Salidroside improves the hypoxic tumor microenvironment and reverses the drug resistance of platinum drugs via HIF-1α signaling pathway

NSUN6-mediated 5-methylcytosine modification of NDRG1 mRNA promotes radioresistance in cervical cancer

BACKGROUND

Radioresistance is the leading cause of death in advanced cervical cancer (CC). Dysregulation of RNA modification has recently emerged as a regulatory mechanism in radiation and drug resistance. We aimed to explore the biological function and clinical significance of 5-methylcytosine (m5C) in cervical cancer radiosensitivity.

METHODS

The abundance of RNA modification in radiotherapy-resistant and sensitive CC specimens was quantified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The essential RNA modification-related genes involved in CC radiosensitivity were screened via RNA sequencing. The effect of NSUN6 on radiosensitivity was verified in CC cell lines, cell-derived xenograft (CDX), and 3D bioprinted patient-derived organoid (PDO). The mechanisms of NSUN6 in regulating CC radiosensitivity were investigated by integrative m5C sequencing, mRNA sequencing, and RNA immunoprecipitation.

RESULTS

We found a higher abundance of m5C modification in resistant CC samples, and NSUN6 was the essential m5C-regulating gene concerning radiosensitivity. NSUN6 overexpression was clinically correlated with radioresistance and poor prognosis in cervical cancer. Functionally, higher NSUN6 expression was associated with radioresistance in the 3D PDO model of cervical cancer. Moreover, silencing NSUN6 increased CC radiosensitivity in vivo and in vitro. Mechanistically, NDRG1 was one of the downstream target genes of NSUN6 identified by integrated m5C-seq, mRNA-seq, and functional validation. NSUN6 promoted the m5C modification of NDRG1 mRNA, and the m5C reader ALYREF bound explicitly to the m5C-labeled NDRG1 mRNA and enhanced NDRG1 mRNA stability. NDRG1 overexpression promoted homologous recombination-mediated DNA repair, which in turn led to radioresistance in cervical cancer.

CONCLUSIONS

Aberrant m5C hypermethylation and NSUN6 overexpression drive resistance to radiotherapy in cervical cancer. Elevated NSUN6 expression promotes radioresistance in cervical cancer by activating the NSUN6/ALYREF-m5C-NDRG1 pathway. The low expression of NSUN6 in cervical cancer indicates sensitivity to radiotherapy and a better prognosis.

Novel antioxidant protein target therapy to counter the prevalence and severity of SARS-CoV-2

Background

This review analyzed the magnitude of the COVID-19 pandemic globally and in India and the measures to counter its effect using natural and innate immune booster molecules. The study focuses on two phases: the first focuses on the magnitude, and the second on the effect of antioxidants (natural compounds) on SARS-CoV-2.

Methods

The magnitude of the prevalence, mortality, and comorbidities was acquired from the World Health Organization (WHO) report, media, a report from the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW), newspapers, and the National Centre of Disease Control (NCDC). Research articles from PubMed as well as other sites/journals and databases were accessed to gather literature on the effect of antioxidants.

Results

In the elderly and any chronic diseases, the declined level of antioxidant molecules enhanced the reactive oxygen species, which in turn deprived the immune system.

Conclusion

Innate antioxidant proteins like sirtuin and sestrin play a vital role in enhancing immunity. Herbal products and holistic approaches can also be alternative solutions for everyday life to boost the immune system by improving the redox balance in COVID-19 attack. This review analyzed the counteractive effect of alternative therapy to boost the immune system against the magnitude of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Machine‐learning radiomics to predict bone marrow metastasis of neuroblastoma using magnetic resonance imaging

Background

Neuroblastoma is one common pediatric malignancy notorious for high temporal and spatial heterogeneities. More than half of its patients develop distant metastases involving vascularized organs, especially the bone marrow. It is thus necessary to have an economical, noninvasive method without much radiation for follow‐ups. Radiomics has been used in many cancers to assist accurate diagnosis but not yet in bone marrow metastasis in neuroblastoma.

Methods

A total of 182 patients with neuroblastoma were retrospectively collected and randomly divided into the training and validation sets. Five‐hundred and seventy‐two radiomics features were extracted from magnetic resonance imaging, among which 41 significant ones were selected via T‐test for model development. We attempted 13 machine‐learning algorithms and eventually chose three best‐performed models. The integrative performance evaluations are based on the area under the curves (AUCs), calibration curves, risk deciles plots, and other indexes.

