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Marquez AB, Vicente J, Castro E, Vota D, Rodríguez-Varela MS, Lanza Castronuovo PA, Fuentes GM, Parise AR, Romorini L, Alvarez DE, Bueno CA, Ramirez CL, Alaimo A, García CC. Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Effect of Cannabidiol Against Enveloped and Nonenveloped Viruses. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2024; 9:751-765. [PMID: 37682578 DOI: 10.1089/can.2023.0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Cannabidiol (CBD), the main non-psychoactive cannabinoid of the Cannabis sativa plant, is a powerful antioxidant compound that in recent years has increased interest due to causes effects in a wide range of biological functions. Zika virus (ZIKV) is a virus transmitted mainly by the Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, which causes neurological diseases, such as microcephaly and Guillain-Barre syndrome. Although the frequency of viral outbreaks has increased recently, no vaccinations or particular chemotherapeutic treatments are available for ZIKV infection. Objectives: The major aim of this study was to explore the in vitro antiviral activity of CBD against ZIKV, expanding also to other dissimilar viruses. Materials and Methods: Cell cultures were infected with enveloped and nonenveloped viruses and treated with non-cytotoxic concentrations of CBD and then, viral titers were determined. Additionally, the mechanism of action of the compound during ZIKV in vitro infections was studied. To study the possible immunomodulatory role of CBD, infected and uninfected Huh-7 cells were exposed to 10 μM CBD during 48 h and levels of interleukins 6 and 8 and interferon-beta (IFN-β) expression levels were measured. On the other hand, the effect of CBD on cellular membranes was studied. For this, an immunofluorescence assay was performed, in which cell membranes were labeled with wheat germ agglutinin. Finally, intracellular cholesterol levels were measured. Results: CBD exhibited a potent antiviral activity against all the tested viruses in different cell lines with half maximal effective concentration values (CE50) ranging from 0.87 to 8.55 μM. Regarding the immunomodulatory effect of CBD during ZIKV in vitro infections, CBD-treated cells exhibited significantly IFN-β increased levels, meanwhile, interleukins 6 and 8 were not induced. Furthermore, it was determined that CBD affects cellular membranes due to the higher fluorescence intensity that was observed in CBD-treated cells and lowers intracellular cholesterol levels, thus affecting the multiplication of ZIKV and other viruses. Conclusions: It was demonstrated that CBD inhibits structurally dissimilar viruses, suggesting that this phytochemical has broad-spectrum antiviral effect, representing a valuable alternative in emergency situations during viral outbreaks, like the one caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agostina B Marquez
- Laboratorio de Virología, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), UBA-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Josefina Vicente
- Laboratorio de Virología, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), UBA-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eliana Castro
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas (IIBIO), Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM)-(CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daiana Vota
- Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), UBA-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Inmunofarmacología, IQUIBICEN, UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María S Rodríguez-Varela
- Laboratorio de Investigación Aplicada a Neurociencias (LIAN), Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (Fleni)-CONICET, Instituto de Neurociencias (INEU), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Priscila A Lanza Castronuovo
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología (INBIOTEC), Química Analítica y Modelado Molecular (QUIAMM), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata-CONICET, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Giselle M Fuentes
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Sanidad y Ambiente (IIPROSAM), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Centro Científico Tecnológico Mar del Plata, CONICET, Mar del Plata, Argentina
- Centro de Asociación Simple CIC PBA, Mar del Plata, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Abejas Sociales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Alejandro R Parise
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología (INBIOTEC), Química Analítica y Modelado Molecular (QUIAMM), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata-CONICET, Mar del Plata, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Leonardo Romorini
- Laboratorio de Investigación Aplicada a Neurociencias (LIAN), Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (Fleni)-CONICET, Instituto de Neurociencias (INEU), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diego E Alvarez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas (IIBIO), Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM)-(CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías (EByN), Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos A Bueno
- Laboratorio de Virología, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), UBA-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cristina L Ramirez
- Departamento de Química Biológica y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina
- Asociación Civil CBG2000, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Agustina Alaimo
- Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), UBA-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cybele C García
- Laboratorio de Virología, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), UBA-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Henrio Marcellin DF, Huang J. Exploring Zika Virus Impact on Endothelial Permeability: Insights into Transcytosis Mechanisms and Vascular Leakage. Viruses 2024; 16:629. [PMID: 38675970 PMCID: PMC11054372 DOI: 10.3390/v16040629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Treating brain disease is challenging, and the Zika virus (ZIKV) presents a unique obstacle due to its neuroinvasive nature. In this review, we discuss the immunopathogenesis of ZIKV and explore how the virus interacts with the body's immune responses and the role of the protein Mfsd2a in maintaining the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) during ZIKV neuroinvasion. ZIKV has emerged as a significant public health concern due to its association with severe neurological problems, including microcephaly and Gillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS). Understanding its journey through the brain-particularly its interaction with the placenta and BBB-is crucial. The placenta, which is designed to protect the fetus, becomes a pathway for ZIKV when infected. The BBB is composed of brain endothelial cells, acts as a second barrier, and protects the fetal brain. However, ZIKV finds ways to disrupt these barriers, leading to potential damage. This study explores the mechanisms by which ZIKV enters the CNS and highlights the role of transcytosis, which allows the virus to move through the cells without significantly disrupting the BBB. Although the exact mechanisms of transcytosis are unclear, research suggests that ZIKV may utilize this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jufang Huang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China;
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Singh S, Wright RE, Giri S, Arumugaswami V, Kumar A. Targeting ABCG1 and SREBP-2 mediated cholesterol homeostasis ameliorates Zika virus-induced ocular pathology. iScience 2024; 27:109088. [PMID: 38405605 PMCID: PMC10884761 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection during pregnancy causes severe neurological and ocular abnormalities in infants, yet no vaccine or antivirals are available. Our transcriptomic analysis of ZIKV-infected retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells revealed alterations in the cholesterol pathway. Thus, we investigated the functional roles of ATP binding cassette transporter G1 (ABCG1) and sterol response element binding protein 2 (SREPB-2), two key players in cholesterol metabolism, during ocular ZIKV infection. Our in vitro data showed that increased ABCG1 activity via liver X receptors (LXRs), reduced ZIKV replication, while ABCG1 knockdown increased replication with elevated intracellular cholesterol. Conversely, inhibiting SREBP-2 or its knockdown reduced ZIKV replication by lowering cholesterol levels. In vivo, LXR agonist or SREBP-2 inhibitor treatment mitigated ZIKV-induced chorioretinal lesions in mice, concomitant with decreased expression of inflammatory mediators and increased activation of antiviral response genes. In summary, our study identifies ABCG1's antiviral role and SREBP-2's proviral effects in ocular ZIKV infection, offering cholesterol metabolism as a potential target to develop antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences/ Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Robert E. Wright
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences/ Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Shailendra Giri
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences/ Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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4
