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Ye Q, Wang H, Xu F, Zhang S, Zhang S, Yang Z, Zhang L. Co-Mutations and Possible Variation Tendency of the Spike RBD and Membrane Protein in SARS-CoV-2 by Machine Learning. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4662. [PMID: 38731879 PMCID: PMC11083383 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Since the onset of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 variants capable of breakthrough infections have attracted global attention. These variants have significant mutations in the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein and the membrane (M) protein, which may imply an enhanced ability to evade immune responses. In this study, an examination of co-mutations within the spike RBD and their potential correlation with mutations in the M protein was conducted. The EVmutation method was utilized to analyze the distribution of the mutations to elucidate the relationship between the mutations in the spike RBD and the alterations in the M protein. Additionally, the Sequence-to-Sequence Transformer Model (S2STM) was employed to establish mapping between the amino acid sequences of the spike RBD and M proteins, offering a novel and efficient approach for streamlined sequence analysis and the exploration of their interrelationship. Certain mutations in the spike RBD, G339D-S373P-S375F and Q493R-Q498R-Y505, are associated with a heightened propensity for inducing mutations at specific sites within the M protein, especially sites 3 and 19/63. These results shed light on the concept of mutational synergy between the spike RBD and M proteins, illuminating a potential mechanism that could be driving the evolution of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiushi Ye
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (Q.Y.)
| | - He Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (Q.Y.)
| | - Fanding Xu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Sijia Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (Q.Y.)
| | - Shengli Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (Q.Y.)
| | - Zhiwei Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (Q.Y.)
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (Q.Y.)
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Li Z, Hasson A, Daggumati L, Zhang H, Thorek DLJ. Molecular Imaging of ACE2 Expression in Infectious Disease and Cancer. Viruses 2023; 15:1982. [PMID: 37896761 PMCID: PMC10610869 DOI: 10.3390/v15101982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a cell-surface receptor that plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Through the use of ligands engineered for the receptor, ACE2 imaging has emerged as a valuable tool for preclinical and clinical research. These can be used to visualize the expression and distribution of ACE2 in tissues and cells. A variety of techniques including optical, magnetic resonance, and nuclear medicine contrast agents have been developed and employed in the preclinical setting. Positron-emitting radiotracers for highly sensitive and quantitative tomography have also been translated in the context of SARS-CoV-2-infected and control patients. Together this information can be used to better understand the mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection, the potential roles of ACE2 in homeostasis and disease, and to identify potential therapeutic modulators in infectious disease and cancer. This review summarizes the tools and techniques to detect and delineate ACE2 in this rapidly expanding field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyao Li
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; (Z.L.); (A.H.); (H.Z.)
- Program in Quantitative Molecular Therapeutics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA;
| | - Abbie Hasson
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; (Z.L.); (A.H.); (H.Z.)
- Program in Quantitative Molecular Therapeutics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA;
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Lasya Daggumati
- Program in Quantitative Molecular Therapeutics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA;
- School of Medicine Missouri, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas, MO 64108, USA
| | - Hanwen Zhang
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; (Z.L.); (A.H.); (H.Z.)
- Program in Quantitative Molecular Therapeutics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA;
- Siteman Cancer Center, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Daniel L. J. Thorek
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; (Z.L.); (A.H.); (H.Z.)
