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Umar M, Rehman Y, Ambreen S, Mumtaz SM, Shaququzzaman M, Alam MM, Ali R. Innovative approaches to Alzheimer's therapy: Harnessing the power of heterocycles, oxidative stress management, and nanomaterial drug delivery system. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 97:102298. [PMID: 38604453 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) presents a complex pathology involving amyloidogenic proteolysis, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cholinergic deficits. Oxidative stress exacerbates AD progression through pathways like macromolecular peroxidation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and metal ion redox potential alteration linked to amyloid-beta (Aβ). Despite limited approved medications, heterocyclic compounds have emerged as promising candidates in AD drug discovery. This review highlights recent advancements in synthetic heterocyclic compounds targeting oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuroinflammation in AD. Additionally, it explores the potential of nanomaterial-based drug delivery systems to overcome challenges in AD treatment. Nanoparticles with heterocyclic scaffolds, like polysorbate 80-coated PLGA and Resveratrol-loaded nano-selenium, show improved brain transport and efficacy. Micellar CAPE and Melatonin-loaded nano-capsules exhibit enhanced antioxidant properties, while a tetra hydroacridine derivative (CHDA) combined with nano-radiogold particles demonstrates promising acetylcholinesterase inhibition without toxicity. This comprehensive review underscores the potential of nanotechnology-driven drug delivery for optimizing the therapeutic outcomes of novel synthetic heterocyclic compounds in AD management. Furthermore, the inclusion of various promising heterocyclic compounds with detailed ADMET (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity) data provides valuable insights for planning the development of novel drug delivery treatments for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Umar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, Pushp Vihar, New Delhi 110017, India
| | - Yasir Rehman
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Subiya Ambreen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, Pushp Vihar, New Delhi 110017, India
| | - Sayed Md Mumtaz
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Mohd Shaququzzaman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Mohammad Mumtaz Alam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Ruhi Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, Pushp Vihar, New Delhi 110017, India.
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Niwetmarin W, Saesian N, Saruengkhanphasit R, Eurtivong C, Thasana N, Ruchirawat S. Metal- and photocatalyst-free approach to visible-light-induced acylation of quinoxalinones. Org Biomol Chem 2024. [PMID: 38698760 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00630e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
A transition-metal- and photocatalyst-free photochemical reaction was successfully developed for the direct acylation of quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones, which was enabled by the formation of electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complexes. The use of 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) as the electron donor allows efficient and operationally simple access to a series of C3-aroylated and acylated quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones with moderate to good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Worawat Niwetmarin
- Program in Chemical Sciences, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand.
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), OPS, MHESI, Thailand
| | - Naiyana Saesian
- Program in Chemical Sciences, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand.
| | | | - Chatchakorn Eurtivong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Nopporn Thasana
- Program in Chemical Sciences, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand.
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), OPS, MHESI, Thailand
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Somsak Ruchirawat
- Program in Chemical Sciences, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand.
