1
|
Malouf R, Harrison S, Pilkington V, Opondo C, Gale C, Stein A, Franck LS, Alderdice F. Factors associated with posttraumatic stress and anxiety among the parents of babies admitted to neonatal care: a systematic review. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2024; 24:352. [PMID: 38724899 PMCID: PMC11084127 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-024-06383-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Posttraumatic stress (PTS) and anxiety are common mental health problems among parents of babies admitted to a neonatal unit (NNU). This review aimed to identify sociodemographic, pregnancy and birth, and psychological factors associated with PTS and anxiety in this population. METHOD Studies published up to December 2022 were retrieved by searching Medline, Embase, PsychoINFO, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health electronic databases. The modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for cohort and cross-sectional studies was used to assess the methodological quality of included studies. This review was pre-registered in PROSPERO (CRD42021270526). RESULTS Forty-nine studies involving 8,447 parents were included; 18 studies examined factors for PTS, 24 for anxiety and 7 for both. Only one study of anxiety factors was deemed to be of good quality. Studies generally included a small sample size and were methodologically heterogeneous. Pooling of data was not feasible. Previous history of mental health problems (four studies) and parental perception of more severe infant illness (five studies) were associated with increased risk of PTS, and had the strongest evidence. Shorter gestational age (≤ 33 weeks) was associated with an increased risk of anxiety (three studies) and very low birth weight (< 1000g) was associated with an increased risk of both PTS and anxiety (one study). Stress related to the NNU environment was associated with both PTS (one study) and anxiety (two studies), and limited data suggested that early engagement in infant's care (one study), efficient parent-staff communication (one study), adequate social support (two studies) and positive coping mechanisms (one study) may be protective factors for both PTS and anxiety. Perinatal anxiety, depression and PTS were all highly comorbid conditions (as with the general population) and the existence of one mental health condition was a risk factor for others. CONCLUSION Heterogeneity limits the interpretation of findings. Until clearer evidence is available on which parents are most at risk, good communication with parents and universal screening of PTS and anxiety for all parents whose babies are admitted to NNU is needed to identify those parents who may benefit most from mental health interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reem Malouf
- NIHR Policy Research Unit in Maternal and Neonatal Health and Care National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford Old Road Campus Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Sian Harrison
- NIHR Policy Research Unit in Maternal and Neonatal Health and Care National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford Old Road Campus Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Victoria Pilkington
- NIHR Policy Research Unit in Maternal and Neonatal Health and Care National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford Old Road Campus Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Charles Opondo
- Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Chris Gale
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Neonatal Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Campus, 369 Fulham Road, London, SW10 9NH, UK
| | - Alan Stein
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Medical Research Council/Wits University Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand Honorary Professor, African Health Research Institute, Johannesburg, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa
- African Health Research Institute, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Linda S Franck
- Department of Family Health Care Nursing, School of Nursing, University of California San Francisco, 2 Koret Way, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Fiona Alderdice
- NIHR Policy Research Unit in Maternal and Neonatal Health and Care National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford Old Road Campus Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK.
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wohlers L, Maier RF, Cuttini M, Wilson E, Benhammou V, Lebeer J, Laroche S, Sarrechia I, Petrou S, Thiele N, Zeitlin J, Aubert AM. Maternal Wellbeing Five Years after a Very Preterm Delivery: Prevalence and Influencing Factors in a European Cohort. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 11:61. [PMID: 38255374 PMCID: PMC10814990 DOI: 10.3390/children11010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