Results

Extreme gradient boosting, random forest (RF), and adaptive boosting were the top three to predict bone marrow metastases in neuroblastoma while RF was the most accurate one. Its AUC was 0.90 (0.86–0.93), F1 score was 0.82, sensitivity was 0.76, and negative predictive value was 0.79 in the training set. The values were 0.82 (0.71–0.93), 0.80, 0.75, and 0.92 in the validation set, respectively.

Conclusions

Radiomics models are likely to contribute more to metastatic diagnoses and the formulation of personalized healthcare strategies in clinics. It has great potential of being a revolutionary method to replace traditional interventions in the future.

HTRA1 from OVX rat osteoclasts causes detrimental effects on endplate chondrocytes through NF-κB

Endplate osteochondritis is considered one of the major causes of intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) and low back pain. Menopausal women have a higher rate of endplate cartilage degeneration than similarly aged men, but the related mechanisms are still unclear. Subchondral bone changes, mainly mediated by osteoblasts and osteoclasts, are considered an important reason for the degeneration of cartilage. This work explored the role of osteoclasts in endplate cartilage degeneration, as well as its underlying mechanisms. A rat ovariectomy (OVX) model was used to induce estrogen deficiency. Our experiments indicated that OVX significantly promoted osteoclastogenesis and anabolism and catabolism changes in endplate chondrocytes. OVX osteoclasts cause an imbalance between anabolism and catabolism in endplate chondrocytes, as shown by a decrease in anabolic markers such as Aggrecan and Collagen II, and an increase in catabolic markers such as a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 5 (ADAMTS5) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP13). Osteoclasts were also confirmed in this study to be able to secrete HtrA serine peptidase 1 (HTRA1), which resulted in increased catabolism in endplate chondrocytes through the NF-κB pathway under estrogen deficiency. This study demonstrated the involvement and mechanism of osteoclasts in the anabolism and catabolism changes of endplate cartilage under estrogen deficiency, and proposed a new strategy for the treatment of endplate osteochondritis and IVDD by targeting HTRA1.

Differential reduction of gray matter volume with age in 35 cortical areas in men (more) and women (less)

It is known that brain volume decreases with age. Here, we assessed the rate of this decrease in gray matter volume of 35 cortical regions in a large sample of healthy participants (n = 712, age range 36-90 yr) of the Human Connectome Project-Aging. We evaluated the difference in this rate between men (n = 316) and women (n = 396) and found that the volumes of cortical areas decreased by an average of 5.25%/decade, with the highest rate of decrease observed in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex (7.28%/decade). The rate of decrease was higher in men than in women in general and in 30/35 (85.7%) areas in particular, involving most prominently the cingulate lobe. These findings could serve as a normative reference for clinical conditions that manifest with abnormal brain atrophy.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study showed an overall decrease of cortical gray matter with age but with different rates of volume reduction in different areas, with smaller decrease rates in women than in men. The highest volume reduction rate was observed for the rostral anterior cingulate cortex, an area linked to depression. These findings could serve as a normative reference for clinical conditions that manifest with abnormal brain atrophy.

CHANGES IN SUBSET COMPOSITION AND PHAGOCYTIC ACTIVITY OF MONOCYTES IN CHILDREN WITH INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS UNDER EXPOSURE TO GM-CSF IN VITRO

The aim of the study was to investigate the features of changes in the subset composition of monocytes and their phagocytic activity in children with infectious mononucleosis (IM) under the influence of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in vitro. We examined 84 children aged 3 to 11 years with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. EBV infection was diagnosed on the basis of clinical signs of IM, a positive test for EBV DNA in blood lymphocytes and results of ELISA tests (EBV-VCAIgM (+), EBV-EA-DIgG (+)). The control group consisted of 40 practically healthy children of the same age range. Monocytes were obtained by the standard method of adhesion to plastic from mononuclear cells isolated from heparinized venous blood by density gradient centrifugation. The isolated monocytes were divided into two samples: control (without GM-CSF) and experimental (50 ng of GM-CSF per 1 ml of cell suspension). The subset composition and phagocytic activity of monocytes in both samples were determined by flow cytometry after incubation for 1 hour at 37C in a CO2-incubator. It was found that in children against the background of the development of IM, the subpopulation composition of monocytes in the blood changes and their phagocytic activity is impaired. It was found that the subset composition and phagocytic activity of the blood monocytes changed in children against the background of the development of IM. Changes in the subset composition of monocytes against the background of acute IM did not depend on the age group of children (3-6 and 7-11 years) and were characterized by an increase in the number of pro-inflammatory (intermediate) monocytes and a decrease in the content of anti-inflammatory (non-classical) monocytes. Features of violation of the phagocytic activity of the monocytes in children with IM depended on age. The phagocytic activity of all three subsets of the monocytes was reduced in children with IM 3-6 years old while children with IM 7-11 years old had reduced phagocytic activity only of intermediate and non-classical monocytes. The effect of GM-CSF in vitro on monocytes in patients with IM, regardless of the age of children, led to a significant increase in the level of anti-inflammatory monocytes while the phagocytic activity of cells changed less. An increase in the phagocytic number for classical monocytes after incubation with GM-CSF in vitro was noted in children with IM at the age of 3-6 years while the phagocytic index of this fraction of monocytes remained unchanged. The level of the phagocytic index increased only in classical monocytes of children with IM aged 7-11 years. The presented results determine the scientific and clinical value of studying the mechanisms of the effect of GM-CSF on cells of the immune system and prove that this cytokine can be used in a new immunotherapeutic strategy for the treatment of IM.

