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Okon A, Yang J, Giancola JB, Molina OJ, Sayers J, Cheah KM, Li Y, Strieter ER, Raines RT. Facile Access to Branched Multispecific Proteins. Bioconjug Chem 2024; 35:954-962. [PMID: 38879814 PMCID: PMC11254548 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.4c00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Approaches that leverage orthogonal chemical reactions to generate protein-protein conjugates have expanded access to bespoke chimeras. Although the literature is replete with examples of the semisynthesis of bispecific proteins, few methods exist for the semisynthesis of protein conjugates of higher complexity (i.e., greater than two-protein fusions). The recent emergence of trispecific cell engagers for immune cell redirection therapies necessitates the development of chemical methods for the construction of trispecific proteins that would otherwise be inaccessible via natural protein synthesis. Here, we demonstrate that 3-bromo-5-methylene pyrrolone (3Br-5MP) can be used to effect the facile chemical synthesis of trispecific peptides and proteins with exquisite control over the addition of each monomer. The multimeric complexes maintain epitope functionality both in human cells and upon immobilization. We anticipate that facile access to trispecific proteins using this 3Br-5MP will have broad utility in basic science research and will quicken the pace of research to establish novel, multimeric immune cell redirection therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniekan Okon
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jinyi Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - JoLynn B. Giancola
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Oscar J. Molina
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jessica Sayers
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Keith M. Cheah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yanfeng Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Eric R. Strieter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Ronald T. Raines
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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2
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Li M, Li J, Liu K, Zhang H. Artificial structural proteins: Synthesis, assembly and material applications. Bioorg Chem 2024; 144:107162. [PMID: 38308999 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Structural proteins have evolved over billions of years and offer outstanding mechanical properties, such as resilience, toughness and stiffness. Advances in modular protein engineering, polypeptide modification, and synthetic biology have led to the development of novel biomimetic structural proteins to perform in biomedical and military fields. However, the development of customized structural proteins and assemblies with superior performance remains a major challenge, due to the inherent limitations of biosynthesis, difficulty in mimicking the complexed macroscale assembly, etc. This review summarizes the approaches for the design and production of biomimetic structural proteins, and their chemical modifications for multiscale assembly. Furthermore, we discuss the function tailoring and current applications of biomimetic structural protein assemblies. A perspective of future research is to reveal how the mechanical properties are encoded in the sequences and conformations. This review, therefore, provides an important reference for the development of structural proteins-mimetics from replication of nature to even outperforming nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China; School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China.
| | - Kai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China; School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Engineering Research Center of Advanced Rare Earth Materials, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hongjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China; School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Engineering Research Center of Advanced Rare Earth Materials, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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3
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Ullah A, Shin G, Lim SI. Human serum albumin binders: A piggyback ride for long-acting therapeutics. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103738. [PMID: 37591409 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Human serum albumin (HSA) is the most abundant protein in the blood and has desirable properties as a drug carrier. One of the most promising ways to exploit HSA as a carrier is to append an albumin-binding moiety (ABM) to a drug for in situ HSA binding upon administration. Nature- and library-derived ABMs vary in size, affinity, and epitope, differentially improving the pharmacokinetics of an appended drug. In this review, we evaluate the current state of knowledge regarding various aspects of ABMs and the unique advantages of ABM-mediated drug delivery. Furthermore, we discuss how ABMs can be specifically modulated to maximize potential benefits in clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziz Ullah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; Gomal Centre of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29050, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Goeun Shin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; Nbios Inc, 7, Jukheon-gil, Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung In Lim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; Marine BioResource Co., Ltd., 365, Sinseon-ro, Nam-gu, Busan 48548, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Covarrubias CE, Rivera TA, Soto CA, Deeks T, Kalergis AM. Current GMP standards for the production of vaccines and antibodies: An overview. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1021905. [PMID: 36743162 PMCID: PMC9891391 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1021905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The manufacture of pharmaceutical products made under good manufacturing practices (GMP) must comply with the guidelines of national regulatory bodies based on international or regional compendia. The existence of this type of regulation allows pharmaceutical laboratories to count on the standardization of high-quality production processes, obtaining a safe product for human use, with a positive impact on public health. In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic highlights the importance of having more and better-distributed manufacturing plants, emphasizing regions such as Latin America. This review shows the most important GMP standards in the world and, in particular, their relevance in the production of vaccines and antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Consuelo E. Covarrubias
- Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Thomas A. Rivera
- Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Catalina A. Soto
- Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Trevor Deeks
- Deeks Pharmaceutical Consulting Services, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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5
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Hanaya K, Yamoto K, Taguchi K, Matsumoto K, Higashibayashi S, Sugai T. Single‐Step N‐Terminal Modification of Proteins via a Bio‐Inspired Copper(II)‐Mediated Aldol Reaction. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201677. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Hanaya
- Faculty of Pharmacy Keio University 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku Tokyo Japan
| | - Kaho Yamoto
- Faculty of Pharmacy Keio University 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku Tokyo Japan
| | - Kazuaki Taguchi
- Faculty of Pharmacy Keio University 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku Tokyo Japan
| | - Kazuaki Matsumoto
- Faculty of Pharmacy Keio University 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku Tokyo Japan
| | | | - Takeshi Sugai
- Faculty of Pharmacy Keio University 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku Tokyo Japan
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6
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Simultaneous heptamerization of nanobody and alkaline phosphatase by self-assembly and its application for ultrasensitive immunodetection of small molecular contaminants in agro-products. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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An albumin scaffold grafted with an alpha-helical motif delivers therapeutic payloads by modular coiled-coil assembly. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 205:376-384. [PMID: 35157904 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A short in vivo half-life of protein-based therapeutics often restricts successful clinical translation despite their promising efficacy in vitro. As a biocompatible half-life extender, human serum albumin (HSA) has proven effective in some cases. While genetic fusion is well-established for interlinking HSA and a protein payload, it is limited to structurally simple proteins, necessitating new strategies to expand the utility of HSA for delivery of therapeutic proteins. Here, we report a novel HSA variant (eHSA) as a modular and long-acting carrier compatible with any protein payload of interest. The assembly between eHSA and a payload was driven by a heterodimeric coiled-coil interaction in which a short α-helix grafted onto HSA specifically bound to a complementary α-helix genetically fused to a payload. We showed various proteins including tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), single-chain TRAIL, or green fluorescent protein could piggyback onto eHSA via simple mixing without losing native activity. Additionally, either in presence or absence of a payload, eHSA was found to retain the pH-dependent FcRn-binding behavior - a critical attribute for prolonged survival in the systemic circulation. These results demonstrate eHSA would serve as a modular platform capable of delivering various therapeutic proteins with potentially long in vivo half-lives.
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8
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Fatima SW, Khare SK. Benefits and challenges of antibody drug conjugates as novel form of chemotherapy. J Control Release 2021; 341:555-565. [PMID: 34906604 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) are an emerging therapeutic modality for targeted cancer treatment. They represent the unique amalgamation of chemotherapy and immunotherapy. ADCs comprise of monoclonal antibodies linked with drugs (payloads) through a chemical linker designed to deliver the cytotoxic moiety to the cancer cells. The present paper is a review of recent clinical advances of each component of ADCs (antibody/linker/payload) and how the individual component influences the activity of ADCs. The review discusses opportunities for improving ADCs efficiency and ways to have a better antibody-based molecular platform, which could substantially increase chemotherapy outcomes. This review casts an outlook on how ADCs enhancement in terms of their pharmacokinetics, therapeutic indexes and safety profiles can overcome the prevailing challenges like drug resistance in cancer treatment. A novel strategy of augmenting antibodies with nanoparticles anticipates a huge success in terms of targeted delivery of drugs in several diseases. Antibody conjugated nanoparticles (ACNPs) are a very promising strategy for the cutting-edge development of chemo/immunotherapies for efficient delivery of payloads at the targeted cancer cells. The avenues of a high drug to antibody ratio (DAR) owing to the selection of broad chemotherapy payloads, regulating drug release eliciting higher avidity of ACNPs over ADCs will be the modern immunotherapeutics. ACNPs carry immense potential to mark a paradigm shift in cancer chemotherapy that may be a substitute for ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syeda Warisul Fatima
- Enzyme and Microbial Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Sunil K Khare
- Enzyme and Microbial Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India.