(1) Background: Mothers of very preterm (VPT) infants may experience psychological symptoms compromising long-term emotional wellbeing. This study describes the emotional wellbeing of mothers of five-year-old children born VPT. We assess the association between sociodemographic, perinatal and neonatal characteristics, and the child's health and development at five years old and maternal emotional wellbeing. (2) Methods: Data are from the prospective European "Effective Perinatal Intensive Care in Europe" (EPICE) and subsequent "Screening for Health In very Preterm infantS in Europe" (SHIPS) projects including births <32 weeks' gestational age in 11 countries in 2011/12. Data were abstracted from obstetric and neonatal records. At five years old, 2605 mothers answered a parental questionnaire including the Mental Health Inventory-5 (MHI-5). Associations between sociodemographic and health characteristics and the mother's MHI-5 score were investigated using multilevel multivariate linear regression analysis with the country modelled as a random effect and inverse probability weighting to correct for attrition bias. (3) Results: The mean MHI-5 score was 71.3 (SD 16.7) out of 100 (highest emotional wellbeing) with a variation among countries from 63.5 (SD 16.8; Poland) to 82.3 (SD 15.8; the Netherlands). MHI-5 scores were significantly lower for mothers whose child had a severe health problem, developmental, or speech delay, for multiparous and single mothers, and when at least one of the parents was unemployed. (4) Conclusions: The emotional wellbeing of mothers of VPT infants differs between European countries. Identifying sociodemographic characteristics and child's health and developmental conditions that affect maternal emotional wellbeing may help to identify groups of mothers who need special assistance to cope with consequences of the delivery of a VPT child.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lena Wohlers
- Physiotherapy School, University Hospital of the Universities of Giessen and Marburg (UKGM), 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Rolf F. Maier
- Children’s Hospital, University Hospital, Philipps University Marburg, 35033 Marburg, Germany;
| | - Marina Cuttini
- 0-3 Center for the at-Risk Infant, Scientific Institute IRCCS “Eugenio Medea”, 23842 Lecco, Italy;
| | - Emilija Wilson
- Unit of Reproductive Health, Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Valérie Benhammou
- Inserm, INRAE, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Statistics (CRESS), Obstetrical Perinatal and Pediatric Epidemiology Research Team, EPOPé, Université Paris Cité, F-75004 Paris, France; (V.B.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jo Lebeer
- Department of Medicine & Population Health, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (J.L.); (I.S.)
| | - Sabine Laroche
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium;
- Center for Developmental Disabilities, University Hospital Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Iemke Sarrechia
- Department of Medicine & Population Health, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (J.L.); (I.S.)
| | - Stavros Petrou
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK;
| | - Nicole Thiele
- European Foundation for the Care of Newborn Infants (EFCNI), 81379 Munich, Germany;
| | - Jennifer Zeitlin
- Inserm, INRAE, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Statistics (CRESS), Obstetrical Perinatal and Pediatric Epidemiology Research Team, EPOPé, Université Paris Cité, F-75004 Paris, France; (V.B.); (J.Z.)
| | - Adrien M. Aubert
- Inserm, INRAE, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Statistics (CRESS), Obstetrical Perinatal and Pediatric Epidemiology Research Team, EPOPé, Université Paris Cité, F-75004 Paris, France; (V.B.); (J.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bayati M, Biabanakigoortani A, Changiz T, Namnabati M. The impact of a three-phase education-support-follow-up program on the mothers' perceptions of the needs of their multiple infants: A protocol study for a clinical trial. JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND HEALTH PROMOTION 2023; 12:110. [PMID: 37288409 PMCID: PMC10243459 DOI: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_46_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infertility, a problematic issue to the newly married couples, should be treated as no couple should be deprived of having children. The treatment, however, poses new challenges to the multiples and subsequent preterm births, health system, and families. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of an education-support-follow-up program on the mothers' perceptions of their multiples' needs. MATERIALS AND METHODS This research is a three-phase interventional study. The first phase develops an educational program through review of the literature and using the opinions of experts. In the second phase, the developed program will be implemented in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) for the mothers of multiples. In the third phase, based on the developed plan, the required support will be applied and followed up. The data collection tool is a researcher-made questionnaire which is completed by the mothers (N = 30) before and after the intervention. Convenience sampling method will be used, and the mothers will be allocated randomly. Data gathering started from September 2020 and would continue until the sample collection is completed. Data will be analyzed through the descriptive and analytical statistics with Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21. RESULTS The present study can address the needs of the multiple infants based on the implementation of an education-support-follow-up program for mothers and their families. CONCLUSION The mothers of multiple infants are required to specify unique physical and developmental needs of their infants, while their perceptions of these needs may be different based on the education-support-follow-up program. The researchers designed the program to help them define highly specialized needs of multiples and also examined their perceptions of these needs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masumeh Bayati
- Department of Pediatric and Neonates, Student Research Center, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Tahereh Changiz
- Medical Education Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahboobeh Namnabati
