1
|
Phillips S, Budesa Z, Smith R, Wood C, Winograd R. Longitudinal Assessment of Emergency Responders' Attitudes Toward People Who Overdose and Naloxone Following an Overdose Education Training. SUBSTANCE USE & ADDICTION JOURNAL 2024; 45:587-597. [PMID: 38600798 DOI: 10.1177/29767342241241401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In addition to teaching overdose recognition and response, overdose education and naloxone distribution (OEND) trainings for emergency responders aim to improve trainee attitudes toward people who use drugs and toward naloxone. This study examines the training effectiveness long term, as well as the extent to which improvements are dependent on profession type or recent experience administering naloxone. METHODS A total of 774 emergency responders, consisting of law enforcement officers (LEOs) (n = 624, 81%) and emergency medical service (EMS) personnel (n = 150, 19%), attended OEND trainings and completed surveys immediately prior to ("pre") and following ("post") the training, as well as 6 months later ("follow-up"). Survey items assessed attitudes toward people who have overdosed, naloxone-related risk compensation (ie, "enabling") beliefs, and whether participants had administered naloxone since attending the training. Multiple regression and estimated marginal means were used to evaluate changes in scores. RESULTS Emergency responders showed improved attitudes (pre = 2.60, follow-up = 2.45, P < .001) and risk compensation beliefs (pre = 2.97, follow-up = 2.67, P < .001) 6 months following the training. Follow-up scores differed by profession, with LEOs endorsing worse attitudes (difference = 0.55, P = .013) and more risk compensation beliefs (difference = 0.67, P = .014) than EMS. In addition, having recently administered naloxone predicted more negative attitudes (EMS: difference = 0.55, P = .01; LEO: difference = 0.54, P = .004) and risk compensation beliefs (EMS = 0.73, P = .006; LEO = 0.69, P = .002) at follow-up. CONCLUSION Six months after an OEND training, emergency responders' attitudes toward people who overdose, and their risk compensation beliefs remained improved. However, LEOs had more negative follow-up attitudes and beliefs compared to EMS. Emergency responders who had administered naloxone had worse attitudes and beliefs at follow-up than those who had not. Of note, our sample evidenced sizable attrition between pre and follow-up assessments, leaving room for selection bias. Future studies should investigate how to mitigate negative effects of administering naloxone on attitudes toward those who overdose, and belief that naloxone is "enabling."
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Phillips
- University of Missouri-St. Louis, Missouri Institute of Mental Health, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Zach Budesa
- University of Missouri-St. Louis, Missouri Institute of Mental Health, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ryan Smith
- University of Missouri-St. Louis, Missouri Institute of Mental Health, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Claire Wood
- University of Missouri-St. Louis, Missouri Institute of Mental Health, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rachel Winograd
- University of Missouri-St. Louis, Missouri Institute of Mental Health, St. Louis, MO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dahlem CH, Patil R, Khadr L, Ploutz-Snyder RJ, Boyd CJ, Shuman CJ. Effectiveness of take ACTION online naloxone training for law enforcement officers. HEALTH & JUSTICE 2023; 11:47. [PMID: 37979100 PMCID: PMC10656891 DOI: 10.1186/s40352-023-00250-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Training law enforcement officers (LEOs) to administer naloxone is a recommended strategy to reduce overdose deaths in the United States. To achieve this, an evidence-based and scalable naloxone training curriculum that is easy to use and readily scalable is needed. Convenient web-based training is a flexible method for delivering educational interventions particularly for LEOs who have irregular or shifting schedules. This study examined the effectiveness of a comprehensive web-based naloxone training that was created in partnership with LEOs on their knowledge, confidence, and attitudes regarding naloxone. METHODS From May 2019 to September 2020, five law enforcement departments from Michigan participated in web-based naloxone training. A total of 182 LEOs (77% male) were in the final sample based on matching pre-and post-test surveys. LEOs were assessed on knowledge, confidence, and attitudes towards naloxone. Negative binomial and Poisson regression was conducted to assess associations between knowledge, confidence, and attitudes towards naloxone before and after training. RESULTS Significant improvements in overdose knowledge and confidence were revealed across all departments with median (IQR) total composite scores for knowledge increasing from 35 (32, 37) to 40 (39, 42) (p < 0.01) and confidence increasing from 18.5 (15, 20) to 20 (20, 25) (p < 0.01). Median (IQR) attitude scores did not change. CONCLUSION Our web-based naloxone training was effective in improving knowledge and confidence for LEOs but did not significantly improve LEOs attitudes towards naloxone across most departments. The web-based format is readily scalable and quickly disseminated and meets the immediate need for LEO overdose training. Additional intervention is needed to address the negative attitudes of LEOs regarding naloxone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chin Hwa Dahlem
- Center for the Study of Drugs, Alcohol, Smoking and Health, Department of Health Behavior and Biological Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Michigan, 400 N. Ingalls Rd Rm 3174, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Rohan Patil
- Center for the Study of Drugs, Alcohol, Smoking and Health, Department of Health Behavior and Biological Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Michigan, 400 N. Ingalls Rd Rm 3174, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Lara Khadr
- Applied Biostatistics Laboratory, Ann Arbor, USA
| | | | - Carol J Boyd
- Center for the Study of Drugs, Alcohol, Smoking and Health, Department of Health Behavior and Biological Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Michigan, 400 N. Ingalls Rd Rm 3174, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Clayton J Shuman
- Center for the Study of Drugs, Alcohol, Smoking and Health, Department of Health Behavior and Biological Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Michigan, 400 N. Ingalls Rd Rm 3174, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of System Populations and Leadership, Ann Arbor, USA
- Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ackermann E, Kievit B, Xavier J, Barbic S, Ferguson M, Greer A, Loyal J, Mamdani Z, Palis H, Pauly B, Slaunwhite A, Buxton JA. Awareness and knowledge of the Good Samaritan Drug Overdose Act among people at risk of witnessing an overdose in British Columbia, Canada: a multi-methods cross sectional study. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy 2022; 17:42. [PMID: 35614474 PMCID: PMC9131579 DOI: 10.1186/s13011-022-00472-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bystanders to drug overdoses often avoid or delay calling 9–1-1 and cite fear of police involvement as a main reason. In 2017, the Good Samaritan Drug Overdose Act (GSDOA) was enacted by the Canadian government to provide people present at an overdose with legal protection from charges for simple drug possession, and conditions stemming from simple possession. Few studies have taken a multi-methods approach to evaluating the GSDOA. We used quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews to explore awareness, understanding, and perceptions of the GSDOA in people at risk of witnessing an overdose. Methods Quantitative cross-sectional surveys and qualitative telephone interviews were conducted with adults and youth at risk of witnessing an overdose across British Columbia. Cross-sectional survey participants were recruited at 19 Take Home Naloxone sites and online through Foundry. Multivariable logistic regression models were constructed hierarchically to determine factors associated with GSDOA awareness. Telephone interview participants were recruited by research assistants with lived/living experience of substance use. Deductive and inductive thematic analyses were conducted to identify major themes. Results Overall, 52.7% (n = 296) of the quantitative study sample (N = 453) reported being aware of the GSDOA. In multivariable analysis, cellphone possession (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.19; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.36, 3.54) and having recently witnessed an opioid overdose (AOR = 2.34; 95% CI 1.45, 3.80) were positively associated with GSDOA awareness. Young adults (25 – 34 years) were more likely to be aware of the Act (AOR = 2.10; 95% CI 1.11, 3.98) compared to youth (16–24 years). Qualitative interviews (N = 42) revealed that many overestimated the protections offered by the GSDOA. To increase awareness and knowledge of the Act among youth, participants recommended adding the GSDOA to school curricula and using social media. Word of mouth was suggested to reach adults. Conclusion Both awareness and knowledge of the GSDOA remain low in BC, with many overestimating the protections the Act offers. Dissemination efforts should be led by people with lived/living experience and should target those with limited awareness and understanding of the Act as misunderstandings can erode trust in law enforcement and harm reduction policy. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13011-022-00472-4.
