1
|
Woelber JP, Al-Ahmad A, Alt KW. On the Pathogenicity of the Oral Biofilm: A Critical Review from a Biological, Evolutionary, and Nutritional Point of View. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14102174. [PMID: 35631315 PMCID: PMC9144701 DOI: 10.3390/nu14102174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plaque control is one of the most recommended approaches in the prevention and therapy of caries and periodontal diseases. However, although most individuals in industrialized countries already perform daily oral hygiene, caries and periodontal diseases still are the most common diseases of mankind. This raises the question of whether plaque control is really a causative and effective approach to the prevention of these diseases. From an evolutionary, biological, and nutritional perspective, dental biofilms have to be considered a natural phenomenon, whereas several changes in human lifestyle factors during modern evolution are not “natural”. These lifestyle factors include the modern “Western diet” (rich in sugar and saturated fats and low in micronutrients), smoking, sedentary behavior, and continuous stress. This review hypothesizes that not plaque itself but rather these modern, unnatural lifestyle factors are the real causes of the high prevalence of caries and periodontal diseases besides several other non-communicable diseases. Accordingly, applying evolutionary and lifestyle medicine in dentistry would offer a causative approach against oral and common diseases, which would not be possible with oral hygiene approaches used on their own.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johan Peter Woelber
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany;
- Correspondence:
| | - Ali Al-Ahmad
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany;
| | - Kurt Werner Alt
- Center of Natural and Cultural Human History, Danube Private University, Steiner Landstrasse 124, 3500 Krems-Stein, Austria;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Underwood MA, Mukhopadhyay S, Lakshminrusimha S, Bevins CL. Neonatal intestinal dysbiosis. J Perinatol 2020; 40:1597-1608. [PMID: 32968220 PMCID: PMC7509828 DOI: 10.1038/s41372-020-00829-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The initial colonization of the neonatal intestinal tract is influenced by delivery mode, feeding, the maternal microbiota, and a host of environmental factors. After birth, the composition of the infant's microbiota undergoes a series of significant changes particularly in the first weeks and months of life ultimately developing into a more stable and diverse adult-like population in childhood. Intestinal dysbiosis is an alteration in the intestinal microbiota associated with disease and appears to be common in neonates. The consequences of intestinal dysbiosis are uncertain, but strong circumstantial evidence and limited confirmations of causality suggest that dysbiosis early in life can influence the health of the infant acutely, as well as contribute to disease susceptibility later in life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Underwood
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Pediatrics, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA USA
| | - Sagori Mukhopadhyay
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Satyan Lakshminrusimha
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Pediatrics, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA USA
| | - Charles L. Bevins
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, UC Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kim YC, Anderson AJ. Rhizosphere pseudomonads as probiotics improving plant health. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:2349-2359. [PMID: 29676842 PMCID: PMC6638116 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Many root-colonizing microbes are multifaceted in traits that improve plant health. Although isolates designated as biological control agents directly reduce pathogen growth, many exert additional beneficial features that parallel changes induced in animal and other hosts by health-promoting microbes termed probiotics. Both animal and plant probiotics cause direct antagonism of pathogens and induce systemic immunity in the host to pathogens and other stresses. They also alter host development and improve host nutrition. The probiotic root-colonizing pseudomonads are generalists in terms of plant hosts, soil habitats and the array of stress responses that are ameliorated in the plant. This article illustrates how the probiotic pseudomonads, nurtured by the carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) sources released by the plant in root exudates, form protective biofilms on the root surface and produce the metabolites or enzymes to boost plant health. The findings reveal the multifunctional nature of many of the microbial metabolites in the plant-probiotic interplay. The beneficial effects of probiotics on plant function can contribute to sustainable yield and quality in agricultural production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young Cheol Kim
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture and Life SciencesChonnam National UniversityGwangju 61186South Korea
| | - Anne J. Anderson
- Department of Biological EngineeringUtah State UniversityLoganUT 84322‐4105USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gómez M, Moles L, Espinosa-Martos I, Bustos G, de Vos WM, Fernández L, Rodríguez JM, Fuentes S, Jiménez E. Bacteriological and Immunological Profiling of Meconium and Fecal Samples from Preterm Infants: A Two-Year Follow-Up Study. Nutrients 2017; 9:E1293. [PMID: 29186903 PMCID: PMC5748744 DOI: 10.3390/nu9121293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An abnormal colonization pattern of the preterm gut may affect immune maturation and exert a long-term influence on the intestinal bacterial composition and host health. However, follow-up studies assessing the evolution of the fecal microbiota of infants that were born preterm are very scarce. In this work, the bacterial compositions of fecal samples, obtained from sixteen 2-year-old infants were evaluated using a phylogenetic microarray; subsequently, the results were compared with those obtained in a previous study from samples of meconium and feces collected from the same infants while they stayed in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). In parallel, the concentration of a wide range of cytokines, chemokines, growth factors and immunoglobulins were determined in meconium and fecal samples. Globally, a higher bacterial diversity and a lower interindividual variability were observed in 2-year-olds' feces, when compared to the samples obtained during their first days of life. Hospital-associated fecal bacteria, that were dominant during the NICU stay, seemed to be replaced, two years later, by genera, which are usually predominant in the healthy adult microbiome. The immune profile of the meconium and fecal samples differed, depending on the sampling time, showing different immune maturation statuses of the gut.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Gómez
- Departamento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- Servicio de Pediatría Hospital Francesc de Borja, 46702 Gandía, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Laura Moles
- Departamento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Gerardo Bustos
- Servicio de Neonatología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain, Red SAMID.
