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Neale BM, Medland S, Ripke S, Anney RJ, Asherson P, Buitelaar J, Franke B, Gill M, Kent L, Holmans P, Middleton F, Thapar A, Lesch KP, Faraone SV, Daly M, Nguyen TT, Schäfer H, Steinhausen HC, Reif A, Renner TJ, Romanos M, Romanos J, Warnke A, Walitza S, Freitag C, Meyer J, Palmason H, Rothenberger A, Hawi Z, Sergeant J, Roeyers H, Biederman J, Biederman J. Case-control genome-wide association study of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2010; 49:906-20. [PMID: 20732627 PMCID: PMC2928577 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2010.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Revised: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 06/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although twin and family studies have shown attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) to be highly heritable, genetic variants influencing the trait at a genome-wide significant level have yet to be identified. Thus additional genomewide association studies (GWAS) are needed. METHOD We used case-control analyses of 896 cases with DSM-IV ADHD genotyped using the Affymetrix 5.0 array and 2,455 repository controls screened for psychotic and bipolar symptoms genotyped using Affymetrix 6.0 arrays. A consensus SNP set was imputed using BEAGLE 3.0, resulting in an analysis dataset of 1,033,244 SNPs. Data were analyzed using a generalized linear model. RESULTS No genome-wide significant associations were found. The most significant results implicated the following genes: PRKG1, FLNC, TCERG1L, PPM1H, NXPH1, PPM1H, CDH13, HK1, and HKDC1. CONCLUSIONS The current analyses are a useful addition to the present literature and will make a valuable contribution to future meta-analyses. The candidate gene findings are consistent with a prior meta-analysis in suggesting that the effects of ADHD risk variants must, individually, be very small and/or include multiple rare alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M. Neale
- Drs. Neale, Ripke, and Daly are with the Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusettes General Hospital, Boston, MA. Dr. Medland is with Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Neale, Medland, Ripke and Daly are also with Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA. Drs. Anney, Hawi, and Gill are with Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. Drs. Asherson and Holmans are with Medical Research Council Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, Kings's College London, UK. Drs. Buitelaar and Franke are with Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Dr. Kent is with Bute Medical School, St Andrews, Scotland, UK. Drs. Faraone and Middleton are with the State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, NY. Dr. Thapar is with the Medical Research Council Centre in Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics Cardiff University School of Medicine Cardiff. Drs. Nguyen and Schäfer are with the Institut fuer Med. Biometrie und Epidemiologie Philipps-Universitaet Marburg Bunsenstr, Marburg. Drs. Steinhausen and Walitza are with University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. Drs. Lesch, Renner, Reif, M. Romanos, J. Romanos, Warnke, and Walitza are with the University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany. Dr. Freitag is with JW Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Drs. Meyer and Palmason are with the Institute of Psychobiology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany. Dr. Rothenberger is with the University of Goettingen, Germany. Dr. Sergeant is with Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Dr. Roeyers is with Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium. Drs. Mick and Biederman are with Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. Dr. Biederman is also with the Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Sarah Medland
- Drs. Neale, Ripke, and Daly are with the Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusettes General Hospital, Boston, MA. Dr. Medland is with Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Neale, Medland, Ripke and Daly are also with Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA. Drs. Anney, Hawi, and Gill are with Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. Drs. Asherson and Holmans are with Medical Research Council Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, Kings's College London, UK. Drs. Buitelaar and Franke are with Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Dr. Kent is with Bute Medical School, St Andrews, Scotland, UK. Drs. Faraone and Middleton are with the State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, NY. Dr. Thapar is with the Medical Research Council Centre in Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics Cardiff University School of Medicine Cardiff. Drs. Nguyen and Schäfer are with the Institut fuer Med. Biometrie und Epidemiologie Philipps-Universitaet Marburg Bunsenstr, Marburg. Drs. Steinhausen and Walitza are with University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. Drs. Lesch, Renner, Reif, M. Romanos, J. Romanos, Warnke, and Walitza are with the University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany. Dr. Freitag is with JW Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Drs. Meyer and Palmason are with the Institute of Psychobiology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany. Dr. Rothenberger is with the University of Goettingen, Germany. Dr. Sergeant is with Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Dr. Roeyers is with Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium. Drs. Mick and Biederman are with Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. Dr. Biederman is also with the Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Stephan Ripke
- Drs. Neale, Ripke, and Daly are with the Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusettes General Hospital, Boston, MA. Dr. Medland is with Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Neale, Medland, Ripke and Daly are also with Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA. Drs. Anney, Hawi, and Gill are with Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. Drs. Asherson and Holmans are with Medical Research Council Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, Kings's College London, UK. Drs. Buitelaar and Franke are with Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Dr. Kent is with Bute Medical School, St Andrews, Scotland, UK. Drs. Faraone and Middleton are with the State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, NY. Dr. Thapar is with the Medical Research Council Centre in Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics Cardiff University School of Medicine Cardiff. Drs. Nguyen and Schäfer are with the Institut fuer Med. Biometrie und Epidemiologie Philipps-Universitaet Marburg Bunsenstr, Marburg. Drs. Steinhausen and Walitza are with University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. Drs. Lesch, Renner, Reif, M. Romanos, J. Romanos, Warnke, and Walitza are with the University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany. Dr. Freitag is with JW Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Drs. Meyer and Palmason are with the Institute of Psychobiology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany. Dr. Rothenberger is with the University of Goettingen, Germany. Dr. Sergeant is with Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Dr. Roeyers is with Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium. Drs. Mick and Biederman are with Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. Dr. Biederman is also with the Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Richard J.L. Anney
