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Hansen SH. TruD technology for the study of epi- and endothelial tubes in vitro. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301099. [PMID: 38728291 PMCID: PMC11086873 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Beyond the smallest organisms, animals rely on tubes to transport cells, oxygen, nutrients, waste products, and a great variety of secretions. The cardiovascular system, lungs, gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts, as well as major exocrine glands, are all composed of tubes. Paradoxically, despite their ubiquitous importance, most existing devices designed to study tubes are relatively complex to manufacture and/or utilize. The present work describes a simple method for generating tubes in vitro using nothing more than a low-cost 3D printer along with general lab supplies. The technology is termed "TruD", an acronym for true dimensional. Using this technology, it is readily feasible to cast tubes embedded in ECM with easy access to the lumen. The design is modular to permit more complex tube arrangements and to sustain flow. Importantly, by virtue of its simplicity, TruD technology enables typical molecular cell biology experiments where multiple conditions are assayed in replicate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steen H. Hansen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, GI Cell Biology Laboratory, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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2
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Capelli I, Lerario S, Ciurli F, Berti GM, Aiello V, Provenzano M, La Manna G. Investigational agents for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: preclinical and early phase study insights. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2024; 33:469-484. [PMID: 38618918 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2024.2342327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD) is the most common inherited kidney condition caused by a single-gene mutation. It leads patients to kidney failure in more than 50% of cases by the age of 60, and, given the dominant inheritance, this disease is present in the family history in more than 90% of cases. AREAS COVERED This review aims to analyze the set of preclinical and early-phase studies to provide a general view of the current progress on ADPKD therapeutic options. Articles from PubMed and the current status of the trials listed in clinicaltrials.gov were examined for the review. EXPERT OPINION Many potential therapeutic targets are currently under study for the treatment of ADPKD. A few drugs have reached the clinical phase, while many are currently still in the preclinical phase. Organoids could be a novel approach to the study of drugs in this phase. Other than pharmacological options, very important developing approaches are represented by gene therapy and the use of MiRNA inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Capelli
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sarah Lerario
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Ciurli
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gian Marco Berti
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Valeria Aiello
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michele Provenzano
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Gaetano La Manna
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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3
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Addario G, Eussen D, Djudjaj S, Boor P, Moroni L, Mota C. 3D Printed Tubulointerstitium Chip as an In Vitro Testing Platform. Macromol Biosci 2024; 24:e2300440. [PMID: 37997523 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202300440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) ranks as the twelfth leading cause of death worldwide with limited treatment options. The development of in vitro models replicating defined segments of the kidney functional units, the nephrons, in a physiologically relevant and reproducible manner can facilitate drug testing. The aim of this study was to produce an in vitro organ-on-a-chip platform with extrusion-based three-dimensional (3D) printing. The manufacturing of the tubular platform was produced by printing sacrificial fibers with varying diameters, providing a suitable structure for cell adhesion and proliferation. The chip platform was seeded with primary murine tubular epithelial cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells. The effect of channel geometry, its reproducibility, coatings for cell adhesion, and specific cell markers were investigated. The developed chip presents single and dual channels, mimicking segments of a renal tubule and the capillary network, together with an extracellular matrix gel analogue placed in the middle of the two channels, envisioning the renal tubulointerstitium in vitro. The 3D printed platform enables perfusable circular cross-section channels with fully automated, rapid, and reproducible manufacturing processes at low costs. This kidney tubulointerstitium on-a-chip provides the first step toward the production of more complex in vitro models for drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Addario
- Maastricht University, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Complex Tissue Regeneration Department, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands
| | - Daphne Eussen
- Maastricht University, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Complex Tissue Regeneration Department, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands
| | - Sonja Djudjaj
- Institute of Pathology, RWTH University of Aachen, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Peter Boor
- Institute of Pathology, RWTH University of Aachen, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Division of Nephrology, RWTH University of Aachen, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Electron Microscopy Facility, RWTH University of Aachen, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lorenzo Moroni
- Maastricht University, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Complex Tissue Regeneration Department, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands
| | - Carlos Mota
- Maastricht University, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Complex Tissue Regeneration Department, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands
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4
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Monaco S, Bussola N, Buttò S, Sona D, Giobergia F, Jurman G, Xinaris C, Apiletti D. AI models for automated segmentation of engineered polycystic kidney tubules. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2847. [PMID: 38310171 PMCID: PMC11289110 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52677-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a monogenic, rare disease, characterized by the formation of multiple cysts that grow out of the renal tubules. Despite intensive attempts to develop new drugs or repurpose existing ones, there is currently no definitive cure for ADPKD. This is primarily due to the complex and variable pathogenesis of the disease and the lack of models that can faithfully reproduce the human phenotype. Therefore, the development of models that allow automated detection of cysts' growth directly on human kidney tissue is a crucial step in the search for efficient therapeutic solutions. Artificial Intelligence methods, and deep learning algorithms in particular, can provide powerful and effective solutions to such tasks, and indeed various architectures have been proposed in the literature in recent years. Here, we comparatively review state-of-the-art deep learning segmentation models, using as a testbed a set of sequential RGB immunofluorescence images from 4 in vitro experiments with 32 engineered polycystic kidney tubules. To gain a deeper understanding of the detection process, we implemented both pixel-wise and cyst-wise performance metrics to evaluate the algorithms. Overall, two models stand out as the best performing, namely UNet++ and UACANet: the latter uses a self-attention mechanism introducing some explainability aspects that can be further exploited in future developments, thus making it the most promising algorithm to build upon towards a more refined cyst-detection platform. UACANet model achieves a cyst-wise Intersection over Union of 0.83, 0.91 for Recall, and 0.92 for Precision when applied to detect large-size cysts. On all-size cysts, UACANet averages at 0.624 pixel-wise Intersection over Union. The code to reproduce all results is freely available in a public GitHub repository.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicole Bussola