| | - Willem M de Vos
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Leónides Fernández
- Departamento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- Probisearch, SLU, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Juan M Rodríguez
- Departamento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- Probisearch, SLU, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Susana Fuentes
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Esther Jiménez
- Departamento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- Probisearch, SLU, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 enhances bioavailability of serotonin in gut tissues through modulation of synthesis and clearance. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17324. [PMID: 26616662 PMCID: PMC4663480 DOI: 10.1038/srep17324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence shows indigenous gut microbes can interact with the human host through modulation of serotonin (5-HT) signaling. Here we investigate the impact of the probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) on 5-HT signalling in gut tissues. Ex-vivo mouse ileal tissue sections were treated with either EcN or the human gut commensal MG1655, and effects on levels of 5-HT, precursors, and metabolites, were evaluated using amperometry and high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-EC). Exposure of tissue to EcN cells, but not MG1655 cells, was found to increase levels of extra-cellular 5-HT. These effects were not observed when tissues were treated with cell-free supernatant from bacterial cultures. In contrast, when supernatant recovered from untreated ileal tissue was pre-incubated with EcN, the derivative cell-free supernatant was able to elevate 5-HT overflow when used to treat fresh ileal tissue. Measurement of 5-HT precursors and metabolites indicated EcN also increases intracellular 5-HTP and reduces 5-HIAA. The former pointed to modulation of tryptophan hydroxylase-1 to enhance 5-HT synthesis, while the latter indicates an impact on clearance into enterocytes through SERT. Taken together, these findings show EcN is able to enhance 5-HT bioavailability in ileal tissues through interaction with compounds secreted from host tissues.
Collapse
|
6
|
Basu S. Neonatal sepsis: the gut connection. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 34:215-22. [PMID: 25213719 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-014-2232-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Colonization of the neonatal gut takes place immediately after birth. Bacteria that get colonized are considered to be "normal" flora derived principally from the mother and the immediate environment. However, for some neonates, the colonization of the gut, particularly with potential pathogens, may lead to subsequent infections or sepsis. The immune system and the gut barrier in neonates is vulnerable, with decreased acid secretion, low levels of protective mucous, and decreased motility, particularly in those who are premature and of low birth weight. This makes the neonatal gut especially prone to colonization with aerobic Gram-negative bacilli (GNB). And these GNB may later, under circumstances favorable to them, cause disease in the neonates. In developing countries, it is the GNB that cause the majority of the infections. In addition, the use of antibiotics in the neonatal intensive care unit also triggers colonization with antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This review discusses various aspects of neonatal gut colonization, neonatal sepsis, and tries to gather support to understand the connection between the gut and subsequent sepsis in neonates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Basu
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P33, CIT Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010, India,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Turpin W, Humblot C, Noordine ML, Wrzosek L, Tomas J, Mayeur C, Cherbuy C, Guyot JP, Thomas M. Behavior of lactobacilli isolated from fermented slurry (ben-saalga) in gnotobiotic rats. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57711. [PMID: 23577056 PMCID: PMC3618507 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Most bacterial strains, which have been studied so far for their probiotic functions, are extensively used by manufacturers in developed countries. In our work, we sought to study a mix (called BSL) comprising three strains belonging to Lactobacillus fermentum, L. paraplantarum and L. salivarius, that were isolated from a traditional African pearl millet based fermented slurry. Our objective was to study this BSL cocktail in gnotobiotic rats, to evaluate their survival and their behavior in the digestive tract conditions. After a single oral inoculation of germfree rats with BSL, the species established stably in the digestive tract with the following hierarchy of abundance: L. salivarius> L. plantarum> L. fermentum. BSL cocktail was metabolically active since it produced 50 mM lactate and it expressed genes involved in binding mechanism in the caecum. Furthermore, the global morphology of the colon epithelium was not disturbed by the BSL cocktail. BSL cocktail did not modify mucus content and host mucus-related genes (MUC1, MUC2, MUC3 or resistin-like molecule β). The cocktail of lactobacilli enhanced the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) at a level comparable to what was observed in conventional rats. PCNA was involved in proliferation and DNA repair, but the presence of the cocktail did not provoke proliferative events (with Ki67 as indicator), so we suppose BSL may help gut preservation. This work is the first step towards the selection of strains that are derived from traditional fermented food to formulate new probiotic mixture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Williams Turpin