- Drs. Neale, Ripke, and Daly are with the Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusettes General Hospital, Boston, MA. Dr. Medland is with Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Neale, Medland, Ripke and Daly are also with Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA. Drs. Anney, Hawi, and Gill are with Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. Drs. Asherson and Holmans are with Medical Research Council Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, Kings's College London, UK. Drs. Buitelaar and Franke are with Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Dr. Kent is with Bute Medical School, St Andrews, Scotland, UK. Drs. Faraone and Middleton are with the State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, NY. Dr. Thapar is with the Medical Research Council Centre in Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics Cardiff University School of Medicine Cardiff. Drs. Nguyen and Schäfer are with the Institut fuer Med. Biometrie und Epidemiologie Philipps-Universitaet Marburg Bunsenstr, Marburg. Drs. Steinhausen and Walitza are with University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. Drs. Lesch, Renner, Reif, M. Romanos, J. Romanos, Warnke, and Walitza are with the University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany. Dr. Freitag is with JW Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Drs. Meyer and Palmason are with the Institute of Psychobiology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany. Dr. Rothenberger is with the University of Goettingen, Germany. Dr. Sergeant is with Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Dr. Roeyers is with Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium. Drs. Mick and Biederman are with Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. Dr. Biederman is also with the Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Philip Asherson
- Drs. Neale, Ripke, and Daly are with the Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusettes General Hospital, Boston, MA. Dr. Medland is with Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Neale, Medland, Ripke and Daly are also with Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA. Drs. Anney, Hawi, and Gill are with Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. Drs. Asherson and Holmans are with Medical Research Council Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, Kings's College London, UK. Drs. Buitelaar and Franke are with Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Dr. Kent is with Bute Medical School, St Andrews, Scotland, UK. Drs. Faraone and Middleton are with the State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, NY. Dr. Thapar is with the Medical Research Council Centre in Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics Cardiff University School of Medicine Cardiff. Drs. Nguyen and Schäfer are with the Institut fuer Med. Biometrie und Epidemiologie Philipps-Universitaet Marburg Bunsenstr, Marburg. Drs. Steinhausen and Walitza are with University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. Drs. Lesch, Renner, Reif, M. Romanos, J. Romanos, Warnke, and Walitza are with the University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany. Dr. Freitag is with JW Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Drs. Meyer and Palmason are with the Institute of Psychobiology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany. Dr. Rothenberger is with the University of Goettingen, Germany. Dr. Sergeant is with Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Dr. Roeyers is with Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium. Drs. Mick and Biederman are with Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. Dr. Biederman is also with the Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Jan Buitelaar
- Drs. Neale, Ripke, and Daly are with the Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusettes General Hospital, Boston, MA. Dr. Medland is with Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Neale, Medland, Ripke and Daly are also with Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA. Drs. Anney, Hawi, and Gill are with Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. Drs. Asherson and Holmans are with Medical Research Council Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, Kings's College London, UK. Drs. Buitelaar and Franke are with Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Dr. Kent is with Bute Medical School, St Andrews, Scotland, UK. Drs. Faraone and Middleton are with the State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, NY. Dr. Thapar is with the Medical Research Council Centre in Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics Cardiff University School of Medicine Cardiff. Drs. Nguyen and Schäfer are with the Institut fuer Med. Biometrie und Epidemiologie Philipps-Universitaet Marburg Bunsenstr, Marburg. Drs. Steinhausen and Walitza are with University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. Drs. Lesch, Renner, Reif, M. Romanos, J. Romanos, Warnke, and Walitza are with the University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany. Dr. Freitag is with JW Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Drs. Meyer and Palmason are with the Institute of Psychobiology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany. Dr. Rothenberger is with the University of Goettingen, Germany. Dr. Sergeant is with Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Dr. Roeyers is with Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium. Drs. Mick and Biederman are with Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. Dr. Biederman is also with the Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Barbara Franke
- Drs. Neale, Ripke, and Daly are with the Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusettes General Hospital, Boston, MA. Dr. Medland is with Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Neale, Medland, Ripke and Daly are also with Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA. Drs. Anney, Hawi, and Gill are with Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. Drs. Asherson and Holmans are with Medical Research Council Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, Kings's College London, UK. Drs. Buitelaar and Franke are with Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Dr. Kent is with Bute Medical School, St Andrews, Scotland, UK. Drs. Faraone and Middleton are with the State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, NY. Dr. Thapar is with the Medical Research Council Centre in Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics Cardiff University School of Medicine Cardiff. Drs. Nguyen and Schäfer are with the Institut fuer Med. Biometrie und Epidemiologie Philipps-Universitaet Marburg Bunsenstr, Marburg. Drs. Steinhausen and Walitza are with University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. Drs. Lesch, Renner, Reif, M. Romanos, J. Romanos, Warnke, and Walitza are with the University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany. Dr. Freitag is with JW Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Drs. Meyer and Palmason are with the Institute of Psychobiology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany. Dr. Rothenberger is with the University of Goettingen, Germany. Dr. Sergeant is with Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Dr. Roeyers is with Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium. Drs. Mick and Biederman are with Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. Dr. Biederman is also with the Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Michael Gill
