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Greene B, Seepaul A, Htet K, Erblich J. Psychological Distress, Obsessive Compulsive Thoughts about Drinking, and Alcohol Consumption in Young Adult Drinkers. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2022; 27:300-306. [PMID: 35800846 PMCID: PMC9255850 DOI: 10.1080/14659891.2021.1941346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Psychological distress is an important predictor of heavy drinking, especially among lower-income drinkers. The mechanisms underlying this effect have not been well characterized. One possibility is that distressed individuals are more vulnerable to obsessive and compulsive thoughts about drinking. We hypothesized that: 1) distress would predict obsessive and compulsive thoughts about alcohol, which in turn would predict drinking, and 2) effects would be particularly pronounced among lower-income drinkers. Young adults (n=105) were recruited from an urban university and completed the Brief Symptoms Index (BSI), the Obsessive-Compulsive Drinking Scale (OCDS), and a 90-day timeline follow-back (TLFB) drinking interview. Consistent with the hypotheses, drinkers with higher levels of distress (BSI) exhibited higher levels of obsessive and compulsive drinking-related thoughts, which in turn were related to drinking over the past ninety days (p's <.0001). Path analyses revealed that the BSI had a significant indirect effect on drinking outcomes through increased OCDS. Furthermore, conditional process analyses revealed that effects were particularly pronounced among drinkers with lower household incomes. Findings highlight the importance of psychological distress as a predictor of obsessive and compulsive thoughts about alcohol, as well as drinking behavior, and underscore the critical need to address psychological functioning among lower-income drinkers in particular.
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2
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Martínez-Loredo V, González-Roz A, Secades-Villa R, Fernández-Hermida JR, MacKillop J. Concurrent validity of the Alcohol Purchase Task for measuring the reinforcing efficacy of alcohol: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Addiction 2021; 116:2635-2650. [PMID: 33338263 PMCID: PMC9186155 DOI: 10.1111/add.15379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS An early meta-analysis testing the concurrent validity of the Alcohol Purchase Task (APT), a measure of alcohol's relative reinforcing value, reported mixed associations, but predated a large number of studies. This systematic review and meta-analysis sought to: (1) estimate the relationships between trait-based alcohol demand indices from the APT and multiple alcohol indicators, (2) test several moderators and (3) analyze small study effects. METHODS A meta-analysis of 50 cross-sectional studies in four databases (n = 18 466, females = 43.32%). Sex, year of publication, number of APT prices and index transformations (logarithmic, square root or none) were considered as moderators. Small study effects were examined by using the Begg-Mazumdar, Egger's and Duval & Tweedie's trim-and-fill tests. Alcohol indicators were quantity of alcohol use, number of heavy drinking episodes, alcohol-related problems and hazardous drinking. APT indices were intensity (i.e. consumption at zero cost), elasticity (i.e. sensitivity to increases in costs), Omax (i.e. maximum expenditure), Pmax (i.e. price associated to Omax ) and breakpoint (i.e. price at which consumption ceases). RESULTS All alcohol demand indices were significantly associated with all alcohol-related outcomes (r = 0.132-0.494), except Pmax , which was significantly associated with alcohol-related problems only (r = 0.064). The greatest associations were evinced between intensity in relation to alcohol use, hazardous drinking and heavy drinking and between Omax and alcohol use. All the tested moderators emerged as significant moderators. Evidence of small-study effects was limited. CONCLUSIONS The Alcohol Purchase Task appears to have concurrent validity in alcohol research. Intensity and Omax are the most relevant indices to account for alcohol involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Martínez-Loredo
- Department of Psychology and Sociology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain,Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Alba González-Roz
- Department of Psychology, University of the Balearic Islands, Research Institute on Health Sciences, Palma de Mallorca, Spain,Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | | | - James MacKillop
