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Lan YZ, Wu Z, Chen WJ, Fang ZX, Yu XN, Wu HT, Liu J. Small nucleolar RNA and its potential role in the oncogenesis and development of colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2024; 30:115-127. [PMID: 38312115 PMCID: PMC10835520 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v30.i2.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) represent a class of non-coding RNAs that play pivotal roles in post-transcriptional RNA processing and modification, thereby contributing significantly to the maintenance of cellular functions related to protein synthesis. SnoRNAs have been discovered to possess the ability to influence cell fate and alter disease progression, holding immense potential in controlling human diseases. It is suggested that the dysregulation of snoRNAs in cancer exhibits differential expression across various cancer types, stages, metastasis, treatment response and/or prognosis in patients. On the other hand, colorectal cancer (CRC), a prevalent malignancy of the digestive system, is characterized by high incidence and mortality rates, ranking as the third most common cancer type. Recent research indicates that snoRNA dysregulation is associated with CRC, as snoRNA expression significantly differs between normal and cancerous conditions. Consequently, assessing snoRNA expression level and function holds promise for the prognosis and diagnosis of CRC. Nevertheless, current comprehension of the potential roles of snoRNAs in CRC remains limited. This review offers a comprehensive survey of the aberrant regulation of snoRNAs in CRC, providing valuable insights into the discovery of novel biomarkers, therapeutic targets, and potential tools for the diagnosis and treatment of CRC and furnishing critical cues for advancing research into CRC and the judicious selection of therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Zheng Lan
- The Breast Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zheng Wu
- The Breast Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wen-Jia Chen
- The Breast Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ze-Xuan Fang
- The Breast Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xin-Ning Yu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hua-Tao Wu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jing Liu
- The Breast Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China
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2
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Liu Y, Liu J, Peng N, Hai S, Zhang S, Zhao H, Liu W. Role of non-canonical post-translational modifications in gastrointestinal tumors. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:225. [PMID: 37777749 PMCID: PMC10544213 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-03062-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins contribute to the occurrence and development of tumors. Previous studies have suggested that canonical PTMs such as ubiquitination, glycosylation, and phosphorylation are closely implicated in different aspects of gastrointestinal tumors. Recently, emerging evidence showed that non-canonical PTMs play an essential role in the carcinogenesis, metastasis and treatment of gastrointestinal tumors. Therefore, we summarized recent advances in sumoylation, neddylation, isoprenylation, succinylation and other non-canonical PTMs in gastrointestinal tumors, which comprehensively describe the mechanisms and functions of non-classical PTMs in gastrointestinal tumors. It is anticipated that targeting specific PTMs could benefit the treatment as well as improve the prognosis of gastrointestinal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihong Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155# North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang City, 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jingwei Liu
- Department of Anus and Intestine Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Na Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155# North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang City, 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Shuangshuang Hai
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155# North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang City, 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Shen Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Haibo Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155# North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang City, 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Weixin Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155# North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang City, 110001, Liaoning Province, China.
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3
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c-Myc Protein Level Affected by Unsymmetrical Bisacridines Influences Apoptosis and Senescence Induced in HCT116 Colorectal and H460 Lung Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063061. [PMID: 35328482 PMCID: PMC8955938 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Unsymmetrical bisacridines (UAs) are highly active antitumor compounds. They contain in their structure the drugs previously synthesized in our Department: C-1311 and C-1748. UAs exhibit different properties than their monomer components. They do not intercalate to dsDNA but stabilize the G-quadruplex structures, particularly those of the MYC and KRAS genes. Since MYC and KRAS are often mutated and constitutively expressed in cancer cells, they can be used as therapeutic targets. Herein, we investigate whether UAs can affect the expression and protein level of c-Myc and K-Ras in HCT116 and H460 cancer cells, and if so, what are the consequences for the UAs-induced cellular response. UAs did not affect K-Ras, but they strongly influenced the expression and translation of the c-Myc protein, and in H460 cells, they caused its full inhibition. UAs treatment resulted in apoptosis, as confirmed by the morphological changes, the presence of sub-G1 population and active caspase-3, cleaved PARP, annexin-V/PI staining and a decrease in mitochondrial potential. Importantly, apoptosis was induced earlier and to a greater extent in H460 compared to HCT116 cells. Moreover, accelerated senescence occurred only in H460 cells. In conclusion, the strong inhibition of c-Myc by UAs in H460 cells may participate in the final cellular response (apoptosis, senescence).