- Drs. Neale, Ripke, and Daly are with the Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusettes General Hospital, Boston, MA. Dr. Medland is with Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Neale, Medland, Ripke and Daly are also with Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA. Drs. Anney, Hawi, and Gill are with Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. Drs. Asherson and Holmans are with Medical Research Council Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, Kings's College London, UK. Drs. Buitelaar and Franke are with Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Dr. Kent is with Bute Medical School, St Andrews, Scotland, UK. Drs. Faraone and Middleton are with the State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, NY. Dr. Thapar is with the Medical Research Council Centre in Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics Cardiff University School of Medicine Cardiff. Drs. Nguyen and Schäfer are with the Institut fuer Med. Biometrie und Epidemiologie Philipps-Universitaet Marburg Bunsenstr, Marburg. Drs. Steinhausen and Walitza are with University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. Drs. Lesch, Renner, Reif, M. Romanos, J. Romanos, Warnke, and Walitza are with the University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany. Dr. Freitag is with JW Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Drs. Meyer and Palmason are with the Institute of Psychobiology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany. Dr. Rothenberger is with the University of Goettingen, Germany. Dr. Sergeant is with Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Dr. Roeyers is with Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium. Drs. Mick and Biederman are with Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. Dr. Biederman is also with the Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Lindsey Kent
- Drs. Neale, Ripke, and Daly are with the Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusettes General Hospital, Boston, MA. Dr. Medland is with Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Neale, Medland, Ripke and Daly are also with Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA. Drs. Anney, Hawi, and Gill are with Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. Drs. Asherson and Holmans are with Medical Research Council Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, Kings's College London, UK. Drs. Buitelaar and Franke are with Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Dr. Kent is with Bute Medical School, St Andrews, Scotland, UK. Drs. Faraone and Middleton are with the State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, NY. Dr. Thapar is with the Medical Research Council Centre in Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics Cardiff University School of Medicine Cardiff. Drs. Nguyen and Schäfer are with the Institut fuer Med. Biometrie und Epidemiologie Philipps-Universitaet Marburg Bunsenstr, Marburg. Drs. Steinhausen and Walitza are with University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. Drs. Lesch, Renner, Reif, M. Romanos, J. Romanos, Warnke, and Walitza are with the University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany. Dr. Freitag is with JW Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Drs. Meyer and Palmason are with the Institute of Psychobiology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany. Dr. Rothenberger is with the University of Goettingen, Germany. Dr. Sergeant is with Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Dr. Roeyers is with Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium. Drs. Mick and Biederman are with Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. Dr. Biederman is also with the Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Peter Holmans
- Drs. Neale, Ripke, and Daly are with the Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusettes General Hospital, Boston, MA. Dr. Medland is with Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Neale, Medland, Ripke and Daly are also with Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA. Drs. Anney, Hawi, and Gill are with Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. Drs. Asherson and Holmans are with Medical Research Council Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, Kings's College London, UK. Drs. Buitelaar and Franke are with Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Dr. Kent is with Bute Medical School, St Andrews, Scotland, UK. Drs. Faraone and Middleton are with the State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, NY. Dr. Thapar is with the Medical Research Council Centre in Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics Cardiff University School of Medicine Cardiff. Drs. Nguyen and Schäfer are with the Institut fuer Med. Biometrie und Epidemiologie Philipps-Universitaet Marburg Bunsenstr, Marburg. Drs. Steinhausen and Walitza are with University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. Drs. Lesch, Renner, Reif, M. Romanos, J. Romanos, Warnke, and Walitza are with the University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany. Dr. Freitag is with JW Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Drs. Meyer and Palmason are with the Institute of Psychobiology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany. Dr. Rothenberger is with the University of Goettingen, Germany. Dr. Sergeant is with Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Dr. Roeyers is with Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium. Drs. Mick and Biederman are with Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. Dr. Biederman is also with the Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Frank Middleton
- Drs. Neale, Ripke, and Daly are with the Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusettes General Hospital, Boston, MA. Dr. Medland is with Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Neale, Medland, Ripke and Daly are also with Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA. Drs. Anney, Hawi, and Gill are with Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. Drs. Asherson and Holmans are with Medical Research Council Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, Kings's College London, UK. Drs. Buitelaar and Franke are with Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Dr. Kent is with Bute Medical School, St Andrews, Scotland, UK. Drs. Faraone and Middleton are with the State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, NY. Dr. Thapar is with the Medical Research Council Centre in Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics Cardiff University School of Medicine Cardiff. Drs. Nguyen and Schäfer are with the Institut fuer Med. Biometrie und Epidemiologie Philipps-Universitaet Marburg Bunsenstr, Marburg. Drs. Steinhausen and Walitza are with University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. Drs. Lesch, Renner, Reif, M. Romanos, J. Romanos, Warnke, and Walitza are with the University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany. Dr. Freitag is with JW Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Drs. Meyer and Palmason are with the Institute of Psychobiology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany. Dr. Rothenberger is with the University of Goettingen, Germany. Dr. Sergeant is with Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Dr. Roeyers is with Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium. Drs. Mick and Biederman are with Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. Dr. Biederman is also with the Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Anita Thapar