- IRD, UMR NUTRIPASS, IRD/Montpellier2/Montpellier1, Montpellier, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
|
9
|
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) develops in 5-10% of preterm infants in association with enteral feeding and bacterial colonization. It remains unclear how diet and bacteria interact to protect or provoke the immature gastrointestinal tract. Understanding the factors that control bacterial colonization may provide the clue to prevent NEC, and studies in infants must be combined with animal models to understand the mechanisms of the microbiota-epithelium interactions. Analyses of infant fecal samples show that the density and distribution of bacterial species are highly variable with no consistent effects of gestational age, delivery mode, diet or probiotic administration, while low bacterial diversity and bacterial overgrowth are commonly associated with NEC. A series of recent studies in preterm pigs show that the mucosa-associated microbiota is affected by delivery method, prematurity and NEC progression and that diet has limited effects. Overgrowth of specific groups (e.g. Clostridia) appears to be a consequence of NEC, rather than the cause of NEC. Administration of probiotics either decreases or increases NEC sensitivity in preterm pigs, while in preterm infants probiotics have generally decreased NEC incidence and overall mortality. The optimal nature and amount of probiotic bacteria are unknown and host defense factors appear more important for NEC sensitivity than the nature of the gut microbiota. Host defense is improved by feeding the optimal amount of enteral diets, such as mother's colostrum or milk, that help the immature intestinal immune system to respond appropriately to the highly variable bacterial colonization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malene S Cilieborg
- Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ogilvie LA, Firouzmand S, Jones BV. Evolutionary, ecological and biotechnological perspectives on plasmids resident in the human gut mobile metagenome. Bioeng Bugs 2012; 3:13-31. [PMID: 22126801 PMCID: PMC3329251 DOI: 10.4161/bbug.3.1.17883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous mobile genetic elements (MGE) are associated with the human gut microbiota and collectively referred to as the gut mobile metagenome. The role of this flexible gene pool in development and functioning of the gut microbial community remains largely unexplored, yet recent evidence suggests that at least some MGE comprising this fraction of the gut microbiome reflect the co-evolution of host and microbe in the gastro-intestinal tract. In conjunction, the high level of novel gene content typical of MGE coupled with their predicted high diversity, suggests that the mobile metagenome constitutes an immense and largely unexplored gene-space likely to encode many novel activities with potential biotechnological or pharmaceutical value, as well as being important to the development and functioning of the gut microbiota. Of the various types of MGE that comprise the gut mobile metagenome, plasmids are of particular importance since these elements are often capable of autonomous transfer between disparate bacterial species, and are known to encode accessory functions that increase bacterial fitness in a given environment facilitating bacterial adaptation. In this article current knowledge regarding plasmids resident in the human gut mobile metagenome is reviewed, and available strategies to access and characterize this portion of the gut microbiome are described. The relative merits of these methods and their present as well as prospective impact on our understanding of the human gut microbiota is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lesley A Ogilvie
- Centre for Biomedical and Health Science Research, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
|
12
|
Abstract
The distal gut and its associated microbiota is a new frontier in the quest to understand human biology and evolution. The renaissance in this field has been partly driven by advances in sequencing technology and also by the application of a variety of 'omic' technologies in a systems biology framework. In the initial stages of understanding what constitutes the gut, culture-independent methods, primarily inventories of 16S rRNA genes, have provided a clear view of the main taxonomic groups of Bacteria in the distal gut and we are now moving towards defining the functions that reside in the distal gut microbiome. This review will explore recent advances in the area of the distal gut and the use of a variety of omic approaches to determine what constitutes this fascinating collection of microbes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julian R Marchesi
