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Zhou JX, Li LX, Zhang H, Agborbesong E, Harris PC, Calvet JP, Li X. DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) promotes cyst growth and epigenetic age acceleration in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2024:S0085-2538(24)00336-3. [PMID: 38782200 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2024.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Alteration of DNA methylation leads to diverse diseases, and the dynamic changes of DNA methylation (DNAm) on sets of CpG dinucleotides in mammalian genomes are termed "DNAm age" and "epigenetic clocks" that can predict chronological age. However, whether and how dysregulation of DNA methylation promotes cyst progression and epigenetic age acceleration in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) remains elusive. Here, we show that DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) is upregulated in cystic kidney epithelial cells and tissues and that knockout of Dnmt1 and targeting DNMT1 with hydralazine, a safe demethylating agent, delays cyst growth in Pkd1 mutant kidneys and extends life span of Pkd1 conditional knockout mice. With methyl-CpG binding domain (MBD) protein-enriched genome sequencing (MBD-seq), DNMT1 chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-sequencing and RNA-sequencing analysis, we identified two novel DNMT1 targets, PTPRM and PTPN22 (members of the protein tyrosine phosphatase family). PTPRM and PTPN22 function as mediators of DNMT1 and the phosphorylation and activation of PKD-associated signaling pathways, including ERK, mTOR and STAT3. With whole-genome bisulfide sequencing in kidneys of patients with ADPKD versus normal individuals, we found that the methylation of epigenetic clock-associated genes was dysregulated, supporting that epigenetic age is accelerated in the kidneys of patients with ADPKD. Furthermore, five epigenetic clock-associated genes, including Hsd17b14, Itpkb, Mbnl1, Rassf5 and Plk2, were identified. Thus, the diverse biological roles of these five genes suggest that their methylation status may not only predict epigenetic age acceleration but also contribute to disease progression in ADPKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Xia Zhou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
| | - Linda Xiaoyan Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Hongbing Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Ewud Agborbesong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Peter C Harris
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - James P Calvet
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Xiaogang Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
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Xiao X, Wang W, Guo C, Wu J, Zhang S, Shi H, Kwon S, Chen J, Dong Z. Hypermethylation leads to the loss of HOXA5, resulting in JAG1 expression and NOTCH signaling contributing to kidney fibrosis. Kidney Int 2024:S0085-2538(24)00193-5. [PMID: 38521405 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2024.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Epigenetic regulations, including DNA methylation, are critical to the development and progression of kidney fibrosis, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we show that fibrosis of the mouse kidney was associated with the induction of DNA methyltransferases and increases in global DNA methylation and was alleviated by the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-Aza). Genome-wide analysis demonstrated the hypermethylation of 94 genes in mouse unilateral ureteral obstruction kidneys, which was markedly reduced by 5-Aza. Among these genes, Hoxa5 was hypermethylated at its gene promoter, and this hypermethylation was associated with reduced HOXA5 expression in fibrotic mouse kidneys after ureteral obstruction or unilateral ischemia-reperfusion injury. 5-Aza prevented Hoxa5 hypermethylation, restored HOXA5 expression, and suppressed kidney fibrosis. Downregulation of HOXA5 was verified in human kidney biopsies from patients with chronic kidney disease and correlated with the increased kidney fibrosis and DNA methylation. Kidney fibrosis was aggravated by conditional knockout of Hoxa5 and alleviated by conditional knockin of Hoxa5 in kidney proximal tubules of mice. Mechanistically, we found that HOXA5 repressed Jag1 transcription by directly binding to its gene promoter, resulting in the suppression of JAG1-NOTCH signaling during kidney fibrosis. Thus, our results indicate that loss of HOXA5 via DNA methylation contributes to fibrogenesis in kidney diseases by inducing JAG1 and consequent activation of the NOTCH signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xiao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA.
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Chunyuan Guo
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, and Institute of Psoriasis, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jiazhu Wu
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery and Musculoskeletal Tumor, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huidong Shi
- Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sangho Kwon
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jiankang Chen
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Zheng Dong
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, USA.
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Kumar P, Brooks HL. Sex-specific epigenetic programming in renal fibrosis and inflammation. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2023; 325:F578-F594. [PMID: 37560775 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00091.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The growing prevalence of hypertension, heart disease, diabetes, and obesity along with an aging population is leading to a higher incidence of renal diseases in society. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized mainly by persistent inflammation, fibrosis, and gradual loss of renal function leading to renal failure. Sex is a known contributor to the differences in incidence and progression of CKD. Epigenetic programming is an essential regulator of renal physiology and is critically involved in the pathophysiology of renal injury and fibrosis. Epigenetic signaling integrates intrinsic and extrinsic signals onto the genome, and various environmental and hormonal stimuli, including sex hormones, which regulate gene expression and downstream cellular responses. The most extensively studied epigenetic alterations that play a critical role in renal damage include histone modifications and DNA methylation. Notably, these epigenetic alterations are reversible, making them candidates for potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of renal diseases. Here, we will summarize the current knowledge on sex differences in epigenetic modulation of renal fibrosis and inflammation and highlight some possible epigenetic therapeutic strategies for CKD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prerna Kumar
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
| | - Heddwen L Brooks
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
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Chiang CH, Chen C, Fang SY, Lin SC, Chen JW, Chang TT. Xanthine oxidase/NADPH oxidase inhibition by hydralazine attenuates acute kidney injury and prevents the transition of acute kidney injury to chronic kidney disease. Life Sci 2023:121863. [PMID: 37331504 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The enhancement of inflammation and reactive oxygen species leads to the damage of renal tubular cells in acute kidney injury (AKI), and the upregulation of inflammation increases the risk of AKI being converted into chronic kidney disease (CKD). Hydralazine has shown renoprotective effects in multiple kidney diseases and was shown to be a potent xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitor. This study aimed to investigate the mechanisms of hydralazine in ischemia-reperfusion (I/R)-stimulated renal proximal tubular epithelial cells in vitro and in AKI animals in vivo. MAIN METHODS The effects of hydralazine in AKI-to-CKD transition were also evaluated. Human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells were stimulated by I/R conditions in vitro. To generate a mouse model of AKI, a right nephrectomy was performed, followed by left renal pedicle I/R using a small atraumatic clamp. KEY FINDINGS In the in vitro part, hydralazine could protect renal proximal tubular epithelial cells against insults from the I/R injury through XO/NADPH oxidase inhibition. In the in vivo part, hydralazine preserved renal function in AKI mice and improved the AKI-to-CKD transition by decreasing renal glomerulosclerosis and fibrosis independently of blood pressure lowering. Furthermore, hydralazine exerted antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-fibrotic effects both in vitro and in vivo. SIGNIFICANCE Hydralazine, as a XO/NADPH oxidase inhibitor, could protect renal proximal tubular epithelial cells from the insults of I/R and prevent kidney damage in AKI and AKI-to-CKD. The above experimental studies strengthen the possibility of repurposing hydralazine as a potential renoprotective agent through its antioxidative mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hung Chiang
- Department of Urology/Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Yuan-Shan, Yilan, Taiwan; Department of Urology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Nursing, Cardinal Tien Junior College of Healthcare and Management, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching Chen
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ying Fang
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Su-Chu Lin
- Department of Urology/Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Yuan-Shan, Yilan, Taiwan
| | - Jaw-Wen Chen
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Ting Chang
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Biomedical Industry Ph.D. Program, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Liu HY, Lee CH, Hsu CN, Tain YL. Maternal High-Fat Diet Controls Offspring Kidney Health and Disease. Nutrients 2023; 15:2698. [PMID: 37375602 DOI: 10.3390/nu15122698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A balanced diet during gestation is critical for fetal development, and excessive intake of saturated fats during gestation and lactation is related to an increased risk of offspring kidney disease. Emerging evidence indicates that a maternal high-fat diet influences kidney health and disease of the offspring via so-called renal programming. This review summarizes preclinical research documenting the connection between a maternal high-fat diet during gestation and lactation and offspring kidney disease, as well as the molecular mechanisms behind renal programming, and early-life interventions to offset adverse programming processes. Animal models indicate that offspring kidney health can be improved via perinatal polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation, gut microbiota changes, and modulation of nutrient-sensing signals. These findings reinforce the significance of a balanced maternal diet for the kidney health of offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsi-Yun Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Hao Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ning Hsu
- Department of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - You-Lin Tain
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
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Veloso Pereira BM, Charleaux de Ponte M, Malavolta Luz AP, Thieme K. DNA methylation enzymes in the kidneys of male and female BTBR ob/ob mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1167546. [PMID: 37091852 PMCID: PMC10113614 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1167546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the leading cause of the end-stage renal disease. Recent studies have shown that epigenetic modifications contribute to alterations in gene expression and the development of DKD. This study aimed to show an expression profile of key DNA (de)methylation enzymes (DNMT, TET proteins) and their differences between sexes under obesity and diabetic condition. Male and female black and tan brachyury (BTBR) ob/ob mice and their corresponding wild-type littermates (BTBR WT) were studied until 16 weeks of age. Metabolic parameters, kidney morphophysiology and the expression of fibrotic markers and epigenetic enzymes were studied in whole kidney tissue or specifically in the glomerulus. The results showed sexual dimorphism in the development of metabolic disease and in kidney morphophysiology. Female mice have a different profile of DNMTs expression in both WT and obese/diabetic condition. Furthermore, metabolic condition negatively modulated the glomerular expression of TET1 and TET3 only in females. To our knowledge, this is the first study that shows a kidney profile of the expression of key (de)methylation enzymes, DNMTs and TETs, in the BTBR ob/ob experimental model of DKD and its association with sex. The knowledge of this epigenetic profile may help future research to understand the pathophysiology of DKD in males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Maria Veloso Pereira
- Laboratório de Bases Celulares e Moleculares da Fisiologia Renal, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana Charleaux de Ponte
- Laboratório de Bases Celulares e Moleculares da Fisiologia Renal, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Malavolta Luz
- Laboratório de Bases Celulares e Moleculares da Fisiologia Renal, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Karina Thieme
- Laboratório de Bases Celulares e Moleculares da Fisiologia Renal, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Aguirre-Vázquez A, Castorena-Torres F, Silva-Ramírez B, Peñuelas-Urquides K, Camacho-Moll ME, Salazar-Olivo LA, Velasco I, Bermúdez de León M. Cell-type dependent regulation of pluripotency and chromatin remodeling genes by hydralazine. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:42. [PMID: 36927767 PMCID: PMC10021945 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03268-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The generation of induced pluripotent stem cells has opened the field of study for stem cell research, disease modeling and drug development. However, the epigenetic signatures present in somatic cells make cell reprogramming still an inefficient process. This epigenetic memory constitutes an obstacle in cellular reprogramming. Here, we report the effect of hydralazine (HYD) and valproic acid (VPA), two small molecules with proven epigenetic activity, on the expression of pluripotency genes in adult (aHF) and neonatal (nbHF) human fibroblasts. METHODS aHF and nbHF were treated with HYD and/or VPA, and viability and gene expression assays for OCT4, NANOG, c-MYC, KLF4, DNMT1, TET3, ARID1A and ARID2 by quantitative PCR were performed. aHF and nbHF were transfected with episomal plasmid bearing Yamanaka factors (OCT4, SOX2, KLF4 and c-MYC) and exposed to HYD and VPA to determine the reprogramming efficiency. Methylation sensitive restriction enzyme (MSRE) qPCR assays were performed on OCT4 and NANOG promoter regions. Immunofluorescence assays were carried out for pluripotency genes on iPSC derived from aHF and nbHF. RESULTS HYD upregulated the expression of OCT4 (2.5-fold) and NANOG (fourfold) genes but not c-Myc or KLF4 in aHF and had no significant effect on the expression of all these genes in nbHF. VPA upregulated the expression of NANOG (twofold) in aHF and c-MYC in nbHF, while it downregulated the expression of NANOG in nbHF. The combination of HYD and VPA canceled the OCT4 and NANOG overexpression induced by HYD in aHF, while it reinforced the effects of VPA on c-Myc expression in nbHF. The HYD-induced overexpression of OCT4 and NANOG in aHDF was not dependent on demethylation of gene promoters, and no changes in the reprogramming efficiency were observed in both cell populations despite the downregulation of epigenetic genes DNMT1, ARID1A, and ARID2 in nbHF. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide evidence that HYD regulates the expression of OCT4 and NANOG pluripotency genes as well as ARID1A and ARID2 genes, two members of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex family, in normal human dermal fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Aguirre-Vázquez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, 64720, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.,Depto. de Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, 78216, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico
| | | | - Beatriz Silva-Ramírez
- Departamento de Inmunogenética, Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, 64720, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Katia Peñuelas-Urquides
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, 64720, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - María Elena Camacho-Moll
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, 64720, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Luis A Salazar-Olivo
- Depto. de Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, 78216, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico
| | - Iván Velasco
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular-Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.,Laboratorio de Reprogramación Celular, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", 14269, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mario Bermúdez de León
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, 64720, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.