- Drs. Neale, Ripke, and Daly are with the Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusettes General Hospital, Boston, MA. Dr. Medland is with Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Neale, Medland, Ripke and Daly are also with Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA. Drs. Anney, Hawi, and Gill are with Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. Drs. Asherson and Holmans are with Medical Research Council Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, Kings's College London, UK. Drs. Buitelaar and Franke are with Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Dr. Kent is with Bute Medical School, St Andrews, Scotland, UK. Drs. Faraone and Middleton are with the State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, NY. Dr. Thapar is with the Medical Research Council Centre in Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics Cardiff University School of Medicine Cardiff. Drs. Nguyen and Schäfer are with the Institut fuer Med. Biometrie und Epidemiologie Philipps-Universitaet Marburg Bunsenstr, Marburg. Drs. Steinhausen and Walitza are with University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. Drs. Lesch, Renner, Reif, M. Romanos, J. Romanos, Warnke, and Walitza are with the University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany. Dr. Freitag is with JW Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Drs. Meyer and Palmason are with the Institute of Psychobiology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany. Dr. Rothenberger is with the University of Goettingen, Germany. Dr. Sergeant is with Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Dr. Roeyers is with Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium. Drs. Mick and Biederman are with Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. Dr. Biederman is also with the Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Klaus-Peter Lesch
- Drs. Neale, Ripke, and Daly are with the Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusettes General Hospital, Boston, MA. Dr. Medland is with Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Neale, Medland, Ripke and Daly are also with Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA. Drs. Anney, Hawi, and Gill are with Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. Drs. Asherson and Holmans are with Medical Research Council Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, Kings's College London, UK. Drs. Buitelaar and Franke are with Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Dr. Kent is with Bute Medical School, St Andrews, Scotland, UK. Drs. Faraone and Middleton are with the State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, NY. Dr. Thapar is with the Medical Research Council Centre in Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics Cardiff University School of Medicine Cardiff. Drs. Nguyen and Schäfer are with the Institut fuer Med. Biometrie und Epidemiologie Philipps-Universitaet Marburg Bunsenstr, Marburg. Drs. Steinhausen and Walitza are with University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. Drs. Lesch, Renner, Reif, M. Romanos, J. Romanos, Warnke, and Walitza are with the University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany. Dr. Freitag is with JW Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Drs. Meyer and Palmason are with the Institute of Psychobiology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany. Dr. Rothenberger is with the University of Goettingen, Germany. Dr. Sergeant is with Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Dr. Roeyers is with Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium. Drs. Mick and Biederman are with Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. Dr. Biederman is also with the Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Stephen V. Faraone
- Drs. Neale, Ripke, and Daly are with the Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusettes General Hospital, Boston, MA. Dr. Medland is with Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Neale, Medland, Ripke and Daly are also with Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA. Drs. Anney, Hawi, and Gill are with Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. Drs. Asherson and Holmans are with Medical Research Council Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, Kings's College London, UK. Drs. Buitelaar and Franke are with Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Dr. Kent is with Bute Medical School, St Andrews, Scotland, UK. Drs. Faraone and Middleton are with the State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, NY. Dr. Thapar is with the Medical Research Council Centre in Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics Cardiff University School of Medicine Cardiff. Drs. Nguyen and Schäfer are with the Institut fuer Med. Biometrie und Epidemiologie Philipps-Universitaet Marburg Bunsenstr, Marburg. Drs. Steinhausen and Walitza are with University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. Drs. Lesch, Renner, Reif, M. Romanos, J. Romanos, Warnke, and Walitza are with the University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany. Dr. Freitag is with JW Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Drs. Meyer and Palmason are with the Institute of Psychobiology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany. Dr. Rothenberger is with the University of Goettingen, Germany. Dr. Sergeant is with Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Dr. Roeyers is with Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium. Drs. Mick and Biederman are with Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. Dr. Biederman is also with the Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Mark Daly
- Drs. Neale, Ripke, and Daly are with the Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusettes General Hospital, Boston, MA. Dr. Medland is with Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Neale, Medland, Ripke and Daly are also with Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA. Drs. Anney, Hawi, and Gill are with Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. Drs. Asherson and Holmans are with Medical Research Council Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, Kings's College London, UK. Drs. Buitelaar and Franke are with Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Dr. Kent is with Bute Medical School, St Andrews, Scotland, UK. Drs. Faraone and Middleton are with the State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, NY. Dr. Thapar is with the Medical Research Council Centre in Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics Cardiff University School of Medicine Cardiff. Drs. Nguyen and Schäfer are with the Institut fuer Med. Biometrie und Epidemiologie Philipps-Universitaet Marburg Bunsenstr, Marburg. Drs. Steinhausen and Walitza are with University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. Drs. Lesch, Renner, Reif, M. Romanos, J. Romanos, Warnke, and Walitza are with the University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany. Dr. Freitag is with JW Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Drs. Meyer and Palmason are with the Institute of Psychobiology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany. Dr. Rothenberger is with the University of Goettingen, Germany. Dr. Sergeant is with Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Dr. Roeyers is with Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium. Drs. Mick and Biederman are with Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. Dr. Biederman is also with the Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Thuy Trang Nguyen