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Hartmann RW, Pijnappel M, Nilvebrant J, Helgudottir HR, Asbjarnarson A, Traustadottir GA, Gudjonsson T, Nygren PÅ, Lehmann F, Odell LR. The Wittig bioconjugation of maleimide derived, water soluble phosphonium ylides to aldehyde-tagged proteins. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:10417-10423. [PMID: 34817496 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01155c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein we disclose the transformation of maleimides into water-soluble tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphonium ylides and their subsequent application in the bioconjugation of protein- and peptide-linked aldehydes. The new entry into Wittig bioconjugate chemistry proceeds under mild conditions and relies on highly water soluble reagents, which are likely already part of most biochemists' inventory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael W Hartmann
- Recipharm OT Chemistry, Virdings allé 16, 75450 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala Biomediciniska Centrum, Husargatan 3, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | | | - Johan Nilvebrant
- Department of Protein Science, Division of Protein Engineering, KTH School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biology and Health, AlbaNova Universitetscentrum, Roslagsvägen 30B, 10961 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hildur Run Helgudottir
- Stem Cell Research Unit, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Arni Asbjarnarson
- Stem Cell Research Unit, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Thorarinn Gudjonsson
- Stem Cell Research Unit, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Laboratory Hematology, Landspítali-University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Per-Åke Nygren
- Department of Protein Science, Division of Protein Engineering, KTH School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biology and Health, AlbaNova Universitetscentrum, Roslagsvägen 30B, 10961 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Lehmann
- Recipharm OT Chemistry, Virdings allé 16, 75450 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Luke R Odell
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala Biomediciniska Centrum, Husargatan 3, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Murray TV, Kozakowska-McDonnell K, Tibbles A, Taylor A, Higazi D, Rossy E, Rossi A, Genapathy S, Tamburrino G, Rath N, Tigue N, Lindo V, Vaughan T, Papworth MA. An efficient system for bioconjugation based on a widely applicable engineered O-glycosylation tag. MAbs 2021; 13:1992068. [PMID: 34781832 PMCID: PMC8604393 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.1992068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioconjugates are an important class of therapeutic molecules. To date, O-glycan-based metabolic glycoengineering has had limited use in this field, due to the complexities of the endogenous O-glycosylation pathway and the lack of an O-glycosylation consensus sequence. Here, we describe the development of a versatile on-demand O-glycosylation system that uses a novel, widely applicable 5 amino acid O-glycosylation tag, and a metabolically engineered UDP-galactose-4-eperimase (GALE) knock-out cell line. Optimization of the primary sequence of the tag enables the production of Fc-based proteins with either single or multiple O-glycans with complexity fully controlled by media supplementation. We demonstrate how the uniformly labeled proteins containing exclusively N-azido-acetylgalactosamine are used for CLICK chemistry-based bioconjugation to generate site-specifically fluorochrome-labeled antibodies, dual-payload molecules, and bioactive Fc-peptides for applications in basic research and drug discovery. To our knowledge, this is the first description of generating a site-specific O-glycosylation system by combining an O-glycosylation tag and a metabolically engineered cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adam Tibbles
- Biologics Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Annabel Taylor
- Biopharmaceutical Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Daniel Higazi
- Biopharmaceutical Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Emmanuel Rossy
- Biopharmaceutical Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alessandra Rossi
- Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolism, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Vivian Lindo
- Biopharmaceutical Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
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11
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Progress in Gynecologic Cancers with Antibody Drug Conjugates. Curr Oncol Rep 2021; 23:89. [PMID: 34125311 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-021-01080-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article provides a comprehensive review of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) under investigation in gynecologic cancers. The structure and function of ADCs are reviewed with a focus on clinical benefit as well as toxicity profiles. RECENT FINDINGS Several ADCs with various target antigens have been investigated in ovarian, cervical, and endometrial cancer. ADCs have consistently demonstrated favorable safety/tolerability profiles both as monotherapy and in combination therapy. In ovarian cancer, response rates have ranged from 9 to 46% for monotherapy with response rates as high as 83% in combination therapy. In patients with cervical cancer with progressive disease despite doublet therapy and bevacizumab, response rates as high as 24% have been observed. ADCs represent a rapidly evolving field of targeted therapy which have demonstrated notable clinical benefit both as monotherapy but also in combination therapy with an overall favorable toxicity profile. With continued refinement of the target biomarkers utilized, improved clinical benefit is likely to be observed.