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Liu Y, Wen D, Ho C, Yu L, Zheng D, O'Reilly S, Gao Y, Li Q, Zhang Y. Epigenetics as a versatile regulator of fibrosis. J Transl Med 2023; 21:164. [PMID: 36864460 PMCID: PMC9983257 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04018-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis, a process caused by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM), is a common cause and outcome of organ failure and even death. Researchers have made many efforts to understand the mechanism of fibrogenesis and to develop therapeutic strategies; yet, the outcome remains unsatisfactory. In recent years, advances in epigenetics, including chromatin remodeling, histone modification, DNA methylation, and noncoding RNA (ncRNA), have provided more insights into the fibrotic process and have suggested the possibility of novel therapy for organ fibrosis. In this review, we summarize the current research on the epigenetic mechanisms involved in organ fibrosis and their possible clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangdan Liu
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, School of Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Dongsheng Wen
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, School of Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Chiakang Ho
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, School of Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Li Yu
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, School of Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Danning Zheng
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, School of Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | | | - Ya Gao
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, School of Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Qingfeng Li
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, School of Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, School of Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
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Chang TT, Chen JW. Potential Impacts of Hydralazine as a Novel Antioxidant on Cardiovascular and Renal Disease-Beyond Vasodilation and Blood Pressure Lowering. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:2224. [PMID: 36421409 PMCID: PMC9686999 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11112224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydralazine is a traditional antihypertensive drug that was developed several decades ago. Its most well-known effect is blood pressure lowering by arterial vasodilation. While mainly used an adjunct treatment for clinical hypertension or chronic heart failure, this old drug has also shown potential as a repurposing drug for the atherosclerosis vascular disease and various kidney diseases. Recent experimental studies suggest that hydralazine exerts antioxidative, anti-apoptotic, and HIF-1α stabilization effects for angiogenesis and vascular protection. Hydralazine also exerts reno-protective effects via its antioxidation, DNA demethylation, and anti-inflammation abilities. The above evidence provides advanced rationales for new applications of this drug beyond blood pressure lowering and arterial vasodilation. Here, we summarized the recent experimental advances in the use of hydralazine for either a vascular disease or kidney diseases, or both. Given the wide populations of people with cardiovascular and/or kidney diseases, future studies are worth validating the potential impacts of hydralazine on the clinical outcomes in selected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Chang
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
| | - Jaw-Wen Chen
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
- Healthcare and Services Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
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Larkin BP, Nguyen LT, Hou M, Glastras SJ, Chen H, Faiz A, Chen J, Wang R, Pollock CA, Saad S. Low-dose hydralazine reduces albuminuria and glomerulosclerosis in a mouse model of obesity-related chronic kidney disease. Diabetes Obes Metab 2022; 24:1939-1949. [PMID: 35635331 PMCID: PMC9544807 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine, using a mouse model of obesity, whether low-dose hydralazine prevents obesity-related chronic kidney disease (CKD). METHODS From 8 weeks of age, male C57BL/6 mice received a high-fat diet (HFD) or chow, with or without low-dose hydralazine (25 mg/L) in drinking water, for 24 weeks. Biometric and metabolic variables, renal function and structural changes, renal global DNA methylation, DNA methylation profile and markers of renal fibrosis, injury, inflammation and oxidative stress were assessed. RESULTS The HFD-fed mice developed obesity, with glucose intolerance, hyperinsulinaemia and dyslipidaemia. Obesity increased albuminuria and glomerulosclerosis, which were significantly ameliorated by low-dose hydralazine in the absence of a blood pressure-lowering effect. Obesity increased renal global DNA methylation and this was attenuated by low-dose hydralazine. HFD-induced changes in methylation of individual loci were also significantly reversed by low-dose hydralazine. Obese mice demonstrated increased markers of kidney fibrosis, inflammation and oxidative stress, but these markers were not significantly improved by hydralazine. CONCLUSION Low-dose hydralazine ameliorated HFD-induced albuminuria and glomerulosclerosis, independent of alterations in biometric and metabolic variables or blood pressure regulation. Although the precise mechanism of renoprotection in obesity is unclear, an epigenetic basis may be implicated. These data support repurposing hydralazine as a novel therapy to prevent CKD progression in obese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P. Larkin
- Renal Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical ResearchUniversity of SydneySydneyAustralia
| | - Long T. Nguyen
- Renal Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical ResearchUniversity of SydneySydneyAustralia
| | - Miao Hou
- Department of CardiologyChildren′s Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Sarah J. Glastras
- Renal Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical ResearchUniversity of SydneySydneyAustralia
- Department of DiabetesEndocrinology and Metabolism, Royal North Shore HospitalSydneyAustralia
| | - Hui Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Technology SydneySydneyAustralia
| | - Alen Faiz
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Technology SydneySydneyAustralia
| | - Jason Chen
- Department of Anatomical PathologyRoyal North Shore HospitalSt LeonardsNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Rosy Wang
- Renal Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical ResearchUniversity of SydneySydneyAustralia
| | - Carol A. Pollock
- Renal Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical ResearchUniversity of SydneySydneyAustralia
| | - Sonia Saad
- Renal Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical ResearchUniversity of SydneySydneyAustralia
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Technology SydneySydneyAustralia
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Chang TT, Chiang CH, Chen C, Lin SC, Lee HJ, Chen JW. Antioxidation and Nrf2-mediated heme oxygenase-1 activation contribute to renal protective effects of hydralazine in diabetic nephropathy. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 151:113139. [PMID: 35623171 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress are associated with the progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Hydralazine is an antihypertensive agent and may act as a xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitor to reduce uric acid levels in a mouse renal injury model. This study aimed to investigate the potential mechanisms of hydralazine in experimental DN. Streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice were fed a high-fat diet to generate DN. Human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells were used in vitro. Nitrendipine and allopurinol which can reduce blood pressure or XO activity levels, were used as two positive controls. Hydralazine downregulated NF-κB/p38 signaling pathways and reduced TNF-α/IL-6 expressions in high glucose-stimulated renal proximal tubular epithelial cells. Hydralazine reduced in vitro ROS production via XO inhibition and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-mediated heme oxygenase (HO)-1 activation. Furthermore, hydralazine reduced high glucose-induced apoptosis by downregulating PARP/caspase-3 signaling. Hydralazine and allopurinol but not nitrendipine reduced serum uric acid levels and systemic inflammation. Hydralazine and allopurinol treatment improved renal function with decreased urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratios, glomerular hypertrophy, glomerulosclerosis, and fibrosis in the kidney of DN mice. While both hydralazine and allopurinol downregulated XO and NADPH oxidase expression, only hydralazine upregulated Nrf2/HO-1 renal expression, suggesting the additional effects of hydralazine independent of XO/ NADPH oxidase inhibition. In conclusion, hydralazine protected renal proximal tubular epithelial cells against the insults of high glucose and prevented renal damage via XO/NADPH oxidase inhibition and Nrf-2/HO-1 activation, suggesting the comprehensive antioxidation and anti-inflammation mechanisms for the management of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Chang
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Hung Chiang
- Department of Urology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Urology/Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Yuan-Shan/Su-Ao Branch, Yi-Lan, Taiwan
| | - Ching Chen
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Su-Chu Lin
- Department of Urology/Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Yuan-Shan/Su-Ao Branch, Yi-Lan, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Jou Lee
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jaw-Wen Chen
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Healthcare and Services Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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12
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Xue T, Qiu X, Liu H, Gan C, Tan Z, Xie Y, Wang Y, Ye T. Epigenetic regulation in fibrosis progress. Pharmacol Res 2021; 173:105910. [PMID: 34562602 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis, a common process of chronic inflammatory diseases, is defined as a repair response disorder when organs undergo continuous damage, ultimately leading to scar formation and functional failure. Around the world, fibrotic diseases cause high mortality, unfortunately, with limited treatment means in clinical practice. With the development and application of deep sequencing technology, comprehensively exploring the epigenetic mechanism in fibrosis has been allowed. Extensive remodeling of epigenetics controlling various cells phenotype and molecular mechanisms involved in fibrogenesis was subsequently verified. In this review, we summarize the regulatory mechanisms of DNA methylation, histone modification, noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) and N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification in organ fibrosis, focusing on heart, liver, lung and kidney. Additionally, we emphasize the diversity of epigenetics in the cellular and molecular mechanisms related to fibrosis. Finally, the potential and prospect of targeted therapy for fibrosis based on epigenetic is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taixiong Xue
- Sichuan University-University of Oxford Huaxi Joint Centre for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Xingyu Qiu
- Sichuan University-University of Oxford Huaxi Joint Centre for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Hongyao Liu
- Sichuan University-University of Oxford Huaxi Joint Centre for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Cailing Gan
- Sichuan University-University of Oxford Huaxi Joint Centre for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Zui Tan
- Sichuan University-University of Oxford Huaxi Joint Centre for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yuting Xie
- Sichuan University-University of Oxford Huaxi Joint Centre for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Sichuan University-University of Oxford Huaxi Joint Centre for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China; Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China.
