MiR-652-3p inhibition enhances endothelial repair and reduces atherosclerosis by promoting Cyclin D2 expression

Circ_0002331 Interacts with ELAVL1 to Improve ox-LDL-Induced Vascular Endothelial Cell Dysfunction via Regulating CCND2 mRNA Stability

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been discovered to serve as vital regulators in atherosclerosis (AS). However, the role and mechanism of circ_0002331 in AS process are still unclear. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated with ox-LDL to establish an in vitro model for AS. The expression levels of circ_0002331, Cyclin D2 (CCND2) and ELAVL1 were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR. Cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion and angiogenesis were assessed by EdU assay, flow cytometry, transwell assay and tube formation assay. The protein levels of CCND2, ELAVL1, and autophagy-related markers were detected using western blot analysis. IL-8 level was analyzed by ELISA. The relationship between ELAVL1 and circ_0002331 or CCND2 was analyzed by RIP assay and RNA pull-down assay. Moreover, FISH assay was used to analyze the co-localization of ELAVL1 and CCND2 in HUVECs. Our data showed that circ_0002331 was obviously downregulated in AS patients and ox-LDL-induced HUVECs. Overexpression of circ_0002331 could promote proliferation, migration, invasion and angiogenesis, while inhibit apoptosis, autophagy and inflammation in ox-LDL-induced HUVECs. Furthermore, CCND2 was positively regulated by circ_0002331, and circ_0002331 could bind with ELAVL1 to promote CCND2 mRNA stability. Besides, CCND2 overexpression suppressed ox-LDL-induced HUVECs dysfunction, and its knockdown also reversed the regulation of circ_0002331 on ox-LDL-induced HUVECs dysfunction. In conclusion, circ_0002331 might be a potential target for AS treatment, which could improve ox-LDL-induced dysfunction of HUVECs via regulating CCND2 by binding with ELAVL1.

Circulating microRNA Analysis in a Prospective Co-clinical Trial Identifies MIR652-3p as a Response Biomarker and Driver of Regorafenib Resistance Mechanisms in Colorectal Cancer

PURPOSE

The multi-kinase inhibitor (mKi) regorafenib has demonstrated efficacy in chemorefractory patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). However, lack of predictive biomarkers and concerns over significant toxicities hamper the use of regorafenib in clinical practice.

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

Serial liquid biopsies were obtained at baseline and monthly until disease progression in chemorefractory patients with mCRC treated with regorafenib in a phase II clinical trial (PROSPECT-R n = 40; NCT03010722) and in a multicentric validation cohort (n = 241). Tissue biopsies collected at baseline, after 2 months and at progression in the PROSPECT-R trial were used to establish patient-derived organoids (PDO) and for molecular analyses. MicroRNA profiling was performed on baseline bloods using the NanoString nCounter platform and results were validated by digital-droplet PCR and/or ISH in paired liquid and tissue biopsies. PDOs co-cultures and PDO-xenotransplants were generated for functional analyses.

RESULTS

Large-scale microRNA expression analysis in longitudinal matched liquid and tissue biopsies from the PROSPECT-R trial identified MIR652-3p as a biomarker of clinical benefit to regorafenib. These findings were confirmed in an independent validation cohort and in a "control" group of 100 patients treated with lonsurf. Using ex vivo co-culture assays paired with single-cell RNA-sequencing of PDO established pre- and post-treatment, we modeled regorafenib response observed in vivo and in patients, and showed that MIR652-3p controls resistance to regorafenib by impairing regorafenib-induced lethal autophagy and by orchestrating the switch from neo-angiogenesis to vessel co-option.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results identify MIR652-3p as a potential biomarker and as a driver of cell and non-cell-autonomous mechanisms of resistance to regorafenib.

Identification of miRNAs Involved in Intracranial Aneurysm Rupture in Cigarette-Smoking Patients

INTRODUCTION

Smoking is an independent risk factor for the formation and rupture of intracranial aneurysms (IA). However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear.