Collapse
|
4
|
Macmadu A, Yolken A, Frueh L, Toussaint JR, Newman R, Jacka BP, Collins AB, Marshall BDL. Characteristics of events in which police responded to overdoses: an examination of incident reports in Rhode Island. Harm Reduct J 2022; 19:116. [PMID: 36258209 PMCID: PMC9578237 DOI: 10.1186/s12954-022-00698-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Narrow or non-existent Good Samaritan Law protections and harsh drug selling statutes in the USA have been shown to deter bystanders from seeking medical assistance for overdoses. Additionally, little is known about the actions that police take when responding to overdose events. The objectives of this study were to assess the prevalence and correlates of naloxone administration by police, as well as to examine overdose events where arrests were made and those in which the person who overdosed was described as combative. Methods We analyzed incident reports of police responding to an overdose between September 1, 2019, and August 31, 2020 (i.e., 6 months prior to and during the COVID-19 pandemic), from a city in Rhode Island. We examined characteristics of incidents, as well as individual characteristics of the person who overdosed. Correlates of police naloxone administration were assessed using Wilcoxon rank sum tests and Fisher’s exact tests, and we examined incidents where arrests occurred and incidents in which the person who overdosed was described as combative descriptively. Results Among the 211 incidents in which police responded to an overdose during the study period, we found that police administered naloxone in approximately 10% of incidents. In most incidents, police were the last group of first responders to arrive on scene (59%), and most often, naloxone was administered by others (65%). Police were significantly more likely to administer naloxone when they were the first professionals to arrive, when naloxone had not been administered by others, and when the overdose occurred in public or in a vehicle. Arrests at overdose events were rarely reported (1%), and people who overdosed were rarely (1%) documented in incident reports as being ‘combative.’ Conclusions Considering these findings, ideally, all jurisdictions should have sufficient first responder staffing and resources to ensure a rapid response to overdose events, with police rarely or never dispatched to respond to overdoses. However, until this ideal can be achieved, any available responders should be dispatched concurrently, with police instructed to resume patrol once other professional responders arrive on scene; additionally, warrant searches of persons on scene should be prohibited. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12954-022-00698-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria Macmadu
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, 121 South Main Street, Box G-S-121-2, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | | | - Lisa Frueh
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jai'el R Toussaint
- Department of Africana Studies, Brown University Churchill House, 155 Angell Street, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Roxxanne Newman
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, 121 South Main Street, Box G-S-121-2, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Brendan P Jacka
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, 121 South Main Street, Box G-S-121-2, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Alexandra B Collins
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, 121 South Main Street, Box G-S-121-2, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Brandon D L Marshall
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, 121 South Main Street, Box G-S-121-2, Providence, RI, 02912, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Smiley-McDonald HM, Attaway PR, Richardson NJ, Davidson PJ, Kral AH. Perspectives from law enforcement officers who respond to overdose calls for service and administer naloxone. HEALTH & JUSTICE 2022; 10:9. [PMID: 35212812 PMCID: PMC8874742 DOI: 10.1186/s40352-022-00172-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many law enforcement agencies across the United States equip their officers with the life-saving drug naloxone to reverse the effects of an opioid overdose. Although officers can be effectively trained to administer naloxone, and hundreds of law enforcement agencies carry naloxone to reverse overdoses, little is known about what happens on scene during an overdose call for service from an officer's perspective, including what officers perceive their duties and responsibilities to be as the incident evolves. METHODS The qualitative study examined officers' experiences with overdose response, their perceived roles, and what happens on scene before, during, and after an overdose incident. In-person interviews were conducted with 17 officers in four diverse law enforcement agencies in the United States between January and May 2020. RESULTS Following an overdose, the officers described that overdose victims are required to go to a hospital or they are taken to jail. Officers also described their duties on scene during and after naloxone administration, including searching the belongings of the person who overdosed and seizing any drug paraphernalia. CONCLUSION These findings point to a pressing need for rethinking standard operating procedures for law enforcement in these situations so that the intentions of Good Samaritan Laws are upheld and people get the assistance they need without being deterred from asking for future help.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hope M Smiley-McDonald
- Division for Applied Justice Research, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.
