicobacter pylori, which also triggers severe alterations in the host genome. This pathogen expresses an extraordinary repertoire of virulence determinants that take over control of important host cell signaling functions. In fact, H. pylori is a paradigm of persistent infection, chronic inflammation and cellular destruction. In particular, H. pylori profoundly induces chromosomal DNA damage by introducing double-strand breaks (DSBs) followed by genomic instability. DSBs appear in response to oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory transcription during the S-phase of the epithelial cell cycle, which mainly depends on the presence of the bacterial cag pathogenicity island (cagPAI)-encoded type IV secretion system (T4SS). This scenario is closely connected with the T4SS-mediated injection of ADP-glycero-β-D-manno-heptose (ADP-heptose) and oncoprotein CagA. While ADP-heptose links transcription factor NF-κB-induced innate immune signaling with RNA-loop-mediated DNA replication stress and introduction of DSBs, intracellular CagA targets the tumor suppressor BRCA1. The latter scenario promotes BRCAness, a disease characterized by the deficiency of effective DSB repair. In addition, genetic studies of patients demonstrated the presence of gastric cancer-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in immune-regulatory and other genes as well as specific pathogenic germline variants in several crucial genes involved in homologous recombination and DNA repair, all of which are connected to H. pylori infection. Here we review the molecular mechanisms leading to chromosomal DNA damage and specific genetic aberrations in the presence or absence of H. pylori infection, and discuss their importance in gastric carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Backert
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Bodo Linz
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nicole Tegtmeyer
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
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8
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Mi C, Zhao Y, Ren L, Zhang D. Inhibition of MDFI attenuates proliferation and glycolysis of
Helicobacter pylori
‐infected gastric cancer cells by inhibiting Wnt/β‐catenin pathway. Cell Biol Int 2022; 46:2198-2206. [DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Mi
- Department of Gastroenterology The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an Shaanxi province China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an Shaanxi province China
| | - Li Ren
- Department of Gastroenterology The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an Shaanxi province China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an Shaanxi province China
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Mărginean CO, Meliț LE, Săsăran MO. Traditional and Modern Diagnostic Approaches in Diagnosing Pediatric Helicobacter pylori Infection. CHILDREN 2022; 9:children9070994. [PMID: 35883980 PMCID: PMC9316053 DOI: 10.3390/children9070994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is the most common bacterial infection worldwide, is usually acquired during childhood and is related to gastric carcinogenesis during adulthood. Therefore, its early proper diagnosis and subsequent successful eradication represent the cornerstones of gastric cancer prevention. The aim of this narrative review was to assess traditional and modern diagnostic methods in terms of H. pylori diagnosis. Several invasive and non-invasive methods were described, each with its pros and cons. The invasive diagnostic methods comprise endoscopy with biopsy, rapid urease tests, histopathological exams, cultures and biopsy-based molecular tests. Among these, probably the most available, accurate and cost-effective test remains histology, albeit molecular tests definitely remain the most accurate despite their high costs. The non-invasive tests consist of urea breath tests, serology, stool antigens and non-invasive molecular tests. Urea breath tests and stool antigens are the most useful in clinical practice both for the diagnosis of H. pylori infection and for monitoring the eradication of this infection after therapy. The challenges related to accurate diagnosis lead to a choice that must be based on H. pylori virulence, environmental factors and host peculiarities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Oana Mărginean
- Department of Pediatrics I, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, Gheorghe Marinescu Street No. 38, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania;
| | - Lorena Elena Meliț
- Department of Pediatrics I, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, Gheorghe Marinescu Street No. 38, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania;
- Correspondence:
| | - Maria Oana Săsăran
- Department of Pediatrics III, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, Gheorghe Marinescu Street No. 38, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania;
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10
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Helicobacter pylori promotes gastric cancer progression through the tumor microenvironment. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:4375-4385. [PMID: 35723694 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12011-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is a leading type of cancer. Although immunotherapy has yielded important recent progress in the treatment of GC, the prognosis remains poor due to drug resistance and frequent recurrence and metastasis. There are multiple known risk factors for GC, and infection with Helicobacter pylori is one of the most significant. The mechanisms underlying the associations of H. pylori and GC remain unclear, but it is well known that infection can alter the tumor microenvironment (TME). The TME and the tumor itself constitute a complete ecosystem, and the TME plays critical roles in tumor progression, metastasis, and drug resistance. H. pylori infection can act synergistically with the TME to cause DNA damage and abnormal expression of multiple genes and activation of signaling pathways. It also modulates the host immune system in ways that enhance the proliferation and metastasis of tumor cells, promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition, inhibit apoptosis, and provide energy support for tumor growth. This review elaborates myriad ways that H. pylori infections promote the occurrence and progression of GC by influencing the TME, providing new directions for immunotherapy treatments for this important disease. KEY POINTS: • H. pylori infections cause DNA damage and affect the repair of the TME to DNA damage. • H. pylori infections regulate oncogenes or activate the oncogenic signaling pathways. • H. pylori infections modulate the immune system within the TME.
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Evolution of Diagnostic Methods for Helicobacter pylori Infections: From Traditional Tests to High Technology, Advanced Sensitivity and Discrimination Tools. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12020508. [PMID: 35204598 PMCID: PMC8871415 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12020508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid diagnosis and treatment application in the early stages of H. pylori infection plays an important part in inhibiting the transmission of this infection as this bacterium is involved in various gastric pathologies such as gastritis, gastro-duodenal ulcer, and even gastric neoplasia. This review is devoted to a quick overview of conventional and advanced detection techniques successfully applied to the detection of H. pylori in the context of a compelling need to upgrade the standards of the diagnostic methods which are currently being used. Selecting the best diagnostic method implies evaluating different features, the use of one or another test depending on accessibility, laboratories equipment, and the clinical conditions of patients. This paper aims to expose the diagnosis methods for H. pylori that are currently available, highlighting their assets and limitations. The perspectives and the advantages of nanotechnology along with the concept of nano(bio)sensors and the development of lab-on-chip devices as advanced tools for H. pylori detection, differentiation, and discrimination is also presented, by emphasizing multiple advantages: simple, fast, cost-effective, portable, miniaturized, small volume of samples required, highly sensitive, and selective. It is generally accepted that the development of intelligent sensors will completely revolutionize the acquisition procedure and medical decision in the framework of smart healthcare monitoring systems.
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Abstract
Introduction Various types of cancers threaten human life. The role of bacteria in causing cancer is controversial, but it has been determined that the Helicobacter pylori infection is one of the identified risk factors for gastric cancer. Helicobacter pylori infection is highly prevalent, and about half of the world,s population is infected with it. Objective The aim of this study was the role of Helicobacter pylori in the development of gastric cancer. Method We obtained information from previously published articles. Results and Conclusion The bacterium has various virulence factors, including cytotoxin- associated gene A, vacuolating cytotoxin A, and the different outer membrane proteins that cause cancer by different mechanisms. These virulence factors activate cell signaling pathways such as PI3-kinase/Akt, JAK/STAT and Ras, Raf, and ERK signaling that control cell proliferation. Uncontrolled proliferation can lead to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Alipour
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Islamic Azad University, Babol Branch, Babol, Iran.
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