METHODS

In this study, we performed miRNA sequencing on plasma from 10 smoking patients with IA, 10 non-smoking patients with IA, and 10 healthy controls. The differentially expressed miRNAs (DE miRNAs) between smoking and non-smoking patients with IA were identified. Functional and pathway enrichment analysis is employed to investigate the potential functions of those DE miRNA target genes. The correlations with the clinical parameters were assessed using receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis.

RESULTS

In total, we identified 428 DE miRNAs. Functional enrichment analysis showed the target genes were significantly enriched in biological aspects related to cell characteristics, such as cell cycle, cell differentiation, and cell migration. Pathway analysis showed DE miRNAs mainly enriched in the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, Focal adhesion, and JAK-STAT signaling pathway. The expressions of miR-574-5p, miR-151a-3p, and miR-652-3p correlated well with aneurysm parameters. The AUC of miR-574-5p, miR-151a-3p, and miR-652-3p were 97%, 92%, and 99%, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Our study indicated that smoking significantly altered the plasma miRNA profile in patients with IA. The expression of miR-574-5p, miR-151a-3p, and miR-652-3p correlated with aneurysm parameters, which may play a significant role in the formation and rupture of IA.

Plasma-derived exosomal let-7c-5p, miR-335-3p, and miR-652-3p as potential diagnostic biomarkers for stable coronary artery disease

Objectives: Circulating exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) have been identified as promising biomarkers for diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases. Nevertheless, the diagnostic potential of miRNAs in circulating exosomes for stable coronary artery disease (SCAD) remains unclear. We aim here to analyze the exosomal differentially expressed miRNAs (DEmiRNAs) in plasma of SCAD patients and investigate their diagnostic potential as SCAD biomarkers. Methods: Plasma was collected from SCAD patients and healthy controls, and exosomes were isolated by ultracentrifugation. Exosomal DEmiRNAs were analyzed by small RNA sequencing and were further validated by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) in a larger set of plasma samples. Relationships between plasma exosomal let-7c-5p, miR-335-3p, miR-652-3p, genders and Gensini Scores in patients with SCAD were analyzed using correlation analyses. Moreover, we conducted receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for these DEmiRNAs and analyzed their possible functions and signaling pathways. Results: Vesicles isolated from plasma displayed all characteristics of exosomes. In the small RNA sequencing study, a total of 12 DEmiRNAs were identified, among which seven were verified to be statistically significant by qRT-PCR. The areas under the ROC curves of exosomal let-7c-5p, miR-335-3p, and miR-652-3p were 0.8472, 0.8029, and 0.8009, respectively. Exosomal miR-335-3p levels were positively correlated with Gensini scores of patients with SCAD. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that these DEmiRNAs may be involved in the pathogenesis of SCAD. Conclusion: Our findings indicated that plasma exosomal let-7c-5p, miR-335-3p, and miR-652-3p can be used as promising biomarkers for diagnosis of SCAD. In addition, plasma exosomal miR-335-3p levels coordinated with severity of SCAD.

miR-216b-5p regulates proliferation and apoptosis of ox-LDL-stimulated VSMCs and HUVECs via IGF2

Atherosclerosis (AS) is one of the principal causes of cardiovascular disorder. Reportedly, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) play key roles in AS development, and microRNAs (miRNAs) regulate their functions. The function of miR-216b-5p in AS remains unknown. Human VSMCs and human HUVECs were treated with ox-LDL to establish the in vitro model of AS. MiR-216b-5p and IGF2 expressions in VSMCs and HUVECs were probed by qRT-PCR and western blot. The viability, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis of VSMCs and HUVECs were evaluated by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine, and flow cytometry assays, respectively. The binding sites between IGF2 3'UTR and miR-216b-5p were validated by dual-luciferase reporter assay. miR-216b-5p expression was declined in ox-LDL-induced VSMCs and HUVECs. In VSMCs, miR-216b-5p overexpression inhibited excessive proliferation and induced apoptosis. MiR-216b-5p could markedly restrain the viabiblity of VSMCs induced by ox-LDL and enhanced the viability of HUVECs. Additionally, IGF2 was confirmed as the direct target of miR-216b-5p and transfection of IGF2 overexpression plasmids rescued the effects of miR-216b-5p on VSMCs and HUVECs. miR-216b-5p alleviates the dysfunction of VSMCs and HUVECs caused by ox-LDL via repressing IGF2, and exerts protective functions to block the development of AS.