- Drs. Neale, Ripke, and Daly are with the Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusettes General Hospital, Boston, MA. Dr. Medland is with Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Neale, Medland, Ripke and Daly are also with Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA. Drs. Anney, Hawi, and Gill are with Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. Drs. Asherson and Holmans are with Medical Research Council Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, Kings's College London, UK. Drs. Buitelaar and Franke are with Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Dr. Kent is with Bute Medical School, St Andrews, Scotland, UK. Drs. Faraone and Middleton are with the State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, NY. Dr. Thapar is with the Medical Research Council Centre in Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics Cardiff University School of Medicine Cardiff. Drs. Nguyen and Schäfer are with the Institut fuer Med. Biometrie und Epidemiologie Philipps-Universitaet Marburg Bunsenstr, Marburg. Drs. Steinhausen and Walitza are with University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. Drs. Lesch, Renner, Reif, M. Romanos, J. Romanos, Warnke, and Walitza are with the University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany. Dr. Freitag is with JW Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Drs. Meyer and Palmason are with the Institute of Psychobiology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany. Dr. Rothenberger is with the University of Goettingen, Germany. Dr. Sergeant is with Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Dr. Roeyers is with Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium. Drs. Mick and Biederman are with Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. Dr. Biederman is also with the Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Helmut Schäfer
- Drs. Neale, Ripke, and Daly are with the Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusettes General Hospital, Boston, MA. Dr. Medland is with Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Neale, Medland, Ripke and Daly are also with Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA. Drs. Anney, Hawi, and Gill are with Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. Drs. Asherson and Holmans are with Medical Research Council Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, Kings's College London, UK. Drs. Buitelaar and Franke are with Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Dr. Kent is with Bute Medical School, St Andrews, Scotland, UK. Drs. Faraone and Middleton are with the State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, NY. Dr. Thapar is with the Medical Research Council Centre in Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics Cardiff University School of Medicine Cardiff. Drs. Nguyen and Schäfer are with the Institut fuer Med. Biometrie und Epidemiologie Philipps-Universitaet Marburg Bunsenstr, Marburg. Drs. Steinhausen and Walitza are with University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. Drs. Lesch, Renner, Reif, M. Romanos, J. Romanos, Warnke, and Walitza are with the University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany. Dr. Freitag is with JW Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Drs. Meyer and Palmason are with the Institute of Psychobiology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany. Dr. Rothenberger is with the University of Goettingen, Germany. Dr. Sergeant is with Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Dr. Roeyers is with Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium. Drs. Mick and Biederman are with Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. Dr. Biederman is also with the Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Hans-Christoph Steinhausen
- Drs. Neale, Ripke, and Daly are with the Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusettes General Hospital, Boston, MA. Dr. Medland is with Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Neale, Medland, Ripke and Daly are also with Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA. Drs. Anney, Hawi, and Gill are with Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. Drs. Asherson and Holmans are with Medical Research Council Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, Kings's College London, UK. Drs. Buitelaar and Franke are with Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Dr. Kent is with Bute Medical School, St Andrews, Scotland, UK. Drs. Faraone and Middleton are with the State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, NY. Dr. Thapar is with the Medical Research Council Centre in Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics Cardiff University School of Medicine Cardiff. Drs. Nguyen and Schäfer are with the Institut fuer Med. Biometrie und Epidemiologie Philipps-Universitaet Marburg Bunsenstr, Marburg. Drs. Steinhausen and Walitza are with University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. Drs. Lesch, Renner, Reif, M. Romanos, J. Romanos, Warnke, and Walitza are with the University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany. Dr. Freitag is with JW Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Drs. Meyer and Palmason are with the Institute of Psychobiology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany. Dr. Rothenberger is with the University of Goettingen, Germany. Dr. Sergeant is with Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Dr. Roeyers is with Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium. Drs. Mick and Biederman are with Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. Dr. Biederman is also with the Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Andreas Reif
- Drs. Neale, Ripke, and Daly are with the Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusettes General Hospital, Boston, MA. Dr. Medland is with Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Neale, Medland, Ripke and Daly are also with Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA. Drs. Anney, Hawi, and Gill are with Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. Drs. Asherson and Holmans are with Medical Research Council Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, Kings's College London, UK. Drs. Buitelaar and Franke are with Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Dr. Kent is with Bute Medical School, St Andrews, Scotland, UK. Drs. Faraone and Middleton are with the State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, NY. Dr. Thapar is with the Medical Research Council Centre in Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics Cardiff University School of Medicine Cardiff. Drs. Nguyen and Schäfer are with the Institut fuer Med. Biometrie und Epidemiologie Philipps-Universitaet Marburg Bunsenstr, Marburg. Drs. Steinhausen and Walitza are with University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. Drs. Lesch, Renner, Reif, M. Romanos, J. Romanos, Warnke, and Walitza are with the University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany. Dr. Freitag is with JW Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Drs. Meyer and Palmason are with the Institute of Psychobiology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany. Dr. Rothenberger is with the University of Goettingen, Germany. Dr. Sergeant is with Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Dr. Roeyers is with Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium. Drs. Mick and Biederman are with Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. Dr. Biederman is also with the Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Tobias J. Renner
- Drs. Neale, Ripke, and Daly are with the Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusettes General Hospital, Boston, MA. Dr. Medland is with Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Neale, Medland, Ripke and Daly are also with Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA. Drs. Anney, Hawi, and Gill are with Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. Drs. Asherson and Holmans are with Medical Research Council Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, Kings's College London, UK. Drs. Buitelaar and Franke are with Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Dr. Kent is with Bute Medical School, St Andrews, Scotland, UK. Drs. Faraone and Middleton are with the State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, NY. Dr. Thapar is with the Medical Research Council Centre in Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics Cardiff University School of Medicine Cardiff. Drs. Nguyen and Schäfer are with the Institut fuer Med. Biometrie und Epidemiologie Philipps-Universitaet Marburg Bunsenstr, Marburg. Drs. Steinhausen and Walitza are with University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. Drs. Lesch, Renner, Reif, M. Romanos, J. Romanos, Warnke, and Walitza are with the University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany. Dr. Freitag is with JW Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Drs. Meyer and Palmason are with the Institute of Psychobiology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany. Dr. Rothenberger is with the University of Goettingen, Germany. Dr. Sergeant is with Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Dr. Roeyers is with Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium. Drs. Mick and Biederman are with Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. Dr. Biederman is also with the Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Marcel Romanos
