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Zhong S, Bai LP, Liu XD, Cai DY, Yau LF, Huang CQ, Zhang JQ, Lai KF, Zhong NS. Cough Inhibition Activity of Schisandra chinensis in Guinea Pigs. J Med Food 2021; 24:348-357. [PMID: 33861937 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2020.4824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic cough is very common in respiratory clinics, and no effective drugs are available. Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. (S. chinensis), an important traditional Chinese medicine, has been extensively prescribed for patients with a persistent cough. Preliminary research indicated that 95% ethanol extracts (EE) of S. chinensis showed remarkable antitussive activity in guinea pigs exposed to cigarette smoke (CS). To find out the antitussive ingredients of S. chinensis, EE was divided into four fractions according to the polarity: petroleum ether extract (PEE), ethyl acetate extract (ECE), n-butyl alcohol extract, and residue extract. The antitussive, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects of the four fractions were evaluated in a guinea pig model of cough hypersensitivity induced by CS exposure. Eighteen main constituents of the two effective fractions, PEE and ECE, were identified using ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography electronic spray ion time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The cough inhibition activities of compound 1, 3, 9, 10, 17 were evaluated on citric acid induced acute cough guinea pigs. The results showed that the antitussive activity of EE was almost all contained in PEE and ECE. The 16 major peaks in PEE were identified as 15 lignans (1-12 and 14-16) and 1 triterpene (compound 13), and 3 major peaks (1, 17, and 18) in ECE were also identified as lignans. Three doses of five compounds brought about a significant decrease in number of cough efforts (P < .01), and the cough inhibition rates were between 40.9% and 85.1%. Therefore, lignans are the antitussive ingredients of S. chinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Ping Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Die-Yi Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lee-Fong Yau
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Chu-Qin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ke-Fang Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nan-Shan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Shou JW, Zhang RR, Wu HY, Xia X, Nie H, Jiang RW, Shaw PC. Isolation of novel biflavonoids from Cardiocrinum giganteum seeds and characterization of their antitussive activities. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 222:171-176. [PMID: 29738848 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Seeds of Cardiocrinum giganteum var. yunnanense (Leichtlin ex Elwes) Stearn (Liliaceae), also known as Doulingzi, have been used as a folk substitute for conventional antitussive herb "Madouling" (Aristolochia species) to treat chronic bronchitis and pertussis. The active antitussive phytochemicals in C. giganteum seeds are not known. AIM OF THE STUDY The present work aims at isolating the active phytochemicals in C. giganteum seeds and confirming their antitussive effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS Active chemicals were isolated from C. giganteum seeds ethanol extract and identified their structures. Antitussive effects were evaluated with the cough frequency of guinea pigs exposed to citric acid. Electrical stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerve in guinea pigs was performed to differentiate the acting site of potential antitussives. RESULTS Two racemic biflavonoids (CGY-1 and CGY-2) were isolated from C. giganteum seeds. CGY-1 was identified as (S)-2″R,3″R- and (R)-2″S,3″S-dihydro-3″-hydroxyamentoflavone-7- methyl ether, which are new compounds and firstly isolated from C. giganteum seeds. Racemic CGY-2 was identified as (S)-2″R,3″R- and (R)-2″S,3″S-dihydro-3″-hydroxyamentoflavone. Both CGY-1 and CGY-2 could significantly inhibit coughs induced by inhalation of citric acid. Further, they acted on the peripheral reflex pathway to inhibit cough after electrical stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerve in guinea pigs. CONCLUSIONS These chemicals isolated from C. giganteum seeds showed good antitussive effects. The data provide scientific evidence to support the traditional use of C. giganteum seeds as an antitussive herbal medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wen Shou
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Rong-Rong Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Hoi-Yan Wu
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin R & D Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, PR China; Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Xue Xia
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Hong Nie
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Ren-Wang Jiang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China.
| | - Pang-Chui Shaw
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, PR China; Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin R & D Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, PR China; Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, PR China.