| | - Peyton R Attaway
- Division for Applied Justice Research, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nicholas J Richardson
- Division for Applied Justice Research, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Peter J Davidson
- Department of Medicine, Division Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Alex H Kral
- Community Health Research Division, RTI International, Berkeley, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kruis NE, McLean K, Perry P, Nackley MK. First Responders' Views of Naloxone: Does Stigma Matter? Subst Use Misuse 2022; 57:1534-1544. [PMID: 35791871 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2022.2092150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior work has suggested that first responders have mixed feelings about harm reduction strategies used to fight the opioid epidemic, such as the use of naloxone to reverse opioid overdose. Researchers have also noted that provider-based stigma of people who use opioids (PWUO) may influence perceptions of appropriate interventions for opioid use disorder (OUD). This study examined first responders' perceptions of naloxone and the relationship between stigma of OUD and perceptions of naloxone. METHODS A web-based survey assessing perceptions of PWUO and naloxone was administered to 282 police officers and students enrolled in EMT and paramedic training courses located in the Northeastern United States. Bivariate and multivariable analyses assessed the relationship between variants of stigma (e.g., perceived dangerousness, blame, social distance, and fatalism) and self-reported perceptions of naloxone. RESULTS Participants, in the aggregate, held slightly negative attitudes toward the use of naloxone. Findings from multivariable modeling suggest that stigma of OUD, living in a rural area, and prior experience administering naloxone, were significantly and inversely related to support for the use of naloxone. Support for the disease model of addiction and associating drug use with low socioeconomic status were positively related to support for the use of naloxone. CONCLUSION Efforts to alleviate perceptions of PWUO as dangerous, blameworthy, or incapable of recovery may increase first responders' support for naloxone. To this end, first responder training programs should include instruction on the disease model of addiction, and more broadly, attempt to foster familiarity between PWUO and the professionals who serve them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan E Kruis
- Department of Criminal Justice, Penn State Altoona, Altoona, PA, USA
| | - Katherine McLean
- Department of Criminal Justice, Penn State Greater Allegheny, McKeesport, PA, USA
| | - Payton Perry
- Department of Criminal Justice, Penn State Altoona, Altoona, PA, USA
| | - Marielle K Nackley
- Department of Education, Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Police officers' knowledge, understanding and implementation of the Good Samaritan Drug Overdose Act in BC, Canada. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2021; 97:103410. [PMID: 34438275 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In May 2017, the Good Samaritan Drug Overdose Act (GSDOA) was enacted in Canada - amending the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act. For people present at an overdose, the GSDOA offers legal protection from simple drug possession as well as breach of charges related to simple possession including probation, pre-trial release, conditional sentences, and parole. It is unclear if the GSDOA has been fully implemented by police officers. METHODS We conducted 22 key informant interviews with police officers across British Columbia, Canada. Convenience sampling was initially employed, followed by purposeful sampling to ensure diversity in jurisdictions and participant demographics (e.g. age, sex, policing experience). A thematic analysis was conducted RESULTS: Our findings show that awareness and knowledge of the GSDOA vary among police officers. Many officers reported being unaware of the GSDOA or could not correctly define for whom and when the GSDOA applies. Information about the GSDOA was largely disseminated via email. Many officers expressed concerns with this dissemination method given the potential that key legal information would be overlooked. Police officers reported that not arresting for simple possession at an overdose was common practice, even before the enactment of the GSDOA. Thus, some officers did not believe that the GSDOA considerably changed police practices. Finally, police officers reported that they exercised discretion applying the GSDOA. Police officer interpretation of the intention and content of the GSDOA had critical implications for how they applied it in practice. CONCLUSION Effective education for law enforcement, including the dissemination of information beyond email, is needed to improve officers' awareness and understanding of the GSDOA. Given officers' use of discretion when applying the GSDOA, greater legal reforms, such as de jure decriminalization, may be required to fully protect persons at an overdose from simple possession for controlled substances.
Collapse
|
8
|
Pike E, Tillson M, Staton M, Webster JM. The role of law enforcement officers in responding to the opioid epidemic: A qualitative assessment. Subst Abus 2021; 42:813-820. [PMID: 33471613 PMCID: PMC8447229 DOI: 10.1080/08897077.2020.1865243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Background: Opioid-related overdose deaths continue to rise with the ongoing opioid epidemic. In response, changes in the role of law enforcement officers have included being trained to administer naloxone to reverse overdoses and offering navigation and referrals to substance use treatment. Methods: This secondary data analysis includes qualitative data from law enforcement officers collected as part of a mixed-methods needs assessment from one Kentucky county. Law enforcement officers (n = 151) responded to a confidential, online survey using Qualtrics and a subsample also completed a qualitative interview (n = 6). Open-ended questions in the online survey and interviews included how the opioid epidemic has affected the individual's profession, specifically their role in reversing overdoses and providing referrals to individuals who misuse opioids. Results: Law enforcement officers surveyed indicated that they have expanded their professional roles to include providing naloxone to reverse opioid overdoses and referrals. While their specific roles and duties have changed to include naloxone administration to reverse opioid overdoses and providing referrals, officers felt that this was just part of their job in responding to the needs of the community. Officers reported that they have learned how to use (99%) and carry naloxone (87%) to reverse opioid related overdoses. The majority (92%) reported providing referrals (e.g., treatment and harm reduction resources) to individuals who misuse opioids. Conclusions: The opioid epidemic has changed the roles of law enforcement officers, including providing naloxone to reverse overdoses and referrals for treatment. Future research should continue to explore how substance misuse in the community changes the roles of law enforcement officers and how to best train and support officers as their roles evolve in response to these changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Pike
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Medical Behavioral Science Building, Lexington, KY 40536-0086, USA
| | - Martha Tillson
- Center on Drug and Alcohol Research, University of Kentucky, 845 Angliana Ave, Lexington, KY 40502, USA
- Department of Sociology, University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences, Lexington KY 40506-0027, USA
| | - Michele Staton
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Medical Behavioral Science Building, Lexington, KY 40536-0086, USA
- Center on Drug and Alcohol Research, University of Kentucky, 845 Angliana Ave, Lexington, KY 40502, USA
| | - J. Matthew Webster
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Medical Behavioral Science Building, Lexington, KY 40536-0086, USA
- Center on Drug and Alcohol Research, University of Kentucky, 845 Angliana Ave, Lexington, KY 40502, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Horák F, Lacko D, Klocek A. Legal Consciousness: A Systematic Review of its Conceptualization and Measurement Methods1. ANUARIO DE PSICOLOGÍA JURÍDICA 2021. [DOI: 10.5093/apj2021a2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
10
|
Carroll JJ, Mital S, Wolff J, Noonan RK, Martinez P, Podolsky MC, Killorin JC, Green TC. Knowledge, preparedness, and compassion fatigue among law enforcement officers who respond to opioid overdose. Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 217:108257. [PMID: 32947173 PMCID: PMC7475730 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rates of fatal overdose (OD) from synthetic opioids rose nearly 60 % from 2016 to 2018. 911 Good Samaritan Laws (GSLs) are an evidenced-based strategy for preventing OD fatality. This study describes patrol officers' knowledge of their state's GSL, experience with OD response, and their perspectives on strategies to prevent and respond to opioid OD. METHODS An electronic survey assessed officers' knowledge of state GSLs and experiences responding to OD. Descriptive statistics and hierarchical linear modeling were generated to examine differences in knowledge, preparedness, and endorsement of OD response efforts by experience with OD response. RESULTS 2,829 officers responded to the survey. Among those who had responded to an OD call in the past six months (n = 1,946), 37 % reported administering naloxone on scene and 36 % reported making an arrest. Most (91 %) correctly reported whether their state had a GSL in effect. Only 26 % correctly reported whether that law provides limited immunity from arrest. Fifteen percent of officers who had responded to an OD work in departments that do not carry naloxone. Compared with officers who had not responded to any OD calls, those who reported responding OD calls at least monthly and at least weekly, were significantly less likely to endorse OD response efforts. CONCLUSION Officers who respond to OD calls are generally receiving training and naloxone supplies to respond, but knowledge gaps and additional training needs persist. Additional training and strategies to relieve compassion fatigue among those who have more experience with OD response efforts may be indicated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Carroll
- Department of Sociology & Anthropology, Elon University, Elon, NC, United States; Department of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.