- Drs. Neale, Ripke, and Daly are with the Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusettes General Hospital, Boston, MA. Dr. Medland is with Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Neale, Medland, Ripke and Daly are also with Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA. Drs. Anney, Hawi, and Gill are with Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. Drs. Asherson and Holmans are with Medical Research Council Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, Kings's College London, UK. Drs. Buitelaar and Franke are with Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Dr. Kent is with Bute Medical School, St Andrews, Scotland, UK. Drs. Faraone and Middleton are with the State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, NY. Dr. Thapar is with the Medical Research Council Centre in Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics Cardiff University School of Medicine Cardiff. Drs. Nguyen and Schäfer are with the Institut fuer Med. Biometrie und Epidemiologie Philipps-Universitaet Marburg Bunsenstr, Marburg. Drs. Steinhausen and Walitza are with University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. Drs. Lesch, Renner, Reif, M. Romanos, J. Romanos, Warnke, and Walitza are with the University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany. Dr. Freitag is with JW Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Drs. Meyer and Palmason are with the Institute of Psychobiology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany. Dr. Rothenberger is with the University of Goettingen, Germany. Dr. Sergeant is with Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Dr. Roeyers is with Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium. Drs. Mick and Biederman are with Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. Dr. Biederman is also with the Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Jasmin Romanos
- Drs. Neale, Ripke, and Daly are with the Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusettes General Hospital, Boston, MA. Dr. Medland is with Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Neale, Medland, Ripke and Daly are also with Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA. Drs. Anney, Hawi, and Gill are with Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. Drs. Asherson and Holmans are with Medical Research Council Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, Kings's College London, UK. Drs. Buitelaar and Franke are with Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Dr. Kent is with Bute Medical School, St Andrews, Scotland, UK. Drs. Faraone and Middleton are with the State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, NY. Dr. Thapar is with the Medical Research Council Centre in Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics Cardiff University School of Medicine Cardiff. Drs. Nguyen and Schäfer are with the Institut fuer Med. Biometrie und Epidemiologie Philipps-Universitaet Marburg Bunsenstr, Marburg. Drs. Steinhausen and Walitza are with University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. Drs. Lesch, Renner, Reif, M. Romanos, J. Romanos, Warnke, and Walitza are with the University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany. Dr. Freitag is with JW Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Drs. Meyer and Palmason are with the Institute of Psychobiology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany. Dr. Rothenberger is with the University of Goettingen, Germany. Dr. Sergeant is with Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Dr. Roeyers is with Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium. Drs. Mick and Biederman are with Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. Dr. Biederman is also with the Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Andreas Warnke
- Drs. Neale, Ripke, and Daly are with the Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusettes General Hospital, Boston, MA. Dr. Medland is with Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Neale, Medland, Ripke and Daly are also with Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA. Drs. Anney, Hawi, and Gill are with Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. Drs. Asherson and Holmans are with Medical Research Council Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, Kings's College London, UK. Drs. Buitelaar and Franke are with Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Dr. Kent is with Bute Medical School, St Andrews, Scotland, UK. Drs. Faraone and Middleton are with the State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, NY. Dr. Thapar is with the Medical Research Council Centre in Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics Cardiff University School of Medicine Cardiff. Drs. Nguyen and Schäfer are with the Institut fuer Med. Biometrie und Epidemiologie Philipps-Universitaet Marburg Bunsenstr, Marburg. Drs. Steinhausen and Walitza are with University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. Drs. Lesch, Renner, Reif, M. Romanos, J. Romanos, Warnke, and Walitza are with the University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany. Dr. Freitag is with JW Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Drs. Meyer and Palmason are with the Institute of Psychobiology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany. Dr. Rothenberger is with the University of Goettingen, Germany. Dr. Sergeant is with Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Dr. Roeyers is with Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium. Drs. Mick and Biederman are with Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. Dr. Biederman is also with the Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Susanne Walitza
- Drs. Neale, Ripke, and Daly are with the Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusettes General Hospital, Boston, MA. Dr. Medland is with Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Neale, Medland, Ripke and Daly are also with Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA. Drs. Anney, Hawi, and Gill are with Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. Drs. Asherson and Holmans are with Medical Research Council Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, Kings's College London, UK. Drs. Buitelaar and Franke are with Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Dr. Kent is with Bute Medical School, St Andrews, Scotland, UK. Drs. Faraone and Middleton are with the State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, NY. Dr. Thapar is with the Medical Research Council Centre in Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics Cardiff University School of Medicine Cardiff. Drs. Nguyen and Schäfer are with the Institut fuer Med. Biometrie und Epidemiologie Philipps-Universitaet Marburg Bunsenstr, Marburg. Drs. Steinhausen and Walitza are with University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. Drs. Lesch, Renner, Reif, M. Romanos, J. Romanos, Warnke, and Walitza are with the University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany. Dr. Freitag is with JW Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Drs. Meyer and Palmason are with the Institute of Psychobiology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany. Dr. Rothenberger is with the University of Goettingen, Germany. Dr. Sergeant is with Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Dr. Roeyers is with Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium. Drs. Mick and Biederman are with Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. Dr. Biederman is also with the Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Christine Freitag