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Debbarma S, Acharya PC. Targeting G-Quadruplex Dna For Cancer Chemotherapy. Curr Drug Discov Technol 2022; 19:e140222201110. [PMID: 35156574 DOI: 10.2174/1570163819666220214115408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The self-association of DNA formed by Hoogsteen hydrogen bonding comprises several layers of four guanine or G-tetrads or G4s. The distinct feature of G4s, such as the G-tetrads and loops, qualify structure-selective recognition by small molecules and various ligands and can act as potential anticancer therapeutic molecules. The G4 selective-ligands, can influence gene expression by targeting a nucleic acid structure rather than sequence. Telomere G4 can be targeted for cancer treatment by small molecules inhibiting the telomerase activity whereas c-MYC is capable of controlling transcription, can be targeted to influence transcription. The k-RAS is one of the most frequently encountered oncogenic driver mutations in pancreatic, colorectal, and lung cancers. The k-RAS oncogene plays important role in acquiring and increasing the drug resistance and can also be directly targeted by small molecules to combat k-RAS mutant tumors. Modular G4 ligands with different functional groups, side chains and rotatable bonds as well as conformation affect the binding affinity/selectivity in cancer chemotherapeutic interventions. These modular G4 ligands act by targeting the diversity of G4 loops and groves and assists to develop more drug-like compounds with selectivity. In this review, we present the recent research on synthetic G4 DNA-interacting ligands as an approach toward the discovery of target specific anticancer chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumanta Debbarma
- Department of Pharmacy, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar-799022, India
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5
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Uemura N, Hayashi H, Baba H. Statin as a therapeutic agent in gastroenterological cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2022; 14:110-123. [PMID: 35116106 PMCID: PMC8790423 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v14.i1.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Statins inhibit 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme of the mevalonate pathway, and are widely used as an effective and safe approach handle hypercholesterolemia. The mevalonate pathway is a vital metabolic pathway that uses acetyl-CoA to generate isoprenoids and sterols that are crucial to tumor growth and progression. Multiple studies have indicated that statins improve patient prognosis in various carcinomas. Basic research on the mechanisms underlying the antitumor effects of statins is underway. The development of new anti-cancer drugs is progressing, but increasing medical costs from drug development have become a major obstacle. Readily available, inexpensive and well-tolerated drugs like statins have not yet been successfully repurposed for cancer treatment. Identifying the cancer patients that may benefit from statins is key to improved patient treatment. This review summarizes recent advances in statin research in cancer and suggests important considerations for the clinical use of statins to improve outcomes for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norio Uemura
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Hayashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Hideo Baba
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
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Ilter M, Kasmer R, Jalalypour F, Atilgan C, Topcu O, Karakas N, Sensoy O. Inhibition of mutant RAS-RAF interaction by mimicking structural and dynamic properties of phosphorylated RAS. eLife 2022; 11:79747. [PMID: 36458814 PMCID: PMC9762712 DOI: 10.7554/elife.79747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Undruggability of RAS proteins has necessitated alternative strategies for the development of effective inhibitors. In this respect, phosphorylation has recently come into prominence as this reversible post-translational modification attenuates sensitivity of RAS towards RAF. As such, in this study, we set out to unveil the impact of phosphorylation on dynamics of HRASWT and aim to invoke similar behavior in HRASG12D mutant by means of small therapeutic molecules. To this end, we performed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations using phosphorylated HRAS and showed that phosphorylation of Y32 distorted Switch I, hence the RAS/RAF interface. Consequently, we targeted Switch I in HRASG12D by means of approved therapeutic molecules and showed that the ligands enabled detachment of Switch I from the nucleotide-binding pocket. Moreover, we demonstrated that displacement of Switch I from the nucleotide-binding pocket was energetically more favorable in the presence of the ligand. Importantly, we verified computational findings in vitro where HRASG12D/RAF interaction was prevented by the ligand in HEK293T cells that expressed HRASG12D mutant protein. Therefore, these findings suggest that targeting Switch I, hence making Y32 accessible might open up new avenues in future drug discovery strategies that target mutant RAS proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Metehan Ilter
- Graduate School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul Medipol UniversityIstanbulTurkey
| | - Ramazan Kasmer
- Medical Biology and Genetics Program, Graduate School for Health Sciences, Istanbul Medipol UniversityIstanbulTurkey,Cancer Research Center, Institute for Health Sciences and Technologies (SABITA), Istanbul Medipol UniversityIstanbulTurkey
| | - Farzaneh Jalalypour
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci UniversityIstanbulTurkey
| | - Canan Atilgan
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci UniversityIstanbulTurkey
| | - Ozan Topcu
- Medical Biology and Genetics Program, Graduate School for Health Sciences, Istanbul Medipol UniversityIstanbulTurkey
| | - Nihal Karakas
- Medical Biology and Genetics Program, Graduate School for Health Sciences, Istanbul Medipol UniversityIstanbulTurkey,Department of Medical Biology, International School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol UniversityIstanbulTurkey
| | - Ozge Sensoy
- Department of Computer Engineering, School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul Medipol UniversityIstanbulTurkey,Regenerative and Restorative Medicine Research Center (REMER), Institute for Health Sciences and Technologies (SABITA), Istanbul Medipol UniversityIstanbulTurkey
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7
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Baviskar T, Momin M, Liu J, Guo B, Bhatt L. Target Genetic Abnormalities for the Treatment of Colon Cancer and Its Progression to Metastasis. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 22:722-733. [PMID: 33213339 DOI: 10.2174/1389450121666201119141015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal carcinogenesis involves various processes from the accumulation of genetic alterations to genetic and epigenetic modulations and chromosomal abnormalities. It also involves mutations in oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes. Genomic instability plays a vital role in CRC. Advances in modern biological techniques and molecular level studies have identified various genes involved in colorectal cancer (CRC). KRAS, BRAF, PI3K, and p53 genes play a significant role in different phases of CRC. Alteration of these genes leads to development or progression and metastasis colon cancer. This review focuses on the role of KRAS, BRAF, PI3KCA, and TP53 genes in carcinogenesis and their significance in various stages of CRC. It also provides insights on specific modulators acting on these genes. Further, this review discusses the mechanism of the pathways involving these genes in carcinogenesis and current molecules and treatment options under various stages of clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tushar Baviskar