| | - Tinghong Ye
- Sichuan University-University of Oxford Huaxi Joint Centre for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
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13
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Yan MT, Chao CT, Lin SH. Chronic Kidney Disease: Strategies to Retard Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221810084. [PMID: 34576247 PMCID: PMC8470895 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD), defined as the presence of irreversible structural or functional kidney damages, increases the risk of poor outcomes due to its association with multiple complications, including altered mineral metabolism, anemia, metabolic acidosis, and increased cardiovascular events. The mainstay of treatments for CKD lies in the prevention of the development and progression of CKD as well as its complications. Due to the heterogeneous origins and the uncertainty in the pathogenesis of CKD, efficacious therapies for CKD remain challenging. In this review, we focus on the following four themes: first, a summary of the known factors that contribute to CKD development and progression, with an emphasis on avoiding acute kidney injury (AKI); second, an etiology-based treatment strategy for retarding CKD, including the approaches for the common and under-recognized ones; and third, the recommended approaches for ameliorating CKD complications, and the final section discusses the novel agents for counteracting CKD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Tso Yan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Cathay General Hospital, School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, Taipei 106, Taiwan;
- National Defense Medical Center, Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ter Chao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology Division, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 104, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 104, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology Division, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 104, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hua Lin
- National Defense Medical Center, Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei 114, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology Division, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 104, Taiwan
- Correspondence: or
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Abstract
Epigenetics examines heritable changes in DNA and its associated proteins except mutations in gene sequence. Epigenetic regulation plays fundamental roles in kidney cell biology through the action of DNA methylation, chromatin modification via epigenetic regulators and non-coding RNA species. Kidney diseases, including acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, diabetic kidney disease and renal fibrosis are multistep processes associated with numerous molecular alterations even in individual kidney cells. Epigenetic alterations, including anomalous DNA methylation, aberrant histone alterations and changes of microRNA expression all contribute to kidney pathogenesis. These changes alter the genome-wide epigenetic signatures and disrupt essential pathways that protect renal cells from uncontrolled growth, apoptosis and development of other renal associated syndromes. Molecular changes impact cellular function within kidney cells and its microenvironment to drive and maintain disease phenotype. In this chapter, we briefly summarize epigenetic mechanisms in four kidney diseases including acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, diabetic kidney disease and renal fibrosis. We primarily focus on current knowledge about the genome-wide profiling of DNA methylation and histone modification, and epigenetic regulation on specific gene(s) in the pathophysiology of these diseases and the translational potential of identifying new biomarkers and treatment for prevention and therapy. Incorporating epigenomic testing into clinical research is essential to elucidate novel epigenetic biomarkers and develop precision medicine using emerging therapies.
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15
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Involvement of Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Metabolites in Kidney Diseases. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11091259. [PMID: 34572472 PMCID: PMC8465464 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are complex organelles that orchestrate several functions in the cell. The primary function recognized is energy production; however, other functions involve the communication with the rest of the cell through reactive oxygen species (ROS), calcium influx, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels, cytochrome c release, and also through tricarboxylic acid (TCA) metabolites. Kidney function highly depends on mitochondria; hence mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with kidney diseases. In addition to oxidative phosphorylation impairment, other mitochondrial abnormalities have been described in kidney diseases, such as induction of mitophagy, intrinsic pathway of apoptosis, and releasing molecules to communicate to the rest of the cell. The TCA cycle is a metabolic pathway whose primary function is to generate electrons to feed the electron transport system (ETS) to drives energy production. However, TCA cycle metabolites can also release from mitochondria or produced in the cytosol to exert different functions and modify cell behavior. Here we review the involvement of some of the functions of TCA metabolites in kidney diseases.
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Larkin BP, Nguyen LT, Hou M, Glastras SJ, Chen H, Wang R, Pollock CA, Saad S. Novel Role of Gestational Hydralazine in Limiting Maternal and Dietary Obesity-Related Chronic Kidney Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:705263. [PMID: 34485290 PMCID: PMC8416283 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.705263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal obesity is a risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD) in offspring, underpinning the theory of the developmental origins of health and disease. DNA methylation has been implicated in the programming of adult chronic disease by maternal obesity, therefore, DNA demethylating agents may mitigate offspring risk of disease. In rodent models, low-dose hydralazine has previously been shown to reduce renal fibrosis via DNA demethylation. We used mouse models of maternal obesity and offspring obesity to determine whether administration of low-dose hydralazine during gestation can prevent fetal programming of CKD in offspring. METHODS Female C57BL/6 mice received high fat diet (HFD) or chow prior to mating, during gestation and lactation. During gestation, dams received subcutaneous hydralazine (5 mg/kg) or saline thrice-weekly. Male offspring weaned to HFD or chow, which continued until endpoint at 32 weeks. Biometric and metabolic parameters, renal global DNA methylation, renal functional and structural changes, and renal markers of fibrosis, inflammation and oxidative stress were assessed at endpoint. RESULTS Offspring exposed to maternal obesity or diet-induced obesity had significantly increased renal global DNA methylation, together with other adverse renal effects including albuminuria, glomerulosclerosis, renal fibrosis, and oxidative stress. Offspring exposed to gestational hydralazine had significantly reduced renal global DNA methylation. In obese offspring of obese mothers, gestational hydralazine significantly decreased albuminuria, glomerulosclerosis, and serum creatinine. Obese offspring of hydralazine-treated lean mothers displayed reduced markers of renal fibrosis and oxidative stress. CONCLUSION Gestational hydralazine decreased renal global DNA methylation and exerted renoprotective effects in offspring. This supports a potential therapeutic effect of hydralazine in preventing maternal obesity or dietary obesity-related CKD, through an epigenetic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P. Larkin
- Renal Research Laboratory, Royal North Shore Hospital, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Long T. Nguyen
- Renal Research Laboratory, Royal North Shore Hospital, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Miao Hou
- Department of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Sarah J. Glastras
- Renal Research Laboratory, Royal North Shore Hospital, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Hui Chen
- Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rosy Wang
- Renal Research Laboratory, Royal North Shore Hospital, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Carol A. Pollock
- Renal Research Laboratory, Royal North Shore Hospital, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sonia Saad
- Renal Research Laboratory, Royal North Shore Hospital, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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17
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Tampe D, Schridde L, Korsten P, Ströbel P, Zeisberg M, Hakroush S, Tampe B. Different Patterns of Kidney Fibrosis Are Indicative of Injury to Distinct Renal Compartments. Cells 2021; 10:2014. [PMID: 34440782 PMCID: PMC8392296 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney fibrosis is a common manifestation and hallmark of a wide variety of chronic kidney disease (CKD) that appears in different morphological patterns, suggesting distinct pathogenic causes. Broad macroscopically visible scars are the sequelae of severe focal injury and complete parenchymal destruction, reflecting a wound healing response as a consequence of infarction. In the kidney, chronic glomerular injury leads to atrophy of the corresponding tubule, degeneration of this specific nephron, and finally interstitial fibrosis/tubular atrophy (IF/TA). Compared to this glomerulus-induced focal replacement scar, diffuse fibrosis independent of tubular atrophy appears to be a different pathogenic process. Kidney fibrosis appears to develop in a compartment-specific manner, but whether focal and diffuse fibrosis has distinct characteristics associated with other glomerular or tubulointerstitial lesions remains elusive. In the present study, we aimed to analyze renal fibrotic patterns related to renal lesions, which directly contribute to renal fibrogenesis, to unravel fibrotic patterns and manifestations upon damage to distinct renal compartments. Patterns of kidney fibrosis were analyzed in experimental models of CKD and various renal pathologies in correlation with histopathological and ultrastructural findings. After the induction of isolated crescentic glomerulonephritis (GN) in nephrotoxic serum-nephritis (NTN), chronic glomerular damage resulted in predominantly focal fibrosis adjacent to atrophic tubules. By contrast, using unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) as a model of primary injury to the tubulointerstitial compartment revealed diffuse fibrosis as the predominant pattern of chronic lesions. Finally, folic acid-induced nephropathy (FAN) as a model of primary tubular injury with consecutive tubular atrophy independent of chronic glomerular damage equally induced predominant focal IF/TA. By analyzing several renal pathologies, our data also suggest that focal and diffuse fibrosis appear to contribute as chronic lesions in the majority of human renal disease, mainly being present in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated GN, lupus nephritis, and IgA nephropathy (IgAN). Focal IF/TA correlated with glomerular damage and irreversible injury to nephrons, whereas diffuse fibrosis in ANCA GN was associated explicitly with interstitial inflammation independent of glomerular damage and nephron loss. Ultrastructural analysis of focal IF/TA versus diffuse fibrosis revealed distinct matrix compositions, further supported by different collagen signatures in transcriptome datasets. With regard to long-term renal outcome, only the extent of focal IF/TA correlated with the development of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) in ANCA GN. In contrast, diffuse kidney fibrosis did not associate with the long-term renal outcome. In conclusion, we here provide evidence that a focal pattern of kidney fibrosis seems to be associated with nephron loss and replacement scarring. In contrast, a diffuse pattern of kidney fibrosis appears to result from primary interstitial inflammation and injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Désirée Tampe
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (D.T.); (P.K.); (M.Z.)
| | - Laura Schridde
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (L.S.); (P.S.)
| | - Peter Korsten
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (D.T.); (P.K.); (M.Z.)
| | - Philipp Ströbel
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (L.S.); (P.S.)
| | - Michael Zeisberg
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (D.T.); (P.K.); (M.Z.)
| | - Samy Hakroush
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (L.S.); (P.S.)
| | - Björn Tampe
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (D.T.); (P.K.); (M.Z.)