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, St Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton/McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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3
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Stancato SS, Schneider TD, Reed DD, Lemley SM, Carrillo A, Jarmolowicz DP. Reinforcer pathology II: Reward magnitude, reward delay, and demand for alcohol collectively relate to college students' alcohol related problems. J Exp Anal Behav 2020; 114:354-367. [PMID: 33184869 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The reinforcer pathologies model of addiction posits that two characteristic patterns of operant behavior characterize addiction. Specifically, individuals suffering from addiction have elevated levels of behavioral economic demand for their substances of abuse and have an elevated tendency to devalue delayed rewards (reflected in high delay discounting rates). Prior research has demonstrated that these behavioral economic markers are significant predictors of many of college students' alcohol-related problems. Delay discounting, however, is a complex behavioral performance likely undergirded by multiple behavioral processes. Emerging analytical approaches have isolated the role of participants' sensitivity to changes in reinforcer magnitude and changes in reinforcer delay. The current study uses these analytic approaches to compare participants' discounting of money versus alcohol, and to build regression models that leverage these new insights to predict a wider range of college students' alcohol related problems. Using these techniques, we were able to 1) demonstrate that individuals differed in their sensitivity to magnitudes of alcohol versus money, but not sensitivity to delays to those commodities and 2) that we could use our behavioral economic measures to predict a range of students' alcohol related problems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Derek D Reed
- University of Kansas.,Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment
| | | | | | - David P Jarmolowicz
- University of Kansas.,Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment
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4
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Merrill JE, Aston ER. Alcohol demand assessed daily: Validity, variability, and the influence of drinking-related consequences. Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 208:107838. [PMID: 31954948 PMCID: PMC7050944 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.107838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol demand, typically assessed at the trait-level, via single administration, reflects individualized alcohol value. We examined correspondence between baseline trait-level and daily brief measures of alcohol demand, and whether demand changes day-to-day in response to recent drinking-related consequences. Understanding whether consequences influence demand fluctuations may provide insight into when demand can be reduced in the context of intervention. METHODS Heavy drinking college students (n = 95, age 18-20, 52% female) completed a baseline 14-item alcohol purchase task (APT). Observed demand indices were: intensity (consumption at zero cost), Omax (maximum expenditure), and breakpoint (cost whereby consumption is suppressed to zero). Participants subsequently completed 28 daily reports including a 3-item APT (one item corresponding to each baseline index) and prior day drinking and consequences. RESULTS Intraclass correlations revealed within-person variability (i.e., day-to-day change) across daily demand indices. In hierarchical linear models (HLM), each daily demand index was significantly predicted by its corresponding baseline full APT index, when all three baseline indices were entered, suggesting convergent validity of the daily measure. Lower day-level intensity was predicted by more prior day negative consequences, controlling for several day- and person-level variables in HLM. Recent positive consequences did not impact intensity, and daily Omax and breakpoint were not predicted by any tested day- or person-level variables. CONCLUSIONS APT indices collected daily map on well to traditional single-administration APT metrics and change in response to recent consequences. Intensity demonstrated the greatest within-person variability, the strongest association with its corresponding full APT index, and theoretically-consistent prediction by negative consequences of drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Merrill
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Box G-S121-5, Providence RI 02912, United States.
| | - Elizabeth R Aston
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Box G-S121-5, Providence, RI 02912, United States.