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Ahmad F, Deshmukh N, Webel A, Johnson S, Suleiman A, Mohan RR, Fraunfelder F, Singh PK. Viral infections and pathogenesis of glaucoma: a comprehensive review. Clin Microbiol Rev 2023; 36:e0005723. [PMID: 37966199 PMCID: PMC10870729 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00057-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, caused by the gradual degeneration of retinal ganglion cells and their axons. While glaucoma is primarily considered a genetic and age-related disease, some inflammatory conditions, such as uveitis and viral-induced anterior segment inflammation, cause secondary or uveitic glaucoma. Viruses are predominant ocular pathogens and can impose both acute and chronic pathological insults to the human eye. Many viruses, including herpes simplex virus, varicella-zoster virus, cytomegalovirus, rubella virus, dengue virus, chikungunya virus, Ebola virus, and, more recently, Zika virus (ZIKV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), have been associated with sequela of either primary or secondary glaucoma. Epidemiological and clinical studies suggest the association between these viruses and subsequent glaucoma development. Despite this, the ocular manifestation and sequela of viral infections are not well understood. In fact, the association of viruses with glaucoma is considered relatively uncommon in part due to underreporting and/or lack of long-term follow-up studies. In recent years, literature on the pathological spectrum of emerging viral infections, such as ZIKV and SARS-CoV-2, has strengthened this proposition and renewed research activity in this area. Clinical studies from endemic regions as well as laboratory and preclinical investigations demonstrate a strong link between an infectious trigger and development of glaucomatous pathology. In this article, we review the current understanding of the field with a particular focus on viruses and their association with the pathogenesis of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faraz Ahmad
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mason Eye Institute, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Nikhil Deshmukh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mason Eye Institute, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Aaron Webel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mason Eye Institute, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Sandra Johnson
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mason Eye Institute, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Ayman Suleiman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mason Eye Institute, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Rajiv R. Mohan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mason Eye Institute, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Frederick Fraunfelder
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mason Eye Institute, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Pawan Kumar Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mason Eye Institute, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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5
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Cowell E, Kris LP, Bracho-Granado G, Jaber H, Smith JR, Carr JM. Zika virus infection of retinal cells and the developing mouse eye induces host responses that contrasts to the brain and dengue virus infection. J Neurovirol 2023; 29:187-202. [PMID: 37022660 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-023-01123-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection causes ocular and neurological pathologies with ZIKV-induction of developmental abnormalities following in utero infection a major concern. The study here has compared ZIKV and the related dengue virus (DENV) infection in the eye and brain. In vitro, both ZIKV and DENV could infect cell lines representing the retinal pigmented epithelium, endothelial cells, and Mueller cells, with distinct innate responses in each cell type. In a 1-day old mouse challenge model, both ZIKV and DENV infected the brain and eye by day 6 post-infection (pi). ZIKV was present at comparable levels in both tissues, with RNA increasing with time post-infection. DENV infected the brain, but RNA was detected in the eye of less than half of the mice challenged. NanoString analysis demonstrated comparable host responses in the brain for both viruses, including induction of mRNA for myosin light chain-2 (Mly2), and numerous antiviral and inflammatory genes. Notably, mRNA for multiple complement proteins were induced, but C2 and C4a were uniquely induced by ZIKV but not DENV. Consistent with the viral infection in the eye, DENV induced few responses while ZIKV induced substantial inflammatory and antiviral responses. Compared to the brain, ZIKV in the eye did not induce mRNAs such as C3, downregulated Retnla, and upregulated CSF-1. Morphologically, the ZIKV-infected retina demonstrated reduced formation of specific retinal layers. Thus, although ZIKV and DENV can both infect the eye and brain, there are distinct differences in host cell and tissue inflammatory responses that may be relevant to ZIKV replication and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Cowell
- Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Room 5D-316, Flinders Medical Centre, Flinders Drive, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia, 5042, Australia
| | - L P Kris
- Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Room 5D-316, Flinders Medical Centre, Flinders Drive, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia, 5042, Australia
| | - G Bracho-Granado
- Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Room 5D-316, Flinders Medical Centre, Flinders Drive, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia, 5042, Australia
| | - H Jaber
- Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Room 5D-316, Flinders Medical Centre, Flinders Drive, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia, 5042, Australia
| | - J R Smith
- Eye and Vision Health, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia, 5042, Australia
| | - J M Carr
- Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Room 5D-316, Flinders Medical Centre, Flinders Drive, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia, 5042, Australia.
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Contreras D, Garcia G, Jones MK, Martinez LE, Jayakarunakaran A, Gangalapudi V, Tang J, Wu Y, Zhao JJ, Chen Z, Ramaiah A, Tsui I, Kumar A, Nielsen-Saines K, Wang S, Arumugaswami V. Differential Susceptibility of Fetal Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells, hiPSC- Retinal Stem Cells, and Retinal Organoids to Zika Virus Infection. Viruses 2023; 15:142. [PMID: 36680182 PMCID: PMC9864143 DOI: 10.3390/v15010142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) causes microcephaly and congenital eye disease. The cellular and molecular basis of congenital ZIKV infection are not well understood. Here, we utilized a biologically relevant cell-based system of human fetal retinal pigment epithelial cells (FRPEs), hiPSC-derived retinal stem cells (iRSCs), and retinal organoids to investigate ZIKV-mediated ocular cell injury processes. Our data show that FRPEs were highly susceptible to ZIKV infection exhibiting increased apoptosis, whereas iRSCs showed reduced susceptibility. Detailed transcriptomics and proteomics analyses of infected FRPEs were performed. Nucleoside analogue drug treatment inhibited ZIKV replication. Retinal organoids were susceptible to ZIKV infection. The Asian genotype ZIKV exhibited higher infectivity, induced profound inflammatory response, and dysregulated transcription factors involved in retinal organoid differentiation. Collectively, our study shows that ZIKV affects ocular cells at different developmental stages resulting in cellular injury and death, further providing molecular insight into the pathogenesis of congenital eye disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deisy Contreras
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Gustavo Garcia
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Melissa Kaye Jones
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Laura E. Martinez
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Akshaya Jayakarunakaran
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | | - Jie Tang
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ying Wu
- Alpine BioTherapeutics Corporation, 11107 Roselle Street, Suite 210, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Jiagang J. Zhao
- Alpine BioTherapeutics Corporation, 11107 Roselle Street, Suite 210, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Zhaohui Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Arunachalam Ramaiah
- Tata Institute for Genetics and Society, Center at inStem, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Irena Tsui
- Retina Division, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | | | - Shaomei Wang
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Vaithilingaraja Arumugaswami
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Novel Therapeutic Nutrients Molecules That Protect against Zika Virus Infection with a Special Note on Palmitoleate. Nutrients 2022; 15:nu15010124. [PMID: 36615782 PMCID: PMC9823984 DOI: 10.3390/nu15010124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a Flavivirus from the Flaviviridae family and a positive-sense single strand RNA virus. ZIKV infection can cause a mild infection to the mother but can be vertically transmitted to the developing fetus, causing congenital anomalies. The prevalence of ZIKV infections was relatively insignificant with sporadic outbreaks in the Asian and African continents until 2006. However, recent epidemic in the Caribbean showed significant increased incidence of Congenital Zika Syndrome. ZIKV infection results in placental pathology which plays a crucial role in disease transmission from mother to fetus. Currently, there is no Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved vaccine or therapeutic drug against ZIKV. This review article summarizes the recent advances on ZIKV transmission and diagnosis and reviews nutraceuticals which can protect against the ZIKV infection. Further, we have reviewed recent advances related to the novel therapeutic nutrient molecules that have been shown to possess activity against Zika virus infected cells. We also review the mechanism of ZIKV-induced endoplasmic reticulum and apoptosis and the protective role of palmitoleate (nutrient molecule) against ZIKV-induced ER stress and apoptosis in the placental trophoblasts.