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), OPS, MHESI, Thailand
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
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Zeng W, Pan J, Li W, Huang B, Lu X, Xiao J. Pyrazole derivative Z10 ameliorates acute pancreatitis by inhibiting the ERK/Ddt pathway. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167088. [PMID: 38401696 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) can lead to death; however, there is no specific treatment for AP. Screening of drugs for AP treatment is rarely performed. Compounds were screened in a primary pancreatic acinar cell and peritoneal macrophage coculture system. Compounds were used in vitro and in vivo. Compound targets were predicted and validated. Among the 18 nitrogen-containing heterocycles, Z10 was shown to decrease the cerulein plus lipopolysaccharide (CL)-induced secretion of both acinar digestive enzymes and macrophage cytokines. Z10 was also shown to ameliorate CL-induced or sodium taurocholate-induced AP in mice. Proteomics analysis and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) revealed that Z10 decreased the levels of D-dopachrome tautomerase (Ddt) within macrophages and those in the extracellular milieu under CL treatment. Z10 also decreased Ddt expression in AP mice. Moreover, exogenous Ddt induced cytokine and digestive enzyme secretion, which could be inhibited by Z10. Ddt knockdown inhibited CL-induced cytokine secretion. Medium from CL-treated macrophages induced the release of amylase by acinar cells, and Ddt knockdown medium decreased amylase secretion. The target of Z10 was predicted to be ERK2. Z10 increased the thermostability of ERK1/2 but not ERK1 K72A/ERK2 K52A. The docking poses of ERK1 and ERK2 with Z10 were similar. Z10 inhibited ERK1/2 phosphorylation, and Ddt levels and cytokines were regulated by ERK1/2 during AP. Additionally, Z10 could not further inhibit cytokines under ERK1/2 knockdown with CL. Thus, this study revealed that Z10-mediated ERK1/2 inhibition decreased Ddt expression and secretion by macrophages. Ddt inhibition decreased cytokine release and digestive enzyme secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenying Zeng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine in Liver Injury and Repair, the Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541001, Guangxi, China
| | - Jian Pan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine in Liver Injury and Repair, the Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541001, Guangxi, China
| | - Wanlian Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine in Liver Injury and Repair, the Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541001, Guangxi, China
| | - Borong Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine in Liver Injury and Repair, the Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541001, Guangxi, China
| | - Xing Lu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine in Liver Injury and Repair, the Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541001, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Basic Research in Sphingolipid Metabolism Related Diseases, the Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541001, Guangxi, China.
| | - Juan Xiao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine in Liver Injury and Repair, the Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541001, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Basic Research in Sphingolipid Metabolism Related Diseases, the Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541001, Guangxi, China.
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Almehizia AA, Aboulthana WM, Naglah AM, Hassan AS. In vitro biological studies and computational prediction-based analyses of pyrazolo[1,5- a]pyrimidine derivatives. RSC Adv 2024; 14:8397-8408. [PMID: 38476172 PMCID: PMC10928850 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra00423j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
There is a need for new pharmaceutical discoveries from bioactive nitrogenous derivatives due to the emergence of scourges, numerous pandemics, and diverse health problems. In this context, pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives 12a and 12b were synthesized and screened to evaluate their biological potentials in vitro as antioxidants, anti-diabetics, anti-Alzheimer's, anti-arthritics, and anti-cancer agents. Additionally, the computational pharmacokinetic and toxicity properties of the two pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines 12a and 12b were calculated and analyzed. The preliminary studies and results of this work represent the initial steps toward more advanced studies and define the bioactive chemical structure of pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives with the goal of exploring new drugs to address numerous health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman A Almehizia
- Drug Exploration & Development Chair (DEDC), Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Wael M Aboulthana
- Biochemistry Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre Dokki 12662 Cairo Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Naglah
- Drug Exploration & Development Chair (DEDC), Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashraf S Hassan
- Organometallic and Organometalloid Chemistry Department, National Research Centre Dokki 12622 Cairo Egypt
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Chang H, Ji R, Zhu Z, Wang Y, Yan S, He D, Jia Q, Huang P, Cheng T, Wang R, Zhou Y. Target identification, and optimization of dioxygenated amide derivatives as potent antibacterial agents with FabH inhibitory activity. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 265:116064. [PMID: 38159483 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.116064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The enzyme FabH plays a critical role in the initial step of fatty acid biosynthesis, which is vital for the survival of bacteria. As a result, FabH has emerged as an appealing target for the development of novel antibacterial agents. In this study, employing the chemical proteomics method, we validated the previously identified skeleton amide derivatives bearing dioxygenated rings, potentially formed through metabolic processes. Building upon the proteomics findings, we then synthesized and evaluated 32 compounds containing N-heterocyclic amides for their antimicrobial activity for future optimizing the deoxygenated amides. Several compounds demonstrated potent antimicrobial properties with low toxicity, particularly compound 25, which exhibited remarkable potential as an agent with an MIC range of 1.25-3.13 μg/mL against the tested bacterial strains and an IC50 of 2.0 μM against E. coli-derived FabH. Furthermore, we evaluated nine analogues with relatively low MIC values through cytotoxicity and hemolytic activity assessments, Lipinski's rule-of-five criteria, and in silico ADMET predictions to ascertain their druggability potential. Notably, a detailed docking simulation was performed to investigate the binding interactions of compound 25 within the binding pocket of E. coli FabH, which encouragingly revealed strong binding interactions. Based on our findings, compound 25 emerges as the optimal candidate for in vivo therapy aimed at treating infected skin defects. Remarkably, the application of compound 25 demonstrated a significant reduction in the duration of wound infection and notably accelerated the healing process of infected wounds, achieving an impressive 94 % healing rate by day 10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyun Chang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China; Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315300, China
| | - Ruiying Ji
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315300, China
| | - Zhiyu Zhu
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315300, China
| | - Yapin Wang
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315300, China
| | - Shaopeng Yan
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315300, China
| | - Dan He
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315300, China
| | - Qike Jia
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315300, China
| | - Peng Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China.