- Drs. Neale, Ripke, and Daly are with the Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusettes General Hospital, Boston, MA. Dr. Medland is with Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Neale, Medland, Ripke and Daly are also with Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA. Drs. Anney, Hawi, and Gill are with Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. Drs. Asherson and Holmans are with Medical Research Council Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, Kings's College London, UK. Drs. Buitelaar and Franke are with Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Dr. Kent is with Bute Medical School, St Andrews, Scotland, UK. Drs. Faraone and Middleton are with the State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, NY. Dr. Thapar is with the Medical Research Council Centre in Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics Cardiff University School of Medicine Cardiff. Drs. Nguyen and Schäfer are with the Institut fuer Med. Biometrie und Epidemiologie Philipps-Universitaet Marburg Bunsenstr, Marburg. Drs. Steinhausen and Walitza are with University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. Drs. Lesch, Renner, Reif, M. Romanos, J. Romanos, Warnke, and Walitza are with the University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany. Dr. Freitag is with JW Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Drs. Meyer and Palmason are with the Institute of Psychobiology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany. Dr. Rothenberger is with the University of Goettingen, Germany. Dr. Sergeant is with Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Dr. Roeyers is with Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium. Drs. Mick and Biederman are with Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. Dr. Biederman is also with the Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Jobst Meyer
- Drs. Neale, Ripke, and Daly are with the Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusettes General Hospital, Boston, MA. Dr. Medland is with Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Neale, Medland, Ripke and Daly are also with Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA. Drs. Anney, Hawi, and Gill are with Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. Drs. Asherson and Holmans are with Medical Research Council Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, Kings's College London, UK. Drs. Buitelaar and Franke are with Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Dr. Kent is with Bute Medical School, St Andrews, Scotland, UK. Drs. Faraone and Middleton are with the State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, NY. Dr. Thapar is with the Medical Research Council Centre in Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics Cardiff University School of Medicine Cardiff. Drs. Nguyen and Schäfer are with the Institut fuer Med. Biometrie und Epidemiologie Philipps-Universitaet Marburg Bunsenstr, Marburg. Drs. Steinhausen and Walitza are with University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. Drs. Lesch, Renner, Reif, M. Romanos, J. Romanos, Warnke, and Walitza are with the University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany. Dr. Freitag is with JW Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Drs. Meyer and Palmason are with the Institute of Psychobiology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany. Dr. Rothenberger is with the University of Goettingen, Germany. Dr. Sergeant is with Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Dr. Roeyers is with Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium. Drs. Mick and Biederman are with Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. Dr. Biederman is also with the Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Haukur Palmason
- Drs. Neale, Ripke, and Daly are with the Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusettes General Hospital, Boston, MA. Dr. Medland is with Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Neale, Medland, Ripke and Daly are also with Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA. Drs. Anney, Hawi, and Gill are with Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. Drs. Asherson and Holmans are with Medical Research Council Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, Kings's College London, UK. Drs. Buitelaar and Franke are with Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Dr. Kent is with Bute Medical School, St Andrews, Scotland, UK. Drs. Faraone and Middleton are with the State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, NY. Dr. Thapar is with the Medical Research Council Centre in Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics Cardiff University School of Medicine Cardiff. Drs. Nguyen and Schäfer are with the Institut fuer Med. Biometrie und Epidemiologie Philipps-Universitaet Marburg Bunsenstr, Marburg. Drs. Steinhausen and Walitza are with University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. Drs. Lesch, Renner, Reif, M. Romanos, J. Romanos, Warnke, and Walitza are with the University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany. Dr. Freitag is with JW Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Drs. Meyer and Palmason are with the Institute of Psychobiology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany. Dr. Rothenberger is with the University of Goettingen, Germany. Dr. Sergeant is with Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Dr. Roeyers is with Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium. Drs. Mick and Biederman are with Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. Dr. Biederman is also with the Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Aribert Rothenberger
- Drs. Neale, Ripke, and Daly are with the Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusettes General Hospital, Boston, MA. Dr. Medland is with Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Neale, Medland, Ripke and Daly are also with Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA. Drs. Anney, Hawi, and Gill are with Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. Drs. Asherson and Holmans are with Medical Research Council Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, Kings's College London, UK. Drs. Buitelaar and Franke are with Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Dr. Kent is with Bute Medical School, St Andrews, Scotland, UK. Drs. Faraone and Middleton are with the State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, NY. Dr. Thapar is with the Medical Research Council Centre in Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics Cardiff University School of Medicine Cardiff. Drs. Nguyen and Schäfer are with the Institut fuer Med. Biometrie und Epidemiologie Philipps-Universitaet Marburg Bunsenstr, Marburg. Drs. Steinhausen and Walitza are with University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. Drs. Lesch, Renner, Reif, M. Romanos, J. Romanos, Warnke, and Walitza are with the University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany. Dr. Freitag is with JW Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Drs. Meyer and Palmason are with the Institute of Psychobiology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany. Dr. Rothenberger is with the University of Goettingen, Germany. Dr. Sergeant is with Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Dr. Roeyers is with Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium. Drs. Mick and Biederman are with Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. Dr. Biederman is also with the Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Ziarih Hawi