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Pathogenesis and Manifestations of Zika Virus-Associated Ocular Diseases. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:tropicalmed7060106. [PMID: 35736984 PMCID: PMC9229560 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7060106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is mosquito-borne flavivirus that caused a significant public health concern in French Polynesia and South America. The two major complications that gained the most media attention during the ZIKV outbreak were Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) and microcephaly in newborn infants. The two modes of ZIKV transmission are the vector-borne and non-vector borne modes of transmission. Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are the most important vectors of ZIKV. ZIKV binds to surface receptors on permissive cells that support infection and replication, such as neural progenitor cells, dendritic cells, dermal fibroblasts, retinal pigment epithelial cells, endothelial cells, macrophages, epidermal keratinocytes, and trophoblasts to cause infection. The innate immune response to ZIKV infection is mediated by interferons and natural killer cells, whereas the adaptive immune response is mediated by CD8+T cells, Th1 cells, and neutralizing antibodies. The non-structural proteins of ZIKV, such as non-structural protein 5, are involved in the evasion of the host's immune defense mechanisms. Ocular manifestations of ZIKV arise from the virus' ability to cross both the blood-brain barrier and blood-retinal barrier, as well as the blood-aqueous barrier. Most notably, this results in the development of GBS, a rare neurological complication in acute ZIKV infection. This can yield ocular symptoms and signs. Additionally, infants to whom ZIKV is transmitted congenitally develop congenital Zika syndrome (CZS). The ocular manifestations are widely variable, and include nonpurulent conjunctivitis, anterior uveitis, keratitis, trabeculitis, congenital glaucoma, microphthalmia, hypoplastic optic disc, and optic nerve pallor. There are currently no FDA approved therapeutic agents for treating ZIKV infections and, as such, a meticulous ocular examination is an important aspect of the diagnosis. This review utilized several published articles regarding the ocular findings of ZIKV, antiviral immune responses to ZIKV infection, and the pathogenesis of ocular manifestations in individuals with ZIKV infection. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the viral immunology of ZIKV, interactions between ZIKV and the host's immune defense mechanism, pathological mechanisms, as well as anterior and posterior segment findings associated with ZIKV infection.
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Maleski ALA, Rosa JGS, Bernardo JTG, Astray RM, Walker CIB, Lopes-Ferreira M, Lima C. Recapitulation of Retinal Damage in Zebrafish Larvae Infected with Zika Virus. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091457. [PMID: 35563763 PMCID: PMC9100881 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish are increasingly being utilized as a model to investigate infectious diseases and to advance the understanding of pathogen–host interactions. Here, we take advantage of the zebrafish to recapitulate congenital ZIKV infection and, for the first time, demonstrate that it can be used to model infection and reinfection and monitor anti-viral and inflammatory immune responses, as well as brain growth and eye abnormalities during embryonic development. By injecting a Brazilian strain of ZIKV into the yolk sac of one-cell stage embryos, we confirmed that, after 72 h, ZIKV successfully infected larvae, and the physical condition of the virus-infected hosts included gross morphological changes in surviving embryos (84%), with a reduction in larval head size and retinal damage characterized by increased thickness of the lens and inner nuclear layer. Changes in locomotor activity and the inability to perceive visual stimuli are a result of changes in retinal morphology caused by ZIKV. Furthermore, we demonstrated the ability of ZIKV to replicate in zebrafish larvae and infect new healthy larvae, impairing their visual and neurological functions. These data reinforce the deleterious activity of ZIKV in the brain and visual structures and establish the zebrafish as a model to study the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathology of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adolfo Luis Almeida Maleski
- Immunoregulation Unit of the Laboratory of Applied Toxinology (CeTICs/FAPESP), Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (A.L.A.M.); (J.G.S.R.); (J.T.G.B.); (M.L.-F.)
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacological Studies (LABEN), Post-Graduation Program of Pharmaceutical Science, Federal University of Sergipe, São Paulo 05503-009, Brazil;
| | - Joao Gabriel Santos Rosa
- Immunoregulation Unit of the Laboratory of Applied Toxinology (CeTICs/FAPESP), Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (A.L.A.M.); (J.G.S.R.); (J.T.G.B.); (M.L.-F.)
| | - Jefferson Thiago Gonçalves Bernardo
- Immunoregulation Unit of the Laboratory of Applied Toxinology (CeTICs/FAPESP), Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (A.L.A.M.); (J.G.S.R.); (J.T.G.B.); (M.L.-F.)
| | | | - Cristiani Isabel Banderó Walker
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacological Studies (LABEN), Post-Graduation Program of Pharmaceutical Science, Federal University of Sergipe, São Paulo 05503-009, Brazil;
| | - Monica Lopes-Ferreira
- Immunoregulation Unit of the Laboratory of Applied Toxinology (CeTICs/FAPESP), Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (A.L.A.M.); (J.G.S.R.); (J.T.G.B.); (M.L.-F.)
| | - Carla Lima
- Immunoregulation Unit of the Laboratory of Applied Toxinology (CeTICs/FAPESP), Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (A.L.A.M.); (J.G.S.R.); (J.T.G.B.); (M.L.-F.)