- Fondazione Bruno Kessler, 38123, Trento, Italy
- CIBIO, Università degli Studi di Trento, 38123, Trento, Italy
| | - Sara Buttò
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri - IRCCS, 24126, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Diego Sona
- Fondazione Bruno Kessler, 38123, Trento, Italy
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5
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Wang Y, Jin M, Cheng CK, Li Q. Tubular injury in diabetic kidney disease: molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic perspectives. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1238927. [PMID: 37600689 PMCID: PMC10433744 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1238927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a chronic complication of diabetes and the leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide. Currently, there are limited therapeutic drugs available for DKD. While previous research has primarily focused on glomerular injury, recent studies have increasingly emphasized the role of renal tubular injury in the pathogenesis of DKD. Various factors, including hyperglycemia, lipid accumulation, oxidative stress, hypoxia, RAAS, ER stress, inflammation, EMT and programmed cell death, have been shown to induce renal tubular injury and contribute to the progression of DKD. Additionally, traditional hypoglycemic drugs, anti-inflammation therapies, anti-senescence therapies, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, and stem cell therapies have demonstrated their potential to alleviate renal tubular injury in DKD. This review will provide insights into the latest research on the mechanisms and treatments of renal tubular injury in DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mingyue Jin
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Chak Kwong Cheng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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6
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Lavecchia AM, Buttò S, Xinaris C. A protocol for the generation of EPO - Producing neural crest cells from human induced pluripotent stem cells. MethodsX 2022; 9:101753. [PMID: 35756347 PMCID: PMC9214825 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2022.101753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Insufficient production of erythropoietin (EPO) leads to anaemia. Developing methods for the generation and transplantation of EPO-producing cells would allow scientists to design personalised therapeutic solutions. Here we present a simple and highly reproducible protocol for the generation of neural crest cells (NCCs) that can produce and secrete erythropoiesis-competent EPO in response to hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Buttò
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo, Italy
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7
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Pollara L, Sottile V, Valente EM. Patient-derived cellular models of primary ciliopathies. J Med Genet 2022; 59:517-527. [DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2021-108315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Primary ciliopathies are rare inherited disorders caused by structural or functional defects in the primary cilium, a subcellular organelle present on the surface of most cells. Primary ciliopathies show considerable clinical and genetic heterogeneity, with disruption of over 100 genes causing the variable involvement of several organs, including the central nervous system, kidneys, retina, skeleton and liver. Pathogenic variants in one and the same gene may associate with a wide range of ciliopathy phenotypes, supporting the hypothesis that the individual genetic background, with potential additional variants in other ciliary genes, may contribute to a mutational load eventually determining the phenotypic manifestations of each patient. Functional studies in animal models have uncovered some of the pathophysiological mechanisms linking ciliary gene mutations to the observed phenotypes; yet, the lack of reliable human cell models has previously limited preclinical research and the development of new therapeutic strategies for primary ciliopathies. Recent technical advances in the generation of patient-derived two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) cellular models give a new spur to this research, allowing the study of pathomechanisms while maintaining the complexity of the genetic background of each patient, and enabling the development of innovative treatments to target specific pathways. This review provides an overview of available models for primary ciliopathies, from existing in vivo models to more recent patient-derived 2D and 3D in vitro models. We highlight the advantages of each model in understanding the functional basis of primary ciliopathies and facilitating novel regenerative medicine, gene therapy and drug testing strategies for these disorders.
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8
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Unravelling the Role of PAX2 Mutation in Human Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9121808. [PMID: 34944624 PMCID: PMC8698597 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
No effective treatments are available for familial steroid-resistant Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), characterized by proteinuria due to ultrastructural abnormalities in glomerular podocytes. Here, we studied a private PAX2 mutation identified in a patient who developed FSGS in adulthood. By generating adult podocytes using patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC), we developed an in vitro model to dissect the role of this mutation in the onset of FSGS. Despite the PAX2 mutation, patient iPSC properly differentiated into podocytes that exhibited a normal structure and function when compared to control podocytes. However, when exposed to an environmental trigger, patient podocytes were less viable and more susceptible to cell injury. Fixing the mutation improved their phenotype and functionality. Using a branching morphogenesis assay, we documented developmental defects in patient-derived ureteric bud-like tubules that were totally rescued by fixing the mutation. These data strongly support the hypothesis that the PAX2 mutation has a dual effect, first in renal organogenesis, which could account for a suboptimal nephron number at birth, and second in adult podocytes, which are more susceptible to cell death caused by environmental triggers. These abnormalities might translate into the development of proteinuria in vivo, with a progressive decline in renal function, leading to FSGS.