- Drs. Neale, Ripke, and Daly are with the Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusettes General Hospital, Boston, MA. Dr. Medland is with Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Neale, Medland, Ripke and Daly are also with Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA. Drs. Anney, Hawi, and Gill are with Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. Drs. Asherson and Holmans are with Medical Research Council Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, Kings's College London, UK. Drs. Buitelaar and Franke are with Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Dr. Kent is with Bute Medical School, St Andrews, Scotland, UK. Drs. Faraone and Middleton are with the State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, NY. Dr. Thapar is with the Medical Research Council Centre in Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics Cardiff University School of Medicine Cardiff. Drs. Nguyen and Schäfer are with the Institut fuer Med. Biometrie und Epidemiologie Philipps-Universitaet Marburg Bunsenstr, Marburg. Drs. Steinhausen and Walitza are with University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. Drs. Lesch, Renner, Reif, M. Romanos, J. Romanos, Warnke, and Walitza are with the University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany. Dr. Freitag is with JW Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Drs. Meyer and Palmason are with the Institute of Psychobiology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany. Dr. Rothenberger is with the University of Goettingen, Germany. Dr. Sergeant is with Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Dr. Roeyers is with Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium. Drs. Mick and Biederman are with Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. Dr. Biederman is also with the Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Joseph Sergeant
- Drs. Neale, Ripke, and Daly are with the Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusettes General Hospital, Boston, MA. Dr. Medland is with Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Neale, Medland, Ripke and Daly are also with Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA. Drs. Anney, Hawi, and Gill are with Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. Drs. Asherson and Holmans are with Medical Research Council Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, Kings's College London, UK. Drs. Buitelaar and Franke are with Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Dr. Kent is with Bute Medical School, St Andrews, Scotland, UK. Drs. Faraone and Middleton are with the State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, NY. Dr. Thapar is with the Medical Research Council Centre in Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics Cardiff University School of Medicine Cardiff. Drs. Nguyen and Schäfer are with the Institut fuer Med. Biometrie und Epidemiologie Philipps-Universitaet Marburg Bunsenstr, Marburg. Drs. Steinhausen and Walitza are with University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. Drs. Lesch, Renner, Reif, M. Romanos, J. Romanos, Warnke, and Walitza are with the University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany. Dr. Freitag is with JW Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Drs. Meyer and Palmason are with the Institute of Psychobiology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany. Dr. Rothenberger is with the University of Goettingen, Germany. Dr. Sergeant is with Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Dr. Roeyers is with Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium. Drs. Mick and Biederman are with Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. Dr. Biederman is also with the Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Herbert Roeyers
- Drs. Neale, Ripke, and Daly are with the Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusettes General Hospital, Boston, MA. Dr. Medland is with Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Neale, Medland, Ripke and Daly are also with Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA. Drs. Anney, Hawi, and Gill are with Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. Drs. Asherson and Holmans are with Medical Research Council Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, Kings's College London, UK. Drs. Buitelaar and Franke are with Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Dr. Kent is with Bute Medical School, St Andrews, Scotland, UK. Drs. Faraone and Middleton are with the State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, NY. Dr. Thapar is with the Medical Research Council Centre in Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics Cardiff University School of Medicine Cardiff. Drs. Nguyen and Schäfer are with the Institut fuer Med. Biometrie und Epidemiologie Philipps-Universitaet Marburg Bunsenstr, Marburg. Drs. Steinhausen and Walitza are with University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. Drs. Lesch, Renner, Reif, M. Romanos, J. Romanos, Warnke, and Walitza are with the University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany. Dr. Freitag is with JW Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Drs. Meyer and Palmason are with the Institute of Psychobiology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany. Dr. Rothenberger is with the University of Goettingen, Germany. Dr. Sergeant is with Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Dr. Roeyers is with Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium. Drs. Mick and Biederman are with Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. Dr. Biederman is also with the Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Joseph Biederman
- Drs. Neale, Ripke, and Daly are with the Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusettes General Hospital, Boston, MA. Dr. Medland is with Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Neale, Medland, Ripke and Daly are also with Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA. Drs. Anney, Hawi, and Gill are with Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. Drs. Asherson and Holmans are with Medical Research Council Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, Kings's College London, UK. Drs. Buitelaar and Franke are with Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Dr. Kent is with Bute Medical School, St Andrews, Scotland, UK. Drs. Faraone and Middleton are with the State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, NY. Dr. Thapar is with the Medical Research Council Centre in Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics Cardiff University School of Medicine Cardiff. Drs. Nguyen and Schäfer are with the Institut fuer Med. Biometrie und Epidemiologie Philipps-Universitaet Marburg Bunsenstr, Marburg. Drs. Steinhausen and Walitza are with University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. Drs. Lesch, Renner, Reif, M. Romanos, J. Romanos, Warnke, and Walitza are with the University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany. Dr. Freitag is with JW Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Drs. Meyer and Palmason are with the Institute of Psychobiology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany. Dr. Rothenberger is with the University of Goettingen, Germany. Dr. Sergeant is with Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Dr. Roeyers is with Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium. Drs. Mick and Biederman are with Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. Dr. Biederman is also with the Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital
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