- Correspondence:
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10
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Beckman D, Seelke AMH, Bennett J, Dougherty P, Van Rompay KKA, Keesler R, Pesavento PA, Coffey LLA, Morrison JH, Bliss-Moreau E. Neuroanatomical abnormalities in a nonhuman primate model of congenital Zika virus infection. eLife 2022; 11:64734. [PMID: 35261339 PMCID: PMC8906804 DOI: 10.7554/elife.64734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated neuropathological consequences of fetal ZIKV exposure in rhesus monkeys, a translatable animal model for human neural development, by carrying out quantitative neuroanatomical analyses of the nearly full-term brains of fetuses infected with ZIKV and procedure-matched controls. For each animal, a complete cerebral hemisphere was evaluated using immunohistochemical (IHC) and neuroanatomical techniques to detect virus, identify affected cell types, and evaluate gross neuroanatomical abnormalities. IHC staining revealed the presence of ZIKV in the frontal lobe, which contained activated microglia and showed increased apoptosis of immature neurons. ZIKV-infected animals exhibited macrostructural changes within the visual pathway. Regional differences tracked with the developmental timing of the brain, suggesting inflammatory processes related to viral infiltration swept through the cortex, followed by a wave of cell death resulting in morphological changes. These findings may help explain why some infants born with normal sized heads during the ZIKV epidemic manifest developmental challenges as they age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Beckman
- California National Primate Research Center, UC Davis, Davis, United States
| | - Adele M H Seelke
- California National Primate Research Center, UC Davis, Davis, United States.,Department of Psychology, UC Davis, Davis, United States
| | - Jeffrey Bennett
- California National Primate Research Center, UC Davis, Davis, United States.,Department of Psychology, UC Davis, Davis, United States
| | - Paige Dougherty
- California National Primate Research Center, UC Davis, Davis, United States.,Department of Psychology, UC Davis, Davis, United States
| | - Koen K A Van Rompay
- California National Primate Research Center, UC Davis, Davis, United States.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, United States
| | - Rebekah Keesler
- California National Primate Research Center, UC Davis, Davis, United States
| | - Patricia A Pesavento
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, United States
| | - Lark L A Coffey
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, United States
| | - John H Morrison
- California National Primate Research Center, UC Davis, Davis, United States.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, United States
| | - Eliza Bliss-Moreau
- California National Primate Research Center, UC Davis, Davis, United States.,Department of Psychology, UC Davis, Davis, United States
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11
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Westrich JA, McNulty EE, Edmonds MJ, Nalls AV, Miller MR, Foy BD, Rovnak J, Perera R, Mathiason CK. Characterization of subclinical ZIKV infection in immune-competent guinea pigs and mice. J Gen Virol 2021; 102. [PMID: 34410903 PMCID: PMC8513637 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
An infectious agent’s pathogenic and transmission potential is heavily influenced by early events during the asymptomatic or subclinical phase of disease. During this phase, the presence of infectious agent may be relatively low. An important example of this is Zika virus (ZIKV), which can cross the placenta and infect the foetus, even in mothers with subclinical infections. These subclinical infections represent roughly 80 % of all human infections. Initial ZIKV pathogenesis studies were performed in type I interferon receptor (IFNAR) knockout mice. Blunting the interferon response resulted in robust infectivity, and increased the utility of mice to model ZIKV infections. However, due to the removal of the interferon response, the use of these models impedes full characterization of immune responses to ZIKV-related pathologies. Moreover, IFNAR-deficient models represent severe disease whereas less is known regarding subclinical infections. Investigation of the anti-viral immune response elicited at the maternal-foetal interface is critical to fully understand mechanisms involved in foetal infection, foetal development, and disease processes recognized to occur during subclinical maternal infections. Thus, immunocompetent experimental models that recapitulate natural infections are needed. We have established subclinical intravaginal ZIKV infections in mice and guinea pigs. We found that these infections resulted in: the presence of both ZIKV RNA transcripts and infectious virus in maternal and placental tissues, establishment of foetal infections and ZIKV-mediated CXCL10 expression. These models will aid in discerning the mechanisms of subclinical ZIKV mother-to-offspring transmission, and by extension can be used to investigate other maternal infections that impact foetal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Westrich
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Erin E McNulty
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Marisa J Edmonds
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Amy V Nalls
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Megan R Miller
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Brian D Foy
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Joel Rovnak
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Rushika Perera
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Candace K Mathiason
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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12
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Ryan FJ, Carr JM, Furtado JM, Ma Y, Ashander LM, Simões M, Oliver GF, Granado GB, Dawson AC, Michael MZ, Appukuttan B, Lynn DJ, Smith JR. Zika Virus Infection of Human Iris Pigment Epithelial Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:644153. [PMID: 33968035 PMCID: PMC8100333 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.644153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During recent Zika epidemics, adults infected with Zika virus (ZIKV) have developed organ-specific inflammatory complications. The most serious Zika-associated inflammatory eye disease is uveitis, which is commonly anterior in type, affecting both eyes and responding to corticosteroid eye drops. Mechanisms of Zika-associated anterior uveitis are unknown, but ZIKV has been identified in the aqueous humor of affected individuals. The iris pigment epithelium is a target cell population in viral anterior uveitis, and it acts to maintain immune privilege within the anterior eye. Interactions between ZIKV and human iris pigment epithelial cells were investigated with infectivity assays and RNA-sequencing. Primary cell isolates were prepared from eyes of 20 cadaveric donors, and infected for 24 hours with PRVABC59 strain ZIKV or incubated uninfected as control. Cytoimmunofluorescence, RT-qPCR on total cellular RNA, and focus-forming assays of culture supernatant showed cell isolates were permissive to infection, and supported replication and release of infectious ZIKV. To explore molecular responses of cell isolates to ZIKV infection at the whole transcriptome level, RNA was sequenced on the Illumina NextSeq 500 platform, and results were aligned to the human GRCh38 genome. Multidimensional scaling showed clear separation between transcriptomes of infected and uninfected cell isolates. Differential expression analysis indicated a vigorous molecular response of the cell to ZIKV: 7,935 genes were differentially expressed between ZIKV-infected and uninfected cells (FDR < 0.05), and 99% of 613 genes that changed at least two-fold were up-regulated. Reactome and KEGG pathway and Gene Ontology enrichment analyses indicated strong activation of viral recognition and defense, in addition to biosynthesis processes. A CHAT network included 6275 molecular nodes and 24 contextual hubs in the cell response to ZIKV infection. Receptor-interacting serine/threonine kinase 1 (RIPK1) was the most significantly connected contextual hub. Correlation of gene expression with read counts assigned to the ZIKV genome identified a negative correlation between interferon signaling and viral load across isolates. This work represents the first investigation of mechanisms of Zika-associated anterior uveitis using an in vitro human cell model. The results suggest the iris pigment epithelium mounts a molecular response that limits intraocular pathology in most individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feargal J Ryan
- Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jillian M Carr
- Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - João M Furtado
- Ophthalmology Division, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Yuefang Ma
- Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Liam M Ashander
- Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Milena Simões
- Ophthalmology Division, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Genevieve F Oliver
- Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - G Bracho Granado
- Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Abby C Dawson
- Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Michael Z Michael
- Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Binoy Appukuttan
- Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - David J Lynn
- Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Justine R Smith
- Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
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13