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9
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Mitxelena-Iribarren O, Olaizola C, Arana S, Mujika M. Versatile membrane-based microfluidic platform for in vitro drug diffusion testing mimicking in vivo environments. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2021; 39:102462. [PMID: 34592426 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2021.102462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Mimicking the diffusion that drugs suffer through different body tissues before reaching their target is a challenge. In this work, a versatile membrane-based microfluidic platform was developed to allow for the identification of drugs that would keep their cytotoxic properties after diffusing through such a barrier. As an application case, this paper reports on a microfluidic device capable of mimicking the diffusion that free or encapsulated anticancer drugs would suffer in the intestine before reaching the bloodstream. It not only presents the successful fabrication results for the platform but also demonstrates the significant effect that the analyzed drugs have over the viability of osteosarcoma cells. This intestine-like microfluidic platform works as a tool to allow for the identification of drugs whose cytotoxic performance remains effective enough once they enter the bloodstream. Therefore, it allows for the prediction of the best treatment available for each patient in the battle against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oihane Mitxelena-Iribarren
- CEIT-Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; Universidad de Navarra, Tecnun, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
| | | | - Sergio Arana
- CEIT-Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; Universidad de Navarra, Tecnun, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Maite Mujika
- CEIT-Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; Universidad de Navarra, Tecnun, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
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10
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Ramadan Q, Fardous RS, Hazaymeh R, Alshmmari S, Zourob M. Pharmacokinetics-On-a-Chip: In Vitro Microphysiological Models for Emulating of Drugs ADME. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2021; 5:e2100775. [PMID: 34323392 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202100775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite many ongoing efforts across the full spectrum of pharmaceutical and biotech industries, drug development is still a costly undertaking that involves a high risk of failure during clinical trials. Animal models played vital roles in understanding the mechanism of human diseases. However, the use of these models has been a subject of heated debate, particularly due to ethical matters and the inevitable pathophysiological differences between animals and humans. Current in vitro models lack the sufficient functionality and predictivity of human pharmacokinetics and toxicity, therefore, are not capable to fully replace animal models. The recent development of micro-physiological systems has shown great potential as indispensable tools for recapitulating key physiological parameters of humans and providing in vitro methods for predicting the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in humans. Integration of Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion (ADME) processes within one close in vitro system is a paramount development that would meet important unmet pharmaceutical industry needs. In this review paper, synthesis of the ADME-centered organ-on-a-chip technology is systemically presented from what is achieved to what needs to be done, emphasizing the requirements of in vitro models that meet industrial needs in terms of the structure and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qasem Ramadan
- Alfaisal University, Riyadh, 11533, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Roa Saleem Fardous
- Alfaisal University, Riyadh, 11533, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Strathclyde University, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Rana Hazaymeh
- Almaarefa University, Riyadh, 13713, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Alshmmari
- Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh, 13513-7148, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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11
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Wong CY. Current advances of stem cell-based therapy for kidney diseases. World J Stem Cells 2021; 13:914-933. [PMID: 34367484 PMCID: PMC8316868 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i7.914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney diseases are a prevalent health problem around the world. Multidrug therapy used in the current routine treatment for kidney diseases can only delay disease progression. None of these drugs or treatments can reverse the progression to an end-stage of the disease. Therefore, it is crucial to explore novel therapeutics to improve patients’ quality of life and possibly cure, reverse, or alleviate the kidney disease. Stem cells have promising potentials as a form of regenerative medicine for kidney diseases due to their unlimited replication and their ability to differentiate into kidney cells in vitro. Mounting evidences from the administration of stem cells in an experimental kidney disease model suggested that stem cell-based therapy has therapeutic or renoprotective effects to attenuate kidney damage while improving the function and structure of both glomerular and tubular compartments. This review summarises the current stem cell-based therapeutic approaches to treat kidney diseases, including the various cell sources, animal models or in vitro studies. The challenges of progressing from proof-of-principle in the laboratory to widespread clinical application and the human clinical trial outcomes reported to date are also highlighted. The success of cell-based therapy could widen the scope of regenerative medicine in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee-Yin Wong
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
- Research Department, Cytopeutics, Cyberjaya 63000, Selangor, Malaysia
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12
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Brizi V, Buttò S, Cerullo D, Michele Lavecchia A, Rodrigues-Diez R, Novelli R, Corna D, Benigni A, Remuzzi G, Xinaris C. Human iPSC-derived neural crest stem cells can produce EPO and induce erythropoiesis in anemic mice. Stem Cell Res 2021; 55:102476. [PMID: 34339993 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2021.102476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inadequate production of erythropoietin (EPO) leads to anemia. Although erythropoiesis-stimulating agents can be used to treat anemia, these approaches are limited by high costs, adverse effects, and the need for frequent injections. Developing methods for the generation and transplantation of EPO-producing cells would allow for the design of personalized and complication-free therapeutic solutions. In mice, the first EPO source are neural crest cells (NCCs), which ultimately migrate to the fetal kidney to differentiate into EPO-producing fibroblasts. In humans however, it remains unknown whether NCCs can produce EPO in response to hypoxia. Here, we developed a new protocol to differentiate human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) into NCCs and showed that cthese cells can produce functional EPO that can induce human CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor differentiation into erythroblasts in vitro. Moreover, we showed that hiPSC-derived NCCs can be embedded in clinical-grade atelocollagen scaffolds and subcutaneously transplanted into anemic mice to produce human EPO, accelerate hematocrit recovery, and induce erythropoiesis in the spleen. Our findings provide unprecedented evidence of the ability of human NCCs to produce functional EPO in response to hypoxia, and proof-of-concept for the potential clinical use of NCC-containing scaffolds as cell therapy for renal and non-renal anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Brizi
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Sara Buttò
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Domenico Cerullo
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo, Italy
| | | | | | - Rubina Novelli
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Daniela Corna
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Ariela Benigni
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Remuzzi
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Christodoulos Xinaris
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo, Italy; University of Nicosia Medical School, Nicosia, Cyprus.