microRNAs Associated with Carotid Plaque Development and Vulnerability: The Clinician's Perspective

Ischemic stroke (IS) related to atherosclerosis of large arteries is one of the leading causes of mortality and disability in developed countries. Atherosclerotic internal carotid artery stenosis (ICAS) contributes to 20% of all cerebral ischemia cases. Nowadays, atherosclerosis prevention and treatment measures aim at controlling the atherosclerosis risk factors, or at the interventional (surgical or endovascular) management of mature occlusive lesions. There is a definite lack of the established circulating biomarkers which, once modulated, could prevent development of atherosclerosis, and consequently prevent the carotid-artery-related IS. Recent studies emphasize that microRNA (miRNA) are the emerging particles that could potentially play a pivotal role in this approach. There are some research studies on the association between the expression of small non-coding microRNAs with a carotid plaque development and vulnerability. However, the data remain inconsistent. In addition, all major studies on carotid atherosclerotic plaque were conducted on cell culture or animal models; very few were conducted on humans, whereas the accumulating evidence demonstrates that it cannot be automatically extrapolated to processes in humans. Therefore, this paper aims to review the current knowledge on how miRNA participate in the process of carotid plaque formation and rupture, as well as stroke occurrence. We discuss potential target miRNA that could be used as a prognostic or therapeutic tool.

SRSF1 promotes ASMC proliferation in asthma by competitively binding CCND2 with miRNA-135a

BACKGROUND

Asthma is an inflammatory syndrome characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness, bronchial inflammation, and airway remodeling. Abnormal proliferation of airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs) is the main pathological feature of asthma. This study investigated the function and mechanism of serine arginine-rich splicing factor 1 (SRSF1) in ASMC proliferation in asthma.

METHODS

SRSF1 expressions in the bronchi of ovalbumin-induced asthmatic mice and IgE-treated mouse ASMCs (mASMCs) were evaluated using quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot. The localization and expression of SRSF1 in the bronchi of asthmatic mice were assessed by immunohistochemistry. Functionally, gain- and loss-of-function assays, flow cytometry, and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assays were conducted. Mechanistically, RNA degradation assay, RNA immunoprecipitation, RNA pull-down, and dual-luciferase reporter gene assays were carried out.

RESULTS

SRSF1 was highly expressed in the bronchi of ovalbumin-induced asthma mice and IgE-treated mASMCs and was mainly located in the nucleus. Experiments on the function of SRSF1 showed that the silencing of SRSF1 induced the cell cycle of mASMC arrest and restrained mASMC proliferation. Investigations into the mechanism of SRSF1 revealed that SRSF1 and miR-135a are competitively bound to the 3'UTR region of Cyclin D2 (CCND2). SRSF1 overexpression repressed the degradation of CCND2 mRNA, and miR-135a negatively regulated CCND2 expression. Furthermore, SRSF1 knockdown inhibited ASMC proliferation in asthma mouse models by regulating the levels of miR-135a and CCND2.

CONCLUSION

SRSF1 knockdown repressed ASMC proliferation in asthma by regulating miR-135a/CCND2 levels.

Clinical Application of Serum microRNAs in Atherosclerotic Coronary Artery Disease

MicroRNAs (miRs) are promising diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic biomolecules for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Atherosclerotic occlusive disease concerns a large population of patients, carrying the highest incidence of fatal and non-fatal adverse events, such as myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, and limb ischemia, worldwide. Consistently, miRs are involved in regulation and pathogenesis of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (CAD), acute coronary syndromes (ACS), both with ST-segment (STEMI) and non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarctions (NSTEMI), as well as cardiac remodeling and fibrosis following ACS. However, the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying adverse outcomes in CAD are multifactorial, and sometimes difficult to interpret for clinicians. Therefore, in the present review paper we have focused on the clinical meaning and the interpretation of various miRs findings, and their potential application in routine clinical practice.