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Mamaeva D, Jazouli Z, DiFrancesco ML, Erkilic N, Dubois G, Hilaire C, Meunier I, Boukhaddaoui H, Kalatzis V. Novel roles for voltage-gated T-type Ca 2+ and ClC-2 channels in phagocytosis and angiogenic factor balance identified in human iPSC-derived RPE. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21406. [PMID: 33724552 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002754r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Human-induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a powerful tool for pathophysiological studies and preclinical therapeutic screening, as well as a source for clinical cell transplantation. Thus, it must be validated for maturity and functionality to ensure correct data readouts and clinical safety. Previous studies have validated hiPSC-derived RPE as morphologically characteristic of the tissue in the human eye. However, information concerning the expression and functionality of ion channels is still limited. We screened hiPSC-derived RPE for the polarized expression of a panel of L-type (CaV 1.1, CaV 1.3) and T-type (CaV 3.1, CaV 3.3) Ca2+ channels, K+ channels (Maxi-K, Kir4.1, Kir7.1), and the Cl- channel ClC-2 known to be expressed in native RPE. We also tested the roles of these channels in key RPE functions using specific inhibitors. In addition to confirming the native expression profiles and function of certain channels, such as L-type Ca2+ channels, we show for the first time that T-type Ca2+ channels play a role in both phagocytosis and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion. Moreover, we demonstrate that Maxi-K and Kir7.1 channels are involved in the polarized secretion of VEGF and pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF). Furthermore, we show a novel localization for ClC-2 channel on the apical side of hiPSC-derived RPE, with an overexpression at the level of fluid-filled domes, and demonstrate that it plays an important role in phagocytosis, as well as VEGF and PEDF secretion. Taken together, hiPSC-derived RPE is a powerful model for advancing fundamental knowledge of RPE functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Mamaeva
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, Inserm, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Zhour Jazouli
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, Inserm, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Mattia L DiFrancesco
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, Inserm, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Nejla Erkilic
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, Inserm, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France.,National Reference Centre for Inherited Sensory Diseases, Montpellier University, CHU, Montpellier, France
| | - Gregor Dubois
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, Inserm, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Cecile Hilaire
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, Inserm, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Isabelle Meunier
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, Inserm, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France.,National Reference Centre for Inherited Sensory Diseases, Montpellier University, CHU, Montpellier, France
| | - Hassan Boukhaddaoui
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, Inserm, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Vasiliki Kalatzis
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, Inserm, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
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14
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Castanospermine reduces Zika virus infection-associated seizure by inhibiting both the viral load and inflammation in mouse models. Antiviral Res 2020; 183:104935. [PMID: 32949636 PMCID: PMC7492813 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreaks have been reported worldwide, including a recent occurrence in Brazil where it spread rapidly, and an association with increased cases of microcephaly was observed in addition to neurological issues such as GBS that were reported during previous outbreaks. Following infection of neuronal tissues, ZIKV can cause inflammation, which may lead to neuronal abnormalities, including seizures and paralysis. Therefore, a drug containing both anti-viral and immunosuppressive properties would be of great importance in combating ZIKV related neurological abnormalities. Castanospermine (CST) is potentially a right candidate drug as it reduced viral load and brain inflammation with the resulting appearance of delayed neuronal disorders, including seizures and paralysis in an Ifnar1−/− mouse. Anti-ZIKV activity of castanospermine (CST) In vivo and in vitro. CST reduces ZIKV induced inflammation of brain. CST delays the ZIKV induced seizure and improves neuronal disorders such as motor function. CST gives marginal improvement in survivability in Ifnar1−/− mice.
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15
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Beaver JT, Mills LK, Swieboda D, Lelutiu N, Esser ES, Antao OQ, Scountzou E, Williams DT, Papaioannou N, Littauer EQ, Romanyuk A, Compans RW, Prausnitz MR, Skountzou I. Cutaneous vaccination ameliorates Zika virus-induced neuro-ocular pathology via reduction of anti-ganglioside antibodies. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 16:2072-2091. [PMID: 32758106 PMCID: PMC7553697 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1775460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) causes moderate to severe neuro-ocular sequelae, with symptoms ranging from conjunctivitis to Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS). Despite the international threat ZIKV poses, no licensed vaccine exists. As ZIKV and DENV are closely related, antibodies against one virus have demonstrated the ability to enhance the other. To examine if vaccination can confer robust, long-term protection against ZIKV, preventing neuro-ocular pathology and long-term inflammation in immune-privileged compartments, BALB/c mice received two doses of unadjuvanted inactivated whole ZIKV vaccine (ZVIP) intramuscularly (IM) or cutaneously with dissolving microneedle patches (MNP). MNP immunization induced significantly higher B and T cell responses compared to IM vaccination, resulting in increased antibody titers with greater avidity for ZPIV as well as increased numbers of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL- and IL-4 secreting T cells. When compared to IM vaccination, antibodies generated by cutaneous vaccination demonstrated greater neutralization activity, increased cross-reactivity with Asian and African lineage ZIKV strains (PRVABC59, FLR, and MR766) and Dengue virus (DENV) serotypes, limited ADE, and lower reactivity to GBS-associated gangliosides. MNP vaccination effectively controlled viremia and inflammation, preventing neuro-ocular pathology. Conversely, IM vaccination exacerbated ocular pathology, resulting in uncontrolled, long-term inflammation. Importantly, neuro-ocular pathology correlated with anti-ganglioside antibodies implicated in demyelination and GBS. This study highlights the importance of longevity studies in ZIKV immunization, and the need of exploring alternative vaccination platforms to improve the quality of vaccine-induced immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T Beaver
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lisa K Mills
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dominika Swieboda
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nadia Lelutiu
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Edward S Esser
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Olivia Q Antao
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Dahnide T Williams
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nikolaos Papaioannou
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Pathologic Anatomy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Greece
| | - Elizabeth Q Littauer
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Andrey Romanyuk
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Richard W Compans
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mark R Prausnitz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ioanna Skountzou
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, GA, USA
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16
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Beaver JT, Mills LK, Swieboda D, Lelutiu N, Esser ES, Antao OQ, Scountzou E, Williams DT, Papaioannou N, Littauer EQ, Skountzou I. Zika virus-induced neuro-ocular pathology in immunocompetent mice correlates with anti-ganglioside autoantibodies. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 16:2092-2108. [PMID: 32758108 PMCID: PMC7553712 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1775459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A severe consequence of adult Zika virus (ZIKV) infection is Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS), where autoreactive antibodies attack peripheral and central nervous systems (CNS) resulting in neuro-ocular pathology and fatal complications. During virally induced GBS, autoimmune brain demyelination and macular degeneration correlate with low virus neutralization and elevated antibody-mediated infection among Fcγ-R bearing cells. The use of interferon-deficient mice for ZIKV studies limits elucidation of antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) and long-term pathology (≥120 days), due to high lethality post-infection. Here we used immunocompetent BALB/c mice, which generate robust humoral immune responses, to investigate long-term impacts of ZIKV infection. A high infectious dose (1x106 FFU per mouse) of ZIKV was administered intravenously. Control animals received a single dose of anti-IFNAR blocking monoclonal antibody and succumbed to lethal neurological pathology within 13 days. Immunocompetent mice exhibited motor impairment such as arthralgia, as well as ocular inflammation resulting in retinal vascular damage, and corneal edema. This pathology persisted 100 days after infection with evidence of chronic inflammation in immune-privileged tissues, demyelination in the hippocampus and motor cortex regions of the brain, and retinal/corneal hyperplasia. Anti-inflammatory transcriptional responses were tissue-specific, likely contributing to differential pathology in these organs. Pathology in immunocompetent animals coincided with weakly neutralizing antibodies and increased ADE among ZIKV strains (PRVABC59, FLR, and MR766) and all Dengue virus (DENV) serotypes. These antibodies were autoreactive to GBS-associated gangliosides. This study highlights the importance of longevity studies in ZIKV infection and confirms the role of anti-ganglioside antibodies in ZIKV-induced neuro-ocular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T Beaver