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, India
| | - Munira Momin
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, India
| | - Jingwen Liu
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, United States
| | - Bin Guo
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, United States
| | - Lokesh Bhatt
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, India
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8
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Nussinov R, Jang H, Gursoy A, Keskin O, Gaponenko V. Inhibition of Nonfunctional Ras. Cell Chem Biol 2021; 28:121-133. [PMID: 33440168 PMCID: PMC7897307 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Intuitively, functional states should be targeted; not nonfunctional ones. So why could drugging the inactive K-Ras4BG12Cwork-but drugging the inactive kinase will likely not? The reason is the distinct oncogenic mechanisms. Kinase driver mutations work by stabilizing the active state and/or destabilizing the inactive state. Either way, oncogenic kinases are mostly in the active state. Ras driver mutations work by quelling its deactivation mechanisms, GTP hydrolysis, and nucleotide exchange. Covalent inhibitors that bind to the inactive GDP-bound K-Ras4BG12C conformation can thus work. By contrast, in kinases, allosteric inhibitors work by altering the active-site conformation to favor orthosteric drugs. From the translational standpoint this distinction is vital: it expedites effective pharmaceutical development and extends the drug classification based on the mechanism of action. Collectively, here we postulate that drug action relates to blocking the mechanism of activation, not to whether the protein is in the active or inactive state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Nussinov
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
| | - Hyunbum Jang
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Attila Gursoy
- Department of Computer Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Keskin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Vadim Gaponenko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
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9
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Savva L, Georgiades SN. Recent Developments in Small-Molecule Ligands of Medicinal Relevance for Harnessing the Anticancer Potential of G-Quadruplexes. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26040841. [PMID: 33562720 PMCID: PMC7914483 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
G-quadruplexes, a family of tetraplex helical nucleic acid topologies, have emerged in recent years as novel targets, with untapped potential for anticancer research. Their potential stems from the fact that G-quadruplexes occur in functionally-important regions of the human genome, such as the telomere tandem sequences, several proto-oncogene promoters, other regulatory regions and sequences of DNA (e.g., rDNA), as well as in mRNAs encoding for proteins with roles in tumorigenesis. Modulation of G-quadruplexes, via interaction with high-affinity ligands, leads to their stabilization, with numerous observed anticancer effects. Despite the fact that only a few lead compounds for G-quadruplex modulation have progressed to clinical trials so far, recent advancements in the field now create conditions that foster further development of drug candidates. This review highlights biological processes through which G-quadruplexes can exert their anticancer effects and describes, via selected case studies, progress of the last few years on the development of efficient and drug-like G-quadruplex-targeted ligands, intended to harness the anticancer potential offered by G-quadruplexes. The review finally provides a critical discussion of perceived challenges and limitations that have previously hampered the progression of G-quadruplex-targeted lead compounds to clinical trials, concluding with an optimistic future outlook.
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10
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Eisa-Beygi S, Vo NJ, Link BA. RhoA activation-mediated vascular permeability in capillary malformation-arteriovenous malformation syndrome: a hypothesis. Drug Discov Today 2020; 26:1790-1793. [PMID: 33358701 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Capillary malformation-arteriovenous malformation (CM-AVM) syndrome is a class of capillary anomalies that are associated with arteriovenous malformations and arteriovenous fistulas, which carry a risk of hemorrhages. There are no broadly effective pharmacological therapies currently available. Most CM-AVMs are associated with a loss of RASA1, resulting in constitutive activation of RAS signaling. However, protein interaction analysis revealed that RASA1 forms a complex with Rho GTPase-activating protein (RhoGAP), a negative regulator of RhoA signaling. Herein, we propose that loss of RASA1 function results in constitutive activation of RhoA signaling in endothelial cells, resulting in enhanced vascular permeability. Therefore, strategies aimed at curtailing RhoA activity should be tested as an adjunctive therapeutic approach in cell culture studies and animal models of RASA1 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahram Eisa-Beygi
- Department of Radiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
| | - Nghia Jack Vo
- Department of Radiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Department of Radiology, Pediatric Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Brian A Link
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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11
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Lee KY, Fang Z, Enomoto M, Gasmi-Seabrook G, Zheng L, Koide S, Ikura M, Marshall CB. Two Distinct Structures of Membrane-Associated Homodimers of GTP- and GDP-Bound KRAS4B Revealed by Paramagnetic Relaxation Enhancement. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:11037-11045. [PMID: 32227412 PMCID: PMC7395670 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202001758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
KRAS homo-dimerization has been implicated in the activation of RAF kinases, however, the mechanism and structural basis remain elusive. We developed a system to study KRAS dimerization on nanodiscs using paramagnetic relaxation enhancement (PRE) NMR spectroscopy, and determined distinct structures of membrane-anchored KRAS dimers in the active GTP- and inactive GDP-loaded states. Both dimerize through an α4-α5 interface, but the relative orientation of the protomers and their contacts differ substantially. Dimerization of KRAS-GTP, stabilized by electrostatic interactions between R135 and E168, favors an orientation on the membrane that promotes accessibility of the effector-binding site. Remarkably, "cross"-dimerization between GTP- and GDP-bound KRAS molecules is unfavorable. These models provide a platform to elucidate the structural basis of RAF activation by RAS and to develop inhibitors that can disrupt the KRAS dimerization. The methodology is applicable to many other farnesylated small GTPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Young Lee
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Zhenhao Fang
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Masahiro Enomoto
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | | | - Le Zheng
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Shohei Koide
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, and Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Mitsuhiko Ikura
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Christopher B Marshall
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
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12