| | - Sasha Mital
- National Center for Injury Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jessica Wolff
- National Center for Injury Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Rita K Noonan
- National Center for Injury Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Pedro Martinez
- National Center for Injury Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Melissa C Podolsky
- National Center for Injury Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - John C Killorin
- Atlanta-Carolinas High Intensity Drug Trafficking Areas, Peachtree Corners, GA, United States
| | - Traci C Green
- Heller School for Social Policy and Development, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States; Departments of Emergency Medicine and Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Franklin Edwards G, Mierisch C, Mutcheson B, Horn K, Henrickson Parker S. A review of performance assessment tools for rescuer response in opioid overdose simulations and training programs. Prev Med Rep 2020; 20:101232. [PMID: 33163333 PMCID: PMC7610043 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2020.101232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the 1990s, more than 600 overdose response training and education programs have been implemented to train participants to respond to an opioid overdose in the United States. Given this substantial investment in overdose response training, valid assessment of a potential rescuers' proficiency in responding to an opioid overdose is important. The aim of this article is to review the current state of the literature on outcome measures utilized in opioid overdose response training. Thirty-one articles published between 2014 and 2020 met inclusion criteria. The reviewed articles targeted laypersons, healthcare providers, and first responders. The assessment tools included five validated questionnaires, fifteen non-validated questionnaires, and nine non-validated simulation-based checklists (e.g., completion of critical tasks and time to completion). Validated multiple choice knowledge assessment tools were commonly used to assess the outcomes of training programs. It is unknown how scores on these assessment tools may correlate with actual rescuer performance responding to an overdose. Seven studies reported ceiling effects most likely attributed to participants' background medical knowledge or experience. The inclusion of simulation-based outcome measures of performance, including the commission of critical errors and the time to naloxone administration, provides better insight into rescuer skill proficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G. Franklin Edwards
- Translational Biology, Medicine and Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA, USA
- Carilion Clinic Center for Simulation, Research and Patient Safety, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Cassandra Mierisch
- Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA
- Carilion Clinic, Department of Orthopedics and Opioid Task Force, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | | | - Kimberly Horn
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA, USA
- Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Sarah Henrickson Parker
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA, USA
- Carilion Clinic Center for Simulation, Research and Patient Safety, Roanoke, VA, USA
- Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Nath JM, Scharf B, Stolbach A, Tang N, Jenkins JL, Margolis A, Levy MJ. A Longitudinal Analysis of a Law Enforcement Intranasal Naloxone Training Program. Cureus 2020; 12:e11312. [PMID: 33282588 PMCID: PMC7714746 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.11312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The opioid crisis continues to claim lives at historically unprecedented levels and shows few signs of abating. One means of mitigating the harm from opioid abuse and unintentional overdose is training and equipping police officers to administer intranasal (IN) naloxone as part of a broader public health response. While an increasing number of state and local agencies have implemented law enforcement officer (LEO) naloxone training programs, due to the novelty of these programs, the evidence of program efficacy is limited. This study describes the implementation and evaluation of a LEO training program in opioid overdose recognition, management, and administration of IN naloxone. METHODS This evaluation consisted of a secondary analysis of de-identified administrative quality assurance data. Police officers in Howard County, Maryland (n=281) underwent an IN naloxone training program between June and July 2015. The training program entailed a 30-minute online component, a 45-minute in-service session, and a 15-question post-test (n=228). The success of the training program was evaluated via an opioid overdose knowledge survey administered at 30 days (n=207) and 6 months (n=182) after training. RESULTS The 30-day and 6-month scores for all knowledge outcomes indicated that officers retained the contents of the training program well over time. After six months, 100% of respondents correctly identified the physiological effects of naloxone administration, and 95.6% correctly identified the opioid-containing drugs that may result in overdose. At the six-month mark, 74.59% correctly identified the initial signs of opioid overdose, and 60.99% correctly identified the time required for IN to begin working. CONCLUSION LEOs exhibit the ability to retain the contents of IN training over 30-day and 6-month periods and express confidence in their ability to assist suspected opioid overdose victims. Further research is necessary to determine the degree to which further knowledge decay might occur, the sustained ability to implement this knowledge under real-world conditions, and the subsequent effects on overdose victim survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Nath
- Emergency Medicine, Upstate University Hospital, Syracuse, USA
| | - Becca Scharf
- Office of the Medical Director, Howard County Department of Fire and Rescue Services, Marriottsville, USA.,Emergency Health Services, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, USA
| | - Andrew Stolbach
- Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Nelson Tang
- Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - J Lee Jenkins
- Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,Emergency Health Services, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, USA
| | - Asa Margolis
- Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Matthew J Levy
- Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,Office of the Medical Director, Howard County Department of Fire and Rescue Services, Mariottsville, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Winograd RP, Stringfellow EJ, Phillips SK, Wood CA. Some law enforcement officers’ negative attitudes toward overdose victims are exacerbated following overdose education training. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2020; 46:577-588. [DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2020.1793159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel P. Winograd
- St. Louis - Missouri Institute of Mental Health, University of Missouri, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Erin J. Stringfellow
- St. Louis - Missouri Institute of Mental Health, University of Missouri, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Institute for Technology Assessment, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sarah K. Phillips
- St. Louis - Missouri Institute of Mental Health, University of Missouri, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Claire A. Wood
- St. Louis - Missouri Institute of Mental Health, University of Missouri, St. Louis, MO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Murphy J, Russell B. Police Officers’ Views of Naloxone and Drug Treatment: Does Greater Overdose Response Lead to More Negativity? JOURNAL OF DRUG ISSUES 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0022042620921363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Police officers and emergency personnel are on the frontlines of the opioid crisis. This research examines police officer attitudes about naloxone administration, drug treatment, and their role in handling drug-related incidents through an online survey. Although officers view themselves as adequately trained in administering naloxone/Narcan, almost half (43%) believe there should be a limit on how often someone who overdoses receives Narcan and the majority (83%) view naloxone/Narcan as providing an excuse to continue drug use. Officers also view drug treatment as ineffective. Negative attitudes differed as a function of frequency of overdose responses; officers who responded to more overdose calls and administered naloxone more frequently demonstrate more pessimistic attitudes toward drug treatment and the use of naloxone/Narcan. Officers more frequently exposed to drug overdoses need education and training about drug addiction issues to decrease stigma and elicit greater empathy toward people struggling with addiction.