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lisa K Mills
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dominika Swieboda
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nadia Lelutiu
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Edward S Esser
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Olivia Q Antao
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Dahnide T Williams
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nikolaos Papaioannou
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Elizabeth Q Littauer
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ioanna Skountzou
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, GA, USA
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17
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Zika Virus Infection Promotes Local Inflammation, Cell Adhesion Molecule Upregulation, and Leukocyte Recruitment at the Blood-Brain Barrier. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.01183-20. [PMID: 32753493 PMCID: PMC7407083 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01183-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) largely prevents toxins and pathogens from accessing the brain. Some viruses have the ability to cross this barrier and replicate in the central nervous system (CNS). Zika virus (ZIKV) was responsible in 2015 to 2016 for a major epidemic in South America and was associated in some cases with neurological impairments. Here, we characterized some of the mechanisms behind its neuroinvasion using an innovative in vitro human BBB model. ZIKV efficiently replicated, was released on the BBB parenchyma side, and triggered subtle modulation of BBB integrity as well as an upregulation of inflammatory and cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), which in turn favored leukocyte recruitment. Finally, we showed that ZIKV-infected mouse models displayed similar CAM upregulation and that soluble CAMs were increased in plasma samples from ZIKV-infected patients. Our observations suggest a complex interplay between ZIKV and the BBB, which may trigger local inflammation, leukocyte recruitment, and possible cerebral vasculature impairment.IMPORTANCE Zika virus (ZIKV) can be associated with neurological impairment in children and adults. To reach the central nervous system, viruses have to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a multicellular system allowing a tight separation between the bloodstream and the brain. Here, we show that ZIKV infects cells of the BBB and triggers a subtle change in its permeability. Moreover, ZIKV infection leads to the production of inflammatory molecules known to modulate BBB integrity and participate in immune cell attraction. The virus also led to the upregulation of cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs), which in turn favored immune cell binding to the BBB and potentially increased infiltration into the brain. These results were also observed in a mouse model of ZIKV infection. Furthermore, plasma samples from ZIKV-infected patients displayed an increase in CAMs, suggesting that this mechanism could be involved in neuroinflammation triggered by ZIKV.
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18
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García CC, Vázquez CA, Giovannoni F, Russo CA, Cordo SM, Alaimo A, Damonte EB. Cellular Organelles Reorganization During Zika Virus Infection of Human Cells. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1558. [PMID: 32774331 PMCID: PMC7381349 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an enveloped positive stranded RNA virus belonging to the genus Flavivirus in the family Flaviviridae that emerged in recent decades causing pandemic outbreaks of human infections occasionally associated with severe neurological disorders in adults and newborns. The intracellular steps of flavivirus multiplication are associated to cellular membranes and their bound organelles leading to an extensive host cell reorganization. Importantly, the association of organelle dysfunction with diseases caused by several human viruses has been widely reported in recent studies. With the aim to increase the knowledge about the impact of ZIKV infection on the host cell functions, the present study was focused on the evaluation of the reorganization of three cell components, promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies (PML-NBs), mitochondria, and lipid droplets (LDs). Relevant human cell lines including neural progenitor cells (NPCs), hepatic Huh-7, and retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells were infected with the Argentina INEVH116141 ZIKV strain and the organelle alterations were studied by using fluorescent cell imaging analysis. Our results have shown that these three organelles are targeted and structurally modified during ZIKV infection. Considering the nuclear reorganization, the analysis by confocal microscopy of infected cells showed a significantly reduced number of PML-NBs in comparison to uninfected cells. Moreover, a mitochondrial morphodynamic perturbation with an increased fragmentation and the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential was observed in ZIKV infected RPE cells. Regarding lipid structures, a decrease in the number and volume of LDs was observed in ZIKV infected cells. Given the involvement of these organelles in host defense processes, the reported perturbations may be related to enhanced virus replication through protection from innate immunity. The understanding of the cellular remodeling will enable the design of new host-targeted antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cybele C García
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cecilia A Vázquez
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico Giovannoni
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Constanza A Russo
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sandra M Cordo
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agustina Alaimo
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Elsa B Damonte
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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19
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Study of Usutu virus neuropathogenicity in mice and human cellular models. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008223. [PMID: 32324736 PMCID: PMC7179837 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Usutu virus (USUV), an African mosquito-borne flavivirus closely related to West Nile virus, was first isolated in South Africa in 1959. USUV emerged in Europe two decades ago, causing notably massive mortality in Eurasian blackbirds. USUV is attracting increasing attention due to its potential for emergence and its rapid spread in Europe in recent years. Although mainly asymptomatic or responsible for mild clinical signs, USUV was recently described as being associated with neurological disorders in humans such as encephalitis and meningoencephalitis, highlighting the potential health threat posed by the virus. Despite this, USUV pathogenesis remains largely unexplored. The aim of this study was to evaluate USUV neuropathogenicity using in vivo and in vitro approaches. Our results indicate that USUV efficiently replicates in the murine central nervous system. Replication in the spinal cord and brain is associated with recruitment of inflammatory cells and the release of inflammatory molecules as well as induction of antiviral-responses without major modulation of blood-brain barrier integrity. Endothelial cells integrity is also maintained in a human model of the blood-brain barrier despite USUV replication and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, USUV-inoculated mice developed major ocular defects associated with inflammation. Moreover, USUV efficiently replicates in human retinal pigment epithelium. Our results will help to better characterize the physiopathology related to USUV infection in order to anticipate the potential threat of USUV emergence. Number of emerging arboviruses involved in human infections has increased considerably in the past years. Among them, Usutu virus (USUV) is an African mosquito-borne virus first isolated in South Africa that recently emerged. USUV infection in humans is considered to be most often asymptomatic or to cause mild clinical signs. Nonetheless, increased cases of neurological complications such as encephalitis or meningoencephalitis have been reported in Europe but the mechanisms behind this neuropathogenesis remain largely unclear. In this study we showed that USUV can infect efficiently several organs and cells of the central nervous system associated with a drastic inflammation and various deleterious effects. Our results contribute to the characterization of the neurotropism related to USUV infection.