- Departments of Pediatric and Neonates, Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yaari M, Treyvaud K, Lee KJ, Doyle LW, Anderson PJ. Preterm Birth and Maternal Mental Health: Longitudinal Trajectories and Predictors. J Pediatr Psychol 2020; 44:736-747. [PMID: 30977828 DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsz019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine trajectories of psychological distress in mothers of children born very preterm (VPT, <30 weeks gestation) and full term from 2 to 13 years after the birth, and examine predictors of maternal psychological distress over time within the VPT group. METHODS Mothers of children born VPT (n = 159) and full term (n = 71) completed questionnaires assessing their psychological distress when their child was 2, 7, and 13 years of age. Mixed models were used to examine differences between groups in maternal psychological distress over time. Family social risk, child neonatal medial risk, child sex, multiple pregnancy, and child's neurodevelopmental impairment in early childhood were examined as potential predictors of maternal psychological distress within the VPT group. RESULTS Mothers of children born VPT displayed elevated psychological distress compared with mothers of full-term children, and this difference was consistent over time. Higher family social risk was associated with elevated maternal psychological distress throughout childhood across all time-points. There was evidence that mothers of children at higher neonatal medical risk displayed increasing psychological distress over time. CONCLUSIONS Mothers of children born VPT show prolonged psychological distress. Mothers from socially disadvantaged background and those whose child has neonatal medical complications may require extensive support to prevent prolonged psychological distress and promote optimal outcomes for children and families.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Karli Treyvaud
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute.,Newborn Research, Royal Women's Hospital.,Department of Psychology and Counselling, La Trobe University.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne
| | - Katherine J Lee
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne
| | - Lex W Doyle
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute.,Newborn Research, Royal Women's Hospital.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne.,Departmentof Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne
| | - Peter J Anderson
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute.,Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dudenhausen JW, Misselwitz B, Piedvache A, Maier RF, Weber T, Zeitlin J, Schmidt S. Characteristics, management and outcomes of very preterm triplets in 19 European regions. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2019; 147:397-403. [PMID: 31402446 DOI: 10.1002/ijgo.12939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe obstetrical care and in-hospital outcomes in very preterm triplet pregnancies in a European multiregional cohort. METHODS Data from a prospective population-based study of very preterm births between 22 + 0 and 31 + 6 weeks of gestation in 19 regions from 11 European countries participating in the EPICE project in 2011/2012 were used to describe triplet pregnancies and compare them with twins and singletons. RESULTS Triplets constituted 1.1% of very preterm pregnancies (97/8851) and 3.3% of very preterm live births (258/7900); these percentages varied from 0% to 2.6% and 0% to 6% respectively across the regions. In-hospital mortality after live birth was 12.4% and did not differ significantly from singletons or twins or by birth order. However, 28.9% of mothers with a triplet pregnancy experienced at least one neonatal death. Ninety percent of live-born triplets were delivered by cesarean. Vaginal delivery was associated with an Apgar score of less than 7, but not with in-hospital mortality. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of very preterm triplets varies across European regions. Most triplets were born by cesarean and those born vaginally had lower Apgar scores. Overall, in-hospital mortality after live birth was similar to singletons and twins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aurelie Piedvache
- INSERM U1153, Obstetrical, Perinatal and Pediatric Epidemiology Research Team (EPOPé), Paris, France
| | - Rolf F Maier
- Children's Hospital, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Tom Weber
- Department of Obstetrics, Hvidovre University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Jennifer Zeitlin
- INSERM U1153, Obstetrical, Perinatal and Pediatric Epidemiology Research Team (EPOPé), Paris, France
| | - Stephan Schmidt
- Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Loh WY, Anderson PJ, Cheong JL, Spittle AJ, Chen J, Lee KJ, Molesworth C, Inder TE, Connelly A, Doyle LW, Thompson DK. Neonatal basal ganglia and thalamic volumes: very preterm birth and 7-year neurodevelopmental outcomes. Pediatr Res 2017; 82:970-978. [PMID: 28700568 PMCID: PMC5685902 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2017.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BackgroundThis study aims to (i) compare volumes of individual basal ganglia nuclei (caudate nucleus, pallidum, and putamen) and the thalamus between very preterm (VP) and term-born infants at term-equivalent age; (ii) explore neonatal basal ganglia and thalamic volume relationships with 7-year neurodevelopmental outcomes, and whether these relationships differed between VP and term-born children.Methods210 VP (<30 weeks' gestational age) and 39 term-born (≥37 weeks' gestational age) infants underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging at term-equivalent age, and deep gray matter volumes of interest were automatically generated. 186 VP and 37 term-born children were assessed for a range of neurodevelopmental measures at age 7 years.ResultsAll deep gray matter structures examined were smaller in VP infants compared with controls at term-equivalent age; ranging from (percentage mean difference (95% confidence intervals) -6.2% (-10.2%, -2.2%) for the putamen, to -9.5% (-13.9%, -5.1%) for the caudate nucleus. Neonatal basal ganglia and thalamic volumes were positively related to motor, intelligence quotient, and academic outcomes at age 7 years, with mostly similar relationships in the VP and control groups.ConclusionVP birth results in smaller basal ganglia and thalamic volumes at term-equivalent age, and these smaller volumes are related to a range of 7-year neurodevelopmental deficits in VP children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wai Yen Loh