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13
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Marchini A, Gelain F. Synthetic scaffolds for 3D cell cultures and organoids: applications in regenerative medicine. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 42:468-486. [PMID: 34187261 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1932716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures offer an unparalleled platform to recreate spatial arrangements of cells in vitro. 3D cell culture systems have gained increasing interest due to their evident advantages in providing more physiologically relevant information and more predictive data compared to their two-dimensional (2D) counterpart. Design and well-established fabrication of organoids (a particular type of 3D cell culture system) are nowadays considered a pivotal achievement for their ability to replicate in vitro cytoarchitecture and the functionalities of an organ. In this condition, pluripotent stem cells self-organize into 3D structures mimicking the in vivo microenvironments, architectures and multi-lineage differentiation. Scaffolds are key supporting elements in these 3D constructs, and Matrigel is the most commonly used matrix despite its relevant translation limitations including animal-derived sources, non-defined composition, batch-to-batch variability and poorly tailorable properties. Alternatively, 3D synthetic scaffolds, including self-assembling peptides, show promising biocompatibility and biomimetic properties, and can be tailored on specific target tissue/cells. In this review, we discuss the recent advances on 3D cell culture systems and organoids, promising tools for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications. For this purpose, we will describe the current state-of-the-art on 3D cell culture systems and organoids based on currently available synthetic-based biomaterials (including tailored self-assembling peptides) either tested in in vivo animal models or developed in vitro with potential application in the field of tissue engineering, with the aim to inspire researchers to take on such promising platforms for clinical applications in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Marchini
- Tissue Engineering Unit, Institute for Stem Cell Biology, Regenerative Medicine and Innovative Therapies-ISBReMIT, Fondazione IRCSS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Gelain
- Tissue Engineering Unit, Institute for Stem Cell Biology, Regenerative Medicine and Innovative Therapies-ISBReMIT, Fondazione IRCSS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy.,Center for Nanomedicine and Tissue Engineering (CNTE), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
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14
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Human Pluripotent Stem-Cell-Derived Models as a Missing Link in Drug Discovery and Development. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14060525. [PMID: 34070895 PMCID: PMC8230131 DOI: 10.3390/ph14060525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), including human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), have the potential to accelerate the drug discovery and development process. In this review, by analyzing each stage of the drug discovery and development process, we identified the active role of hPSC-derived in vitro models in phenotypic screening, target-based screening, target validation, toxicology evaluation, precision medicine, clinical trial in a dish, and post-clinical studies. Patient-derived or genome-edited PSCs can generate valid in vitro models for dissecting disease mechanisms, discovering novel drug targets, screening drug candidates, and preclinically and post-clinically evaluating drug safety and efficacy. With the advances in modern biotechnologies and developmental biology, hPSC-derived in vitro models will hopefully improve the cost-effectiveness and the success rate of drug discovery and development.