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20
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Claus C, Jung M, Hübschen JM. Pluripotent Stem Cell-Based Models: A Peephole into Virus Infections during Early Pregnancy. Cells 2020; 9:E542. [PMID: 32110999 PMCID: PMC7140399 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The rubella virus (RV) was the first virus shown to be teratogenic in humans. The wealth of data on the clinical symptoms associated with congenital rubella syndrome is in stark contrast to an incomplete understanding of the forces leading to the teratogenic alterations in humans. This applies not only to RV, but also to congenital viral infections in general and includes (1) the mode of vertical transmission, even at early gestation, (2) the possible involvement of inflammation as a consequence of an activated innate immune response, and (3) the underlying molecular and cellular alterations. With the progress made in the development of pluripotent stem cell-based models including organoids and embryoids, it is now possible to assess congenital virus infections on a mechanistic level. Moreover, antiviral treatment options can be validated, and newly emerging viruses with a potential impact on human embryonal development, such as that recently reflected by the Zika virus (ZIKV), can be characterized. Here, we discuss human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and ZIKV in comparison to RV as viruses with well-known congenital pathologies and highlight their analysis on current models for the early phase of human development. This includes the implications of their genetic variability and, as such, virus strain-specific properties for their use as archetype models for congenital virus infections. In this review, we will discuss the use of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) and derived organoid systems for the study of congenital virus infections with a focus on their prominent aetiologies, HCMV, ZIKV, and RV. Their assessment on these models will provide valuable information on how human development is impaired by virus infections; it will also add new insights into the normal progression of human development through the analysis of developmental pathways in the context of virus-induced alterations. These are exciting perspectives for both developmental biology and congenital virology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Claus
- Institute of Virology, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Jung
- University Clinic and Outpatient Clinic for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatic Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06112 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Judith M Hübschen
- Infectious Diseases Research Unit, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
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21
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Discovery and development of safe-in-man broad-spectrum antiviral agents. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 93:268-276. [PMID: 32081774 PMCID: PMC7128205 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We reviewed the discovery and development process of broad-spectrum antiviral agents. We summarized the information on 120 safe-in-man agents in a freely accessible database. Further studies will increase the number of broad-spectrum antivirals, expand the spectrum of their indications, and identify drug combinations for treatment of emerging and re-emerging viral infections.
Viral diseases are one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the world. Virus-specific vaccines and antiviral drugs are the most powerful tools to combat viral diseases. However, broad-spectrum antiviral agents (BSAAs, i.e. compounds targeting viruses belonging to two or more viral families) could provide additional protection of the general population from emerging and re-emerging viral diseases, reinforcing the arsenal of available antiviral options. Here, we review discovery and development of BSAAs and summarize the information on 120 safe-in-man agents in a freely accessible database (https://drugvirus.info/). Future and ongoing pre-clinical and clinical studies will increase the number of BSAAs, expand the spectrum of their indications, and identify drug combinations for treatment of emerging and re-emerging viral infections as well as co-infections.
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22
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Tan MJA, Chan KWK, Ng IHW, Kong SYZ, Gwee CP, Watanabe S, Vasudevan SG. The Potential Role of the ZIKV NS5 Nuclear Spherical-Shell Structures in Cell Type-Specific Host Immune Modulation during ZIKV Infection. Cells 2019; 8:cells8121519. [PMID: 31779251 PMCID: PMC6953166 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Zika virus (ZIKV) non-structural protein 5 (NS5) plays multiple viral and cellular roles during infection, with its primary role in virus RNA replication taking place in the cytoplasm. However, immunofluorescence assay studies have detected the presence of ZIKV NS5 in unique spherical shell-like structures in the nuclei of infected cells, suggesting potentially important cellular roles of ZIKV NS5 in the nucleus. Hence ZIKV NS5′s subcellular distribution and localization must be tightly regulated during ZIKV infection. Both ZIKV NS5 expression or ZIKV infection antagonizes type I interferon signaling, and induces a pro-inflammatory transcriptional response in a cell type-specific manner, but the mechanisms involved and the role of nuclear ZIKV NS5 in these cellular functions has not been elucidated. Intriguingly, these cells originate from the brain and placenta, which are also organs that exhibit a pro-inflammatory signature and are known sites of pathogenesis during ZIKV infection in animal models and humans. Here, we discuss the regulation of the subcellular localization of the ZIKV NS5 protein, and its putative role in the induction of an inflammatory response and the occurrence of pathology in specific organs during ZIKV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jie Alvin Tan
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Kitti Wing Ki Chan
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Ivan H. W. Ng
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Sean Yao Zu Kong
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Chin Piaw Gwee
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Satoru Watanabe
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Subhash G. Vasudevan
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117545, Singapore
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland 4022, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +65-6516-6718
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23
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Erkilic N, Gatinois V, Torriano S, Bouret P, Sanjurjo-Soriano C, Luca VD, Damodar K, Cereso N, Puechberty J, Sanchez-Alcudia R, Hamel CP, Ayuso C, Meunier I, Pellestor F, Kalatzis V. A Novel Chromosomal Translocation Identified due to Complex Genetic Instability in iPSC Generated for Choroideremia. Cells 2019; 8:cells8091068. [PMID: 31514470 PMCID: PMC6770680 DOI: 10.3390/cells8091068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have revolutionized the study of human diseases as they can renew indefinitely, undergo multi-lineage differentiation, and generate disease-specific models. However, the difficulty of working with iPSCs is that they are prone to genetic instability. Furthermore, genetically unstable iPSCs are often discarded, as they can have unforeseen consequences on pathophysiological or therapeutic read-outs. We generated iPSCs from two brothers of a previously unstudied family affected with the inherited retinal dystrophy choroideremia. We detected complex rearrangements involving chromosomes 12, 20 and/or 5 in the generated iPSCs. Suspecting an underlying chromosomal aberration, we performed karyotype analysis of the original fibroblasts, and of blood cells from additional family members. We identified a novel chromosomal translocation t(12;20)(q24.3;q11.2) segregating in this family. We determined that the translocation was balanced and did not impact subsequent retinal differentiation. We show for the first time that an undetected genetic instability in somatic cells can breed further instability upon reprogramming. Therefore, the detection of chromosomal aberrations in iPSCs should not be disregarded, as they may reveal rearrangements segregating in families. Furthermore, as such rearrangements are often associated with reproductive failure or birth defects, this in turn has important consequences for genetic counseling of family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nejla Erkilic
- Inserm U1051, Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, 34091 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France
- University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Gatinois
- Chromosomal Genetics Unit, Chromostem Platform, CHU, Montpellier, France
| | - Simona Torriano
- Inserm U1051, Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, 34091 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France
- University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Pauline Bouret
- Chromosomal Genetics Unit, Chromostem Platform, CHU, Montpellier, France
| | - Carla Sanjurjo-Soriano
- Inserm U1051, Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, 34091 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France
- University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Valerie De Luca
- Inserm U1051, Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, 34091 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France
- University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Krishna Damodar
- Inserm U1051, Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, 34091 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France
- University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Cereso
- Inserm U1051, Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, 34091 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France
- University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Jacques Puechberty
- Service of Clinical Genetics, Department of Medical Genetics, Rare Diseases and Personalized Medicine, CHU, Montpellier, France
| | - Rocio Sanchez-Alcudia
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Sanitary Investigation, Foundation Jimenez Diaz, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Christian P Hamel
- Inserm U1051, Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, 34091 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France
- University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
- National Reference Centre for Inherited Sensory Diseases, CHU, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Carmen Ayuso
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Sanitary Investigation, Foundation Jimenez Diaz, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabelle Meunier
- Inserm U1051, Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, 34091 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France
- University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
- National Reference Centre for Inherited Sensory Diseases, CHU, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Franck Pellestor
- Chromosomal Genetics Unit, Chromostem Platform, CHU, Montpellier, France
| | - Vasiliki Kalatzis
- Inserm U1051, Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, 34091 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France.