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18
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Larkin BP, Saad S, Glastras SJ, Nguyen LT, Hou M, Chen H, Wang R, Pollock CA. Low-dose hydralazine during gestation reduces renal fibrosis in rodent offspring exposed to maternal high fat diet. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248854. [PMID: 33735324 PMCID: PMC7971884 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal high fat diet (HFD) promotes chronic kidney disease (CKD) in offspring. This is in accordance with the theory of fetal programming, which suggests adverse conditions occurring in utero predispose offspring to chronic conditions later in life. DNA methylation has been proposed as a key mechanism by which fetal programming occurs and is implicated in CKD progression. DNA demethylating drugs may interrupt the fetal programming of CKD by maternal obesity. Hydralazine, an antihypertensive agent, demethylates DNA at low doses which do not reduce blood pressure. We used a mouse model of maternal obesity to determine whether gestational administration of low-dose hydralazine to mothers can prevent CKD in offspring. METHODS C57BL/6 dams received HFD or chow from 6 weeks prior to mating and were administered subcutaneous hydralazine (5mg/kg) or saline thrice weekly during gestation. Male offspring were weaned to chow and were sacrificed at either postnatal week 9 or week 32. Biometric and metabolic parameters, renal global DNA methylation, renal structural and functional changes and markers of fibrosis, oxidative stress and inflammation were measured in offspring at weeks 9 and 32. RESULTS In week 9 offspring, maternal HFD consumption did not significantly alter anthropometric or metabolic parameters, or renal global DNA methylation. Week 32 offspring had increased renal global DNA methylation, together with albuminuria, glomerulosclerosis, renal fibrosis and oxidative stress. Administration of low-dose hydralazine to obese mothers during gestation reduced renal global DNA methylation and renal fibrotic markers in week 32 offspring. CONCLUSION Gestational hydralazine reduced renal global DNA methylation in offspring of obese mothers and attenuated maternal obesity-induced renal fibrosis. These data support the use of low-dose hydralazine as a demethylating agent to prevent CKD arising in offspring due to maternal HFD consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P. Larkin
- Renal Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sonia Saad
- Renal Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sarah J. Glastras
- Renal Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Long T. Nguyen
- Renal Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Miao Hou
- Department of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rosy Wang
- Renal Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Carol A. Pollock
- Renal Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Chen XJ, Zhang H, Yang F, Liu Y, Chen G. DNA Methylation Sustains "Inflamed" Memory of Peripheral Immune Cells Aggravating Kidney Inflammatory Response in Chronic Kidney Disease. Front Physiol 2021; 12:637480. [PMID: 33737884 PMCID: PMC7962671 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.637480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) has rapidly increased in the past decades. A progressive loss of kidney function characterizes a part of CKD even with intensive supportive treatment. Irrespective of its etiology, CKD progression is generally accompanied with the development of chronic kidney inflammation that is pathologically featured by the low-grade but chronic activation of recruited immune cells. Cumulative evidence support that aberrant DNA methylation pattern of diverse peripheral immune cells, including T cells and monocytes, is closely associated with CKD development in many chronic disease settings. The change of DNA methylation profile can sustain for a long time and affect the future genes expression in the circulating immune cells even after they migrate from the circulation into the involved kidney. It is of clinical interest to reveal the underlying mechanism of how altered DNA methylation regulates the intensity and the time length of the inflammatory response in the recruited effector cells. We and others recently demonstrated that altered DNA methylation occurs in peripheral immune cells and profoundly contributes to CKD development in systemic chronic diseases, such as diabetes and hypertension. This review will summarize the current findings about the influence of aberrant DNA methylation on circulating immune cells and how it potentially determines the outcome of CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jun Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fei Yang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, China
| | - Guochun Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, China
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20
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Li X, Yang Y, Chen S, Zhou J, Li J, Cheng Y. Epigenetics-based therapeutics for myocardial fibrosis. Life Sci 2021; 271:119186. [PMID: 33577852 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial fibrosis (MF) is a reactive remodeling process in response to myocardial injury. It is mainly manifested by the proliferation of cardiac muscle fibroblasts and secreting extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins to replace damaged tissue. However, the excessive production and deposition of extracellular matrix, and the rising proportion of type I and type III collagen lead to pathological fibrotic remodeling, thereby facilitating the development of cardiac dysfunction and eventually causing heart failure with heightened mortality. Currently, the molecular mechanisms of MF are still not fully understood. With the development of epigenetics, it is found that epigenetics controls the transcription of pro-fibrotic genes in MF by DNA methylation, histone modification and noncoding RNAs. In this review, we summarize and discuss the research progress of the mechanisms underlying MF from the perspective of epigenetics, including the newest m6A modification and crosstalk between different epigenetics in MF. We also offer a succinct overview of promising molecules targeting epigenetic regulators, which may provide novel therapeutic strategies against MF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuping Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Ying Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Sixuan Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Jiuyao Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Jingyan Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Cheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China.
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21
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Hakroush S, Kopp SB, Tampe D, Gersmann AK, Korsten P, Zeisberg M, Tampe B. Variable Expression of Programmed Cell Death Protein 1-Ligand 1 in Kidneys Independent of Immune Checkpoint Inhibition. Front Immunol 2021; 11:624547. [PMID: 33552089 PMCID: PMC7858644 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.624547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Context Due to recent advantages in cancer therapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are new classes of drugs targeting programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) or its ligand programmed cell death protein 1-ligand 1 (PD-L1) used in many cancer therapies. Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) is a potential and deleterious immune-related adverse events (irAE) in the kidney observed in patients receiving ICIs and the most common biopsy-proven diagnosis in patients who develop acute kidney injury (AKI). Based on previous reports, AIN in patients receiving ICIs is associated with tubular positivity for PD-L1, implicating that PD-L1 positivity reflects susceptibility to develop renal complications with these agents. It remains unclear if PD-L1 positivity is acquired specifically during ICI therapy or expressed independently in the kidney. Methods PD-L1 was analyzed in experimental mouse models of ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), folic acid-induced nephropathy (FAN), unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO), and nephrotoxic serum nephritis (NTN) by immunostaining, SDS-PAGE, and subsequent immunoblotting. In addition, we included a total number of 87 human kidney samples (six renal biopsies with AIN related to ICI therapy, 13 nephrectomy control kidneys, and 68 ICI-naïve renal biopsies with various underlying kidney diseases to describe PD-L1 expression. Results We here report distinct PD-L1 expression in renal compartments in multiple murine models of kidney injury and human cases with various underlying kidney diseases, including ICI-related AIN and renal pathologies independent of ICI therapy. PD-L1 is frequently expressed in various renal pathologies independent of ICI therapy and could potentially be a pre-requisit for susceptibility to develop AKI and deleterious immune-related AIN. In addition, we provide evidence that tubular PD-L1 positivity in the kidney is associated with detection of urinary PD-L1+ tubular epithelial cells. Conclusion Our study implicates that PD-L1 is frequently expressed in various renal pathologies independent of ICI therapy and could potentially be a pre-requisit for susceptibility to develop AKI and deleterious immune-related AIN. Because non-invasive detection of PD-L1+ cells in corresponding urine samples correlates with intrarenal PD-L1 positivity, it is attractive to speculate that further non-invasive detection of PD-L1+ cells may identify patients at risk for ICI-related AIN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samy Hakroush
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sarah Birgit Kopp
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Désirée Tampe
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Peter Korsten
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael Zeisberg
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Björn Tampe
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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22
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Charytan DM, Hsu JY, Mc Causland FR, Waikar SS, Ikizler TA, Raj DS, Landis JR, Mehrotra R, Williams M, DiCarli M, Skali H, Kimmel PL, Kliger AS, Dember LM. Combination Hydralazine and Isosorbide Dinitrate in Dialysis-Dependent ESRD (HIDE): A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Pilot Trial. KIDNEY360 2020; 1:1380-1389. [PMID: 35372900 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0004342020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Background Combination therapy with isosorbide dinitrate (ISD) and hydralazine (HY) reduces heart failure mortality. The safety and tolerability in individuals requiring maintenance hemodialysis (HD) is unknown. Methods Single-center, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind pilot trial to explore safety and tolerability of ISD/HY in maintenance HD. Participants were randomized to placebo or combination ISD/HY. Dose was escalated over 3 weeks from ISD 10 mg/HY 10 mg to ISD 40 mg/HY 75 mg three times per day with the maximum tolerated dose maintained for the subsequent 21 weeks. Primary endpoints included adverse events, adverse events precluding further treatment with study medication, serious hypotension (i.e., requiring hospitalization or emergency room visit), and recurrent intra-dialytic hypotension. Efficacy signals included change in mitral annular E' velocity by tissue Doppler echocardiography and change in left ventricular coronary flow reserve on positron emission tomography. Results A total of 17 individuals were randomized to ISD/HY (N=7) or placebo (N=10). All participants assigned to ISD/HY completed dose escalation to 40/75 mg, but dose reductions were required in two participants. No participants discontinued therapy. There were no serious hypotension events. Recurrent intradialytic hypotension was less frequent with ISD/HY (0.47 events/patient-year) than placebo (1.83 events/patient-year, P=0.04). In contrast, nausea (ISD/HY, 1.90 events/patient-year; placebo, 0.50 events/patient-year, P=0.03) was significantly more frequent, and headache and diarrhea were numerically but not significantly more frequent with ISD/HY. Adverse events were more frequent with ISD/HY (11.4 events/patient-year) than placebo (6.31 events/patient-year). We did not detect between-group differences in the change in E' (P=0.34); ISD/HY showed a mean increase of 0.6 cm/s (SD 1.1), and placebo showed a mean decrease of 0.04 cm/s (SD 0.9). Changes in coronary flow reserve were minimal, -0.3 (0.2) with ISD/HY and -0.03 (0.5) in the placebo group, P=0.19. Conclusions ISD/HY appears to be well tolerated in patients being treated with maintenance HD, but headache and gastrointestinal side effects occur more frequently with ISD/HY compared with placebo.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Charytan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Jesse Y Hsu
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, and Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Finnian R Mc Causland
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sushrut S Waikar
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - T Alp Ikizler
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, and Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Dominic S Raj
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC
| | - J Richard Landis
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, and Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Rajnish Mehrotra
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Mark Williams
- Renal Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marcelo DiCarli
- Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hicham Skali
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Paul L Kimmel
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Alan S Kliger
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Laura M Dember
- Renal, Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, and Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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23
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Targeting chromatin dysregulation in organ fibrosis. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2020; 57:64-72. [PMID: 32900600 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis leads to destruction of organ architecture accompanied by chronic inflammation and loss of function. Fibrosis affects nearly every organ in the body and accounts for ∼45% of total deaths worldwide. Over the past decade, tremendous progress has been made in understanding the basic mechanisms leading to organ fibrosis. However, we are limited with therapeutic options and there is a significant need to develop highly effective anti-fibrotic therapies. Recent advances in sequencing technologies have advanced the burgeoning field of epigenetics towards molecular understanding at a higher resolution. Here we provide a comprehensive review of the recent advances in chromatin regulatory processes, specifically DNA methylation, post-translational modification of histones, and chromatin remodeling complexes in kidney, liver and lung fibrosis. Although this research field is young, we discuss new strategies for potential therapeutic interventions for treating organ fibrosis.