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15
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Rizki-Safitri A, Traitteur T, Morizane R. Bioengineered Kidney Models: Methods and Functional Assessments. FUNCTION 2021; 2:zqab026. [PMID: 35330622 PMCID: PMC8788738 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqab026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigations into bioengineering kidneys have been extensively conducted owing to their potential for preclinical assays and regenerative medicine. Various approaches and methods have been developed to improve the structure and function of bioengineered kidneys. Assessments of functional properties confirm the adequacy of bioengineered kidneys for multipurpose translational applications. This review is to summarize the studies performed in kidney bioengineering in the past decade. We identified 84 original articles from PubMed and Mendeley with keywords of kidney organoid or kidney tissue engineering. Those were categorized into 5 groups based on their approach: de-/recellularization of kidney, reaggregation of kidney cells, kidney organoids, kidney in scaffolds, and kidney-on-a-chip. These models were physiologically assessed by filtration, tubular reabsorption/secretion, hormone production, and nephrotoxicity. We found that bioengineered kidney models have been developed from simple cell cultures to multicellular systems to recapitulate kidney function and diseases. Meanwhile, only about 50% of these studies conducted functional assessments on their kidney models. Factors including cell composition and organization are likely to alter the applicability of physiological assessments in bioengineered kidneys. Combined with recent technologies, physiological assessments importantly contribute to the improvement of the bioengineered kidney model toward repairing and refunctioning the damaged kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astia Rizki-Safitri
- Nephrology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tamara Traitteur
- Nephrology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ryuji Morizane
- Nephrology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02115, USA
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16
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Szymkowiak S, Sandler N, Kaplan DL. Aligned Silk Sponge Fabrication and Perfusion Culture for Scalable Proximal Tubule Tissue Engineering. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:10768-10777. [PMID: 33621042 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c00548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease and kidney failure are on the rise globally, yet there has not been a corresponding improvement in available therapies. A key challenge in a biological approach to developing kidney tissue is to identify scaffolding materials that support cell growth both in vitro and in vivo to facilitate translational goals. Scaffolds composed of silk fibroin protein possess the biocompatibility, mechanical robustness, and stability required for tissue engineering. Here, we use a silk sponge system to support kidney cells in a perfused bioreactor system. Silk fibroin protein underwent directional freezing to form parallel porous structures that mimic the native kidney structure of aligned tubules and are able to support more cells than nonaligned silk sponges. Adult immortalized renal proximal tubule epithelial cells were seeded into the sponges and cultured under static conditions for 1 week, then grown statically or with perfusion with culture media flowing through the sponge to enhance cell alignment and maturation. The sponges were imaged with confocal and scanning electron microscopies to analyze and quantify cell attachment, alignment, and expression of proteins important to proximal tubule differentiation and function. The perfused tissue constructs showed higher number of cells that are more evenly distributed through the construct and increased gene expression of several key markers of proximal tubule epithelial cell function compared to sponges grown under static conditions. These perfused tissue constructs represent a step toward a scalable approach to engineering proximal tubule structures with the potential to be used as in vitro models or as in vivo implantable tissues to supplement or replace impaired kidney function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Szymkowiak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Nathan Sandler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
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17
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Romero-Guevara R, Ioannides A, Xinaris C. Kidney Organoids as Disease Models: Strengths, Weaknesses and Perspectives. Front Physiol 2020; 11:563981. [PMID: 33250772 PMCID: PMC7672034 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.563981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease is a major global health problem, as it affects 10% of the global population and kills millions of patients every year. It is therefore of the utmost importance to develop models that can help us to understand the pathogenesis of CKD and improve our therapeutic strategies. The discovery of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and, more recently, the development of methods for the generation of 3D organoids, have opened the way for modeling human kidney development and disease in vitro, and testing new drugs directly on human tissue. In this review we will discuss the most recent advances in the field of kidney organoids for modeling disease, as well as the prospective applications of these models for drug screening. We will also emphasize the impact of CRISPR/cas9 genome engineering on the field, point out the current limitations of the existing organoid technologies, and discuss a set of technical developments that may help to overcome limitations and facilitate the incorporation of these exciting tools into basic biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christodoulos Xinaris
- University of Nicosia Medical School, Nicosia, Cyprus.,Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Bergamo, Italy
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18