- School of Biosciences, Museum Avenue, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Marsh PD, Devine DA. How is the development of dental biofilms influenced by the host? J Clin Periodontol 2011; 38 Suppl 11:28-35. [PMID: 21323701 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2010.01673.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The host provides environmental conditions that support diverse communities of microorganisms on all environmentally-exposed surfaces of the body. MATERIALS AND METHODS To review the literature to determine which properties of the host substantially influence the development of dental biofilms. RESULTS The mouth facilitates the growth of a characteristic resident microbiota. The composition of the oral microbiota is influenced by temperature, pH, and atmosphere, as well as by the host defences and host genetics. In addition, the host supplies endogenous nutrients and a variety of surfaces for biofilm formation. In health, the resident oral microbiota forms a symbiotic relationship with the host, regulated by active host-microbe cross talk. This resident microbiota is sensitive to perturbations in the host environment, especially to changes in nutrient supply and pH, so that previously minor components of the microbiota can become more competitive (and vice versa), resulting in reorganization of biofilm community structure. CONCLUSION The host environment dictates the composition and gene expression of the resident microbiota. Changes in oral environmental conditions can disrupt the normal symbiotic relationship between the host and its resident microbes, and increase the risk of disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip D Marsh
- Health Protection Agency, Centre for Emergency Preparedness & Response, Salisbury, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Dinis JM, Barton DE, Ghadiri J, Surendar D, Reddy K, Velasquez F, Chaffee CL, Lee MCW, Gavrilova H, Ozuna H, Smits SA, Ouverney CC. In search of an uncultured human-associated TM7 bacterium in the environment. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21280. [PMID: 21701585 PMCID: PMC3118805 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We have identified an environmental bacterium in the Candidate Division TM7 with ≥98.5% 16S rDNA gene homology to a group of TM7 bacteria associated with the human oral cavity and skin. The environmental TM7 bacterium (referred to as TM7a-like) was readily detectable in wastewater with molecular techniques over two years of sampling. We present the first images of TM7a-like cells through FISH technique and the first images of any TM7 as viable cells through the STARFISH technique. In situ quantification showed TM7 concentration in wastewater up to five times greater than in human oral sites. We speculate that upon further characterization of the physiology and genetics of the TM7a-like bacterium from environmental sources and confirmation of its genomic identity to human-associated counterparts it will serve as model organisms to better understand its role in human health. The approach proposed circumvents difficulties imposed by sampling humans, provides an alternative strategy to characterizing some diseases of unknown etiology, and renders a much needed understanding of the ecophysiological role hundreds of unique Bacteria and Archaea strains play in mixed microbial communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge M. Dinis
- Department of Biological Sciences, San Jose State University, San Jose, California, United States of America
| | - David E. Barton
- Department of Biological Sciences, San Jose State University, San Jose, California, United States of America
| | - Jamsheed Ghadiri
- Department of Biological Sciences, San Jose State University, San Jose, California, United States of America
| | - Deepa Surendar
- Department of Biological Sciences, San Jose State University, San Jose, California, United States of America
| | - Kavitha Reddy
- Department of Biological Sciences, San Jose State University, San Jose, California, United States of America
| | - Fernando Velasquez
- Department of Biological Sciences, San Jose State University, San Jose, California, United States of America
| | - Carol L. Chaffee
- Department of Zoology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Mei-Chong Wendy Lee
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Helen Gavrilova
- Department of Biological Sciences, San Jose State University, San Jose, California, United States of America
| | - Hazel Ozuna
- Science and Technology Department, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Samuel A. Smits
- Department of Biological Sciences, San Jose State University, San Jose, California, United States of America
| | - Cleber C. Ouverney
- Department of Biological Sciences, San Jose State University, San Jose, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
|
16
|
Rosberg-Cody E, Stanton C, O'Mahony L, Wall R, Shanahan F, Quigley EM, Fitzgerald GF, Ross RP. Recombinant lactobacilli expressing linoleic acid isomerase can modulate the fatty acid composition of host adipose tissue in mice. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2010; 157:609-615. [PMID: 21178166 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.043406-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that oral administration of a metabolically active Bifidobacterium breve strain, with ability to form cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), resulted in modulation of the fatty acid composition of the host, including significantly elevated concentrations of c9, t11 CLA and omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids in liver and adipose tissue. In this study, we investigated whether a recombinant lactobacillus expressing linoleic acid isomerase (responsible for production of t10, c12 CLA) from Propionibacterium acnes (PAI) could influence the fatty acid composition of different tissues in a mouse model. Linoleic-acid-supplemented diets (2 %, w/w) were fed in combination with either a recombinant t10, c12 CLA-producing Lactobacillus paracasei NFBC 338 (Lb338), or an