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24
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Yan H, Tan L, Liu Y, Huang N, Cang J, Wang H. Ten-eleven translocation methyl-cytosine dioxygenase 2 deficiency exacerbates renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Clin Epigenetics 2020; 12:98. [PMID: 32616016 PMCID: PMC7331250 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-020-00892-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ten-eleven translocation (Tet) methyl-cytosine dioxygenases (including Tet1/2/3)-mediated 5mC oxidation and DNA demethylation play important roles in embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis. The expression of Tet2 and Tet3 genes are relatively abundant in the adult murine kidneys while Tet1 gene is expressed at a low level. Although Tet3 has been shown to suppress kidney fibrosis, the role of Tet2 in kidney physiology as well as renal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury is still largely unknown. RESULTS Tet2-/- mice displayed normal kidney morphology and renal function as WT mice while the expression of genes associated with tight junction and adherens junction was impaired. At 24 h post-renal IR, Tet2-/- mice showed higher SCr and BUN levels, more severe tubular damage, and elevated expression of Kim1 and Ngal genes in the kidney in comparison with WT mice. Moreover, the transcriptomic analysis revealed augmented inflammatory response in the kidneys of Tet2-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS Tet2 is dispensable for kidney development and function at baseline condition while protects against renal IR injury possibly through repressing inflammatory response. Our findings suggest that Tet2 may be a potential target for the intervention of IR-induced acute kidney injury (AKI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Yan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Tan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqi Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Cang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.
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25
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Li C, Su Z, Ge L, Chen Y, Chen X, Li Y. Cardioprotection of hydralazine against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 869:172850. [PMID: 31830459 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate whether hydralazine could reduce cardiac ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats. Anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent myocardial I/R injury. Saline, hydralazine (HYD, 10-30 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally 10 min before reperfusion. After 30 min of ischemia and 24 h of reperfusion, the myocardial infarct size was determined using TTC staining. Heart function and oxidative stress were determined through biochemical assay and DHE staining. HE staining was used for histopathological evaluation. Additionally, the cardiomyocytes apoptosis and protein expression of PI3K-Akt-eNOS pathway marker were detected by TUNEL and Western blotting. The serum levels of malonaldehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) and reactive oxygen species were significantly elevated in cardiac I/R group, but the superoxide dismutase (SOD) level was suppressed. However, intraperitoneal pretreatment with hydralazine at a dose of 10-30 mg/kg before cardiac I/R significantly limited the increase in CK-MB, LDH, oxidative stress, inflammatory factors, histological damage and apoptosis in the hearts. In addition, hydralazine also increased p-PI3K, p-AKT, p-eNOS expression and decreased Cleaved Caspase-3, Cleaved Caspase-9 expression in the hearts. Our results suggest that the cardioprotective effect of hydralazine against I/R injury might be a cooperation of the inhibition of oxidative stress, inflammatory response, apoptosis with the motivation of eNOS phosphorylation via activating the PI3K/AKT signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengzong Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, PR China; Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Zhongping Su
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Liqi Ge
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, PR China
| | - Yuchen Chen
- Cape Henry Collegiate, 1320 Mill Dam Road, Virginia Beach, VA, USA
| | - Xuguan Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China.
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China.
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Ulukan B, Sila Ozkaya Y, Zeybel M. Advances in the epigenetics of fibroblast biology and fibrotic diseases. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2019; 49:102-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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27
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Epigenetic regulation in AKI and kidney repair: mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Nat Rev Nephrol 2019; 15:220-239. [PMID: 30651611 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-018-0103-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a major public health concern associated with high morbidity and mortality. Despite decades of research, the pathogenesis of AKI remains incompletely understood and effective therapies are lacking. An increasing body of evidence suggests a role for epigenetic regulation in the process of AKI and kidney repair, involving remarkable changes in histone modifications, DNA methylation and the expression of various non-coding RNAs. For instance, increases in levels of histone acetylation seem to protect kidneys from AKI and promote kidney repair. AKI is also associated with changes in genome-wide and gene-specific DNA methylation; however, the role and regulation of DNA methylation in kidney injury and repair remains largely elusive. MicroRNAs have been studied quite extensively in AKI, and a plethora of specific microRNAs have been implicated in the pathogenesis of AKI. Emerging research suggests potential for microRNAs as novel diagnostic biomarkers of AKI. Further investigation into these epigenetic mechanisms will not only generate novel insights into the mechanisms of AKI and kidney repair but also might lead to new strategies for the diagnosis and therapy of this disease.
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28
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Hydralazine improves ischemia-induced neovasculogenesis via xanthine-oxidase inhibition in chronic renal insufficiency. Pharmacol Res 2019; 151:104509. [PMID: 31678640 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is related to the progression of renal diseases and modulation of oxidative stress can lead to a reduction in vascular events in patients with chronic renal insufficiency (CRI). Indoxyl sulfate (IS) and xanthine oxidase (XO) are related to impaired neovasculogenesis in CRI. Hydralazine is suggested for blood pressure control in CRI. This study aimed to investigate whether hydralazine could improve ischemia-induced neovasculogenesis in CRI animals by reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Mice underwent subtotal nephrectomy or sham surgery. Nitrendipine, probenecid, and allopurinol were used to reduce blood pressure, uric acid (UA), and XO activity levels, respectively, for comparison. Blood pressure, XO activity and UA levels that were increased after subtotal nephrectomy were reduced by hydralazine treatment. Allopurinol decreased blood XO activity and UA levels. Only hydralazine and allopurinol increased the number of circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and improved neovasculogenesis in CRI mice. IS activated XO mRNA and ROS and inhibited the functions of EPCs and endothelial cells, which could be reversed by hydralazine. However, no additional beneficial effects were observed when XO was inhibited with both hydralazine and siRNA. In conclusion, hydralazine, as a potential XO inhibitor, not only reduced blood pressure and UA levels but also increased the number of circulating EPCs and improved neovasculogenesis in CRI animals. Hydralazine directly inhibited IS-induced ROS and XO activation in EPCs and endothelial cells, and restored their functions in vitro. Future studies should evaluate whether hydralazine could provide additional vascular protection in patients with CRI.
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29
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Rauchman M, Griggs D. Emerging strategies to disrupt the central TGF-β axis in kidney fibrosis. Transl Res 2019; 209:90-104. [PMID: 31085163 PMCID: PMC6850218 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects more than 20 million people in the United States and the global burden of this disorder is increasing. Many affected individuals will progress to end stage kidney disease necessitating dialysis or transplantation. CKD is also a major independent contributor to the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Tubulointerstitial fibrosis is a final common pathway for most causes of progressive CKD. Currently, there are no clinically available therapies targeting fibrosis that can slow the decline in kidney function. Although it has long been known that TGF-β signaling is a critical mediator of kidney fibrosis, translating this knowledge to the clinic has been challenging. In this review, we highlight some recent insights into the mechanisms of TGF-β signaling that target activation of this cytokine at the site of injury or selectively inhibit pro-fibrotic gene expression. Molecules directed at these targets hold the promise of attaining therapeutic efficacy while limiting toxicity seen with global inhibition of TGF-β. Kidney injury has profound epigenetic effects leading to altered expression of more than a thousand genes. We discuss how drugs targeting epigenetic modifications, some of which are in use for cancer therapy, have the potential to reprogram gene regulatory networks to favor adaptive repair and prevent fibrosis. The lack of reliable biomarkers of kidney fibrosis is a major limitation in designing clinical trials for testing CKD treatments. We conclude by reviewing recent advances in fibrosis biomarker development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Rauchman
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri; VA St. Louis Health Care System, Saint Louis, Missouri.
| | - David Griggs
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Edward A. Doisy Research Center, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri.
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30
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Wallbach M, Tampe B, Dihazi H, Koziolek MJ. [Acute kidney injury: from creatinine to KIM‑1?]. Internist (Berl) 2019; 60:578-586. [PMID: 31001671 DOI: 10.1007/s00108-019-0602-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In addition to the early detection of an acute kidney injury (AKI), several problems or questions have to be addressed. These include the identification of the etiology, the severity (functional or structural), the prognosis (recovery or transition to chronic renal failure), the course of the disease (dialysis or not), and the identification of specific treatment options for AKI. The following article provides an overview of established and new AKI biomarkers as well as an outlook on the potential of future biomarker-associated models of AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wallbach
- Klinik für Nephrologie und Rheumatologie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Deutschland
| | - B Tampe
- Klinik für Nephrologie und Rheumatologie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Deutschland
| | - H Dihazi
- Klinik für Nephrologie und Rheumatologie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Deutschland
| | - M J Koziolek
- Klinik für Nephrologie und Rheumatologie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Deutschland.