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Guida P, Piscitelli E, Marrese M, Martino V, Cirillo V, Guarino V, Angeli E, Cocola C, Pelucchi P, Repetto L, Firpo G, Karnavas T, Gotte M, Gritzapis A, D'Albore M, Repetto D, Pezzuoli D, Missitzis I, Porta G, Bertalot G, Bellipanni G, Zucchi I, Ambrosio L, Valbusa U, Reinbold RA. Integrating Microstructured Electrospun Scaffolds in an Open Microfluidic System for in Vitro Studies of Human Patient-Derived Primary Cells. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:3649-3663. [PMID: 33463182 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that microenvironmental stimuli play a significant role in regulating cellular proliferation and migration, as well as in modulating self-renewal and differentiation processes of mammary cells with stem cell (SCs) properties. Recent advances in micro/nanotechnology and biomaterial synthesis/engineering currently enable the fabrication of innovative tissue culture platforms suitable for maintenance and differentiation of SCs in vitro. Here, we report the design and fabrication of an open microfluidic device (OMD) integrating removable poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) based electrospun scaffolds, and we demonstrate that the OMD allows investigation of the behavior of human cells during in vitro culture in real time. Electrospun scaffolds with modified surface topography and chemistry can influence attachment, proliferation, and differentiation of mammary SCs and epigenetic mechanisms that maintain luminal cell identity as a function of specific morphological or biochemical cues imparted by tailor-made fiber post-treatments. Meanwhile, the OMD architecture allows control of cell seeding and culture conditions to collect more accurate and informative in vitro assays. In perspective, integrated systems could be tailor-made to mimic specific physiological conditions of the local microenvironment and then analyze the response from screening specific drugs for more effective diagnostics, long-term prognostics, and disease intervention in personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Guida
- Department of Physics, University of Genoa, via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genoa, Italy
| | - Eleonora Piscitelli
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, via F.lli Cervi 93, 20090 Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - Marica Marrese
- Institute of Composite and Biomedical Materials, National Research Council of Italy, Mostra D'Oltremare, Pad. 20, viale Kennedy 54, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Valentina Martino
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, via F.lli Cervi 93, 20090 Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Cirillo
- Institute of Composite and Biomedical Materials, National Research Council of Italy, Mostra D'Oltremare, Pad. 20, viale Kennedy 54, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Guarino
- Institute for Polymers, Composites & Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy, Mostra d'Oltremare, Pad. 20, viale Kennedy 54, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Elena Angeli
- Department of Physics, University of Genoa, via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genoa, Italy
| | - Cinzia Cocola
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, via F.lli Cervi 93, 20090 Segrate, Milan, Italy.,Consorzio Italbiotech, via Fantoli 15/16, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Paride Pelucchi
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, via F.lli Cervi 93, 20090 Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Repetto
- Department of Physics, University of Genoa, via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genoa, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Firpo
- Department of Physics, University of Genoa, via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genoa, Italy
| | - Theodoros Karnavas
- Columbia University, Department of Genetics & Development, New York, 10032 United States
| | - Martin Gotte
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Angelos Gritzapis
- Department of Breast Cancer Surgery, Hospital "Agios Savvas", Leoforos Alexandras Avenue, 171, 11522 Athens, Greece
| | - Marietta D'Albore
- Institute of Composite and Biomedical Materials, National Research Council of Italy, Mostra D'Oltremare, Pad. 20, viale Kennedy 54, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Diego Repetto
- Department of Physics, University of Genoa, via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genoa, Italy
| | - Denise Pezzuoli
- Department of Physics, University of Genoa, via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genoa, Italy
| | - Ioannis Missitzis
- Department of Breast Cancer Surgery, Hospital "Agios Savvas", Leoforos Alexandras Avenue, 171, 11522 Athens, Greece
| | - Giovanni Porta
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bertalot
- IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, via G Ripamonti, 435, 20141 Milan, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Bellipanni
- Center for Biotechnology, Sbarro Institute for Research and Molecular Medicine and Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia 19122, United States
| | - Ileana Zucchi
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, via F.lli Cervi 93, 20090 Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Ambrosio
- Institute for Polymers, Composites & Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy, Mostra d'Oltremare, Pad. 20, viale Kennedy 54, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Ugo Valbusa
- Department of Physics, University of Genoa, via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genoa, Italy
| | - Rolland A Reinbold
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, via F.lli Cervi 93, 20090 Segrate, Milan, Italy
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19
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To discuss existing expectations from organoids and how they can affect biomedical research and society, and to analyse the current limitations and how they can potentially be overcome. RECENT FINDINGS Recent success with engineering human organoids has created great enthusiasm and expectations, especially for their potential as tissue substitutes. The most feasible applications for organoid technologies at the moment are: drug testing, disease modelling and studying of human development. SUMMARY Being able to engineer transplantable tissues in a dish would fundamentally change the way we conduct biomedical research and clinical practice, and impact important aspects of science and society - from animal experimentation to personalized medicine, bioethics, transplantation and gene therapy. However, whether organoids will soon be able to fulfil these expectations is still unclear, because of significant existing limitations. By answering a set of questions, here I will examine the expectations on the future of organoids and how they can affect the field and the society, I will analyse the most important limitations that still prevent the production of transplantable human tissues in a dish, and discuss possible solution strategies.