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5
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Zvorsky I, Nighbor TD, Kurti AN, DeSarno M, Naudé G, Reed DD, Higgins ST. Sensitivity of hypothetical purchase task indices when studying substance use: A systematic literature review. Prev Med 2019; 128:105789. [PMID: 31400376 PMCID: PMC6879840 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.105789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Hypothetical Purchase Tasks (HPTs) simulate demand for a substance as a function of escalating price. HPTs are increasingly used to examine relationships between substance-related correlates and outcomes and demand typically characterized using a common battery of indices (Intensity, Omax, Pmax, Breakpoint, Elasticity). This review examines the relative sensitivity of the HPT indices. Reports were identified using the search term "purchase task" in PubMed and Web of Science. For inclusion, reports had to be original studies in English, examine relationships between HPT indices and substance-related correlates or outcomes, and appear in a peer-reviewed journal through December 2017. Indices were compared using effect sizes (Cohen's d) and the proportion of studies in which statistically significant relationships were observed. The search identified 1274 reports with 114 (9%) receiving full-text review and 82 (6%) meeting inclusion criteria. 41 reports examined alcohol, 34 examined cigarettes/nicotine products, and 10 examined other substances. Overall, statistically significant relationships between HPT indices and substance-related correlates and outcomes were most often reported for Intensity (88.61%, 70/79), followed by Omax (81.16%, 56/69), Elasticity (72.15%, 57/59), Breakpoint (62.12%, 41/66), and Pmax (48.08%; 25/52). The largest effect sizes were observed for Intensity (0.75 ± 0.04, CI 0.67-0.84) and Omax (0.64 ± 0.04, CI 0.56-0.71), followed by Elasticity (0.44 ± 0.04, CI 0.37-0.51), Breakpoint (0.30 ± 0.03, CI 0.25-0.36), and Pmax (0.25 ± 0.04, CI 0.18-0.33). Patterns were largely consistent across substances. In conclusion, HPTs can be highly effective in revealing relationships between demand and substance-related correlates and outcomes, with Intensity and Omax exhibiting the greatest sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivori Zvorsky
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, United States of America; Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, United States of America
| | - Tyler D Nighbor
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, United States of America
| | - Allison N Kurti
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, United States of America; Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, United States of America
| | - Michael DeSarno
- Department of Biomedical Statistics, University of Vermont, United States of America
| | - Gideon Naudé
- Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, University of Kansas, United States of America
| | - Derek D Reed
- Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, University of Kansas, United States of America
| | - Stephen T Higgins
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, United States of America; Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, United States of America.
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6
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Lindgren KP, Hendershot CS, Ramirez JJ, Bernat E, Rangel-Gomez M, Peterson KP, Murphy JG. A dual process perspective on advances in cognitive science and alcohol use disorder. Clin Psychol Rev 2019; 69:83-96. [PMID: 29680185 PMCID: PMC6181791 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
There is a tremendous global and national (US) burden associated with alcohol misuse and alcohol use disorder (AUD). Further, of the mental health disorders, AUD has the widest treatment gap. Thus, there is a critical need for improved understanding of the etiology, maintenance, and treatment of AUD. The application of cognitive science to the study of AUD has a longstanding history of attempting to meet this need. In this selective review, we identified and focused on four domains of recent (i.e., in the last decade) applications of cognitive science to the study of AUD: implicit cognitive biases, executive function, behavioral economic approaches to alcohol decision making, and functional connectivity neuroimaging. We highlighted advances within these four domains and considered them in the context of dual process models of addiction, which focus on the contribution and interplay of two complementary neurocognitive systems (impulsive and control systems). Findings across the domains were generally consistent with dual process models. They also suggest the need for further model refinements, including integrating behavioral economic approaches and findings from functional connectivity neuroimaging studies. Research evaluating candidate interventions associated with these domains is emergent but promising, suggesting important directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen P Lindgren
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Christian S Hendershot
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jason J Ramirez
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Edward Bernat
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | | | - Kirsten P Peterson
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - James G Murphy
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA
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7
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Kaplan BA, Foster RNS, Reed DD, Amlung M, Murphy JG, MacKillop J. Understanding alcohol motivation using the alcohol purchase task: A methodological systematic review. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 191:117-140. [PMID: 30099174 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Alcohol Purchase Task (APT) is a behavioral economic assessment of alcohol demand (i.e., motivation for consumption during escalating levels of response cost) using simulated marketplace survey techniques. While the APT is often used and widely cited, to date, there has yet to be a systematic review elucidating the variability in administering and analyzing the APT. The purpose of the current paper is to address this knowledge gap in the literature by cataloging the various purchase task methodologies and providing recommendations and future areas of inquiry. METHODS The PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) methodology was utilized (Prospero: No. CRD42017072159). Searches through Google Scholar, PsychINFO, PubMed, and SpringerLink databases identified 47 empirical articles referencing the use of an APT and published through the year 2016. Articles were coded for demographic and procedural characteristics, structural characteristics of the APT itself, and characteristics of data analysis. RESULTS Results indicate substantial variation within categories and suggest that there is no standard approach to administering the APT or analyzing the responses generated from it. The results underscore the need for researchers to report as much information as possible related to administration, instructions, price structuring, and analytical approach, as we found that many articles did not provide these details. CONCLUSION Enhancing the transparency of APT methods and analyses in published reports will aid in reproducibility as well as future meta-analytic studies of alcohol demand that could lead to the development of best-practice recommendations for this procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent A Kaplan
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Roanoke, VA USA; Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS USA.