Inhibition of miR-652-3p Regulates Lipid Metabolism and Inflammatory Cytokine Secretion of Macrophages to Alleviate Atherosclerosis by Improving TP53 Expression

Purpose

The aim was to elucidate the regulatory function of miR-652-3p on lipid metabolism and inflammatory cytokine secretion of macrophages in atherosclerosis.

Methods

miR-652-3p level in atherosclerosis patients, ox-LDL-treated macrophages, and their controls were monitored by Q-PCR. After ox-LDL treatment and miR-652-3p mimic, si-TP53 and their controls transfection, ELISA, and Q-PCR assays were used to detect IL-1ß, IL-6, and TNF-α levels. oil red O staining was processed to verify cholesterol accumulation. CE/TC and lipid metabolism were also detected. The protein levels of ABCA1, ABCG1, PPARα, CRT1, ADRP, and ALBP were detected by western blot assay. Based on the TargetScan database, the TP53 3′UTR region had complementary bases with miR-652-3p, which was also verified by dual-luciferase reporter gene assay. Finally, the regulation of miR-652-3p and TP53 was confirmed by rescue assay in atherosclerosis.

Results

miR-652-3p is highly expressed in atherosclerosis, miR-652-3p inhibitor decreased IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α expression after ox-LDL treatment. Knockdown of miR-652-3p reduces foam formation in ox-LDL-treated macrophages. miR-652-3p inhibitor ameliorates cholesterol accumulation and lipid metabolism disorder. miR-652-3p negatively regulated TP53 in atherosclerosis. Si-TP53 rescued the effect of miR-652 inhibitor in atherosclerosis.

Conclusion

miR-652-3p regulates the lipid metabolism of macrophages to alleviate atherosclerosis by inhibiting TP53 expression. It might be a potential target for atherosclerosis treatment.

miRNA-486-5p: signaling targets and role in non-malignant disease

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs, highly conserved between species, that are powerful regulators of gene expression. Aberrant expression of miRNAs alters biological processes and pathways linked to human disease. miR-486-5p is a muscle-enriched miRNA localized to the cytoplasm and nucleus, and is highly abundant in human plasma and enriched in small extracellular vesicles. Studies of malignant and non-malignant diseases, including kidney diseases, have found correlations with circulating miR-486-5p levels, supporting its role as a potential biomarker. Pre-clinical studies of non-malignant diseases have identified miR-486-5p targets that regulate major signaling pathways involved in cellular proliferation, migration, angiogenesis, and apoptosis. Validated miR-486-5p targets include phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and FoXO1, whose suppression activates phosphatidyl inositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling. Targeting of Smad1/2/4 and IGF-1 by miR-486-5p inhibits transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) signaling, respectively. Other miR-486-5p targets include matrix metalloproteinase-19 (MMP-19), Sp5, histone acetyltransferase 1 (HAT1), and nuclear factor of activated T cells-5 (NFAT5). In this review, we examine the biogenesis, regulation, validated gene targets and biological effects of miR-486-5p in non-malignant diseases.

Hsa_circRNA_102541 regulates the development of atherosclerosis by targeting miR-296-5p/PLK1 pathway

BACKGROUND

Cardiovascular disorders pose great threat to public health. As a common type of cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis is characterized by high morbidity and mortality/recurrence rate. However, the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is complex and not fully understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the influences of hsa_circRNA_102541 (circ_102541) on proliferation and apoptosis of HUVEC cells and to identify the underlying mechanisms.

METHODS

RT-PCR was used to determine the expression levels of circ_102541, miR-296-5p, and PLK1 in atherosclerosis and healthy blood samples. Following the transfection with sh-circ_102541, LV-circ_102541, miR-296-5p mimics, miR-296-5p inhibitors, and si-PLK1, cell proliferation was evaluated using CCK8 assay; cell apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry; dual luciferase assay was performed to examine the interaction between abovementioned molecules. The levels of associated markers including PCNA and caspase-3 were assessed by western blotting and RT-qPCR.