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Lee K, Fang Z, Enomoto M, Gasmi‐Seabrook G, Zheng L, Koide S, Ikura M, Marshall CB. Two Distinct Structures of Membrane‐Associated Homodimers of GTP‐ and GDP‐Bound KRAS4B Revealed by Paramagnetic Relaxation Enhancement. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202001758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ki‐Young Lee
- Princess Margaret Cancer CentreUniversity Health Network Toronto Ontario M5G 1L7 Canada
| | - Zhenhao Fang
- Princess Margaret Cancer CentreUniversity Health Network Toronto Ontario M5G 1L7 Canada
| | - Masahiro Enomoto
- Princess Margaret Cancer CentreUniversity Health Network Toronto Ontario M5G 1L7 Canada
| | | | - Le Zheng
- Princess Margaret Cancer CentreUniversity Health Network Toronto Ontario M5G 1L7 Canada
| | - Shohei Koide
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular PharmacologyNew York University School of Medicine, and Perlmutter Cancer CenterNew York University Langone Health New York NY 10016 USA
| | - Mitsuhiko Ikura
- Princess Margaret Cancer CentreUniversity Health Network Toronto Ontario M5G 1L7 Canada
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13
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Fong W, To KKW. Drug repurposing to overcome resistance to various therapies for colorectal cancer. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:3383-3406. [PMID: 31087119 PMCID: PMC11105507 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03134-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Emergence of novel treatment modalities provides effective therapeutic options, apart from conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy, to fight against colorectal cancer. Unfortunately, drug resistance remains a huge challenge in clinics, leading to invariable occurrence of disease progression after treatment initiation. While novel drug development is unfavorable in terms of time frame and costs, drug repurposing is one of the promising strategies to combat resistance. This approach refers to the application of clinically available drugs to treat a different disease. With the well-established safety profile and optimal dosing of these approved drugs, their combination with current cancer therapy is suggested to provide an economical, safe and efficacious approach to overcome drug resistance and prolong patient survival. Here, we review both preclinical and clinical efficacy, as well as cellular mechanisms, of some extensively studied repurposed drugs, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, statins, metformin, chloroquine, disulfiram, niclosamide, zoledronic acid and angiotensin receptor blockers. The three major treatment modalities in the management of colorectal cancer, namely classical cytotoxic chemotherapy, molecular targeted therapy and immunotherapy, are covered in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winnie Fong
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Room 801N, Lo Kwee-Seong Integrated Biomedical Sciences Building, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Area 39, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kenneth K W To
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Room 801N, Lo Kwee-Seong Integrated Biomedical Sciences Building, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Area 39, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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14
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Ni D, Li X, He X, Zhang H, Zhang J, Lu S. Drugging K-Ras G12C through covalent inhibitors: Mission possible? Pharmacol Ther 2019; 202:1-17. [PMID: 31233765 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ras, whose mutants are present in approximately 30% of human tumours, is one of the most important oncogenes. Drugging Ras is thus regarded as the quest for the Holy Grail in cancer therapeutics development. Despite more than three decades of efforts, drug discovery targeting Ras constantly fails, rendering Ras undruggable, due to its smooth surface and picomolar affinity towards guanosine substrates. The most frequently mutated isoform of Ras is K-Ras, accounting for >85% of Ras-driven cancers, and one majority of them is the G12C mutation. Recent advances in structural biology shed light on drugging Ras, and one of the cutting-edge breakthroughs is the design of covalent G12C-specific inhibitors targeting the mutated cysteine. This type of inhibitor can be classified into substrate-competitive orthosteric inhibitors and non-competitive allosteric inhibitors. They display improved selectivity and enhanced potency due to their G12-specific and irreversible covalent binding nature. Thus, they represent a new hope for revolutionizing the conventional characterization of Ras as "undruggable" and pave a promising avenue for further drug discovery. Here, we provide comprehensive structural and medicinal chemical insights into K-Ras covalent inhibitors specific for the G12C mutant. We first present an in-depth analysis of the conformations of the inhibitor binding pockets. Then, all the latest covalent ligands selectively inhibiting K-RasG12C are reviewed. Finally, we examine the current challenges faced by this new class of anti-Ras inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duan Ni
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xinyi Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xinheng He
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Medicinal Bioinformatics Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Shaoyong Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Medicinal Bioinformatics Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
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15
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Asamitsu S, Obata S, Yu Z, Bando T, Sugiyama H. Recent Progress of Targeted G-Quadruplex-Preferred Ligands Toward Cancer Therapy. Molecules 2019; 24:E429. [PMID: 30682877 PMCID: PMC6384606 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A G-quadruplex (G4) is a well-known nucleic acid secondary structure comprising guanine-rich sequences, and has profound implications for various pharmacological and biological events, including cancers. Therefore, ligands interacting with G4s have attracted great attention as potential anticancer therapies or in molecular probe applications. To date, a large variety of DNA/RNA G4 ligands have been developed by a number of laboratories. As protein-targeting drugs face similar situations, G-quadruplex-interacting drugs displayed low selectivity to the targeted G-quadruplex structure. This low selectivity could cause unexpected effects that are usually reasons to halt the drug development process. In this review, we address the recent research on synthetic G4 DNA-interacting ligands that allow targeting of selected G4s as an approach toward the discovery of highly effective anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sefan Asamitsu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
| | - Shunsuke Obata
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
| | - Zutao Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
| | - Toshikazu Bando
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Sugiyama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Science (WPI-iCeMS) Kyoto University, Yoshida-Ushinomiyacho, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
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16