Assessing the effect of cleansing products on artificially polluted human hairs and skin through in vivo and in vitro models

OBJECTIVE

Based on in vivo data, in vitro models and new methods are created to mimic the impact of aerial pollution onto the hair surface and assess the efficacy of different formulae prototypes.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Two protocols are developed to mimic the pollution effect, in vitro, on purchased swatches, and in vivo, on scalps and forearms. First, with an artificial sebum mixed with Carbon Black particles, named "sebollution," we evaluated, through an instrumental color measurement, the cleansing efficacy of some shampoo on scalp and hair. The second protocol allowed to assess the interaction between hair care product deposit (shampoo, conditioner, mask, and leave-on) on hair and carbon black particles spread on fiber. The quantification of particle coverage allowed to evaluate the efficiency of a formula to limit the aerial pollution deposit on hair fiber.

RESULTS

To simplify and accelerate the evaluation of 42 shampoo formulae, an extrapolation of the scalp cleaning process was validated on forearm. The respective cleanabilities were calculated and covered a large range of efficacy, from 5%, for a basic bland shampoo generally used to reset swatches, to a strong deep cleansing efficacy of 100%. On hair swatches, cleanability efficiencies of five shampoo were also evaluated to eliminate the deposited of sebollution, in a range of 40%-80%. To quantify the efficacy of preventing the deposition of carbon particle on hair surface, the percentage of coverage of 45 different products was measured, from 2% to 16%. The performance depended of the product category (shampoo, conditioner, mask, and leave-on), driven by the performance of the product deposit, and the capacity of this deposit to interact with aerial pollution.

CONCLUSION

Three new protocols and evaluation methods are proposed to evaluate and quantify the performance of hair care product, to remove/clean, limit, and protect the hair fibers against the aerial pollution that could interact with hair, scalp and sebum. The validation of these approaches was done through the testing of a large panel of hair care product leading to a complete and sincere evaluation of cleansing and anti-deposit efficacy. Combining the knowledge acquired on pollution impact on hair and the development of specific way of evaluation, this work reinforced the rationale of using and developing new cosmetic products that reduced the impact of pollution upon some hair properties.

Effects of targeted-edited oncogenic insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor with specific-sgRNA on biological behaviors of HepG2 cells

BACKGROUND

Insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) is over-expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the relationship between IGF-1R activation and HCC progression remains unidentified.

AIM

To investigate the effects of editing IGF-1R on the biological features of HCC cells.

METHODS

Immunohistochemistry analyzed the expressions of IGF-1R and P-glyco protein (P-gp) in HCC tissues and their distal non-cancerous tissues (non-Ca). IGF-1R was edited with Crispr/Cas9 system, screened specific sgRNAs, and then transfected into HepG2 cells. CCK-8, scratch wound test detected cell proliferation, migration, invasion and transwell assays, respectively. Alterations of IGF-1R and P-gp were confirmed by Western blotting. Alterations of anti-cancer drug IC₅₀ values were analyzed at the cell level.

RESULTS

The positive rates of IGF-1R (93.6%, χ² = 63.947) or P-gp (88.2%, χ² = 58.448) were significantly higher (P < 0.001) in the HCC group than those (36.6% in IGF-1R or 26.9% in P-gp) in the non-Ca group. They were positively correlated between high IGF-1R and P-gp expression, and they were associated with hepatitis B virus infection and vascular invasion of HCC. Abnormal expressions of circulating IGF-1R and P-gp were confirmed and associated with HCC progression. Biological feature alterations of HCC cells transfected with specific sgRNA showed IGF-1R expression down-regulation, cell proliferation inhibition, cell invasion or migration potential decreasing, and enhancing susceptibility of HepG2 cells to anti-cancer drugs.