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20
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Sharma A, Sances S, Workman MJ, Svendsen CN. Multi-lineage Human iPSC-Derived Platforms for Disease Modeling and Drug Discovery. Cell Stem Cell 2020; 26:309-329. [PMID: 32142662 PMCID: PMC7159985 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) provide a powerful platform for disease modeling and have unlocked new possibilities for understanding the mechanisms governing human biology, physiology, and genetics. However, hiPSC-derivatives have traditionally been utilized in two-dimensional monocultures, in contrast to the multi-systemic interactions that influence cells in the body. We will discuss recent advances in generating more complex hiPSC-based systems using three-dimensional organoids, tissue-engineering, microfluidic organ-chips, and humanized animal systems. While hiPSC differentiation still requires optimization, these next-generation multi-lineage technologies can augment the biomedical researcher's toolkit and enable more realistic models of human tissue function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Sharma
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Samuel Sances
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Michael J Workman
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Clive N Svendsen
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
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21
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Trionfini P, Ciampi O, Todeschini M, Ascanelli C, Longaretti L, Perico L, Remuzzi G, Benigni A, Tomasoni S. CRISPR-Cas9-Mediated Correction of the G189R-PAX2 Mutation in Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from a Patient with Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis. CRISPR J 2020; 2:108-120. [PMID: 30998089 DOI: 10.1089/crispr.2018.0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is defined by focal (involving few glomeruli) and segmental sclerosis of the glomerular tuft that manifests with nephrotic syndrome. Mutations in genes involved in the maintenance of structure and function of podocytes have been found in a minority of these patients. A family with adult-onset autosomal dominant FSGS was recently found to carry a new germline missense heterozygous mutation (p.G189R) in the octapeptide domain of the transcription factor PAX2. Here, we efficiently corrected this point mutation in patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by means of CRISPR-Cas9-based homology-directed repair. The iPSC lines were differentiated into podocytes, which were tested for their motility. Editing the PAX2 p.G189R mutation restored podocyte motility, which was altered in podocytes derived from patient iPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piera Trionfini
- 1 Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Bergamo, Italy; University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Osele Ciampi
- 1 Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Bergamo, Italy; University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Todeschini
- 1 Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Bergamo, Italy; University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Camilla Ascanelli
- 1 Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Bergamo, Italy; University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorena Longaretti
- 1 Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Bergamo, Italy; University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Perico
- 1 Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Bergamo, Italy; University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Remuzzi
- 1 Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Bergamo, Italy; University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,2 L. Sacco' Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Ariela Benigni
- 1 Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Bergamo, Italy; University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Susanna Tomasoni
- 1 Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Bergamo, Italy; University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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22
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Kang HM, Lim JH, Noh KH, Park D, Cho HS, Susztak K, Jung CR. Effective reconstruction of functional organotypic kidney spheroid for in vitro nephrotoxicity studies. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17610. [PMID: 31772214 PMCID: PMC6879515 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53855-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Stable and reproducible kidney cellular models could accelerate our understanding of diseases, help therapeutics development, and improve nephrotoxicity screenings. Generation of a reproducible in vitro kidney models has been challenging owing to the cellular heterogeneity and structural complexity of the kidney. We generated mixed immortalized cell lines that stably maintained their characteristic expression of renal epithelial progenitor markers for the different lineages of kidney cellular compartments via the BMP7 signaling pathway from a mouse and a human whole kidney. These cells were used to generate functional and matured kidney spheroids containing multiple renal lineages, such as the proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubules, and podocytes, using extracellular matrix and physiological force, named spheroid-forming unit (SFU). They expressed all apical and basolateral transporters that are important for drug metabolism and displayed key functional aspects of the proximal tubule, including protein endocytosis and increased gamma-glutamyltransferase activity, and cyclic AMP responded to external cues, such as parathyroid hormone. Following exposure, cells fluxed and took up drugs via proximal tubule-specific apical or basolateral transporters, and displayed increased cell death and expression of renal injury marker. Here, we developed a new differentiation method to generate kidney spheroids that structurally recapitulate important features of the kidney effectively and reproducibly using mixed immortalized renal cells, and showed their application for renal toxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Mi Kang
- Laboratory of Disease Modeling and Therapeutics, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hwa Lim
- Laboratory of Disease Modeling and Therapeutics, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hee Noh
- Laboratory of Disease Modeling and Therapeutics, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongmin Park
- Laboratory of Disease Modeling and Therapeutics, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Soo Cho
- Stem Cell Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Katalin Susztak
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Cho-Rok Jung
- Laboratory of Disease Modeling and Therapeutics, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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23
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Ramos AM, Fernández-Fernández B, Pérez-Gómez MV, Carriazo Julio SM, Sanchez-Niño MD, Sanz A, Ruiz-Ortega M, Ortiz A. Design and optimization strategies for the development of new drugs that treat chronic kidney disease. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2019; 15:101-115. [PMID: 31736379 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1690450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by increased risks of progression to end-stage kidney disease requiring dialysis and cardiovascular mortality, predicted to be among the five top causes of death by 2040. Only the design and optimization of novel strategies to develop new drugs to treat CKD will contain this trend. Current therapy for CKD includes nonspecific therapy targeting proteinuria and/or hypertension and cause-specific therapies for diabetic kidney disease, autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, glomerulonephritides, Fabry nephropathy, hemolytic uremic syndrome and others.Areas covered: Herein, the authors review the literature on new drugs under development for CKD as well as novel design and development strategies.Expert opinion: New therapies for CKD have become a healthcare priority. Emerging therapies undergoing clinical trials are testing expanded renin-angiotensin system blockade with double angiotensin receptor/endothelin receptor blockers, SGLT2 inhibition, and targeting inflammation, the immune response, fibrosis and the Nrf2 transcription factor. Emerging therapeutic targets include cell senescence, complement activation, Klotho expression preservation and microbiota. Novel approaches include novel model systems that can be personalized (e.g. organoids), unbiased systems biology-based identification of new therapeutic targets, drug databases that speed up drug identification and repurposing, nanomedicines that improve drug delivery and RNA targeting to expand the number of targetable proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián M Ramos