- Program in Quantitative Molecular Therapeutics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA;
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Siteman Cancer Center, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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3
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Kaushik S, Paliwal SK, Iyer MR, Patil VM. Promising Schiff bases in antiviral drug design and discovery. Med Chem Res 2023; 32:1063-1076. [PMID: 37305208 PMCID: PMC10171175 DOI: 10.1007/s00044-023-03068-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Emerging and re-emerging illnesses will probably present a new hazard of infectious diseases and have fostered the urge to research new antiviral agents. Most of the antiviral agents are analogs of nucleosides and only a few are non-nucleoside antiviral agents. There is quite a less percentage of marketed/clinically approved non-nucleoside antiviral medications. Schiff bases are organic compounds that possess a well-demonstrated profile against cancer, viruses, fungus, and bacteria, as well as in the management of diabetes, chemotherapy-resistant cases, and malarial infections. Schiff bases resemble aldehydes or ketones with an imine/azomethine group instead of a carbonyl ring. Schiff bases have a broad application profile not only in therapeutics/medicine but also in industrial applications. Researchers have synthesized and screened various Schiff base analogs for their antiviral potential. Some of the important heterocyclic compounds like istatin, thiosemicarbazide, quinazoline, quinoyl acetohydrazide, etc. have been used to derive novel Schiff base analogs. Keeping in view the outbreak of viral pandemics and epidemics, this manuscript compiles a review of Schiff base analogs concerning their antiviral properties and structural-activity relationship analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Kaushik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, KIET School of Pharmacy, KIET Group of Institutions, Delhi-NCR, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh India
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Tonk, Rajasthan India
| | | | - Malliga R. Iyer
- Section on Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIAAA/NIH, Rockville, MD USA
| | - Vaishali M. Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, KIET School of Pharmacy, KIET Group of Institutions, Delhi-NCR, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh India
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4
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Matsuzaka Y, Yashiro R. Extracellular Vesicle-Based SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11030539. [PMID: 36992123 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11030539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Messenger ribonucleic acid (RNA) vaccines are mainly used as SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Despite several issues concerning storage, stability, effective period, and side effects, viral vector vaccines are widely used for the prevention and treatment of various diseases. Recently, viral vector-encapsulated extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been suggested as useful tools, owing to their safety and ability to escape from neutral antibodies. Herein, we summarize the possible cellular mechanisms underlying EV-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunari Matsuzaka
- Division of Molecular and Medical Genetics, The Institute of Medical Science, Center for Gene and Cell Therapy, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
- Administrative Section of Radiation Protection, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan
| | - Ryu Yashiro
- Administrative Section of Radiation Protection, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
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5
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González-Vázquez LD, Arenas M. Molecular Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:407. [PMID: 36833334 PMCID: PMC9956206 DOI: 10.3390/genes14020407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) produced diverse molecular variants during its recent expansion in humans that caused different transmissibility and severity of the associated disease as well as resistance to monoclonal antibodies and polyclonal sera, among other treatments. In order to understand the causes and consequences of the observed SARS-CoV-2 molecular diversity, a variety of recent studies investigated the molecular evolution of this virus during its expansion in humans. In general, this virus evolves with a moderate rate of evolution, in the order of 10-3-10-4 substitutions per site and per year, which presents continuous fluctuations over time. Despite its origin being frequently associated with recombination events between related coronaviruses, little evidence of recombination was detected, and it was mostly located in the spike coding region. Molecular adaptation is heterogeneous among SARS-CoV-2 genes. Although most of the genes evolved under purifying selection, several genes showed genetic signatures of diversifying selection, including a number of positively selected sites that affect proteins relevant for the virus replication. Here, we review current knowledge about the molecular evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in humans, including the emergence and establishment of variants of concern. We also clarify relationships between the nomenclatures of SARS-CoV-2 lineages. We conclude that the molecular evolution of this virus should be monitored over time for predicting relevant phenotypic consequences and designing future efficient treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Daniel González-Vázquez
- Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO), University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Immunology, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Miguel Arenas
- Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO), University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Immunology, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
- Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), 36310 Vigo, Spain
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Bhadane R, Salo-Ahen OMH. High-Throughput Molecular Dynamics-Based Alchemical Free Energy Calculations for Predicting the Binding Free Energy Change Associated with the Selected Omicron Mutations in the Spike Receptor-Binding Domain of SARS-CoV-2. Biomedicines 2022; 10:2779. [PMID: 36359299 PMCID: PMC9687918 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The ongoing pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has gone through various phases. Since the initial outbreak, the virus has mutated several times, with some lineages showing even stronger infectivity and faster spread than the original virus. Among all the variants, omicron is currently classified as a variant of concern (VOC) by the World Health Organization, as the previously circulating variants have been replaced by it. In this work, we have focused on the mutations observed in omicron sub lineages BA.1, BA.2, BA.4 and BA.5, particularly at the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein that is responsible for the interactions with the host ACE2 receptor and binding of antibodies. Studying such mutations is particularly important for understanding the viral infectivity, spread of the disease and for tracking the escape routes of this virus from antibodies. Molecular dynamics (MD) based alchemical free energy calculations have been shown to be very accurate in predicting the free energy change, due to a mutation that could have a deleterious or a stabilizing effect on either the protein itself or its binding affinity to another protein. Here, we investigated the significance of five spike RBD mutations on the stability of the spike protein binding to ACE2 by free energy calculations using high throughput MD simulations. For comparison, we also used conventional MD simulations combined with a Molecular Mechanics-Generalized Born Surface Area (MM-GBSA) based approach, and compared our results with the available experimental data. Overall, the alchemical free energy calculations performed far better than the MM-GBSA approach in predicting the individual impact of the mutations. When considering the experimental variation, the alchemical free energy method was able to produce a relatively accurate prediction for N501Y, the mutant that has previously been reported to increase the binding affinity to hACE2. On the other hand, the other individual mutations seem not to have a significant effect on the spike RBD binding affinity towards hACE2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Bhadane
- Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biochemistry, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Pharmacy, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Outi M. H. Salo-Ahen
- Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biochemistry, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Pharmacy, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
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7
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Lu D, Liu D, Wang X, Liu Y, Liu Y, Ren R, Pang G. Kinetics of Drug Molecule Interactions with a Newly Developed Nano-Gold-Modified Spike Protein Electrochemical Receptor Sensor. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:888. [PMID: 36291025 PMCID: PMC9599096 DOI: 10.3390/bios12100888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 a pandemic, and the spike protein has been reported to be an important drug target for anti-COVID-19 treatment. As such, in this study, we successfully developed a novel electrochemical receptor biosensor by immobilizing the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and using AuNPs-HRP as an electrochemical signal amplification system. Moreover, the time-current method was used to quantify seven antiviral drug compounds, such as arbidol and chloroquine diphosphate. The results show that the spike protein and the drugs are linearly correlated within a certain concentration range and that the detection sensitivity of the sensor is extremely high. In the low concentration range of linear response, the kinetics of receptor-ligand interactions are similar to that of an enzymatic reaction. Among the investigated drug molecules, bromhexine exhibits the smallest Ka value, and thus, is most sensitively detected by the sensor. Hydroxychloroquine exhibits the largest Ka value. Molecular docking simulations of the spike protein with six small-molecule drugs show that residues of this protein, such as Asp, Trp, Asn, and Gln, form hydrogen bonds with the -OH or -NH2 groups on the branched chains of small-molecule drugs. The electrochemical receptor biosensor can directly quantify the interaction between the spike protein and drugs such as abidor and hydroxychloroquine and perform kinetic studies with a limit of detection 3.3 × 10-20 mol/L, which provides a new research method and idea for receptor-ligand interactions and pharmacodynamic evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingqiang Lu
- College of Biotechnology & Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Danyang Liu
- College of Biotechnology & Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Xinqian Wang
- College of Biotechnology & Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Yujiao Liu
- College of Biotechnology & Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Yixuan Liu
- College of Biotechnology & Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Ruijuan Ren
- Tianjin Institute for Food Safety Inspection Technology, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Guangchang Pang