CONCLUSION

Edited oncogenic IGF-1R was useful to inhibit biological behaviors of HepG2 cells.

Comprehensive transcriptomic analysis of immune-related eRNAs associated with prognosis and immune microenvironment in melanoma

Background

Recent evidence suggests that enhancer RNAs (eRNAs) play key roles in cancers. Identification of immune-related eRNAs (ireRNAs) in melanoma can provide novel insights into the mechanisms underlying its genesis and progression, along with potential therapeutic targets.

Aim

To establish an ireRNA-related prognostic signature for melanoma and identify potential drug candidates.

Methods

The ireRNAs associated with the overall survival (OS-ireRNAs) of melanoma patients were screened using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) via WGCNA and univariate Cox analysis. A prognostic signature based on these OS-ireRNAs was then constructed by performing the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) Cox regression analysis. The immune landscape associated with the prognostic model was evaluated by the ESTIMATE algorithm and CIBERSORT method. Finally, the potential drug candidates for melanoma were screened through the cMap database.

Results

A total of 24 OS-ireRNAs were obtained, of which 7 ireRNAs were used to construct a prognostic signature. The ireRNAs-related signature performed well in predicting the overall survival (OS) of melanoma patients. The risk score of the established signature was further verified as an independent risk factor, and was associated with the unique tumor microenvironment in melanoma. We also identified several potential anti-cancer drugs for melanoma, of which corticosterone ranked first.

Conclusions

The ireRNA-related signature is an effective prognostic predictor and provides reliable information to better understand the mechanism of ireRNAs in the progression of melanoma.

Advance trends in targeting homology-directed repair for accurate gene editing: An inclusive review of small molecules and modified CRISPR-Cas9 systems

Introduction: Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat and its associated protein (CRISPR-Cas)-based technologies generate targeted modifications in host genome by inducing site-specific double-strand breaks (DSBs) that can serve as a substrate for homology-directed repair (HDR) in both in vitro and in vivo models. HDR pathway could enhance incorporation of exogenous DNA templates into the CRISPR-Cas9-mediated DSB site. Owing to low rate of HDR pathway, the efficiency of accurate genome editing is diminished. Enhancing the efficiency of HDR can provide fast, easy, and accurate technologies based on CRISPR-Cas9 technologies.

Methods: The current study presents an overview of attempts conducted on the precise genome editing strategies based on small molecules and modified CRISPR-Cas9 systems.

Results: In order to increase HDR rate in targeted cells, several logical strategies have been introduced such as generating CRISPR effector chimeric proteins, anti-CRISPR proteins, modified Cas9 with donor template, and using validated synthetic or natural small molecules for either inhibiting non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), stimulating HDR, or synchronizing cell cycle. Recently, high-throughput screening methods have been applied for identification of small molecules which along with the CRISPR system can regulate precise genome editing through HDR.

Conclusion: The stimulation of HDR components or inhibiting NHEJ can increase the accuracy of CRISPR-Cas-mediated engineering systems. Generating chimeric programmable endonucleases provide this opportunity to direct DNA template close proximity of CRISPR-Cas-mediated DSB. Small molecules and their derivatives can also proficiently block or activate certain DNA repair pathways and bring up novel perspectives for increasing HDR efficiency, especially in human cells. Further, high throughput screening of small molecule libraries could result in more discoveries of promising chemicals that improve HDR efficiency and CRISPR-Cas9 systems.

BOLD turnover in task-free state: variation among brain areas and effects of age and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DRB1*13

Blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is frequently used as a proxy for underlying neural activity. Although this is a plausible assumption for experiments where a task is performed, it may not hold to the same degree for conditions of fMRI recording in a task-free, "resting" state where neural synaptic events are weak and, hence, neurovascular coupling and endothelial vascular factors become more prominent (Hillman Annu Rev Neurosci 37:161-181, 2014, 10.1146/annurev-neuro-071013-014111). Here we investigated the magnitude of change of BOLD in consecutive samples over the acquisition time period (turnover of BOLD, "TBOLD") by first-order differencing of single-voxel BOLD time series acquired in 70 areas of the cerebral cortex of 57 cognitively healthy women in a task-free resting state. More specifically, we evaluated (a) the variation of TBOLD among different cortical areas, (b) its dependence on age, and (c) its dependence on the presence (or absence) of the neuroprotective Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) gene DRB1*13 (DRB1*13:02 and DRB1*13:01). We found that TBOLD (a) varied substantially by 2.2 × among cortical areas, being highest in parahippocampal and entorhinal areas and lowest in parietal-occipital areas, (b) was significantly reduced in DRB1*13 carriers across cortical areas (from ~ 15% reduction in orbitofrontal cortex to 2% reduction in cuneus), and (c) increased with age in noncarriers of DRB1*13 but decreased with age in DRB1*13 carriers. These findings document significant dependencies of TBOLD on cortical area location, HLA DRB1*13 and age.

A Novel Sushi-IL15-PD1 CAR-NK92 Cell Line With Enhanced and PD-L1 Targeted Cytotoxicity Against Pancreatic Cancer Cells

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly aggressive and lethal malignancy with a limited response to current therapies. Novel and effective treatment is urgently needed. Herein, a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-NK92 cell line, with an interleukin (IL)-15Rα-sushi/IL-15 complex and a Programmed cell death-1(PD1) signal inverter was constructed and named SP (Sushi-IL15-PD1). We showed that CAR expression enabled SP cells to proliferate independently of IL-2 and became more resistant to nutrition starvation-induced apoptosis. Meanwhile, SP cells were more effective than NK92 in PDAC cell killing assays in vitro and in vivo, and there was a positive correlation between the killing capability of SP cells and PD-L1 expression in pancreatic cancer cells. Based on the synergistic and comprehensive effects of the special CAR structure, the adhesion, responsiveness, degranulation efficiency, targeted delivery of cytotoxic granule content, and cytotoxicity of SP cells were significantly stronger than those of NK92. In conclusion, the SP cell line is a promising adoptive immunotherapy cell line and has potential value as an adjuvant treatment for pancreatic cancer, especially in patients with high PD-L1 expression.

Herpesviruses in patients after renal transplantation

Aim. To estimate graft function after kidney transplantation during active herpesviruses or superinfection Materials and methods. The study included 32 patients (men 21, women 11) with end-stage chronic kidney disease. The median age was 43 years. Cytomegalovirus (CMV), EpsteinBarr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus 6 (HHV-6) DNAs were screened by RT-PCR in the donor's transplant biopsy, and recipients peripheral blood and urine after kidney transplantation (KT) on 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 12 months. Antiviral antibodies (IgM and IgG) were also screened by Enzyme-linked immunoassay analysis (ELISA) along with PCR. The 500 or less copies of viral DNA per 105 nuclear cells or 1 ml of urine was considered as low, more than 1000 copies high. Results. On the first month after KT CMV DNA was detected in 50% of pts., EBV DNA in 40% and HHV-6 DNA in 33%. During first year after KT two or three viruses simultaneously were found in 12 recipients: CMV, EBV, and HHV-6 were detected in 5 recipients; CMV and EBV in 4 patients; CMV and HHV-6 in 2 pts; EBV and HHV-6 in 1 pt. Graft dysfunction was observed in 9 patients with a high concentration of viral DNA of one, two or three viruses simultaneously. An upraise of the concentration of virus DNA (CMV, EBV and HHV 6) was detected primarily in the urine, while in the blood its concentration was less than 500 cop or undetectable. Renal dysfunction was not observed on the background of low concentrations of viral DNA in urine and blood. However, with an increase of DNA concentration, an impaired graft function in 8 of 12 patients appeared. Low viral DNA level proved to be a background for another virus activation or bacterial/fungal superinfection. Conclusion. Graft dysfunction occurs at high viral DNA levels detection during mono-or superinfection. Low viral load can serve as a background for another virus activation and/or bacterial/fungal superinfection.