| | - Tao Cheng
- Pharmaron (Ningbo) Technology Development Co. Ltd., Ningbo, 315336, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Pingshan Translational Medicine Center, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518118, China.
| | - Yang Zhou
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315300, China.
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Bagán A, Rodriguez-Arévalo S, Taboada-Jara T, Griñán-Ferré C, Pallàs M, Brocos-Mosquera I, Callado LF, Morales-García JA, Pérez B, Diaz C, Fernández-Godino R, Genilloud O, Beljkas M, Oljacic S, Nikolic K, Escolano C. Preclinical Evaluation of an Imidazole-Linked Heterocycle for Alzheimer's Disease. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2381. [PMID: 37896141 PMCID: PMC10610545 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15102381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Humanity is facing a vast prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases, with Alzheimer's disease (AD) being the most dominant, without efficacious drugs, and with only a few therapeutic targets identified. In this scenario, we aim to find molecular entities that modulate imidazoline I2 receptors (I2-IRs) that have been pointed out as relevant targets in AD. In this work, we explored structural modifications of well-established I2-IR ligands, giving access to derivatives with an imidazole-linked heterocycle as a common key feature. We report the synthesis, the affinity in human I2-IRs, the brain penetration capabilities, the in silico ADMET studies, and the three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) studies of this new bunch of I2-IR ligands. Selected compounds showed neuroprotective properties and beneficial effects in an in vitro model of Parkinson's disease, rescued the human dopaminergic cell line SH-SY5Y from death after treatment with 6-hydroxydopamine, and showed crucial anti-inflammatory effects in a cellular model of neuroinflammation. After a preliminary pharmacokinetic study, we explored the action of our representative 2-(benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-1H-imidazole LSL33 in a mouse model of AD (5xFAD). Oral administration of LSL33 at 2 mg/Kg for 4 weeks ameliorated 5XFAD cognitive impairment and synaptic plasticity, as well as reduced neuroinflammation markers. In summary, this new I2-IR ligand that promoted beneficial effects in a well-established AD mouse model should be considered a promising therapeutic strategy for neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bagán
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry (Associated Unit to CSIC), Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.B.); (S.R.-A.)
| | - Sergio Rodriguez-Arévalo
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry (Associated Unit to CSIC), Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.B.); (S.R.-A.)
| | - Teresa Taboada-Jara
- Pharmacology Section, Toxicology and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institut de Neurociències, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (T.T.-J.); (C.G.-F.); (M.P.)
| | - Christian Griñán-Ferré
- Pharmacology Section, Toxicology and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institut de Neurociències, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (T.T.-J.); (C.G.-F.); (M.P.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CiberNed), National Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercè Pallàs
- Pharmacology Section, Toxicology and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institut de Neurociències, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (T.T.-J.); (C.G.-F.); (M.P.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CiberNed), National Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Iria Brocos-Mosquera
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (I.B.-M.); (L.F.C.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis F. Callado
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (I.B.-M.); (L.F.C.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
| | - José A. Morales-García
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Complutense University (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Belén Pérez
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutic and Toxicology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola, Spain;
| | - Caridad Diaz
- Fundación MEDINA Centro de Excelencia en Investigación de Medicamentos Innovadores en Andalucía, Avda. del Conocimiento 34, 18016 Armilla, Spain; (C.D.); (R.F.-G.); (O.G.)