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Jang HJ, Kim HS, Kim JH, Lee J. The Effect of Statin Added to Systemic Anticancer Therapy: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized, Controlled Trials. J Clin Med 2018; 7:jcm7100325. [PMID: 30287761 PMCID: PMC6210992 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7100325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical studies have demonstrated that statins have anticancer properties and act in an additive or synergistic way when combined with anticancer therapy. We conducted this meta-analysis of randomized, controlled phase II or III trials to evaluate the effect of statins added to systemic anticancer therapy in patients with solid cancer. A systematic literature search was performed to identify all randomized trials that were designed to investigate the effect of statins in patients with cancer using PubMed, EMBASE, Google Scholar, and Web of Science (up to August 2018). From eight randomized controlled trials, 1760 patients were included in the pooled analyses of odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for grade 3–5 adverse events (AEs) and overall response rate (ORR) and hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% CIs for progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). The addition of statin to anticancer agents did not significantly increase the incidence of grade 3–5 AEs (OR = 1.03, 95% CI: 0.81–1.29, p = 0.78). However, the combination of statin and anticancer agents did not improve ORR (OR = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.77–1.20, p = 0.72) compared with that of anticancer therapy alone. In addition, statins added to systemic anticancer therapy failed to prolong PFS (HR = 0.99, 95% CI: 0.90–1.10, p = 0.92) and OS (HR = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.76–1.11, p = 0.52). In conclusion, this meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials does not support clinical benefits of statins added to systemic anticancer therapy in patients with solid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Joo Jang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dongtan Sacred-Heart Hospital, Hallym University Medical Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hwasung 18450, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea.
| | - Hyeong Su Kim
- Division of Hemato-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Medical Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07441, Korea.
| | - Jung Han Kim
- Division of Hemato-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Medical Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07441, Korea.
| | - Jin Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dongtan Sacred-Heart Hospital, Hallym University Medical Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hwasung 18450, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea.
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17
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Atsmon-Raz Y, Tieleman DP. Parameterization of Palmitoylated Cysteine, Farnesylated Cysteine, Geranylgeranylated Cysteine, and Myristoylated Glycine for the Martini Force Field. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:11132-11143. [PMID: 29144135 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b10175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral membrane proteins go through various post-translational modifications that covalently bind fatty acid tails to specific amino acids. These post-translational modifications significantly alter the lipophilicity of the modified proteins and allow them to anchor to biological membranes. Over 1000 different proteins have been identified to date that require such membrane-protein interactions to carry out their biological functions, including members of the Src and Ras superfamilies that play key roles in cell signaling and carcinogenesis. We have used all-atom simulations with the CHARMM36 force field to parameterize four of the most common post-translational modifications for the Martini 2.2 force field: palmitoylated cysteine, farnesylated cysteine, geranylgeranylated cysteine, and myristoylated glycine. The parameters reproduce the key features of clusters of configurations of the different anchors in lipid membranes as well as the water-octanol partitioning free energies of the anchors, which are crucial for the correct reproduction of the expected biophysical behavior of peripheral membrane proteins at the membrane-water interface. Implementation in existing Martini setup tools facilitates the use of the new parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Atsmon-Raz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Molecular Simulation, University of Calgary , 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - D Peter Tieleman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Molecular Simulation, University of Calgary , 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
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18
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Kerkour A, Marquevielle J, Ivashchenko S, Yatsunyk LA, Mergny JL, Salgado GF. High-resolution three-dimensional NMR structure of the KRAS proto-oncogene promoter reveals key features of a G-quadruplex involved in transcriptional regulation. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:8082-8091. [PMID: 28330874 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.781906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-canonical base pairing within guanine-rich DNA and RNA sequences can produce G-quartets, whose stacking leads to the formation of a G-quadruplex (G4). G4s can coexist with canonical duplex DNA in the human genome and have been suggested to suppress gene transcription, and much attention has therefore focused on studying G4s in promotor regions of disease-related genes. For example, the human KRAS proto-oncogene contains a nuclease-hypersensitive element located upstream of the major transcription start site. The KRAS nuclease-hypersensitive element (NHE) region contains a G-rich element (22RT; 5'-AGGGCGGTGTGGGAATAGGGAA-3') and encompasses a Myc-associated zinc finger-binding site that regulates KRAS transcription. The NEH region therefore has been proposed as a target for new drugs that control KRAS transcription, which requires detailed knowledge of the NHE structure. In this study, we report a high-resolution NMR structure of the G-rich element within the KRAS NHE. We found that the G-rich element forms a parallel structure with three G-quartets connected by a four-nucleotide loop and two short one-nucleotide double-chain reversal loops. In addition, a thymine bulge is found between G8 and G9. The loops of different lengths and the presence of a bulge between the G-quartets are structural elements that potentially can be targeted by small chemical ligands that would further stabilize the structure and interfere or block transcriptional regulators such as Myc-associated zinc finger from accessing their binding sites on the KRAS promoter. In conclusion, our work suggests a possible new route for the development of anticancer agents that could suppress KRAS expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelaziz Kerkour
- From the Université Bordeaux, INSERM, CNRS, ARNA laboratory, European Institute of Chemistry and Biology, U1212, UMR 5320, 2 Rue Robert Escarpit, 33000 Pessac, France and
| | - Julien Marquevielle
- From the Université Bordeaux, INSERM, CNRS, ARNA laboratory, European Institute of Chemistry and Biology, U1212, UMR 5320, 2 Rue Robert Escarpit, 33000 Pessac, France and
| | - Stefaniia Ivashchenko
- From the Université Bordeaux, INSERM, CNRS, ARNA laboratory, European Institute of Chemistry and Biology, U1212, UMR 5320, 2 Rue Robert Escarpit, 33000 Pessac, France and
| | - Liliya A Yatsunyk
- From the Université Bordeaux, INSERM, CNRS, ARNA laboratory, European Institute of Chemistry and Biology, U1212, UMR 5320, 2 Rue Robert Escarpit, 33000 Pessac, France and.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania 19081
| | - Jean-Louis Mergny
- From the Université Bordeaux, INSERM, CNRS, ARNA laboratory, European Institute of Chemistry and Biology, U1212, UMR 5320, 2 Rue Robert Escarpit, 33000 Pessac, France and
| | - Gilmar F Salgado
- From the Université Bordeaux, INSERM, CNRS, ARNA laboratory, European Institute of Chemistry and Biology, U1212, UMR 5320, 2 Rue Robert Escarpit, 33000 Pessac, France and