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31
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Sharifian R, Okamura DM, Denisenko O, Zager RA, Johnson A, Gharib SA, Bomsztyk K. Distinct patterns of transcriptional and epigenetic alterations characterize acute and chronic kidney injury. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17870. [PMID: 30552397 PMCID: PMC6294783 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35943-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are considered early and late phases of a pathologic continuum of interconnected disease states. Although changes in gene expression patterns have recently been elucidated for the transition of AKI to CKD, the epigenetic regulation of key kidney injury related genes remains poorly understood. We used multiplex RT-qPCR, ChIP-qPCR and integrative analysis to compare transcriptional and epigenetic changes at renal disease-associated genes across mouse AKI and CKD models. These studies showed that: (i) there are subsets of genes with distinct transcriptional and epigenetically profiles shared by AKI and CKD but also subsets that are specific to either the early or late stages of renal injury; (ii) differences in expression of a small number of genes is sufficient to distinguish AKI from CKD; (iii) transcription plays a key role in the upregulation of both AKI and CKD genes while post-transcriptional regulation appears to play a more significant role in decreased expression of both AKI and CKD genes; and (iv) subsets of transcriptionally upregulated genes share epigenetic similarities while downregulated genes do not. Collectively, our study suggests that identified common transcriptional and epigenetic profiles of kidney injury loci could be exploited for therapeutic targeting in AKI and CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Sharifian
- UW Medicine South Lake Union, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Daryl M Okamura
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Developmental Biology & Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
| | - Oleg Denisenko
- UW Medicine South Lake Union, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Richard A Zager
- The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Seattle, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Ali Johnson
- The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Seattle, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Sina A Gharib
- UW Medicine South Lake Union, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.,Computational Medicine Core, Center for Lung Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Karol Bomsztyk
- UW Medicine South Lake Union, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
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32
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Li Y, Hou D, Chen X, Zhu J, Zhang R, Sun W, Li P, Tian Y, Kong X. Hydralazine protects against renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 843:199-209. [PMID: 30472201 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated whether hydralazine could reduce renal ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats. Renal I/R was induced by a 70-min occlusion of the bilateral renal arteries and a 24-h reperfusion, which was confirmed by the increased the mortality, the levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), blood creatinine (Cr), renal tissue NO and the visible histological damage of the kidneys. Apoptosis was evaluated by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining. Furthermore, the serum levels of malonaldehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were significantly elevated in renal I/R group, while the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) levels were suppressed. However, intragastric pretreatment with hydralazine at doses of 7.5-30 mg/kg before renal I/R significantly limited the increase in mortality, BUN, Cr, oxidative stress, inflammatory factors, histological damage and apoptosis in the kidneys. In addition, hydralazine also increased p-AKT, Bcl-2 expression and decreased iNOS, Bax, cleaved caspase-3 expression in the kidneys. In conclusion, hydralazine reduced renal I/R injury probably via inhibiting NO production by iNOS/NO pathway, inhibiting oxidative stress, inflammatory response and apoptosis by a mitochondrial-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Daorong Hou
- Key Laboratory of the Model Animal Research, Animal Core Facility of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Xuguan Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Jingfeng Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Ruyi Zhang
- Animal Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Yunfan Tian
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Xiangqing Kong
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.
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Hurtado Del Pozo C, Garreta E, Izpisúa Belmonte JC, Montserrat N. Modeling epigenetic modifications in renal development and disease with organoids and genome editing. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:dmm035048. [PMID: 30459215 PMCID: PMC6262817 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.035048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding epigenetic mechanisms is crucial to our comprehension of gene regulation in development and disease. In the past decades, different studies have shown the role of epigenetic modifications and modifiers in renal disease, especially during its progression towards chronic and end-stage renal disease. Thus, the identification of genetic variation associated with chronic kidney disease has resulted in better clinical management of patients. Despite the importance of these findings, the translation of genotype-phenotype data into gene-based medicine in chronic kidney disease populations still lacks faithful cellular or animal models that recapitulate the key aspects of the human kidney. The latest advances in the field of stem cells have shown that it is possible to emulate kidney development and function with organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells. These have successfully recapitulated not only kidney differentiation, but also the specific phenotypical traits related to kidney function. The combination of this methodology with CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing has already helped researchers to model different genetic kidney disorders. Nowadays, CRISPR/Cas9-based approaches also allow epigenetic modifications, and thus represent an unprecedented tool for the screening of genetic variants, epigenetic modifications or even changes in chromatin structure that are altered in renal disease. In this Review, we discuss these technical advances in kidney modeling, and offer an overview of the role of epigenetic regulation in kidney development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Hurtado Del Pozo
- Pluripotency for organ regeneration. Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), the Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Garreta
- Pluripotency for organ regeneration. Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), the Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Nuria Montserrat
- Pluripotency for organ regeneration. Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), the Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Shindo T, Doi S, Nakashima A, Sasaki K, Arihiro K, Masaki T. TGF-β1 promotes expression of fibrosis-related genes through the induction of histone variant H3.3 and histone chaperone HIRA. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14060. [PMID: 30232404 PMCID: PMC6145928 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32518-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is a histological manifestation that occurs in almost every type of chronic kidney disease. Histone variant H3.3 and its chaperone, histone cell cycle regulation defective homolog A (HIRA), serve as epigenetic marks that regulate transcriptional activity. In this study, we assessed the roles of histone H3.3 and HIRA in unilateral ureteral-obstruction (UUO) mice. In UUO mice, the levels of histone H3.3 and HIRA were significantly upregulated in the kidneys. These upregulated levels were decreased by a TGF-β1 neutralizing antibody. TGF-β1 induced histone H3.3 and HIRA expression in vitro via a Smad3-dependent pathway in normal rat kidney (NRK)-52E cells. Additionally, knockdown of HIRA expression decreased histone H3.3 expression and fibrogenesis in NRK-52E cells after TGF-β1 stimulation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that promoters of fibrosis-related genes were immunoprecipitated with both histone H3.3 and HIRA in NRK-52E cells. Lastly, in human kidney biopsies from patients diagnosed with IgA nephropathy, histone H3.3 and HIRA immunostaining correlated positively with areas of fibrosis and estimated glomerular filtration rate. In conclusion, TGF-β1 induces expression of histone H3.3 and HIRA, which regulates expression of fibrosis-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Shindo
- Department of Nephrology, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shigehiro Doi
- Department of Nephrology, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan.
| | - Ayumu Nakashima
- Department of Nephrology, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kensuke Sasaki
- Department of Nephrology, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Koji Arihiro
- Department of Pathology, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takao Masaki
- Department of Nephrology, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan.
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High-fidelity CRISPR/Cas9- based gene-specific hydroxymethylation rescues gene expression and attenuates renal fibrosis. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3509. [PMID: 30158531 PMCID: PMC6115451 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05766-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
While suppression of specific genes through aberrant promoter methylation contributes to different diseases including organ fibrosis, gene-specific reactivation technology is not yet available for therapy. TET enzymes catalyze hydroxymethylation of methylated DNA, reactivating gene expression. We here report generation of a high-fidelity CRISPR/Cas9-based gene-specific dioxygenase by fusing an endonuclease deactivated high-fidelity Cas9 (dHFCas9) to TET3 catalytic domain (TET3CD), targeted to specific genes by guiding RNAs (sgRNA). We demonstrate use of this technology in four different anti-fibrotic genes in different cell types in vitro, among them RASAL1 and Klotho, both hypermethylated in kidney fibrosis. Furthermore, in vivo lentiviral delivery of the Rasal1-targeted fusion protein to interstitial cells and of the Klotho-targeted fusion protein to tubular epithelial cells each results in specific gene reactivation and attenuation of fibrosis, providing gene-specific demethylating technology in a disease model. Suppression of gene expression due to aberrant promoter methylation contributes to organ fibrosis. Here, the authors couple a deactivated Cas9 to the TET3 catalytic domain to induce expression of four antifibrotic genes, and show that lentiviral-mediated delivery is effective in reducing kidney fibrosis in mouse models.