RESULTS

The expression of circRNA_102541 and PLK1 were significantly elevated in atherosclerosis specimens, where the level of miR-296-5p was reduced. Furthermore, circRNA_102541 could bind miR-296-5p and subsequently target PLK1. Following treatment with sh-circRNA_102541 or miR-296-5p mimics, proliferative ability and levels of PCNA were remarkably reduced in HUVEC cells, while apoptosis was significantly enhanced. Co-transfection with miR-296-5p mimics abrogated the effects induced by the overexpressed circ_102541. Additionally, treatment with si-PLK1 attenuated the biological behavior changes caused by miR-296-5p inhibitors in HUVEC cells. Moreover, transfection with LV-PLK1 reversed the effects triggered by miR-296-5p mimics.

CONCLUSION

Taken together, circRNA_102541 was upregulated in atherosclerosis, and knockdown of circRNA_102541 suppressed cell proliferation while promoted apoptosis of HUVEC cells via miR-296-5p/PLK1. This novel pathway may serve essential roles on the development of atherosclerosis, and circRNA_102541 could be a promising therapeutic candidate for the treatment of atherosclerosis.

Hsa_circ_0030042 Facilitates the Proliferation and Migration of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells via the miR-514a-3p/FOXO1 Axis

PURPOSE

Circular RNA (circRNA) has been proved to play a vital role in atherosclerosis (AS) progression, and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are involved in the progression of AS. However, the in-depth mechanism by which circRNA regulates VSMC proliferation and migration remains to be elusive.

METHODS

We used tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) to treat VSMCs to establish a cell model of AS. We used Cell Counting Kit-8, terminal-deoxynucleoitidyl transferase-mediated nick end labeling, and transwell assays to assess the proliferation, apoptosis, and migration in TNF-α-induced VSMCs. Moreover, the interaction between molecules was measured by RNA-binding protein immunoprecipitation, RNA pull-down, and luciferase reporter assays.

RESULTS

Our study found that a novel circRNA hsa_circ_0030042, which is derived from its host gene forkhead box O1 (FOXO1), was upregulated in TNF-α-induced VSMCs. Silencing of hsa_circ_0030042 inhibited proliferation and migration while promoting apoptosis in TNF-α-induced VSMCs. Mechanically, hsa_circ_0030042 positively regulated FOXO1 expression via sponging miR-514a-3p.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study stated the vital role of the hsa_circ_0030042/miR-514a-3p/FOXO1 axis and provides a profound understanding about the circRNA in AS.

Secreted frizzled-related protein 4 exerts anti-atherosclerotic effects by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress

Atherosclerosis and its sequelae, such as coronary artery disease (CAD), are the most common diseases worldwide and the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in most countries. Our previous studies have shown that circulating secreted frizzled-related protein 4 (SFRP4) levels are increased in patients with CAD. However, the role of SFRP4 in the development of atherosclerosis remains unclear; thus, the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of SFRP4 on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced atherosclerosis and explore the possible mechanisms. In this study, we found for the first time that administration of recombinant SFRP4 alleviates atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress. In addition, the anti-atherosclerotic effect of SFRP4 was associated with inhibition of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, and Wnt1 overexpression abolished the anti-atherosclerotic effects of SFRP4. Taken together, our results highlight the potential beneficial effect of SFRP4 as a therapeutic agent for atherosclerosis and CAD.

Determination of microRNAs associated with adverse left ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction

Increasing evidence indicates that microRNA (miRNA) regulated mechanisms in myocardial healing and ventricular remodeling following acute myocardial infarction (AMI). We aim to comprehensively investigate changes of exosomal miRNA profile during the post-MI period and determine potential miRNAs associated to adverse left ventricular remodeling (ALVR). We prospectively evaluated ST-elevated MI patients with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging at the 2 weeks and 6 months after AMI (n = 10). ALVR was defined as an increase in LV end-diastolic and end-systolic volume > 13%. The blood samples were taken for miRNA measurements at the baseline, 2 and 6 weeks after AMI. In the miRNA profile assessment, 8 miRNAs were identified that were associated ALVR (miR-199a-5p, miR-23b-3p, miR-26b-5p, miR-301a-3p, miR-374a-5p, miR-423-5p, miR-483-5p and miR-652-3p). Three of them (miR-301a-3p, miR-374a-5p and miR-423-5p) differed significantly between patients with and without ALVR during follow-up period and the rest of them during the acute phase of AMI. The detection of these miRNAs, which have different role in various pathways, necessitate future mechanistic studies unravel the complex remodeling process after AMI.

