Outpatient cardiac rehabilitation: Effects on patient improvement outcomes

Telemedicine home-based management in patients with chronic heart failure and diabetes type II: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND

Heart failure and type 2 diabetes are prevalent public health issues in Europe. These complex chronic conditions require extensive pharmacological management, ongoing self-care, and behavioral changes. Despite the known benefits of lifestyle changes, such as regular exercise and better control of blood sugar levels, patients may need help implementing the recommended changes. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of a telemedicine program for managing heart failure and type 2 diabetes at home. The program focuses on promoting lifestyle changes.

METHODS AND ANALYSIS

During scheduled outpatient cardiology evaluations, eligible patients are recruited and randomly assigned to either an intervention or control group in a 1:1 ratio. The intervention group receives support from a nursing case manager through a structured home-based teleassistance program and a trainer for daily physical activity stimulation. They also have access to teleconsultations with cardiologists and diabetes specialists as needed, telemonitoring of vital signs, and daily step tracking. An app records and monitors daily drug treatment, glycemia, blood pressure, heart rate, and other clinical parameters. Patients can also self-report symptoms and communicate via a chat and videoconference system with a Nurse Case Manager. The control group receives routine care. Data collection occurs before intervention and 6 months after baseline during a new outpatient cardiology evaluation. The primary outcome is to measure the difference in the distance walked during a 6-min walk test between baseline and after 6 months. The key secondary outcomes include improving the disease status and physical activity profile. Data will be analyzed according to the intention-to-treat principles.

DISCUSSION

This study will provide evidence on the efficacy of a telemedicine home-based management model to maintain correct lifestyles in patients with both heart failure and type 2 diabetes, improving self-management, their empowerment on the diseases, and increasing their knowledge and ability to recognize symptoms early.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05633784. Registered on November 30, 2022.

Factors Influencing the Impact of Depressive Symptoms on Physical Functional Capacity After Cardiac Rehabilitation

PURPOSE

This study aims to determine (1) if depressive symptoms in the year following completion of cardiac rehabilitation impact physical functional capacity and (2) if exercise, perceived benefits and barriers, self-efficacy, and social support moderate this relationship.

DESIGN

This longitudinal correlational secondary data analysis included 379 cardiovascular rehabilitation patients.

METHODS

Participants completed measures of depression and potential moderating variables at baseline, 2 months, 6 months, and 12 months and 6-minute work test at baseline and 12 months and wore heart rate monitors to measure exercise for 12 months.

FINDINGS

Poorer physical functional capacity was predicted by depressed mood score. This relationship was moderated by the percentage of time exercising in target heart rate zone and family support of exercise, but not by perceived benefits and barriers or self-efficacy for exercise.

CONCLUSIONS

Depressive symptoms negatively impact physical functional capacity, and this relationship is moderated by family support and the percentage of time exercising in target heart rate zone.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Improving percentage of time exercising in target heart rate zone may be a mechanism by which patients with depressed mood can optimize physical functional capacity.

Does a hospital diabetes inpatient service reduce blood glucose and HbA1c levels? A prospective cohort study

BACKGROUND

Diabetes education is believed to bring about sustained benefits in diabetes mellitus (DM) patient outcomes. These benefits have not been widely studied in an inpatient hospital setting, and as such the aim was to determine whether a hospital diabetes in-service, and specifically diabetes education, results in reduced blood glucose and HbA1c levels after hospital discharge.

METHODS AND MATERIALS

A cohort review was performed at a large teaching hospital, in Canberra, Australia. Sixty seven patients comprising 35 males and 32 females who were referred upon discharge to the Diabetes Services as having a history of uncontrolled DM from February 1st, 2015 until January 31st, 2016 were evaluated. The retrospective discharge blood glucose level (BGL) was compared to prospective BGL 3 months after hospital discharge. HbA1c was prospectively taken before and 3 months after Diabetes Service education. A between subjects t-Test was used to compare patients' glucose and HbA1c averages.

RESULTS

The average discharge BGL result was 13.3 mmol/L, compared to the post-discharge result of 11.2 mmol/L, indicating a significant decrease (p = < 0.01). The average pre-HbA1c result was 10.45%, and decreased to the post-HbA1c result of 8.96%, which was significant (p = <0.05).

CONCLUSION

This study is the first to measure the direct glucose adherence benefits associated DM education within Australia and provides evidence on the effectiveness of a Diabetes Service in reducing patient BGLs. Utilisation of Diabetes Services to control glycaemia encourages ongoing efforts and translates to reduced micro and macro cardiovascular risk factors associated with DM.

Blood glucose and pressure controls in diabetic kidney disease: Narrative review of adherence, barriers and evidence of achievement

AIMS

To review the epidemiology and the clinical evidence regarding achieving blood pressure (BP) and blood glucose control in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and diabetes mellitus (DM), with emphasis on adherence and barriers within the context of Australian clinical guidelines. This article then considers Australian services aimed at BP, DM, and CKD, guideline adherence and control.

METHODS

Evidence from PubMed-listed articles published between 1994 and 2016 is considered, including original research, focusing on randomised controlled trials and prospective studies, review articles, meta- analyses, expert and professional bodies' guidelines as well as our experience.

RESULTS

There have been no Australian studies that consider adherence to BP control in DM and CKD patients. This is a major limitation in preventing DM and renal disease progression. It is possible that Australian clinicians are not adhering to DM, hypertension (HT), and glucose recommendations, thus resulting in reduced patient outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS

It is hoped that future studies ascertain the extent to which the required BP and glucose control in patients is achieved, and the potential barriers to adherence. The significance of this is immense since the impact of failure to control blood glucose levels and BP leads to renal damage.

Services aimed at achieving desirable clinical outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease and diabetes mellitus: A narrative review

There is a large number of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), diabetes mellitus (DM), and hypertension (HT) but whether the targets on blood pressure (BP) control in patients with DM and/or CKD are met is not clear. This narrative review therefore investigated evidence on services aimed at achieving desirable clinical results in patients with CKD and DM, and HT in Australia. Literature pertaining to pathology diagnosis and management of these patients as well as the complexities in management were considered. This involved evidence from PubMed-listed articles published between 1993 and 2016 including original research studies, focusing on randomised controlled trials and prospective studies where possible, systematic and other review articles, meta- analyses, expert consensus documents and specialist society guidelines, such as those from the National Heart Foundation of Australia, American Diabetes Association, the Department of Health, The Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia, and The Australasian College of Emergency Medicine. Based on the literature reviewed, it is yet unknown as to how effective programs, such as diabetes inpatient services, endocrine out-patient services, and cardiac rehabilitation services, are at achieving guideline recommendations. It is also not clear how or whether clinicians are encumbered by complexities in their efforts of adhering to DM, HT, and glucose control recommendations, and the potential reasons for clinical inertia. Future studies are needed to ascertain the extent to which required BP and glucose control in patients is achieved, and whether clinical inertia is a barrier.