- College of Biotechnology & Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Tianjin 300134, China
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8
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Khan SA, Khan A, Zia K, Shawish I, Barakat A, Ul-Haq Z. Cheminformatics-Based Discovery of Potential Chemical Probe Inhibitors of Omicron Spike Protein. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810315. [PMID: 36142242 PMCID: PMC9498999 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past two decades, the world has witnessed the emergence of various SARS-CoV-2 variants with distinct mutational profiles influencing the global health, economy, and clinical aspects of the COVID-19 pandemic. These variants or mutants have raised major concerns regarding the protection provided by neutralizing monoclonal antibodies and vaccination, rates of virus transmission, and/or the risk of reinfection. The newly emerged Omicron, a genetically distinct lineage of SARS-CoV-2, continues its spread in the face of rising vaccine-induced immunity while maintaining its replication fitness. Efforts have been made to improve the therapeutic interventions and the FDA has issued Emergency Use Authorization for a few monoclonal antibodies and drug treatments for COVID-19. However, the current situation of rapidly spreading Omicron and its lineages demands the need for effective therapeutic interventions to reduce the COVID-19 pandemic. Several experimental studies have indicated that the FDA-approved monoclonal antibodies are less effective than antiviral drugs against the Omicron variant. Thus, in this study, we aim to identify antiviral compounds against the Spike protein of Omicron, which binds to the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor and facilitates virus invasion. Initially, docking-based virtual screening of the in-house database was performed to extract the potential hit compounds against the Spike protein. The obtained hits were optimized by DFT calculations to determine the electronic properties and molecular reactivity of the compounds. Further, MD simulation studies were carried out to evaluate the dynamics of protein–ligand interactions at an atomistic level in a time-dependent manner. Collectively, five compounds (AKS-01, AKS-02, AKS-03, AKS-04, and AKS-05) with diverse scaffolds were identified as potential hits against the Spike protein of Omicron. Our study paves the way for further in vitro and in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Ali Khan
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Alamgir Khan
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Komal Zia
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Ihab Shawish
- Department of Math and Sciences, College of Humanities and Sciences, Prince Sultan University, P.O. Box 66833, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia
| | - Assem Barakat
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (Z.U.-H.)
| | - Zaheer Ul-Haq
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (Z.U.-H.)
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Ding C, Ni S, Zhang X, Xie J, Sun Y, He J, Mei Q, Huang L, He H, Liu Z, Gao Y. Evaluation of humoral immune responses induced by different SARS-CoV-2 spike trimers from wild-type and emerging variants with individual, sequential, and combinational delivered strategies. J Med Virol 2022; 94:5841-5849. [PMID: 35986565 PMCID: PMC9538904 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The spike trimer of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an effective target for inducing neutralizing antibodies by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines. However, the diversity of spike protein from emerging SASR-CoV-2 variants has become the major challenge for development of a universal vaccine. To investigate the immunogenicity of spike proteins from various circulating strains including wild type, Delta, and Omicron variants, we produced various natural spike trimers and designed three vaccination strategies, that is, individual, sequential, and bivalent regimens to assess autologous and heterogenous antibody responses in a mouse model. The results indicated that monovalent vaccine strategy with individual spike trimer could only induce binding and neutralizing antibodies against homologous viruses. However, sequential and bivalent immunization with Delta and Omicron spike trimers could induce significantly broader neutralizing antibody responses against heterogenous SARS-CoV-2. Interestingly, the spike trimer from Omicron variant showed superior immunogenicity in inducing antibody response against recently emerging XE variant. Taken together, our data supported the development of novel vaccination strategies or multivalent vaccine against emerging variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengchao Ding
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhuiChina
| | - Shuangshuang Ni
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhuiChina
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhuiChina
| | - Jiajia Xie
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhuiChina
| | - Yong Sun
- Department of MicrobiologyAnhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and PreventionHefeiAnhuiChina
| | - Jun He
- Department of MicrobiologyAnhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and PreventionHefeiAnhuiChina
| | - Qingmin Mei
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhuiChina
| | - Lina Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhuiChina
| | - Hongliang He
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhuiChina
| | - Zhirong Liu
- Department of MicrobiologyAnhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and PreventionHefeiAnhuiChina
| | - Yong Gao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhuiChina
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