Recent advances in inhibiting atherosclerosis and restenosis: from pathogenic factors, therapeutic agents to nano-delivery strategies

Due to dominant atherosclerosis etiology, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In clinical trials, advanced atherosclerotic plaques can be removed by angioplasty and vascular...

LncRNA KCNQ1OT1 depletion inhibits the malignant development of atherosclerosis by miR-145-5p

BACKGROUND

Atherosclerosis (AS) is a lipid-driven inflammatory disease of the arterial intima. Evidence is growing that dysregulation of lncRNAs is implicated in the pathogenesis of AS. In this research, the role of lncRNA KCNQ1OT1 in AS was investigated.

METHODS

ApoE-/- mice were fed on a high fat diet to establish mouse models of AS. Macrophages (THP-1) were treated with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) to establish cell models of AS. Atherosclerotic lesions of AS mice were determined by performing Oil red O staining. Lipid metabolic disorders and inflammatory were detected using specific assay kits. KCNQ1OT1 and miR-145-5p expression was measured using RT-qPCR. Levels of PPARα and CPT1 were measured using western blot.

RESULTS

KCNQ1OT1 expression was upregulated and miR-145-5p was downregulated in atherosclerotic plaques of AS mice and ox-LDL-treated THP-1 cells. Lipid metabolic disorders and inflammation in vivo and in vitro were attenuated by either KCNQ1OT1 knockdown or miR-145-5p overexpression. Additionally, KCNQ1OT1 acted as a molecular sponge of miR-145-5p and downregulated miR-145-5p expression. Furthermore, silencing miR-145-5p abolished the effect of KCNQ1OT1 knockdown.

CONCLUSION

Silencing KCNQ1OT1 attenuates AS progression by sponging miR-145-5p.

Regulatory Non-coding RNAs in Atherosclerosis

Regulatory RNAs like microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) control vascular and immune cells' phenotype and thus play a crucial role in atherosclerosis. Moreover, the mutual interactions between miRNAs and lncRNAs link both types of regulatory RNAs in a functional network that affects lesion formation. In this review, we deduce novel concepts of atherosclerosis from the analysis of the current data on regulatory RNAs' role in endothelial cells (ECs) and macrophages. In contrast to arterial ECs, which adopt a stable phenotype by adaptation to high shear stress, macrophages are highly plastic and quickly change their activation status. At predilection sites of atherosclerosis, such as arterial bifurcations, ECs are exposed to disturbed laminar flow, which generates a dysadaptive stress response mediated by miRNAs. Whereas the highly abundant miR-126-5p promotes regenerative proliferation of dysadapted ECs, miR-103-3p stimulates inflammatory activation and impairs endothelial regeneration by aberrant proliferation and micronuclei formation. In macrophages, miRNAs are essential in regulating energy and lipid metabolism, which affects inflammatory activation and foam cell formation.Moreover, lipopolysaccharide-induced miR-155 and miR-146 shape inflammatory macrophage activation through their oppositional effects on NF-kB. Most lncRNAs are not conserved between species, except a small group of very long lncRNAs, such as MALAT1, which blocks numerous miRNAs by providing non-functional binding sites. In summary, regulatory RNAs' roles are highly context-dependent, and therapeutic approaches that target specific functional interactions of miRNAs appear promising against cardiovascular diseases.