isogenic (vector-containing) control strain, to BALB/c mice for 8 weeks. A third group of mice received linoleic acid alone (2 %, w/w). Tissue fatty acid composition was assessed by GLC at the end of the trial. Ingestion of the strain expressing linoleic acid isomerase was associated with a 4-fold increase (P<0.001) in t10, c12 CLA in adipose tissues of the mice when compared with mice that received the isogenic non-CLA-producing strain. The livers of the mice that received the recombinant CLA-producing Lb338 also contained a 2.5-fold (albeit not significantly) higher concentration of t10, c12 CLA, compared to the control group. These data demonstrate that a single gene (encoding linoleic acid isomerase) expressed in an intestinal microbe can influence the fatty acid composition of host fat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Rosberg-Cody
- Teagasc Moorepark Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland.,Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Co. Cork, Ireland.,Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre (APC), Cork, Ireland
| | - Catherine Stanton
- Teagasc Moorepark Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland.,Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre (APC), Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Rebecca Wall
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre (APC), Cork, Ireland
| | | | | | - Gerald F Fitzgerald
- Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Co. Cork, Ireland.,Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre (APC), Cork, Ireland
| | - R Paul Ross
- Teagasc Moorepark Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland.,Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre (APC), Cork, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Infection in infancy and subsequent risk of developing lymphoma in children and young adults. Blood 2010; 117:1670-2. [PMID: 21127175 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-09-306274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is evidence that certain infections and autoimmunity predispose to the development of non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs). A previous study reported that hospitalization for infections in infancy led to an increased risk of NHL. By using population-based registries in Sweden, we compared the rate of hospitalization for infections in infancy between lymphoma cases and matched controls for patients born since 1964. A history of infection was associated with a significantly increased risk of aggressive B-cell lymphomas (odds ratio 2.1, 95% confidence interval 1.11-4.04, P = .02). The specific infections involved were respiratory and intestinal. No effects were observed among cases of Hodgkin lymphoma. This association could result from the infection, its treatment, or could be a surrogate marker for underlying immune defects. Further studies are needed to determine whether this association is present among NHL occurring in older adults and if improved survival of patients with immune defects has contributed to the secular increases in incidence of NHLs.
Collapse
|
18
|
Vannucci L, Stepankova R, Grobarova V, Kozakova H, Rossmann P, Klimesova K, Benson V, Sima P, Fiserova A, Tlaskalova-Hogenova H. Colorectal carcinoma: Importance of colonic environment for anti-cancer response and systemic immunity. J Immunotoxicol 2010; 6:217-26. [PMID: 19908940 DOI: 10.3109/15476910903334343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal environment is considered to play an important role both in colorectal tumor development and in the evolution and modulation of mucosal immunity. Studies in animals reared in germ-free (GF, without any intestinal microflora) versus conventional (CV, with regular microflora in bowel) conditions can aid in clarifying the influence of bacteria on carcinogenesis and anti-cancer immune responses in situ. The lower incidence of colon cancers and better immunological parameters in GF animals versus CV ones after chemically-induced carcinogenesis raises questions about specific characteristics of the immunological networks in each respective condition. Different levels of tolerance/regulatory mechanisms in the GF versus CV animals may influence the development of immune responses not only at the level of mucosal, but also at the systemic, immunity. We hypothesize that GF animals can better recognize and respond to evolving neoplasias in the bowel as a consequence of their less-tolerogenic immunity (i.e., due to their more limited exposure to antigens to become tolerated against at the intestinal level). In this paper, we review the role of bacteria in modulating gut environment and mucosal immunity, their importance in cancer development, and aspects of immune regulation (both at local and systemic level) that can be modified by bacterial microflora. Lastly, the use of GF animals in comparison with conventionally-raised animals is proposed as a suitable and potent model for understanding the inflammatory network and its effect on cancer immunity especially during colorectal cancer development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Vannucci