| | - Rosario Fernández-Godino
- Fundación MEDINA Centro de Excelencia en Investigación de Medicamentos Innovadores en Andalucía, Avda. del Conocimiento 34, 18016 Armilla, Spain; (C.D.); (R.F.-G.); (O.G.)
| | - Olga Genilloud
- Fundación MEDINA Centro de Excelencia en Investigación de Medicamentos Innovadores en Andalucía, Avda. del Conocimiento 34, 18016 Armilla, Spain; (C.D.); (R.F.-G.); (O.G.)
| | - Milan Beljkas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.B.); (S.O.); (K.N.)
| | - Slavica Oljacic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.B.); (S.O.); (K.N.)
| | - Katarina Nikolic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.B.); (S.O.); (K.N.)
| | - Carmen Escolano
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry (Associated Unit to CSIC), Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.B.); (S.R.-A.)
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Sánchez JD, Alcántara AR, González JF, Sánchez-Montero JM. Advances in the discovery of heterocyclic-based drugs against Alzheimer's disease. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2023; 18:1413-1428. [PMID: 37800875 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2023.2264766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer's disease is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder characterized by beta-amyloid accumulation and tau protein hyperphosphorylation. The disease involves interconnected mechanisms, which can be clustered into two target-packs based on the affected proteins. Pack-1 focuses on beta-amyloid accumulation, oxidative stress, and metal homeostasis dysfunction, and Pack-2 involves tau protein, calcium homeostasis, and neuroinflammation. Against this background heterocyclic system, there is a powerful source of pharmacophores to develop effective small drugs to treat multifactorial diseases like Alzheimer's. AREAS COVERED This review highlights the most promising heterocyclic systems as potential hit candidates with multi-target capacity for the development of new drugs targeting Alzheimer's disease. The selection of these heterocyclic systems was based on two crucial factors: their synthetic versatility and their well-documented biological properties of therapeutic potential in neurodegenerative diseases. EXPERT OPINION The synthesis of small drugs against Alzheimer's disease requires a multifactorial approach that targets the key pathological proteins. In this context, the utilization of heterocyclic systems, with well-established synthetic processes and facile functionalization, becomes a crucial element in the design phases. Furthermore, the selection of hit heterocyclic should be guided by a full understanding of their biological activities. Thus, the identification of promising heterocyclic scaffolds with known biological effects increases the potential to develop effective molecules against Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan D Sánchez
- Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés R Alcántara
- Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan F González
- Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José María Sánchez-Montero
- Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Thakral S, Yadav A, Singh V, Kumar M, Kumar P, Narang R, Sudhakar K, Verma A, Khalilullah H, Jaremko M, Emwas AH. Alzheimer's disease: Molecular aspects and treatment opportunities using herbal drugs. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 88:101960. [PMID: 37224884 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), also called senile dementia, is the most common neurological disorder. Around 50 million people, mostly of advanced age, are suffering from dementia worldwide and this is expected to reach 100-130 million between 2040 and 2050. AD is characterized by impaired glutamatergic and cholinergic neurotransmission, which is associated with clinical and pathological symptoms. AD is characterized clinically by loss of cognition and memory impairment and pathologically by senile plaques formed by Amyloid β deposits or neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) consisting of aggregated tau proteins. Amyloid β deposits are responsible for glutamatergic dysfunction that develops NMDA dependent Ca2+ influx into postsynaptic neurons generating slow excitotoxicity process leading to oxidative stress and finally impaired cognition and neuronal loss. Amyloid decreases acetylcholine release, synthesis and neuronal transport. The decreased levels of neurotransmitter acetylcholine, neuronal loss, tau aggregation, amyloid β plaques, increased oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, bio-metal dyshomeostasis, autophagy, cell cycle dysregulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and endoplasmic reticulum dysfunction are the factors responsible for the pathogenesis of AD. Acetylcholinesterase, NMDA, Glutamate, BACE1, 5HT6, and RAGE (Receptors for Advanced Glycation End products) are receptors targeted in treatment of AD. The FDA approved acetylcholinesterase inhibitors Donepezil, Galantamine and Rivastigmine and N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist Memantine provide symptomatic relief. Different therapies such as amyloid β therapies, tau-based therapies, neurotransmitter-based therapies, autophagy-based therapies, multi-target therapeutic strategies, and gene therapy modify the natural course of the disease. Herbal and food intake is also important as preventive strategy and recently focus has also been placed on herbal drugs for treatment. This review focuses on the molecular aspects, pathogenesis and recent studies that signifies the potential of medicinal plants and their extracts or chemical constituents for the treatment of degenerative symptoms related to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samridhi Thakral
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar 125001, Haryana, India
| | - Alka Yadav
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar 125001, Haryana, India
| | - Vikramjeet Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar 125001, Haryana, India.