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36
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Chromatin dynamics at the core of kidney fibrosis. Matrix Biol 2018; 68-69:194-229. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Allinovi M, De Chiara L, Angelotti ML, Becherucci F, Romagnani P. Anti-fibrotic treatments: A review of clinical evidence. Matrix Biol 2018; 68-69:333-354. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Tampe B, Tampe D, Nyamsuren G, Klöpper F, Rapp G, Kauffels A, Lorf T, Zeisberg EM, Müller GA, Kalluri R, Hakroush S, Zeisberg M. Pharmacological induction of hypoxia-inducible transcription factor ARNT attenuates chronic kidney failure. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:3053-3070. [PMID: 29664738 DOI: 10.1172/jci89632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Progression of chronic kidney disease associated with progressive fibrosis and impaired tubular epithelial regeneration is still an unmet biomedical challenge because, once chronic lesions have manifested, no effective therapies are available as of yet for clinical use. Prompted by various studies across multiple organs demonstrating that preconditioning regimens to induce endogenous regenerative mechanisms protect various organs from later incurring acute injuries, we here aimed to gain insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying successful protection and to explore whether such pathways could be utilized to inhibit progression of chronic organ injury. We identified a protective mechanism controlled by the transcription factor ARNT that effectively inhibits progression of chronic kidney injury by transcriptional induction of ALK3, the principal mediator of antifibrotic and proregenerative bone morphogenetic protein-signaling (BMP-signaling) responses. We further report that ARNT expression itself is controlled by the FKBP12/YY1 transcriptional repressor complex and that disruption of such FKBP12/YY1 complexes by picomolar FK506 at subimmunosuppressive doses increases ARNT expression, subsequently leading to homodimeric ARNT-induced ALK3 transcription. Direct targeting of FKBP12/YY1 with in vivo morpholino approaches or small molecule inhibitors, including GPI-1046, was equally effective for inducing ARNT expression, with subsequent activation of ALK3-dependent canonical BMP-signaling responses and attenuated chronic organ failure in models of chronic kidney disease, and also cardiac and liver injuries. In summary, we report an organ-protective mechanism that can be pharmacologically modulated by immunophilin ligands FK506 and GPI-1046 or therapeutically targeted by in vivo morpholino approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Anne Kauffels
- Department of General, Visceral, and Pediatric Surgery, and
| | - Thomas Lorf
- Department of General, Visceral, and Pediatric Surgery, and
| | - Elisabeth M Zeisberg
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Raghu Kalluri
- Department of Cancer Biology and the Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Samy Hakroush
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael Zeisberg
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Göttingen, Germany
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Larkin BP, Glastras SJ, Chen H, Pollock CA, Saad S. DNA methylation and the potential role of demethylating agents in prevention of progressive chronic kidney disease. FASEB J 2018; 32:5215-5226. [PMID: 29688808 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800205r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global epidemic, and its major risk factors include obesity and type 2 diabetes. Obesity not only promotes metabolic dysregulation and the development of diabetic kidney disease but also may independently lead to CKD by a variety of mechanisms, including endocrine and metabolic dysfunction, inflammation, oxidative stress, altered renal hemodynamics, and lipotoxicity. Deleterious renal effects of obesity can also be transmitted from one generation to the next, and it is increasingly recognized that offspring of obese mothers are predisposed to CKD. Epigenetic modifications are changes that regulate gene expression without altering the DNA sequence. Of these, DNA methylation is the most studied. Epigenetic imprints, particularly DNA methylation, are laid down during critical periods of fetal development, and they may provide a mechanism by which maternal-fetal transmission of chronic disease occurs. Our current review explores the evidence for the role of DNA methylation in the development of CKD, diabetic kidney disease, diabetes, and obesity. DNA methylation has been implicated in renal fibrosis-the final pathophysiologic pathway in the development of end-stage kidney disease-which supports the notion that demethylating agents may play a potential therapeutic role in preventing development and progression of CKD.-Larkin, B. P., Glastras, S. J., Chen, H., Pollock, C. A., Saad, S. DNA methylation and the potential role of demethylating agents in prevention of progressive chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P Larkin
- Renal Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sarah J Glastras
- Renal Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; and
| | - Hui Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Carol A Pollock
- Renal Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sonia Saad
- Renal Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Panchapakesan U, Pollock C. Drug repurposing in kidney disease. Kidney Int 2018; 94:40-48. [PMID: 29628139 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2017.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Drug repurposing, is the re-tasking of known medications for new clinical indications. Advantages, compared to de novo drug development, include reduced cost and time to market plus the added benefit of a known pharmacokinetic and safety profiles. Suitable drug candidates are identified through serendipitous observations, data mining, or increased understanding of disease mechanisms. This review highlights drugs suited for repurposing in kidney disease. The main cause of mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease is cardiovascular disease. Hence, we have included CV endpoints for the drugs. This review begins with candidates in acute kidney injury: vasodilators levosimendan and vitamin D, followed by candidates in CKD, with particular focus on diabetic kidney disease, autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Examples include glucose-lowering drugs (sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide 1 agonists, and metformin), which have mechanistic potential for cardiac and/or renal protection beyond glucose lowering, with broader applicability to the nondiabetic population; xanthine oxidase inhibitors (allopurinol, febuxostat), selective endothelin receptor A antagonist (atrasentan), Janus kinase inhibitor (baricitinib), selective costimulation modulator (abatacept), pentoxyfylline, and the DNA demethylating agent/vasodilator (hydralazine).
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Affiliation(s)
- Usha Panchapakesan
- Renal Research Group, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2065, Australia.
| | - Carol Pollock
- Renal Research Group, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2065, Australia
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41
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3D virtual histology of murine kidneys -high resolution visualization of pathological alterations by micro computed tomography. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1407. [PMID: 29362427 PMCID: PMC5780475 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19773-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing number of patients with end stage chronic kidney disease not only calls for novel therapeutics but also for pioneering research using convincing preclinical disease models and innovative analytical techniques. The aim of this study was to introduce a virtual histology approach using micro computed tomography (µCT) for the entire murine kidney in order to close the gap between single slice planar histology and a 3D high resolution dataset. An ex vivo staining protocol based on phosphotungstic acid diffusion was adapted to enhance renal soft tissue x-ray attenuation. Subsequent CT scans allowed (i) the detection of the renal cortex, medulla and pelvis in greater detail, (ii) the analysis of morphological alterations, (iii) the quantification of the volume as well as the radio-opacity of these portions and (iv) the quantification of renal fibrotic remodeling based on altered radio-opacity using the unilateral ureteral obstruction model. Thus, virtual histology based on PTA contrast enhanced CT will in future help to refine the outcome of preclinical research on kidney associated murine disease models.
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42
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Allen CE, Doll MA, Hein DW. N-Acetyltransferase 2 Genotype-Dependent N-Acetylation of Hydralazine in Human Hepatocytes. Drug Metab Dispos 2017; 45:1276-1281. [PMID: 29018032 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.078543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydralazine is used in the treatment of essential hypertension and is under investigation for epigenetic therapy in the treatment of neoplastic and renal diseases. N-acetyltransferase (NAT) 2 exhibits a common genetic polymorphism in human populations. After recombinant expression in yeast, human NAT2 exhibited an apparent Lineweaver-Burk constant (K-m) value (20.1 ± 8.8 μM) for hydralazine over 20-fold lower than the apparent K-m value (456 ± 57 μM) for recombinant human NAT1 (P = 0.0016). The apparent Vmax value for recombinant human NAT1 (72.2 ± 17.9 nmol acetylated/min/mg protein) was significantly (P = 0.0245) lower than recombinant human NAT2 (153 ± 15 nmol acetylated/min/mg protein), reflecting 50-fold higher clearance for recombinant human NAT2. Hydralazine NAT activities exhibited a robust acetylator gene dose response in cryopreserved human hepatocytes both in vitro and in situ. Hydralazine NAT activities in vitro differed significantly with respect to NAT2 genotype at 1000 (P = 0.0319), 100 (P = 0.002), and 10 μM hydralazine (P = 0.0029). Hydralazine NAT activities differed significantly (P < 0.001) among slow acetylator hepatocytes, (NAT2*5B/*5B > NAT2*5B/*6A > NAT2*6A/*6A). The in situ hydralazine N-acetylation rates differed significantly with respect to NAT2 genotype after incubation with 10 (P = 0.002) or 100 µM (P = 0.0015) hydralazine and were higher after incubation with 100 μM (10-fold) than with 10 μM (4.5-fold) hydralazine. Our results clearly document NAT2 genotype-dependent N-acetylation of hydralazine in human hepatocytes, suggesting that hydralazine efficacy and safety could be improved by NAT2 genotype-dependent dosing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecily E Allen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Mark A Doll
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - David W Hein
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
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43
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Encouraging results with the compassionate use of hydralazine/valproate (TRANSKRIP™) as epigenetic treatment for myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Ann Hematol 2017; 96:1825-1832. [DOI: 10.1007/s00277-017-3103-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Gross O, Kashtan CE, Rheault MN, Flinter F, Savige J, Miner JH, Torra R, Ars E, Deltas C, Savva I, Perin L, Renieri A, Ariani F, Mari F, Baigent C, Judge P, Knebelman B, Heidet L, Lagas S, Blatt D, Ding J, Zhang Y, Gale DP, Prunotto M, Xue Y, Schachter AD, Morton LC, Blem J, Huang M, Liu S, Vallee S, Renault D, Schifter J, Skelding J, Gear S, Friede T, Turner AN, Lennon R. Advances and unmet needs in genetic, basic and clinical science in Alport syndrome: report from the 2015 International Workshop on Alport Syndrome. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2017; 32:916-924. [PMID: 27190345 PMCID: PMC5837236 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfw095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Alport syndrome (AS) is a genetic disease characterized by haematuric glomerulopathy variably associated with hearing loss and anterior lenticonus. It is caused by mutations in the COL4A3, COL4A4 or COL4A5 genes encoding the α3α4α5(IV) collagen heterotrimer. AS is rare, but it accounts for >1% of patients receiving renal replacement therapy. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition slows, but does not stop, the progression to renal failure; therefore, there is an urgent requirement to expand and intensify research towards discovering new therapeutic targets and new therapies. The 2015 International Workshop on Alport Syndrome targeted unmet needs in basic science, genetics and diagnosis, clinical research and current clinical care. In three intensive days, more than 100 international experts including physicians, geneticists, researchers from academia and industry, and patient representatives from all over the world participated in panel discussions and breakout groups. This report summarizes the most important priority areas including (i) understanding the crucial role of podocyte protection and regeneration, (ii) targeting mutations by new molecular techniques for new animal models and potential gene therapy, (iii) creating optimal interaction between nephrologists and geneticists for early diagnosis, (iv) establishing standards for mutation screening and databases, (v) improving widespread accessibility to current standards of clinical care, (vi) improving collaboration with the pharmaceutical/biotech industry to investigate new therapies, (vii) research in hearing loss as a huge unmet need in Alport patients and (viii) the need to evaluate the risk and benefit of novel (including 'repurposing') therapies on an international basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Gross
- Clinic of Nephrology and Rheumatology, University Medicine Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Clifford E. Kashtan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Michelle N. Rheault
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Frances Flinter
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Guy's and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Judith Savige
- Melbourne Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jeffrey H. Miner
- Division of Nephrology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Roser Torra
- Inherited Kidney Diseases, Nephrology Department, Fundació Puigvert, IIB Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and REDINREN, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisabet Ars
- Inherited Kidney Diseases, Nephrology Department, Fundació Puigvert, IIB Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and REDINREN, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Constantinos Deltas
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Isavella Savva
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Laura Perin
- University of Southern California, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alessandra Renieri
- Medical Genetics Unit, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Genetica Medica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Francesca Ariani
- Medical Genetics Unit, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Genetica Medica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Francesca Mari
- Medical Genetics Unit, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Genetica Medica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Colin Baigent