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19
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K-Ras stabilization by estrogen via PKCδ is involved in endometrial tumorigenesis. Oncotarget 2016; 6:21328-40. [PMID: 26015399 PMCID: PMC4673268 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogens are considered as a major risk factor of endometrial cancer. In this study, we identified a mechanism of tumorigenesis in which K-Ras protein is stabilized via estrogen signaling through the ER-α36 receptor. PKCδ was shown to stabilize K-Ras specifically via estrogen signaling. Estrogens stabilize K-Ras via inhibition of polyubiquitylation-dependent proteasomal degradation. Estrogen-induced cellular transformation was abolished by either K-Ras or PKCδ knockdown. The role of PKCδ in estrogen-induced tumorigenesis was confirmed in a mouse xenograft model by reduction of tumors after treatment with rottlerin, a PKCδ inhibitor. Finally, levels of PKCδ correlated with that of Ras in human endometrial tumor tissues. Stabilization of K-Ras by estrogen signaling involving PKCδ up-regulation provides a potential therapeutic approach for treatment of endometrial cancer.
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20
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Lu S, Jang H, Muratcioglu S, Gursoy A, Keskin O, Nussinov R, Zhang J. Ras Conformational Ensembles, Allostery, and Signaling. Chem Rev 2016; 116:6607-65. [PMID: 26815308 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ras proteins are classical members of small GTPases that function as molecular switches by alternating between inactive GDP-bound and active GTP-bound states. Ras activation is regulated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors that catalyze the exchange of GDP by GTP, and inactivation is terminated by GTPase-activating proteins that accelerate the intrinsic GTP hydrolysis rate by orders of magnitude. In this review, we focus on data that have accumulated over the past few years pertaining to the conformational ensembles and the allosteric regulation of Ras proteins and their interpretation from our conformational landscape standpoint. The Ras ensemble embodies all states, including the ligand-bound conformations, the activated (or inactivated) allosteric modulated states, post-translationally modified states, mutational states, transition states, and nonfunctional states serving as a reservoir for emerging functions. The ensemble is shifted by distinct mutational events, cofactors, post-translational modifications, and different membrane compositions. A better understanding of Ras biology can contribute to therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyong Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Universities E-Institute for Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine , Shanghai, 200025, China.,Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, National Cancer Institute , Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Hyunbum Jang
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, National Cancer Institute , Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | | | | | | | - Ruth Nussinov
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, National Cancer Institute , Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States.,Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Sackler School of Medicine, Sackler Institute of Molecular Medicine, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Universities E-Institute for Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine , Shanghai, 200025, China
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21
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Das SK, Menezes ME, Bhatia S, Wang XY, Emdad L, Sarkar D, Fisher PB. Gene Therapies for Cancer: Strategies, Challenges and Successes. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:259-71. [PMID: 25196387 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy, which involves replacement of a defective gene with a functional, healthy copy of that gene, is a potentially beneficial cancer treatment approach particularly over chemotherapy, which often lacks selectivity and can cause non-specific toxicity. Despite significant progress pre-clinically with respect to both enhanced targeting and expression in a tumor-selective manner several hurdles still prevent success in the clinic, including non-specific expression, low-efficiency delivery and biosafety. Various innovative genetic approaches are under development to reconstruct vectors/transgenes to make them safer and more effective. Utilizing cutting-edge delivery technologies, gene expression can now be targeted in a tissue- and organ-specific manner. With these advances, gene therapy is poised to become amenable for routine cancer therapy with potential to elevate this methodology as a first line therapy for neoplastic diseases. This review discusses recent advances in gene therapy and their impact on a pre-clinical and clinical level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swadesh K Das
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.,VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.,VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Mitchell E Menezes
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Shilpa Bhatia
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Xiang-Yang Wang
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.,VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.,VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Luni Emdad
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.,VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.,VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Devanand Sarkar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.,VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.,VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Paul B Fisher
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.,VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.,VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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22
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Safety and efficacy of the addition of simvastatin to cetuximab in previously treated KRAS mutant metastatic colorectal cancer patients. Invest New Drugs 2015; 33:1242-7. [PMID: 26386973 PMCID: PMC4648966 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-015-0285-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Cetuximab is registered for use in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients with RAS wild-type tumours only. Simvastatin blocks the mevalonate pathway and thereby interferes with the post-translational modification (prenylation) of KRAS. We hypothesize that the activitated KRAS pathway in KRAS mutant tumors can be inhibited by simvastatin rendering these tumors sensitive to the EGFR inhibitor cetuximab. Methods A Simon two-stage, single-arm, phase II study was performed to test the efficacy and safety of the addition of simvastatin to cetuximab in patients with a KRAS mutation in their CRC tumour who were previously treated with fluoropyrimidine, oxaliplatin and irinotecan based regimens. The primary endpoint was to test the percentage of patients alive and free from progression 12.5 weeks after the first administration of cetuximab. Our hypothesis was that at least 40 % was free from progression, comparable to, though slightly lower than in KRAS wild-type patients. Results Four of 18 included patients (22.2 %) were free from progression at the primary endpoint time. The time to progression in these 4 patients ranged from 20.3 to 47 weeks. Conclusion Based on the current study we conclude that the theoretical concept of KRAS modulation with simvastatin was not applicable in the clinic, as we were not able to restore sensitivity to cetuximab in CRC patients harbouring a somatic KRAS mutation.