Collapse
|
15
|
Green TC, Davis C, Xuan Z, Walley AY, Bratberg J. Laws Mandating Coprescription of Naloxone and Their Impact on Naloxone Prescription in Five US States, 2014-2018. Am J Public Health 2020; 110:881-887. [PMID: 32298179 PMCID: PMC7204438 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2020.305620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Objectives. To examine early impacts of laws that require naloxone to be prescribed to patients at increased overdose risk.Methods. Using data from 2014 to 2018 from a large pharmacy chain, CVS Pharmacy, we examined the effects of naloxone-prescribing mandates 90 days before and after they took effect in Arizona, Florida, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Virginia. We compared the number of naloxone doses initiated directly by prescribers and by pharmacy standing order, prescriber specialty, pharmacies dispensing, and payor type by applying linear models and the χ2 test.Results. Naloxone-prescribing mandates increased pharmacy naloxone provision 255% from 90 days before to after implementation. This approach appeared to engage more prescribers (1028 before to 4285 after), complement ongoing naloxone provision under pharmacy standing orders, expand geographic reach (from 40% to 80% of pharmacies dispensing), and broaden the naloxone payor mix in 4 (P < .05) of 5 states.Conclusions. Mandating the prescribing of naloxone quickly expands access to this life-saving medication for more people in more places. Other states should consider mandating the coprescription of naloxone to individuals at increased risk of overdose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Traci C Green
- At the time of the study, Traci C. Green was with the Department of Emergency Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center Injury Prevention Center, Boston, MA. Corey Davis is with the Network for Public Health Law, Greensboro, NC. Ziming Xuan is with the Department of Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Alexander Y. Walley is with the Department of General Internal Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center Injury Prevention Center, Boston. Jeffrey Bratberg is with the Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Rhode Island College of Pharmacy, Kingston
| | - Corey Davis
- At the time of the study, Traci C. Green was with the Department of Emergency Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center Injury Prevention Center, Boston, MA. Corey Davis is with the Network for Public Health Law, Greensboro, NC. Ziming Xuan is with the Department of Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Alexander Y. Walley is with the Department of General Internal Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center Injury Prevention Center, Boston. Jeffrey Bratberg is with the Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Rhode Island College of Pharmacy, Kingston
| | - Ziming Xuan
- At the time of the study, Traci C. Green was with the Department of Emergency Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center Injury Prevention Center, Boston, MA. Corey Davis is with the Network for Public Health Law, Greensboro, NC. Ziming Xuan is with the Department of Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Alexander Y. Walley is with the Department of General Internal Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center Injury Prevention Center, Boston. Jeffrey Bratberg is with the Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Rhode Island College of Pharmacy, Kingston
| | - Alexander Y Walley
- At the time of the study, Traci C. Green was with the Department of Emergency Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center Injury Prevention Center, Boston, MA. Corey Davis is with the Network for Public Health Law, Greensboro, NC. Ziming Xuan is with the Department of Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Alexander Y. Walley is with the Department of General Internal Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center Injury Prevention Center, Boston. Jeffrey Bratberg is with the Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Rhode Island College of Pharmacy, Kingston
| | - Jeffrey Bratberg
- At the time of the study, Traci C. Green was with the Department of Emergency Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center Injury Prevention Center, Boston, MA. Corey Davis is with the Network for Public Health Law, Greensboro, NC. Ziming Xuan is with the Department of Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Alexander Y. Walley is with the Department of General Internal Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center Injury Prevention Center, Boston. Jeffrey Bratberg is with the Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Rhode Island College of Pharmacy, Kingston
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
This paper is the fortieth consecutive installment of the annual anthological review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system, summarizing articles published during 2017 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides and receptors as well as effects of opioid/opiate agonists and antagonists. The review is subdivided into the following specific topics: molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors (1), the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia in animals (2) and humans (3), opioid-sensitive and opioid-insensitive effects of nonopioid analgesics (4), opioid peptide and receptor involvement in tolerance and dependence (5), stress and social status (6), learning and memory (7), eating and drinking (8), drug abuse and alcohol (9), sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (10), mental illness and mood (11), seizures and neurologic disorders (12), electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (13), general activity and locomotion (14), gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (15), cardiovascular responses (16), respiration and thermoregulation (17), and immunological responses (18).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, CUNY, 65-30 Kissena Blvd., Flushing, NY, 11367, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Khorasheh T, Naraine R, Watson TM, Wright A, Kallio N, Strike C. A scoping review of harm reduction training for police officers. Drug Alcohol Rev 2019; 38:131-150. [PMID: 30785229 DOI: 10.1111/dar.12904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