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,The Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter J. Anderson
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jeanie L.Y. Cheong
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,Neonatal Services, Royal Women’s Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alicia J. Spittle
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,Neonatal Services, Royal Women’s Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,Department of Physiotherapy, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jian Chen
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,Department of Medicine, Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katherine J. Lee
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | - A. Connelly
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,The Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lex W. Doyle
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,Neonatal Services, Royal Women’s Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Deanne K. Thompson
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Musical Interests and Talent: Twin Jazz Musicians and Twin Studies/Twin Research: Loss of a Preterm Multiple; Conjoined Twin Conception; Depression in Fathers of Twins; Twin-to-Twin Transfusion Syndrome/Twin News: High-Achieving Twins; Twin Children of a Tennis Star; Conjoined Twin Separation; Twin Delivery to a Giant Panda. Twin Res Hum Genet 2017; 20:643-648. [DOI: 10.1017/thg.2017.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Findings from twin studies of musical interests and talent are reviewed as a backdrop to the lives and careers of twin jazz musicians, Peter and Will Anderson. The Anderson twins exemplify many aspects of twin research, namely their matched musical abilities, shared musical interests, and common career. This overview is followed by reviews of studies and case reports of bereavement in families who have lost a preterm multiple birth infant, the conception of conjoined twins following in vitro fertilization (IVF), depression in fathers of twins, and twin-to-twin transfusion incidence in monochorionic-diamniotic IVF twin pairs. Twins highlighted in the media include high-achieving identical female twins with nearly identical academic standing, tennis star Roger Federer's two sets of identical twin children, surgical separation of craniopagus conjoined twins, and the rare delivery of twins to a 23-year-old giant panda.
Collapse
|
8
|
Yaari M, Millo I, Harel-Gadassi A, Friedlander E, Bar-Oz B, Eventov-Friedman S, Mankuta D, Yirmiya N. Maternal resolution of preterm birth from 1 to 18 months. Attach Hum Dev 2017; 19:487-503. [PMID: 28504008 DOI: 10.1080/14616734.2017.1324499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Preterm birth can be traumatic for some mothers, involving feelings of grief over the hoped-for full-term pregnancy. In this longitudinal study, we interviewed 50 mothers of preterm infants, using the reaction to diagnosis interview when their child was 1 month and 18 months old. We examined change and stability in resolution status over time. Additionally, we explored possible predictors of resolution trajectories between 1 and 18 months. Findings indicated that resolution at 1 month was not yet common. The rate of resolution at 18 months was 62.6%, compared with 38.2% at 1 month. Prenatal precursors of preterm birth, lower medical neonatal risk, and lower maternal stress at 1 month significantly differentiated mothers who attained resolution as early as at 1 month from those who were unresolved at 1 and 18 months. Lower maternal stress at 1 month was the only predictor that significantly differentiated initially unresolved mothers who later attained resolution from those who remained unresolved at 18 months. Discussion focuses on maternal stress, which may mark a subgroup of mothers of preterm infants who are at risk of being unresolved through the first 18 months, and who may benefit from resolution-focused intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maya Yaari
- a Department of Psychology , the Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem , Israel
| | - Inbal Millo
- a Department of Psychology , the Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem , Israel
| | - Ayelet Harel-Gadassi
- a Department of Psychology , the Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem , Israel
| | - Edwa Friedlander
- a Department of Psychology , the Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem , Israel
| | - Benjamin Bar-Oz
- b Department of Neonatology , Hadassah University Hospital , Jerusalem , Israel
| | | | - David Mankuta
- c Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology , Hadassah University Hospital , Jerusalem , Israel
| | - Nurit Yirmiya
- a Department of Psychology , the Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem , Israel
| |
Collapse
|