Potential Role of Plasmalogens in the Modulation of Biomembrane Morphology

Plasmalogens are a subclass of cell membrane glycerophospholipids that typically include vinyl- ether bond at the sn-1 position and polyunsaturated fatty acid at the sn-2 position. They are highly abundant in the neuronal, immune, and cardiovascular cell membranes. Despite the abundance of plasmalogens in a plethora of cells, tissues, and organs, the role of plasmalogens remains unclear. Plasmalogens are required for the proper function of integral membrane proteins, lipid rafts, cell signaling, and differentiation. More importantly, plasmalogens play a crucial role in the cell as an endogenous antioxidant that protects the cell membrane components such as phospholipids, unsaturated fatty acids, and lipoproteins from oxidative stress. The incorporation of vinyl-ether linked with alkyl chains in phospholipids alter the physicochemical properties (e.g., the hydrophilicity of the headgroup), packing density, and conformational order of the phospholipids within the biomembranes. Thus, plasmalogens play a significant role in determining the physical and chemical properties of the biomembrane such as its fluidity, thickness, and lateral pressure of the biomembrane. Insights on the important structural and functional properties of plasmalogens may help us to understand the molecular mechanism of membrane transformation, vesicle formation, and vesicular fusion, especially at the synaptic vesicles where plasmalogens are rich and essential for neuronal function. Although many aspects of plasmalogen phospholipid involvement in membrane transformation identified through in vitro experiments and membrane mimic systems, remain to be confirmed in vivo, the compiled data show many intriguing properties of vinyl-ether bonded lipids that may play a significant role in the structural and morphological changes of the biomembranes. In this review, we present the current limited knowledge of the emerging potential role of plasmalogens as a modulator of the biomembrane morphology.

Natural Sesquiterpene Lactones in the Prevention and Treatment of Inflammatory Disorders and cancer: A Systematic Study of this Emerging Therapeutic Approach based on Chemical and Pharmacological Aspect

Background and Introduction:

Sesquiterpene lactones are a class of secondary metabolite that contains sesquiterpenoids and lactone ring as pharmacophore moiety. A large group of bioactive secondary metabolites such as phytopharmaceuticals belong to this category. From the Asteraceae family-based medicinal plants, more than 5,000 sesquiterpene lactones have been reported so far. Sesquiterpene lactone-based pharmacophore moieties hold promise for broad-spectrum biological activities against cancer, inflammation, parasitic, bacterial, fungal, viral infection and other functional disorders. Moreover, these moiety based phytocompounds have been highlighted with a new dimension in the natural drug discovery program worldwide after the 2015 Medicine Nobel Prize achieved by the Artemisinin researchers.

Objective:

These bitter substances often contain an α, β-unsaturated-γ-lactone as a major structural backbone, which in recent studies has been explored to be associated with anti-tumor, cytotoxic, and anti-inflammatory action. Recently, the use of sesquiterpene lactones as phytomedicine has been increased. This study will review the prospect of sesquiterpene lactones against inflammation and cancer.

Methods:

Hence, we emphasized on the different features of this moiety by incorporating its structural diversity on biological activities to explore structure-activity relationships (SAR) against inflammation and cancer.

Results:

How the dual mode of action such as anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer has been exhibitedby these phytopharmaceuticals will be forecasted in this study. Furthermore, the correlation of anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activity executed by the sesquiterpene lactones for fruitful phytotherapy will also be revealed in the present review in the milieu of pharmacophore activity relation and pharmacodynamics study as well.

Conclusion:

So, these metabolites are paramount in phytopharmacological aspects. The present discussion on the future prospect of this moiety based on the reported literature could be a guide for anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer drug discovery programs for the upcoming researchers.

Identification of a p53 target, CD137L, that mediates growth suppression and immune response of osteosarcoma cells

p53 encodes a transcription factor that transactivates downstream target genes involved in tumour suppression. Although osteosarcoma frequently has p53 mutations, the role of p53 in osteosarcomagenesis is not fully understood. To explore p53-target genes comprehensively in calvarial bone and find out novel druggable p53 target genes for osteosarcoma, we performed RNA sequencing using the calvarial bone and 23 other tissues from p53^+/+ and p53^−/− mice after radiation exposure. Of 23,813 genes, 69 genes were induced more than two-fold in irradiated p53^+/+ calvarial bone, and 127 genes were repressed. Pathway analysis of the p53-induced genes showed that genes associated with cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions were enriched. Three genes, CD137L, CDC42 binding protein kinase gamma and Follistatin, were identified as novel direct p53 target genes that exhibited growth-suppressive effects on osteosarcoma cell lines. Of the three genes, costimulatory molecule Cd137l was induced only in calvarial bone among the 24 tissues tested. CD137L-expressing cells exhibited growth-suppressive effects in vivo. In addition, recombinant Fc-fusion Cd137l protein activated the immune response in vitro and suppressed osteosarcoma cell growth in vivo. We clarified the role of CD137L in osteosarcomagenesis and its potential therapeutic application. Our transcriptome analysis also indicated the regulation of the immune response through p53.