ISSUES Preventable overdose deaths, especially due to opioids, have increasingly been reported worldwide. Expansion of life-saving harm reduction services is underway with increasing public support in some jurisdictions. However, such services often fall short of reaching people who use drugs (PWUD), in part, due to law enforcement practices that are aligned with punitive drug laws and incongruent with harm reduction principles. One suggested strategy to facilitate police understanding and uptake of practices that are more congruent with harm reduction is to provide police with relevant training. APPROACH This scoping review synthesises English-language peer-reviewed and grey literature on harm reduction training programs for police. KEY FINDINGS We reviewed 31 sources and found that most trainings covered topics related to harm reduction objectives, overdose recognition and response, occupational safety and policing practices. Information was often presented via single-session, 1-hour long, slide-assisted presentations that were integrated into in-service trainings. Inconsistent throughout the literature was the career stage or position/rank of training audience (e.g. cadets, senior officers, street-level officers), when and how much training should be provided, and the occupational background of the training facilitator. IMPLICATIONS The available literature contains significant gaps pertaining to descriptions of training development, design and content specific to facilitating positive police-PWUD interactions, and formal evaluations. These gaps limit our understanding of what well-designed trainings may look like, if and how training alters policing practices, and to what extent training completion may lead to improved outcomes. CONCLUSION Greater research and formal evaluations of harm reduction training for police is recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Triti Khorasheh
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Renuka Naraine
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tara Marie Watson
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Amy Wright
- The Works, Toronto Public Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Natalie Kallio
- keepSIX Supervised Consumption Services, South Riverdale Community Health Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | - Carol Strike
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Watson TM, Bayoumi AM, Hopkins S, Wright A, Naraine R, Khorasheh T, Challacombe L, Strike C. Creating and sustaining cooperative relationships between supervised injection services and police: A qualitative interview study of international stakeholders. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2018; 61:1-6. [PMID: 30290363 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Supervised injection services (SIS) operate with special exemptions from drug law enforcement. Given the expansion of SIS and the opioid overdose crisis in numerous jurisdictions, now is a critical time to examine factors that contribute to cooperative SIS-police relationships. We sought to learn about SIS-police relationships from international jurisdictions with well-established as well as newer SIS. METHODS We conducted 16 semi-structured telephone interviews with SIS managers (n = 10) and police liaisons (n = 6) from 10 cities in seven different countries (Australia, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Netherlands, and Spain). All participants provided informed consent. We focused our coding and analysis on themes that emerged from the data. RESULTS Five key contributors to cooperative SIS-police relationships emerged from the data: early engagement and dialogues; supportive police chiefs; dedicated police liaisons; negotiated boundary agreements; and regular face-to-face contact. Most participants perceived the less formalised, on-the-ground approach to relationship-building between police and SIS adopted in their city to be working well in general. SIS managers and police participants reported a lack of formal police training on harm reduction, and some thought that training was unnecessary given the relatively positive local SIS-police relationships they reported. CONCLUSION Our qualitative study provides new, in-depth empirical examples of how police in varied international jurisdictions can come to accept and work cooperatively with, not against, SIS staff and clients. Investing ongoing effort in SIS-police relationships, in a manner that best suits local needs, may hold greater and more sustainable public health value than delivering specific curricula to police.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tara Marie Watson
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 3M7, Canada.
| | - Ahmed M Bayoumi
- Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5B 1W8, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 3M6, Canada; Division of General Internal Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5B 1W8, Canada.
| | - Shaun Hopkins
- The Works, Toronto Public Health, 277 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5B 1W2, Canada.
| | - Amy Wright
- The Works, Toronto Public Health, 277 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5B 1W2, Canada.
| | - Renuka Naraine
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 3M7, Canada.
| | - Triti Khorasheh
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 3M7, Canada.
| | - Laurel Challacombe
- CATIE, 555 Richmond Street West, Suite 505, Toronto, Ontario, M5V 3B1, Canada.
| | - Carol Strike
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 3M7, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Nguyen H, Parker BR. Assessing the effectiveness of New York's 911 Good Samaritan Law-Evidence from a natural experiment. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2018; 58:149-156. [PMID: 29966919 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug overdose is the leading cause of accidental death in the United States. Nationally, opioids are the primary drugs associated with accidental overdoses. In response to increasing overdose deaths, 40 states and the District of Columbia have enacted Good Samaritan Laws (GSLs). Generally, these policies attempt to encourage witnesses or those experiencing an overdose to call 911 by providing limited immunity from arrest, charge and/or prosecution of possession of narcotics. The aim of the current study is to evaluate the effectiveness of New York State's 911 GSL. METHODS We exploit a difference in state law between New York State, where the policy was adopted in 2011, and New Jersey, where the policy was not adopted until 2013, to provide a reasonable comparison condition. We examine variation in accidental opioid overdose emergency department visits and inpatient admissions from 2010 to 2012 across 270 hospitals in New York and New Jersey at the quarterly level controlling for hospital fixed effects and time trends using State Emergency Department Databases (SEDD) and State Inpatient Databases (SID). RESULTS Accidental opioid overdose emergency department visits and inpatient hospital admissions were increasing in both New York and New Jersey. After the enactment of New York's 911 GSL, emergency department visits and inpatient hospital admissions for accidental heroin overdoses increased differently in New York and New Jersey, with an incident rate ratio (IRR) of 1.34 (95% CI = 1.00, 1.86). The results were inconclusive for accidental non-heroin opioid overdoses (IRR = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.86, 1.13). CONCLUSIONS Accidental heroin overdose emergency department visits and inpatient hospital admissions increased in New York State after the enactment of the 911 GSL, consistent with the intended effect of the GSL. Preliminary evidence suggests that either persons who use heroin and/or those around them were impacted by the policy change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Holly Nguyen
- Pennsylvania State University, Department of Sociology and Criminology, USA.