- University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France.
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Singh PK, Kasetti RB, Zode GS, Goyal A, Juzych MS, Kumar A. Zika Virus Infects Trabecular Meshwork and Causes Trabeculitis and Glaucomatous Pathology in Mouse Eyes. mSphere 2019; 4:e00173-19. [PMID: 31068433 PMCID: PMC6506617 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00173-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection during pregnancy leads to devastating fetal outcomes, including neurological (microcephaly) and ocular pathologies such as retinal lesions, optic nerve abnormalities, chorioretinal atrophy, and congenital glaucoma. Only clinical case reports have linked ZIKV infection to causing glaucoma, a major blinding eye disease. In the present study, we have investigated the role of ZIKV in glaucoma pathophysiology using in vitro and in vivo experimental models. We showed that human primary trabecular meshwork (Pr. TM) cells, as well as a human GTM3 cell line, were permissive to ZIKV infection. ZIKV induced the transcription of various genes expressing pattern recognition receptors (TLR2, TLR3, and RIG-I), cytokines/chemokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, CCL5, and CXCL10), interferons (IFN-α2, IFN-β1, and IFN-γ), and interferon-stimulated genes (ISG15 and OAS2) in Pr. TM cells. ZIKV infection in IFNAR1-/- and wild-type (WT) mouse eyes resulted in increased intraocular pressure (IOP) and the development of chorioretinal atrophy. Anterior chamber (AC) inoculation of ZIKV caused infectivity in iridocorneal angle and TM, leading to the death of TM cells in the mouse eyes. Moreover, anterior segment tissue of infected eyes exhibited increased expression of inflammatory mediators and interferons. Furthermore, ZIKV infection in IFNAR1-/- mice resulted in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death and loss, coinciding with optic nerve infectivity and disruption of anterograde axonal transport. Because of similarity in glaucomatous pathologies in our study and other experimental glaucoma models, ZIKV infection can be used to study infectious triggers of glaucoma, currently an understudied area of investigation.IMPORTANCE Ocular complications due to ZIKV infection remains a major public health concern because of their ability to cause visual impairment or blindness. Most of the previous studies have shown ZIKV-induced ocular pathology in the posterior segment (i.e., retina) of the eye. However, some recent clinical reports from affected countries highlighted the importance of ZIKV in affecting the anterior segment of the eye and causing congenital glaucoma. Because glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness worldwide, it is imperative to study ZIKV infection in causing glaucoma to identify potential targets for therapeutic intervention. In this study, we discovered that ZIKV permissively infects human TM cells and evokes inflammatory responses causing trabeculitis. Using a mouse model, we demonstrated that ZIKV infection resulted in higher IOP, increased RGC loss, and optic nerve abnormalities, the classical hallmarks of glaucoma. Collectively, our study provides new insights into ocular ZIKV infection resulting in glaucomatous pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Kumar Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences/Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Ramesh B Kasetti
- The North Texas Eye Research Institute and the Department of Pharmacology and Neurosciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Gulab S Zode
- The North Texas Eye Research Institute and the Department of Pharmacology and Neurosciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Anju Goyal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences/Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Mark S Juzych
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences/Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences/Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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25
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Interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) restricts Zika virus replication in primary human corneal epithelial cells. Ocul Surf 2019; 17:551-559. [PMID: 30905842 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Zika virus (ZIKV) has emerged as an important human pathogen causing ocular complications. There have been reports of the shedding of ZIKV in human as well as animal tears. In this study, we investigated the infectivity of ZIKV in corneal epithelial cells and their antiviral immune response. METHODS Primary human corneal epithelial cells (Pr. HCECs) and an immortalized cell line (HUCL) were infected with two different strains of ZIKV (PRVABC59 & BeH823339) or dengue virus (DENV, serotypes 1-4). Viral infectivity was assessed by immunostaining of viral antigen and plaque assay. qRT-PCR and immunoblot analyses were used to assess the expression of innate inflammatory and antiviral genes. Supplementation of recombinant ISG15 (rISG15) and gene silencing approaches were used to elucidate the role of ISG15 in corneal antiviral defense. RESULTS Pr. HCECs, but not the HUCL cells, were permissive to both ZIKV strains and specifically to DENV3 infection. ZIKV induced the expression of viral recognition receptors (TLR3, RIG-I, &MDA5), and genes involved in inflammatory (CXCL10 & CCL5) and antiviral (IFNs, MX1, OAS2, ISG15) responses in Pr. HCECs. Furthermore, ZIKV infection caused Pr. HCECs cell death, as evidenced by TUNEL staining. Silencing of ISG15 increased ZIKV infectivity while supplementation with rISG15 reduced ZIKV infection by direct inactivation of ZIKV and inhibiting its entry. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates for the first time, that ZIKV can readily infect and replicate in Pr. HCECs. Therefore, ZIKV may persist in the cornea and pose the potential risk of transmission via corneal transplantation.
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