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar 125001, Haryana, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Rakesh Narang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra 136119, Haryana, India
| | - Kalvatala Sudhakar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Amita Verma
- Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj 211007, India.
| | - Habibullah Khalilullah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unayzah 51911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mariusz Jaremko
- Smart-Health Initiative (SHI) and Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul-Hamid Emwas
- Core Labs, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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Recent Advances in Synthetic Routes to Azacycles. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062737. [PMID: 36985708 PMCID: PMC10054516 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A heterocycle is an important structural scaffold of many organic compounds found in pharmaceuticals, materials, agrochemicals, and biological processes. Azacycles are one of the most common motifs of a heterocycle and have a variety of applications, including in pharmaceuticals. Therefore, azacycles have received significant attention from scientists and a variety of methods of synthesizing azacycles have been developed because their efficient synthesis plays a vital role in the production of many useful compounds. In this review, we summarize recent approaches to preparing azacycles via different methods as well as describe plausible reaction mechanisms.
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Tetra-substituted pyrazole analogues: synthesis, molecular docking, ADMET prediction, antioxidant and pancreatic lipase inhibitory activities. Med Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-022-03005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Sun S, Shi T, Peng Y, Zhang H, Zhuo L, Peng X, Li Q, Wang M, Wang S, Wang Z. Discovery of pyrrole derivatives as acetylcholinesterase-sparing butyrylcholinesterase inhibitor. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1043397. [PMID: 36561337 PMCID: PMC9763612 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1043397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inspired by the crucial roles of (hetero)aryl rings in cholinesterase inhibitors and the pyrrole ring in new drug discovery, we synthesized 19 pyrrole derivatives and investigated their cholinesterase inhibitory activity. As a result, compounds 3o, 3p, and 3s with a 1,3-diaryl-pyrrole skeleton showed high selectivity toward BChE over AChE with a best IC50 value of 1.71 ± 0.087 µM, which were comparable to donepezil. The pharmaceutical potential of these structures was further predicted and compounds 3o and 3p were proved to meet well with the Lipinsky's five rules. In combination of the inhibition kinetic studies with the results of molecular docking, we concluded that compound 3p inhibited BChE in a mixed competitive mode. This research has proved the potential of the 1,3-diaryl-pyrrole skeleton as a kind of selective BChE inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouyuan Sun
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tao Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yan Peng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Honghua Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Linsheng Zhuo
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Xue Peng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Qien Li
- Tibetan Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Manxia Wang
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China,*Correspondence: Manxia Wang, ; Shuzhi Wang, ; Zhen Wang,
| | - Shuzhi Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China,*Correspondence: Manxia Wang, ; Shuzhi Wang, ; Zhen Wang,
| | - Zhen Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China,School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China,*Correspondence: Manxia Wang, ; Shuzhi Wang, ; Zhen Wang,
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