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12
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Hofmann T, Krah S, Sellmann C, Zielonka S, Doerner A. Greatest Hits-Innovative Technologies for High Throughput Identification of Bispecific Antibodies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6551. [PMID: 32911608 PMCID: PMC7554978 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent years have shown a tremendous increase and diversification in antibody-based therapeutics with advances in production techniques and formats. The plethora of currently investigated bi- to multi-specific antibody architectures can be harnessed to elicit a broad variety of specific modes of actions in oncology and immunology, spanning from enhanced selectivity to effector cell recruitment, all of which cannot be addressed by monospecific antibodies. Despite continuously growing efforts and methodologies, the identification of an optimal bispecific antibody as the best possible combination of two parental monospecific binders, however, remains challenging, due to tedious cloning and production, often resulting in undesired extended development times and increased expenses. Although automated high throughput screening approaches have matured for pharmaceutical small molecule development, it was only recently that protein bioconjugation technologies have been developed for the facile generation of bispecific antibodies in a 'plug and play' manner. In this review, we provide an overview of the most relevant methodologies for bispecific screening purposes-the DuoBody concept, paired light chain single cell production approaches, Sortase A and Transglutaminase, the SpyTag/SpyCatcher system, and inteins-and elaborate on the benefits as well as drawbacks of the different technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Hofmann
- Advanced Cell Culture Technologies, Merck Life Sciences KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, D-64293 Darmstadt, Germany;
| | - Simon Krah
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, D-64293 Darmstadt, Germany; (S.K.); (C.S.); (S.Z.)
| | - Carolin Sellmann
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, D-64293 Darmstadt, Germany; (S.K.); (C.S.); (S.Z.)
| | - Stefan Zielonka
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, D-64293 Darmstadt, Germany; (S.K.); (C.S.); (S.Z.)
| | - Achim Doerner
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, D-64293 Darmstadt, Germany; (S.K.); (C.S.); (S.Z.)
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Abstract
Bispecific therapeutics target two distinct antigens simultaneously and provide novel functionalities that are not attainable with single monospecific molecules or combinations of them. The unique potential of bispecific therapeutics is driving extensive efforts to discover synergistic dual targets, design molecular formats to integrate bispecific elements, and accelerate successful clinical translation. In particular, the past decade has witnessed a boom in the design and development of bispecific antibody formats with more than 100 collections to date. Despite the remarkable progress that has been made to expand the number of formats, qualitative fine-tuning of bispecific formats is needed to achieve optimal dual-target engagement based on understanding of the spatiotemporal interdependence of the two physically linked binding specificities and the complex target biology associated with bispecific approaches. This review provides insights into the design parameters - including affinity, valency, and geometry - that need to be considered at an early stage of development in order to take the best advantage of bispecific therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung In Lim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Yongso-ro 45, Nam-gu, Busan, South Korea.
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