| | - Brandy R Parker
- Pennsylvania State University, Department of Sociology and Criminology, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Formica SW, Apsler R, Wilkins L, Ruiz S, Reilly B, Walley AY. Post opioid overdose outreach by public health and public safety agencies: Exploration of emerging programs in Massachusetts. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2018; 54:43-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
|
21
|
Dietze PM, Draper B, Olsen A, Chronister KJ, van Beek I, Lintzeris N, Dwyer R, Nelson M, Lenton S. Does training people to administer take-home naloxone increase their knowledge? Evidence from Australian programs. Drug Alcohol Rev 2018; 37:472-479. [DOI: 10.1111/dar.12680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul M. Dietze
- Behaviours and Health Risks Program; Burnet Institute; Melbourne Australia
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine; Monash University; Melbourne Australia
| | - Bridget Draper
- Behaviours and Health Risks Program; Burnet Institute; Melbourne Australia
| | - Anna Olsen
- Research School of Population Health; Australian National University; Canberra Australia
| | - Karen J. Chronister
- South Eastern Sydney Local Health District; Sydney Australia
- Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney; Sydney Australia
| | - Ingrid van Beek
- South Eastern Sydney Local Health District; Sydney Australia
- Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney; Sydney Australia
| | - Nicholas Lintzeris
- South Eastern Sydney Local Health District; Sydney Australia
- Division Addiction Medicine; University of Sydney; Sydney Australia
| | - Robyn Dwyer
- Social Studies of Addiction Concepts; National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University; Melbourne Australia
- Centre for Cultural Diversity and Wellbeing; Victoria University; Melbourne Australia
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research; Curtin University; Melbourne Australia
| | - Marina Nelson
- National Drug Research Institute; Curtin University; Perth Australia
| | - Simon Lenton
- National Drug Research Institute; Curtin University; Perth Australia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Goodin A, Fallin-Bennett A, Green T, Freeman PR. Pharmacists' role in harm reduction: a survey assessment of Kentucky community pharmacists' willingness to participate in syringe/needle exchange. Harm Reduct J 2018; 15:4. [PMID: 29370808 PMCID: PMC5785823 DOI: 10.1186/s12954-018-0211-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacists' role in harm reduction is expanding in many states, yet there are limited data on pharmacists' willingness to participate in harm reduction activities. This study assessed community pharmacists' willingness to participate in one harm reduction initiative: syringe/needle exchange. METHODS In 2015, all Kentucky pharmacists with active licenses were emailed a survey that examined attitudes towards participation in syringe/needle exchange. Response frequencies were calculated for community pharmacist respondents. Ordinal logistic regression estimated the impact of community pharmacist characteristics and attitudes on willingness to provide clean needles/syringes to people who inject drugs and to dispose of used syringes/needles, where both dependent variables were defined as Likert-type questions on a scale of 1 (not at all willing) to 6 (very willing). RESULTS Of 4699 practicing Kentucky pharmacists, 1282 pharmacists responded (response rate = 27.3%); the majority (n = 827) were community pharmacists. Community pharmacists were divided on willingness to provide clean needles/syringes, with 39.1% not willing (score 1 or 2 of 6) and 30% very willing (score 5 or 6 of 6). Few were willing to dispose of used needles/syringes, with only 18.7% willing. Community pharmacists who agreed that pharmacists could have significant public health impact by providing access to clean needles expressed 3.56 times more willingness to provide clean needles (95% CI 3.06-4.15), and 2.04 times more willingness to dispose of used needles (95% CI 1.77-2.35). Chain/supermarket pharmacists (n = 485, 58.6% of community pharmacies) were 39% less likely to express willingness to dispose of used needles (95% CI 0.43-0.87) when compared with independent community pharmacists (n = 342, 41.4% of community pharmacies). Independent pharmacists reported different barriers (workflow) than their chain/supermarket pharmacist colleagues (concerns of clientele). CONCLUSIONS Kentucky community pharmacists were more willing to provide clean needles than to dispose of used needles. Strategies to mitigate barriers to participation in syringe/needle exchange are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amie Goodin
- College of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, University of Florida, 1225 Center Drive, HPNP 2320, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | | | - Traci Green
- Emergency Medicine, Injury Prevention Research Center, College of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Patricia R Freeman
- Pharmacy Practice and Science, Center for the Advancement of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Latimore AD, Bergstein RS. “Caught with a body” yet protected by law? Calling 911 for opioid overdose in the context of the Good Samaritan Law. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2017; 50:82-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
24
|
Dahlem CHG, King L, Anderson G, Marr A, Waddell JE, Scalera M. Beyond rescue: Implementation and evaluation of revised naloxone training for law enforcement officers. Public Health Nurs 2017; 34:516-521. [PMID: 28983963 DOI: 10.1111/phn.12365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study describes the implementation and evaluation of revised opioid overdose prevention and education of naloxone training for law enforcement officers (LEOs) that added: (1) a recovery testimony and (2) the process for deputy-initiated referrals postnaloxone administration. DESIGN AND SAMPLE Evaluation regarding the naloxone training included a pre- and postopioid overdose knowledge surveys (N = 114) and subsequent 1-year postnaloxone training outcomes. RESULTS Pre- and posttest scores for all knowledge outcome measures were statistically significant (p < .001) with favorable comments pertaining to the recovery testimony. Out of 31 individuals who received naloxone, 6 individuals (19.4%) continue to be in treatment or received some treatment services. The most common symptoms reported were unconsciousness/unresponsiveness (40.5%), abnormal breathing patterns (24.3%), and blue lips (16.2%). The majority of the calls (65.6%) were to a residential area, and the time for naloxone revival ranged <1-10 min (M = 3.48; SD = 2.27). CONCLUSION As nearly 20% of individuals sought treatment after a LEO-initiated referral, it is recommended that other agencies consider the referral process into the training. Future research will investigate the impact of the recovery testimony in reducing the stigma of addiction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa King
- Washtenaw County Sheriff's Office, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | | | | | - Marci Scalera
- Community Mental Health Partnership of Southeast Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
McDonald R, Campbell ND, Strang J. Twenty years of take-home naloxone for the prevention of overdose deaths from heroin and other opioids-Conception and maturation. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 178:176-187. [PMID: 28654870 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Opioid overdose is a major cause of mortality, but injury and fatal outcomes can be prevented by timely administration of the opioid antagonist naloxone. Pre-provision of naloxone to opioid users and family members (take-home naloxone, THN) was first proposed in 1996, and WHO Guidelines were issued in 2014. While widespread in some countries, THN is minimally available or absent elsewhere. This review traces the development of THN over twenty years, from speculative harm reduction proposal to public health strategy. METHOD Medline and PsycINFO were searched for peer-reviewed literature (1990-2016) using Boolean queries: 1) "naloxone OR Narcan"; 2) "(opioid OR opiate) AND overdose AND prevention". Grey literature and specialist websites were also searched. Data were extracted and synthesized as narrative review, with key events presented as chronological timeline. RESULTS Results are presented in 5-year intervals, starting with the original proposal and THN pilots from 1996 to 2001. Lack of familiarity with THN challenged early distribution schemes (2001-2006), leading to further testing, evaluation, and assessment of challenges and perceived medicolegal barriers. From 2006-2011, response to social and legal concerns led to the expansion of THN programs; followed by high-impact research and efforts to widen THN availability from 2011 to 2016. CONCLUSIONS Framed as a public health tool for harm reduction, THN has overcome social, clinical, and legal barriers in many jurisdictions. Nonetheless, the rising death toll of opioid overdose illustrates that current THN coverage is insufficient, and greater public investment in overdose prevention will be required if THN is to achieve its full potential impact.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca McDonald
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, Addictions Sciences Building, 4 Windsor Walk, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8BB, United Kingdom
| | - Nancy D Campbell
- Department of Science and Technology Studies, Sage Labs 5202, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 Eighth Street Troy, NY, 12180, United States
| | - John Strang
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, Addictions Sciences Building, 4 Windsor Walk, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8BB, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Horton M, McDonald R, Green TC, Nielsen S, Strang J, Degenhardt L, Larney S. A mapping review of take-home naloxone for people released from correctional settings. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2017; 46:7-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
27
|
Smyser PA, Lubin JS. Surveying the opinions of Pennsylvania Chiefs of Police toward officers carrying and administering naloxone. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2017; 44:244-251. [DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2017.1339053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul A. Smyser
- Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Prehospital and Transport Medicine, Hershey PA, USA
| | - Jeffrey S. Lubin
- Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Prehospital and Transport Medicine, Hershey PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Strike C, Watson TM. Relationships between needle and syringe programs and police: An exploratory analysis of the potential role of in-service training. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 175:51-54. [PMID: 28391085 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Training police on the public health benefits of needle and syringe programs (NSPs) is viewed as a best practice to facilitate more collaborative relationships between police and these programs. To date, while the limited published literature contains promising cases of harm reduction in-service training for police, evaluative evidence is preliminary. METHODS Using an online survey, we asked NSP managers across Canada about their programs and the quality of their NSP-police relationships. RESULTS We analyzed data from the responses of 75 program managers among whom 69% reported that their program had a "positive" or "mostly positive" relationship with the police. In-service training about topics such as needle-stick injury prevention and NSP effectiveness was provided by less than 50% of the programs surveyed. Seventy-five percent reported no established protocols to resolve conflicts between NSP staff and police. Four variables, all related to in-service training, were significantly related to positive NSP-police relationships, including training about: NSP program goals (OR 7.7; 95% CI 2.0, 33.1); needle-stick injury prevention and basics of blood-borne virus transmission (OR 4.0; 95% CI 1.1, 15.34); the health and social concerns of people who use drugs (OR 3.9; 95% CI 1.1, 13.5); and evidence about the impact of injection equipment distribution (OR 3.9; 95% CI 1.1, 13.5). CONCLUSIONS Development of in-service training for police that is focused on harm reduction goals and initiatives is a new and evolving area. We highly encourage NSPs to offer and evaluate any such in-service training programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carol Strike
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3M7, Canada; Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Russell Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2S1, Canada.