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Parminder Judge
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Bertrand Knebelman
- Division de Néphrologie, Hôpital Necker, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Heidet
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rénales Héréditaires de l'Enfant et de l'Adulte (MARHEA) Service de Néphrologie Pédiatrique, Clinique Maurice Lamy, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | | | - Dave Blatt
- Alport Foundation of Australia, Valentine, NSW, Australia
| | - Jie Ding
- Pediatric Department, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yanqin Zhang
- Pediatric Department, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Daniel P. Gale
- University College London-Centre for Nephrology, London, UK
| | - Marco Prunotto
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yong Xue
- Rare Disease Group-Therapeutic Area, Global Clinical Development, Sanofi Genzyme, Naarden, The Netherlands
| | - Asher D. Schachter
- New Indications Discovery Unit, Translational Medicine, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lori C.G. Morton
- Cardiovascular Research, Fibrosis Research, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Jacqui Blem
- Clinical Development, Regulus Therapeutics, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michael Huang
- Clinical Development, Regulus Therapeutics, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Shiguang Liu
- Department of Rare Diseases, Sanofi-Genzyme R&D Center, Framingham, MA, USA
| | | | - Daniel Renault
- Association for Information and Research on Genetic Renal Diseases (AIRG)—France, Paris, France
- Federation of European Associations of patients affected by Genetic Renal Diseases, FEDERG, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Tim Friede
- Department of Medical Statistics, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - A. Neil Turner
- Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rachel Lennon
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Wanner N, Bechtel-Walz W. Epigenetics of kidney disease. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 369:75-92. [PMID: 28286899 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2588-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
DNA methylation and histone modifications determine renal programming and the development and progression of renal disease. The identification of the way in which the renal cell epigenome is altered by environmental modifiers driving the onset and progression of renal diseases has extended our understanding of the pathophysiology of kidney disease progression. In this review, we focus on current knowledge concerning the implications of epigenetic modifications during renal disease from early development to chronic kidney disease progression including renal fibrosis, diabetic nephropathy and the translational potential of identifying new biomarkers and treatments for the prevention and therapy of chronic kidney disease and end-stage kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Wanner
- Department of Medicine IV, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. .,Center for Systems Biology (ZBSA), Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany. .,Renal Division, University Hospital Freiburg, Breisacher Strasse 66, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Wibke Bechtel-Walz
- Department of Medicine IV, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. .,Renal Division, University Hospital Freiburg, Breisacher Strasse 66, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
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46
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Zhong J, Yang HC, Fogo AB. A perspective on chronic kidney disease progression. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 312:F375-F384. [PMID: 27974318 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00266.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) will progress to end stage without treatment, but the decline of renal function may not be linear. Compared with glomerular filtration rate and proteinuria, new surrogate markers, such as kidney injury molecule-1, neutrophil gelatinase-associated protein, apolipoprotein A-IV, and soluble urokinase receptor, may allow potential intervention and treatment in the earlier stages of CKD, which could be useful for clinical trials. New omic-based technologies reveal potential new genomic and epigenomic mechanisms that appear different from those causing the initial disease. Various clinical studies also suggest that acute kidney injury is a major risk for progressive CKD. To ameliorate the progression of CKD, the first step is optimizing renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockade. New drugs targeting endothelin, transforming growth factor-β, oxidative stress, and inflammatory- and cell-based regenerative therapy may have add-on benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyong Zhong
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.,Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and
| | - Hai-Chun Yang
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.,Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and
| | - Agnes B Fogo
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; .,Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and.,Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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47
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Chistiakov DA, Orekhov AN, Bobryshev YV. Treatment of cardiovascular pathology with epigenetically active agents: Focus on natural and synthetic inhibitors of DNA methylation and histone deacetylation. Int J Cardiol 2016; 227:66-82. [PMID: 27852009 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.11.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) retains a leadership as a major cause of human death worldwide. Although a substantial progress was attained in the development of cardioprotective and vasculoprotective drugs, a search for new efficient therapeutic strategies and promising targets is under way. Modulation of epigenetic CVD mechanisms through administration epigenetically active agents is one of such new approaches. Epigenetic mechanisms involve heritable changes in gene expression that are not linked to the alteration of DNA sequence. Pathogenesis of CVDs is associated with global genome-wide changes in DNA methylation and histone modifications. Epigenetically active compounds that influence activity of epigenetic modulators such as DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), histone acetyltransferases, histone deacetylases (HDACs), etc. may correct these pathogenic changes in the epigenome and therefore be used for CVD therapy. To date, many epigenetically active natural substances (such as polyphenols and flavonoids) and synthetic compounds such as DNMT inhibitors or HDAC inhibitors are known. Both native and chemical DNMT and HDAC inhibitors possess a wide range of cytoprotective activities such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, anti-anfibrotic, and anti-hypertrophic properties, which are beneficial of treatment of a variety of CVDs. However, so far, only synthetic DNMT inhibitors enter clinical trials while synthetic HDAC inhibitors are still under evaluation in preclinical studies. In this review, we consider epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation and histone modifications in cardiovascular pathology and the epigenetics-based therapeutic approaches focused on the implementation of DNMT and HDAC inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitry A Chistiakov
- Department of Molecular Genetic Diagnostics and Cell Biology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Pediatrics, Research Center for Children's Health, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander N Orekhov
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, 125315, Russia; Department of Biophysics, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia; Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow, 121609, Russia; National Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Moscow, 101000, Russia
| | - Yuri V Bobryshev
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, 125315, Russia; Faculty of Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia.
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48
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Amenya HZ, Tohyama C, Ohsako S. Dioxin induces Ahr-dependent robust DNA demethylation of the Cyp1a1 promoter via Tdg in the mouse liver. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34989. [PMID: 27713569 PMCID: PMC5054525 DOI: 10.1038/srep34989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr) is a highly conserved nuclear receptor that plays an important role in the manifestation of toxicity induced by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. As a xenobiotic sensor, Ahr is involved in chemical biotransformation through activation of drug metabolizing enzymes. The activated Ahr cooperates with coactivator complexes to induce epigenetic modifications at target genes. Thus, it is conceivable that 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), a potent Ahr ligand, may elicit robust epigenetic changes in vivo at the Ahr target gene cytochrome P450 1a1 (Cyp1a1). A single dose of TCDD administered to adult mice induced Ahr-dependent CpG hypomethylation, changes in histone modifications, and thymine DNA glycosylase (Tdg) recruitment at the Cyp1a1 promoter in the liver within 24 hrs. These epigenetic changes persisted until 40 days post-TCDD treatment and there was Cyp1a1 mRNA hyperinduction upon repeat administration of TCDD at this time-point. Our demethylation assay using siRNA knockdown and an in vitro methylated plasmid showed that Ahr, Tdg, and the ten-eleven translocation methyldioxygenases Tet2 and Tet3 are required for the TCDD-induced DNA demethylation. These results provide novel evidence of Ahr-driven active DNA demethylation and epigenetic memory. The epigenetic alterations influence response to subsequent chemical exposure and imply an adaptive mechanism to xenobiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesbon Z Amenya
- Laboratory of Environmental Health Sciences, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chiharu Tohyama
- Laboratory of Environmental Health Sciences, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Experimental Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
| | - Seiichiroh Ohsako
- Laboratory of Environmental Health Sciences, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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49
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Lovisa S, Zeisberg M, Kalluri R. Partial Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition and Other New Mechanisms of Kidney Fibrosis. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2016; 27:681-695. [PMID: 27372267 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Kidney fibrosis is the unavoidable consequence of chronic kidney disease irrespective of the primary underlying insult. It is a complex phenomenon governed by the interplay between different cellular components and intricate networks of signaling pathways, which together lead to loss of renal functionality and replacement of kidney parenchyma with scar tissue. An immense effort has recently been made to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms leading to kidney fibrosis. The cellular protagonists of this process include myofibroblasts, tubular epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and immune cells. We discuss here the most recent findings, including partial epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), in the initiation and progression of tissue fibrosis and chronic kidney disease (CKD). A deep understanding of these mechanisms will allow the development of effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Lovisa
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Michael Zeisberg
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Göttingen University Medical Center, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Raghu Kalluri
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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50
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Tampe B, Steinle U, Tampe D, Carstens JL, Korsten P, Zeisberg EM, Müller GA, Kalluri R, Zeisberg M. Low-dose hydralazine prevents fibrosis in a murine model of acute kidney injury-to-chronic kidney disease progression. Kidney Int 2016; 91:157-176. [PMID: 27692563 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2016.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) and progressive chronic kidney disease (CKD) are intrinsically tied syndromes. In this regard, the acutely injured kidney often does not achieve its full regenerative capacity and AKI directly transitions into progressive CKD associated with tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Underlying mechanisms of such AKI-to-CKD progression are still incompletely understood and specific therapeutic interventions are still elusive. Because epigenetic modifications play a role in maintaining tissue fibrosis, we used a murine model of ischemia-reperfusion injury to determine whether aberrant promoter methylation of RASAL1 contributes causally to the switch between physiological regeneration and tubulointerstitial fibrogenesis, a hallmark of AKI-to-CKD progression. It is known that the antihypertensive drug hydralazine has demethylating activity, and that its optimum demethylating activity occurs at concentrations below blood pressure-lowering doses. Administration of low-dose hydralazine effectively induced expression of hydroxylase TET3, which catalyzed RASAL1 hydroxymethylation and subsequent RASAL1 promoter demethylation. Hydralazine-induced CpG promoter demethylation subsequently attenuated renal fibrosis and preserved excretory renal function independent of its blood pressure-lowering effects. In comparison, RASAL1 demethylation and inhibition of tubulointerstitial fibrosis was not detected upon administration of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor Ramipril in this model. Thus, RASAL1 promoter methylation and subsequent transcriptional RASAL1 suppression plays a causal role in AKI-to-CKD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Tampe
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Göttingen University Medical Center, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Steinle
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Göttingen University Medical Center, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Désirée Tampe
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Göttingen University Medical Center, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Julienne L Carstens
- Department of Cancer Biology and the Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Peter Korsten
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Göttingen University Medical Center, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Elisabeth M Zeisberg
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Göttingen University Medical Center, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gerhard A Müller
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Göttingen University Medical Center, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Raghu Kalluri
- Department of Cancer Biology and the Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Michael Zeisberg
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Göttingen University Medical Center, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Göttingen, Germany.
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