- Laboratory of Natural Cell Immunity, Institute of Microbiology of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Jones BV. The human gut mobile metagenome: a metazoan perspective. Gut Microbes 2010; 1:415-31. [PMID: 21468227 PMCID: PMC3056110 DOI: 10.4161/gmic.1.6.14087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Revised: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Using the culture independent TRACA system in conjunction with a comparative metagenomic approach, we have recently explored the pool of plasmids associated with the human gut mobile metagenome. This revealed that some plasmids or plasmid families are present in the gut microbiomes of geographically isolated human hosts with a broad global distribution (America, Japan and Europe), and are potentially unique to the human gut microbiome. Functions encoded by the most widely distributed plasmid (pTRACA22) were found to be enriched in the human gut microbiome when compared to microbial communities from other environments, and of particular interest was the increased prevalence of a putative RelBE toxin-antitoxin (TA) addiction module. Subsequent analysis revealed that this was most closely related to putative TA modules from gut associated bacteria belonging to the Firmicutes, but homologues of the RelE toxin were associated with all major bacterial divisions comprising the human gut microbiota. In this addendum, functions of the gut mobile metagenome are considered from the perspective of the human host, and within the context of the hologenome theory of human evolution. In doing so, our original analysis is also extended to include the gut metagenomes of a further 124 individuals comprising the METAHIT dataset. Differences in the incidence and relative abundance of pTRACA22 and associated TA modules between healthy individuals and those with inflammatory bowel diseases are explored, and potential functions of pTRACA22 type RelBE modules in the human gut microbiome are discussed.
Collapse
|
20
|
Wall R, Ross R, Ryan C, Hussey S, Murphy B, Fitzgerald G, Stanton C. Role of gut microbiota in early infant development. CLINICAL MEDICINE. PEDIATRICS 2009; 3:45-54. [PMID: 23818794 PMCID: PMC3676293 DOI: 10.4137/cmped.s2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Early colonization of the infant gastrointestinal tract is crucial for the overall health of the infant, and establishment and maintenance of non-pathogenic intestinal microbiota may reduce several neonatal inflammatory conditions. Much effort has therefore been devoted to manipulation of the composition of the microbiota through 1) the role of early infant nutrition, particularly breast milk, and supplementation of infant formula with prebiotics that positively influence the enteric microbiota by selectively promoting growth of beneficial bacteria and 2) oral administration of probiotic bacteria which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host. While the complex microbiota of the adult is difficult to change in the long-term, there is greater impact of the diet on infant microbiota as this is not as stable as in adults. Decreasing excessive use of antibiotics and increasing the use of pre- and probiotics have shown to be beneficial in the prevention of several important infant diseases such as necrotizing enterocolitis and atopic eczema as well as improvement of short and long-term health. This review addresses how the composition of the gut microbiota becomes established in early life, its relevance to infant health, and dietary means by which it can be manipulated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Wall
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre (APC), Co. Cork, Ireland
- Teagasc, Moorepark Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
- University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Ireland
| | - R.P Ross
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre (APC), Co. Cork, Ireland
- Teagasc, Moorepark Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - C.A Ryan
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - S Hussey
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - B Murphy
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - G.F Fitzgerald
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre (APC), Co. Cork, Ireland
- University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Ireland
| | - C Stanton
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre (APC), Co. Cork, Ireland
- Teagasc, Moorepark Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
|
22
|
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is an inflammatory bowel disease largely affecting low birth weight, premature infants. Once acquired, NEC is accompanied by significant mortality and morbid sequelae. Our understanding of the pathophysiology of NEC continues to evolve, and the development of NEC is likely multifactorial with resultant bowel injury mediated through a final, common inflammatory pathway. The predisposition for NEC appears to involve the interplay between intestinal integrity and function, enteral feeding and bacterial colonization, and regulation of the gastrointestinal and systemic inflammatory response. Commensal organisms or probiotics have been shown to be crucial in the development and modulation of each of these factors within the intestinal epithelium. As a result, probiotic supplementation has been proposed as a promising new intervention for the prevention of NEC. To understand the potential utility of probiotics in NEC, we will discuss: the components of gut defense; the role of the intestinal ecosystem in modulating immunity and inflammation; bacterial colonization patterns in the preterm infant compared with patterns seen in the healthy, full-term infant; the evidence for probiotic use in other populations and diseases; and finally, the evidence of probiotic use specific to the preterm infant and NEC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camilia R Martin
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|