| | - Tara Marie Watson
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Russell Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2S1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Simmons J, Rajan S, Goldsamt L, Elliott L. Implementation of online opioid overdose prevention, recognition and response trainings for professional first responders: Year 1 survey results. Drug Alcohol Depend 2016; 169:1-4. [PMID: 27744100 PMCID: PMC5140716 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This article reports on the first web-based implementation of an opioid-overdose prevention, recognition and response training for professional first responders. The training was disseminated nationally over one listserv in November 2014. The same year, following Act 139, which mandated the provision of an online training for police officers in Pennsylvania, the Pennsylvania Department of Health approved the training. It was subsequently adopted as the primary training tool for police and other first responders in Pennsylvania and has been used as a training tool by first responders nationally. METHODS Analyses employed descriptive statistics to report characteristics of a sample of 387 professional first responders who completed a survey about their experience with the online training. Z-ratios were used to compare independent proportions related to overdose, naloxone, and satisfaction with the training between key subgroups, and paired t-tests were used to compare participant responses to a range of items pre- and post-participation in the training. RESULTS Between January-October 2015, 4804 first responders took the training; 1697 (35.3%) agreed to be contacted; of these, 387 (22.8%) completed a survey about the training and subsequent overdose response experiences. The majority (86.4%) were from Pennsylvania, with police representing over half of the sample. Analysis of the post-training survey indicates high satisfaction with content, format and mode of delivery, and high satisfaction with items related to confidence and overdose reversal preparedness. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the feasibility and acceptability of implementing online training for first responders in overdose prevention, recognition and response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janie Simmons
- National Development and Research Institutes, Inc. 71 West 23rd Street, New York, NY 10010, United States.
| | - Sonali Rajan
- Department of Health and Behavior Studies, Teachers College, Columbia University, Box 114, 525 West 120th Street, New York, NY 10027
| | - Lloyd Goldsamt
- New York University Meyers College of Nursing, 433 First Avenue, Room 739, New d. York, NY 10010
| | - Luther Elliott
- National Development and Research Institutes, Inc. 71 West 23rd Street, New York, NY 10010
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Evans TI, Hadland SE, Clark MA, Green TC, Marshall BDL. Factors associated with knowledge of a Good Samaritan Law among young adults who use prescription opioids non-medically. Harm Reduct J 2016; 13:24. [PMID: 27455957 PMCID: PMC4960738 DOI: 10.1186/s12954-016-0113-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To date, no studies have examined the extent of knowledge and perceptions of Good Samaritan Laws (GSLs) among young adults who engage in non-medical prescription opioid (NMPO) use. We sought to determine awareness of and factors associated with knowledge of Rhode Island’s Good Samaritan Law (RIGSL) among young adult NMPO users. Findings We compared the sociodemographic and overdose-related characteristics of participants who were aware and unaware of the RIGSL and determined independent correlates of knowledge of the RIGSL via modified stepwise logistic regression. Among 198 eligible participants, 15.7 % were black, 62.1 % white, and 20.7 % mixed or other race. The mean age was 24.5 (SD = 3.2) and 129 (65.2 %) were male. Fewer than half (45.5 %) were aware of the RIGSL; nonetheless, the majority (95.5 %) reported a willingness to call 911 in the event of an overdose. Knowledge of the RIGSL was associated with older age, white race, a history of incarceration, a history of injection drug use, lifetime heroin use, ever witnessing or experiencing an overdose, having heard of naloxone, knowledge of where to obtain naloxone, and experience administering naloxone (all p < 0.05). In the final explanatory regression model, lifetime injection drug use, having heard of naloxone, and knowledge of where to obtain naloxone were independently associated with awareness of the RIGSL. Conclusions Fewer than half of NMPO users surveyed knew of the RIGSL. Targeted harm reduction education is needed to address a vulnerable population of NMPO users who have not initiated injection drug use and are unaware of naloxone. Additional research is needed to determine how the effectiveness of GSLs could be improved to prevent overdose deaths among young adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tristan I Evans
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, 121 South Main Street, Box G-S-121-2, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Scott E Hadland
- Division of Adolescent/Young Adult Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, 333 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Melissa A Clark
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, 121 South Main Street, Box G-S-121-2, Providence, RI, 02912, USA.,Department of Quantitative Health Sciences and Center for Health Policy and Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Ave North, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Traci C Green
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, 121 South Main Street, Box G-S-121-2, Providence, RI, 02912, USA.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, 771 Albany Street, Room 1208, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.,Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University, 55 Claverick Street, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Brandon D L Marshall
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, 121 South Main Street, Box G-S-121-2, Providence, RI, 02912, USA.
| |
Collapse
|