| | - Rachel N S Foster
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS USA
| | - Derek D Reed
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS USA
| | - Michael Amlung
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada
| | - James G Murphy
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN USA
| | - James MacKillop
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada
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8
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Soltis KE, Acuff SF, Dennhardt AA, Borsari B, Martens MP, Murphy JG. Self-regulation as a mediator of the effects of a brief behavioral economic intervention on alcohol-related outcomes: A preliminary analysis. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2018; 26:347-353. [PMID: 29952619 PMCID: PMC6072594 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Behavioral economic theory suggests that increased engagement in constructive, substance-free activities that are in the service of long-term goals (e.g., college graduation, career development, health) can decrease alcohol use and related problems. However, engaging in activities such as these in the high-risk college environment requires the ability to self-regulate by avoiding rewarding but risky behaviors (e.g., drinking) while also effectively organizing behavior in the pursuit of delayed academic and career-related rewards. The current secondary data analyses evaluated self-regulation as a potential mechanism of behavior change in an alcohol intervention trial that compared a standard alcohol-focused brief motivational intervention (BMI) plus a behavioral economic substance-free activity session (SFAS) with an alcohol BMI plus relaxation training (reaction time [RT]) session (Murphy et al., 2012). Participants were 82 first-year undergraduate students (50% women; Mage = 18.5, SD = .71) who reported 2 or more past-month heavy drinking episodes. After completing a baseline assessment and an individual alcohol-focused BMI, participants were randomized to either the SFAS or the RT session. The BMI + SFAS condition reported greater mean self-regulation at 1 month compared with BMI + RT. Furthermore, self-regulation at 1 month significantly mediated the relation between condition and alcohol-related outcomes at 6-month follow-up. Although preliminary, these results suggest that brief behavioral economic intervention elements that an attempt to increase future goal pursuit and substance-free activities can enhance the short-term efficacy of standard alcohol BMIs and that this effect may be due in part to increases in self-regulation. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E. Soltis
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, 400 Innovation Dr., Memphis, TN, 38152 United States
| | - Samuel F. Acuff
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, 400 Innovation Dr., Memphis, TN, 38152 United States
| | - Ashley A. Dennhardt
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, 400 Innovation Dr., Memphis, TN, 38152 United States
| | - Brian Borsari
- Mental Health Service (116B) San Francisco VA Health Care System, 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, CA 94121, United States,Department of Psychiatry, University of California – San Francisco, 982 Mission St, San Francisco, CA 94103
| | - Matthew P. Martens
- Department of Educational, School, and Counseling Psychology, University of Missouri, 16 Hill Hall, Columbia, MO, 65211 United States
| | - James G. Murphy
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, 400 Innovation Dr., Memphis, TN, 38152 United States,Corresponding Author. Current Address: Department of Psychology, 400 Innovation Dr., Memphis, TN, 38152. E-mail Address: (James G. Murphy, PhD). Phone Number: (901) 678-2630; Fax Number: (901) 678-2579
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9
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Luehring-Jones P, Louis C, Dennis-Tiwary TA, Erblich J. A Single Session of Attentional Bias Modification Reduces Alcohol Craving and Implicit Measures of Alcohol Bias in Young Adult Drinkers. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2017; 41:2207-2216. [PMID: 28992377 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attentional bias modification (ABM) techniques for reducing problematic alcohol consumption hold promise as highly accessible and cost-effective treatment approaches. A growing body of literature has examined ABM as a potentially efficacious intervention for reducing drinking and drinking-related cognitions in alcohol-dependent individuals as well as those at-risk of developing problem drinking habits. METHODS This study tested the effectiveness of a single session of visual probe-based ABM training in a cohort of 60 non-treatment-seeking young adult drinkers, with a focus on examining mechanisms underlying training efficacy. Participants were randomly assigned to a single session of active ABM training or a sham training condition in a laboratory setting. Measures of implicit drinking-related cognitions (alcohol Stroop and an Implicit Association Task) and attentional bias (AB; alcohol visual probe) were administered, and subjective alcohol craving was reported in response to in vivo alcohol cues. RESULTS Results showed that active ABM training, relative to sham, resulted in significant differences in measures of implicit alcohol-related cognition, alcohol-related AB, and self-reports of alcohol craving. Mediation analysis showed that reductions in craving were fully mediated by ABM-related reductions in alcohol-Stroop interference scores, suggesting a previously undocumented relationship between the 2 measures. CONCLUSIONS Results document the efficacy of brief ABM to reduce both implicit and explicit processes related to drinking, and highlight the potential intervention-relevance of alcohol-related implicit cognitions in social drinkers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Courtney Louis
- Hunter College, The City University of New York, New York City, New York
| | - Tracy A Dennis-Tiwary
- Hunter College, The City University of New York, New York City, New York.,The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York City, New York
| | - Joel Erblich
- Hunter College, The City University of New York, New York City, New York.,The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York City, New York.,Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York
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10
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Leung D, Staiger PK, Hayden M, Lum JAG, Hall K, Manning V, Verdejo-Garcia A. Meta-analysis of the relationship between impulsivity and substance-related cognitive biases. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 172:21-33. [PMID: 28107679 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence indicates that substance-related cognitive biases (attentional, memory, and approach bias) contribute to the maintenance and development of substance misuse. Impulsivity has been suggested to influence how cognitive biases contribute to substance misuse, possibly by biasing incentive salience attribution processes. However, the strength and moderators of the relationship between impulsivity and substance-related cognitive biases has yet to be empirically examined. METHODS A meta-analysis using random-effects models was completed assessing 19 studies that reported a quantitative relationship between an impulsivity measure and a substance-related cognitive bias. Two-component conceptualisation of impulsivity, impulsivity measurement type, gender, and age were assessed as moderators. RESULTS A small, significant positive relationship (r=0.10) was observed between impulsivity and substance-related attentional, memory, and approach biases. No moderators examined had a significant influence on this relationship. CONCLUSIONS Results are consistent with incentive sensitisation theories of addiction and suggests a weak synergistic relationship between impulsivity and substance-related cognitive biases. This relationship holds across different measures and components of impulsivity. Results provide some support for the viability of impulsivity and cognitive bias interaction models which may warrant further investigation of these factors in relation to predicting addiction treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Leung
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, 1 Gheringap Street, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Petra K Staiger
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, 1 Gheringap Street, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia.
| | - Melissa Hayden
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, 1 Gheringap Street, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Jarrad A G Lum
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, 1 Gheringap Street, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Kate Hall
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, 1 Gheringap Street, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia; Centre for Youth AOD Practice Development, Youth Support and Advocacy Service, Level 1/131 Johnston Street, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Victoria Manning
- Turning Point Alcohol and Drug Centre, 54-62 Gertrude Street, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Antonio Verdejo-Garcia
- Turning Point Alcohol and Drug Centre, 54-62 Gertrude Street, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia; School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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