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23
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Safety and efficacy of the addition of simvastatin to panitumumab in previously treated KRAS mutant metastatic colorectal cancer patients. Anticancer Drugs 2015; 26:872-7. [DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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24
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Brito H, Martins AC, Lavrado J, Mendes E, Francisco AP, Santos SA, Ohnmacht SA, Kim NS, Rodrigues CMP, Moreira R, Neidle S, Borralho PM, Paulo A. Targeting KRAS Oncogene in Colon Cancer Cells with 7-Carboxylate Indolo[3,2-b]quinoline Tri-Alkylamine Derivatives. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126891. [PMID: 26024321 PMCID: PMC4449006 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A guanine-rich strand within the promoter of the KRAS gene can fold into an intra-molecular G-quadruplex structure (G4), which has an important role in the regulation of KRAS transcription. We have previously identified indolo[3,2-b]quinolines with a 7-carboxylate group and three alkylamine side chains (IQ3A) as effective G4 stabilizers and promising selective anticancer leads. Herein we investigated the anticancer mechanism of action of these compounds, which we hypothesized due to stabilization of the G4 sequence in the KRAS promoter and subsequent down-regulation of gene expression. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS IQ3A compounds showed greater stabilization of G4 compared to duplex DNA structures and reduced KRAS promoter activity in a dual luciferase reporter assay. Moreover, IQ3A compounds showed high anti-proliferative activity in HCT116 and SW620 colon cancer cells (IC50 < 2.69 μM), without eliciting cell death in non-malignant HEK293T human embryonic kidney, and human colon fibroblasts CCD18co. IQ3A compounds significantly reduced KRAS mRNA and protein steady-state levels at IC50 concentrations, and increased p53 protein steady-state levels and cell death by apoptosis in HCT116 cells (mut KRAS, wt p53). Furthermore, KRAS silencing in HCT116 p53 wild-type (p53(+/+)) and null (p53(-/-)) isogenic cell lines induced a higher level of cell death, and a higher IQ3A-induced cell death in HCT116 p53(+/+) compared to HCT116 p53(-/-). CONCLUSIONS Herein we provide evidence that G4 ligands such as IQ3A compounds can target G4 motifs present in KRAS promoter, down-regulate the expression of the mutant KRAS gene through inhibition of transcription and translation, and induce cell death by apoptosis in colon cancer cell lines. Thus, targeting KRAS at the genomic level with G4 ligands may be a new anticancer therapy strategy for colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Brito
- Cell Function and Therapeutic Targeting Group, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Cláudia Martins
- Medicinal Chemistry Group, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Lavrado
- Medicinal Chemistry Group, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Eduarda Mendes
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Paula Francisco
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sofia A. Santos
- Medicinal Chemistry Group, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, United States of America
| | - Stephan A. Ohnmacht
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29/39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Nam-Soon Kim
- Medical Genomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 305-333, Republic of Korea
| | - Cecília M. P. Rodrigues
- Cell Function and Therapeutic Targeting Group, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rui Moreira
- Medicinal Chemistry Group, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Stephen Neidle
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29/39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Pedro M. Borralho
- Cell Function and Therapeutic Targeting Group, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
- * E-mail: (PMB); (AP)
| | - Alexandra Paulo
- Medicinal Chemistry Group, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
- * E-mail: (PMB); (AP)
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25
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Lavrado J, Brito H, Borralho PM, Ohnmacht SA, Kim NS, Leitão C, Pisco S, Gunaratnam M, Rodrigues CMP, Moreira R, Neidle S, Paulo A. KRAS oncogene repression in colon cancer cell lines by G-quadruplex binding indolo[3,2-c]quinolines. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9696. [PMID: 25853628 PMCID: PMC5382548 DOI: 10.1038/srep09696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
KRAS is one of the most frequently mutated oncogenes in human cancer, yet remaining undruggable. To explore a new therapeutic strategy, a library of 5-methyl-indolo[3,2-c]quinoline derivatives (IQc) with a range of alkyldiamine side chains was designed to target DNA and RNA G-quadruplexes (G4) in the promoter and 5′-UTR mRNA of the KRAS gene. Biophysical experiments showed that di-substituted IQc compounds are potent and selective KRAS G4 stabilizers. They preferentially inhibit the proliferation of KRAS mutant cancer cell lines (0.22 < IC50 < 4.80 μM), down-regulate KRAS promoter activity in a luciferase reporter assay, and reduce both KRAS mRNA and p21KRAS steady-state levels in mutant KRAS colon cancer cell lines. Additionally, IQcs induce cancer cell death by apoptosis, explained in part by their capacity to repress KRAS expression. Overall, the results suggest that targeting mutant KRAS at the gene level with G4 binding small molecules is a promising anticancer strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Lavrado
- Medicinal Chemistry Group, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Hugo Brito
- Cell Function and Therapeutic Targeting Group, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro M Borralho