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Guo BB, Zhang YQ, Wang SF, Ding JS, Zhou WH. The Pharmacokinetics of Morphine and Codeine in Human Plasma and Urine after Oral Administration of Qiangli Pipa Syrup. J Forensic Sci 2017; 63:1221-1228. [PMID: 29148050 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Papaveris pericarpium, a natural source of morphine and codeine, is the principal active component in many antitussive traditional Chinese medicines. We herein report the first PK study of papaveris pericarpium in human plasma and urine following oral administration of single (15, 30, 60 mL) and multiple dose (15 mL) of Qiangli Pipa Syrup (MOR 0.1 mg/mL, COD 0.028 mg/mL) by monitoring morphine and codeine using a HPLC-MS/MS method. Their Tmax and t1/2 values are independent of dosages, while the AUC0-t linearly increased with higher dosages, indicating linear PK characteristics. AUC0-t increased obviously after multiple doses, indicating possible risk of accumulative toxicity. Urine studies suggested risks of positive opiate drug tests with a cutoff of 300 ng/mL, which lasted 6-14 h at different doses. These results provide important information for clinical safety, efficacy and rational drug use of Qiangli Pipa Syrup and also guide the related judicial expertise of its administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Bin Guo
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Yu-Qiao Zhang
- West China Second University Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Sheng-Feng Wang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China.,Department of Pharmacy, the Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Jin-Song Ding
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Wen-Hu Zhou
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
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Effects of Selective Inhibition of PDE4 by YM976 on Airway Reactivity and Cough in Ovalbumin-Sensitized Guinea Pigs. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 921:61-70. [DOI: 10.1007/5584_2016_237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Song Y, Su D, Lu T, Mao C, Ji D, Liu Y, Wei B, Fan R. Differential pharmacokinetics and the brain distribution of morphine and ephedrine constitutional isomers in rats after oral administration with Keke capsule using rapid-resolution LC-MS/MS. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:352-9. [PMID: 24318005 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Opioid and ephedra alkaloids known as the active ingredients for Keke capsule, which is used to treat coughs and bronchial asthma, could have potential adverse effects on the central nervous system. Therefore, an efficient, sensitive rapid-resolution LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of morphine, ephedrine, and pseudoephedrine in rat plasma and brain tissue homogenate has been developed. The method was validated in the plasma and brain tissue samples, showed good linearity over a wide concentration range (r(2) > 0.99). The intra- and interday assay variability was less than 15% for all analytes, and the accuracy was between -8.8 and 5.7%. The study provided the pharmacokinetics profiles and the brain regional distribution of the three active alkaloids after oral administration of Keke capsule. The results also indicated that significant difference in pharmacokinetics parameters of the epimers was observed between ephedrine and pseudoephedrine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggui Song
- The National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
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Song WJ, Chang YS, Morice AH. Changing the paradigm for cough: does 'cough hypersensitivity' aid our understanding? Asia Pac Allergy 2014; 4:3-13. [PMID: 24527404 PMCID: PMC3921869 DOI: 10.5415/apallergy.2014.4.1.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic cough is a common reason for patients to seek medication attention. Over the last few decades, we have experienced significant clinical success by applying the paradigm of 'evaluating and treating the causes for chronic cough'. However, we still ask ourselves 'what underlies chronic cough. Indeed in a considerable proportion of patients cough is idiopathic, or unexplained despite vigorous evaluation. Commonly associated conditions such as rhinitis, eosinophilic bronchitis, asthma, or gastroesophageal acidic reflux may not be fundamental to cough, and thus may be triggers rather than causes. The cardinal feature of chronic cough is persistent upregulation the cough reflex, which may be driven by complex interactions between biologic, neurologic, immunologic, genetic, comorbid, and environmental factors. We suggest the new paradigm 'cough hypersensitivity syndrome' should finally bring us further advances in understanding and management of chronic cough.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Jung Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Yoon-Seok Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 110-799, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 463-707, Korea
| | - Alyn H. Morice
- Cardiovascular and Respiratory Studies, Castle Hill Hospital, University of Hull, Hull York Medical School, Cottingham HU16 5JQ, UK
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McGarvey L. The difficult-to-treat, therapy-resistant cough: why are current cough treatments not working and what can we do? Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2013; 26:528-31. [PMID: 23685213 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 04/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Cough can persist despite exhaustive diagnostic and therapeutic effort and has been termed 'idiopathic' or 'unexplained' but perhaps 'difficult to treat' cough is a more appropriate description. In this article the reasons for poor treatment response are discussed. These include a lack of physician fidelity to management guidelines, patient non-adherence and the lack of effective medicines. A number of randomized controlled trials have been undertaken including low dose opiate therapy, the use of a speech pathology intervention, oral antibiotics and antidepressants. The success or otherwise of such interventions will be discussed. A number of approaches to deal with the problem of 'difficult to treat cough' will be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorcan McGarvey
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Health Sciences Building, Queens University Belfast, Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL Northern Ireland, UK.
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