- Laboratory of Nephrology and Hypertension, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Red de Investigación Renal (REDINREN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Fernández-Fernández
- Red de Investigación Renal (REDINREN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Nephrology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Vanessa Pérez-Gómez
- Red de Investigación Renal (REDINREN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sol María Carriazo Julio
- Nephrology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Dolores Sanchez-Niño
- Laboratory of Nephrology and Hypertension, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Red de Investigación Renal (REDINREN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Sanz
- Laboratory of Nephrology and Hypertension, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Red de Investigación Renal (REDINREN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Ruiz-Ortega
- Red de Investigación Renal (REDINREN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Laboratory of Renal and Vascular Pathology and Diabetes, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid and Cellular Biology in Renal Diseases Laboratory, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- Red de Investigación Renal (REDINREN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Fundación Renal Iñigo Álvarez de Toledo IRSIN C/José Abascal, Madrid, Spain
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24
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Szymkowiak S, Kaplan D. Biosynthetic Tubules: Multiscale Approaches to Kidney Engineering. CURRENT TRANSPLANTATION REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40472-019-00248-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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25
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Woolf AS. Growing a new human kidney. Kidney Int 2019; 96:871-882. [PMID: 31399199 PMCID: PMC6856720 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2019.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
There are 3 reasons to generate a new human kidney. The first is to learn more about the biology of the developing and mature organ. The second is to generate tissues with which to model congenital and acquired kidney diseases. In particular, growing human kidneys in this manner ultimately should help us understand the mechanisms of common chronic kidney diseases such as diabetic nephropathy and others featuring fibrosis, as well as nephrotoxicity. The third reason is to provide functional kidney tissues that can be used directly in regenerative medicine therapies. The second and third reasons to grow new human kidneys are especially compelling given the millions of persons worldwide whose lives depend on a functioning kidney transplant or long-term dialysis, as well as those with end-stage renal disease who die prematurely because they are unable to access these treatments. As shown in this review, the aim to create healthy human kidney tissues has been partially realized. Moreover, the technology shows promise in terms of modeling genetic disease. In contrast, barely the first steps have been taken toward modeling nongenetic chronic kidney diseases or using newly grown human kidney tissue for regenerative medicine therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian S Woolf
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, United Kingdom; Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom.
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26
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Miyoshi T, Hiratsuka K, Saiz EG, Morizane R. Kidney organoids in translational medicine: Disease modeling and regenerative medicine. Dev Dyn 2019; 249:34-45. [PMID: 30843293 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The kidney is one of the most complex organs composed of multiple cell types, functioning to maintain homeostasis by means of the filtering of metabolic wastes, balancing of blood electrolytes, and adjustment of blood pressure. Recent advances in 3D culture technologies in vitro enabled the generation of "organoids" which mimic the structure and function of in vivo organs. Organoid technology has allowed for new insights into human organ development and human pathophysiology, with great potential for translational research. Increasing evidence shows that kidney organoids are a useful platform for disease modeling of genetic kidney diseases when derived from genetic patient iPSCs and/or CRISPR-mutated stem cells. Although single cell RNA-seq studies highlight the technical difficulties underlying kidney organoid generation reproducibility and variation in differentiation protocols, kidney organoids still hold great potential to understand kidney pathophysiology as applied to kidney injury and fibrosis. In this review, we summarize various studies of kidney organoids, disease modeling, genome-editing, and bioengineering, and additionally discuss the potential of and current challenges to kidney organoid research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Miyoshi
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ken Hiratsuka
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Edgar Garcia Saiz
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ryuji Morizane
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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27
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Primary cardiac manifestation of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease revealed by patient induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. EBioMedicine 2019; 40:675-684. [PMID: 30639418 PMCID: PMC6413318 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mutations in PKD1 or PKD2 gene lead to autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). The mechanism of ADPKD progression and its link to increased cardiovascular mortality is still elusive. Methods We differentiated ADPKD patient induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to cardiomyocytes (CMs). The electrophysiological properties at the cellular level were analyzed by calcium imaging and whole cell patch clamping. Findings The ADPKD patient iPSC-CMs had decreased sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium content compared with Control-CMs. Spontaneous action potential of the PKD2 mutation line-derived CMs demonstrated slower beating rate and longer action potential duration. The PKD1 mutation line-derived CMs showed a comparable dose-dependent shortening of phase II repolarization with the Control-CMs, but a significant increase in beating frequency in response to L-type calcium channel blocker. The PKD1-mutant iPSC-CMs also showed a relatively unstable baseline as a greater percentage of cells exhibited delayed afterdepolarizations (DADs). Both the ADPKD patient iPSC-CMs showed more β-adrenergic agonist-elicited DADs compared with Control-CMs. Interpretation Characterization of ADPKD patient iPSC-CMs provides new insights into the increased clinical risk of arrhythmias, and the results enable disease modeling and drug screening for cardiac manifestations of ADPKD. Fund Ministry of Science and Technology, National Health Research Institutes, Academia Sinica Program for Technology Supporting Platform Axis Scheme, Thematic Research Program and Summit Research Program, and Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Taiwan.
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28
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Brizi V, Benedetti V, Lavecchia AM, Xinaris C. Engineering kidney tissues for polycystic kidney disease modeling and drug discovery. Methods Cell Biol 2019; 153:113-132. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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