- Cell Function and Therapeutic Targeting Group, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Stephan A Ohnmacht
- The School of Pharmacy, University College London. 29/39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Nam-Soon Kim
- Medical Genomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 305-333, Republic of Korea
| | - Clara Leitão
- The School of Pharmacy, University College London. 29/39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Sílvia Pisco
- The School of Pharmacy, University College London. 29/39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Mekala Gunaratnam
- The School of Pharmacy, University College London. 29/39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Cecília M P Rodrigues
- Cell Function and Therapeutic Targeting Group, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rui Moreira
- Medicinal Chemistry Group, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Stephen Neidle
- The School of Pharmacy, University College London. 29/39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra Paulo
- Medicinal Chemistry Group, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
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Statin use is not associated with improved progression free survival in cetuximab treated KRAS mutant metastatic colorectal cancer patients: results from the CAIRO2 study. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112201. [PMID: 25375154 PMCID: PMC4223044 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Statins may inhibit the expression of the mutant KRAS phenotype by preventing the prenylation and thus the activation of the KRAS protein. This study was aimed at retrospectively evaluating the effect of statin use on outcome in KRAS mutant metastatic colorectal cancer patients (mCRC) treated with cetuximab. Treatment data were obtained from patients who were treated with capecitabine, oxaliplatin bevacizumab ± cetuximab in the phase III CAIRO2 study. A total of 529 patients were included in this study, of whom 78 patients were on statin therapy. In patients with a KRAS wild type tumor (n = 321) the median PFS was 10.3 vs. 11.4 months for non-users compared to statin users and in patients with a KRAS mutant tumor (n = 208) this was 7.6 vs. 6.2 months, respectively. The hazard ratio (HR) for PFS for statin users was 1.12 (95% confidence interval 0.78-1.61) and was not influenced by treatment arm, KRAS mutation status or the KRAS*statin interaction. Statin use adjusted for covariates was not associated with increased PFS (HR = 1.01, 95% confidence interval 0.71-1.54). In patients with a KRAS wild type tumor the median OS for non-users compared to statin users was 22.4 vs. 19.8 months and in the KRAS mutant tumor group the OS was 18.1 vs. 14.5 months. OS was significantly shorter in statin users versus non-users (HR = 1.54; 95% confidence interval 1.06-2.22). However, statin use, adjusted for covariates was not associated with increased OS (HR = 1.41, 95% confidence interval 0.95-2.10). In conclusion, the use of statins at time of diagnosis was not associated with an improved PFS in KRAS mutant mCRC patients treated with chemotherapy and bevacizumab plus cetuximab.
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Poulogiannis G, Luo F, Arends MJ. RAS signalling in the colorectum in health and disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 19:1-9. [DOI: 10.3109/15419061.2011.649380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Liu W, Wang L, Yu YH, Wang XZ, Wu YM, Wu ZZ, Ouyang XN, Wang L. Detection of k-ras gene mutations in Chinese patients with colorectal cancer. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2011; 19:1367-1374. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v19.i13.1367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate k-ras gene mutations and to analyze their clinical significance in Chinese patients with colorectal cancer.
METHODS: A total of 280 surgical specimens taken from patients with colorectal cancer who were treated at Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Command between January 2008 and December 2009 and had complete clinical data were used in the study. Six k-ras gene mutations at codon 12 (35G>A, 35G>T, 35G>C, 34G>A, 34G>T, 34G>C) and one at codon 13 (38G>A) were detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (qPCR) and direct sequencing. A comparison of results obtained by the two methods was then performed.
RESULTS: The overall positive rate of k-ras gene mutations obtained by direct sequencing was 33.57% (94/280), and the positive rate of mutations at codon 12 [4.29% (12/280) for 35G>A, 0.36% (1/280) for 35G>T, 0.36% (1/280) for 35G>C, 2.86% (8/280) for 34G>A, 3.57% (10/280) for 34G>T, and 0.36% (1/280) for 34G>C] was 14.64% (41/280) and 7.5% (21/280) at codon 13. Of 94 patients who were demonstrated to have k-ras gene mutations by direct sequencing, 91 were confirmed by qPCR [sensitivity, 96.8% (91/94)]. Meanwhile, of 186 patients who were demonstrated to have no k-ras gene mutation by direct sequencing, 184 were confirmed by qPCR [specificity, 98.9% (184/186)]. The matching rate between the two methods was 98.2%. K-ras gene mutations were significantly associated with sex and age (both P < 0.05), but not with tumor site, differentiation, depth of invasion, TNM stage, lymph node metastasis, or distant metastasis (all P > 0.05).
CONCLUSION: A high proportion of k-ras gene mutations (33.57%) were detected in Chinese patients with colorectal cancer. qPCR may be an accurate, rapid and simple method for detection of k-ras gene mutations in patients with colorectal cancer. There was no significant correlation between k-ras gene mutations and biological behavior of colorectal cancer, though a higher rate of gene mutations were detected in female patients older than 60 years.
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