Upregulation of microRNA miR-652-3p is a prognostic risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma and regulates cell proliferation, migration, and invasion

As powerful regulatory factors, microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in tumor progression. The current research aimed to excavate the prognostic significance and potential regulatory mechanisms of miR-652-3p in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Expression of miR-652-3p in HCC tissues and cells was exposed by Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assay, and we found that miR-652-3p was elevated in HCC tissues and cells than in the control group (P < 0.05). Then, the relationship between miR-652-3p levels and clinical characteristics was obtained from the Chi-square test. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox regression model to explore the outcome of miR-652-3p on the prognosis of HCC. The results investigated that overexpression of miR-652-3p was related to clinical tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage (P = 0.020) and differentiation (P = 0.031). HCC patients with elevated miR-652-3p levels were correlated with poor overall survival (log-rank, P = 0.007), and maybe a possible prognostic marker for HCC. Finally, CCK-8, colony formation, wound healing and Transwell assay was detected after transfection of HCC cells with miR-652-3p mimic or inhibitor. And the results confirmed that elevation miR-652-3p promoted the proliferation, migration, and invasion of tumor cells (P < 0.05). All data indicated that elevated miR-652-3p is a prognostic marker and would be able to participate in tumor progression of HCC by regulating cell proliferation, migration, and invasion.

MicroRNA-132-3p alleviates neuron apoptosis and impairments of learning and memory abilities in Alzheimer's disease by downregulation of HNRNPU stabilized BACE1

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neuro-degenerative disease characterized by dementia. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in many diseases, including AD. MiR-132-3p has been identified to be downregulated in AD. In this study, we explored the effects of miR-132-3p on neuron apoptosis and impairments of learning and memory abilities. Aβ1-42-stimulated SH-SY5Y cells were used as in vitro models of AD. An AD-like homocysteine (Hcy) rat model was established to evaluate the effects of miR-132-3p on AD pathogenesis in vivo. RIP, RNA pull down and luciferase reporter assays were conducted to investigate the relationship between miR-132-3p and its downstream target genes. The viability and apoptosis of SH-SY5Y cells were measured by CCK-8 and TUNEL assays. The rat spatial learning and memory abilities were accessed using Morris water maze test. Results indicated that miR-132-3p was downregulated in SH-SY5Y cells after Aβ1-42 treatment and promoted cell apoptosis. Mechanistically, miR-132-3p targeted heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein U (HNRNPU). HNRNPU acted as an RNA binding protein (RBP) to regulate the mRNA stability of β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1). Overexpression of HNRNPU or BACE1 reversed the effects of miR-132-3p overexpression on the viability and apoptosis of Aβ1-42-treated SH-SY5Y cells. In vivo experiments revealed the downregulation of miR-132-3p in the hippocampus of Hcy-treated rats. MiR-132-3p suppressed levels of apoptotic genes in hippocampus and reduced impairments of learning and memory abilities in Hcy-treated rats. In conclusion, miR-132-3p reduces apoptosis of SH-SY5Y cells and alleviates impairments of learning and memory abilities in AD rats by modulating the HNRNPU/BACE1 axis.

Oxidized LDL-regulated microRNAs for evaluating vascular endothelial function: molecular mechanisms and potential biomarker roles in atherosclerosis

As a simple monolayer, vascular endothelial cells can respond to physicochemical stimuli. In addition to promoting the formation of foam cells, oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) contributes to the atherosclerotic process through different mechanisms, including endothelial cell dysfunction. As conserved noncoding RNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs) naturally lie in different genomic positions and post-transcriptionally regulate the expression of many genes. They participate in integrated networks formed under stress to maintain cellular homeostasis, vascular inflammation, and metabolism. These small RNAs constitute therapeutic targets in different diseases, including atherosclerosis, and their role as biomarkers is crucial given their detectability even years before the emergence of diseases. This review was performed to investigate the role of ox-LDL-regulated miRNAs in atherosclerosis, their molecular mechanisms, and their application as biomarkers of vascular endothelial cell dysfunction.

Circ_0093887 upregulates CCND2 and SUCNR1 to inhibit the ox-LDL-induced endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerosis by functioning as a miR-876-3p sponge

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are widely expressed in mammals and act as regulatory targets in the atherogenesis. The objective of this study was to research the biological role and molecular mechanism of circ_0093887 in oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-induced atherosclerosis (AS) of human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs). Cell viability detection was performed by CCK-8 assay. Inflammatory molecules were examined using ELISA. Flow cytometry was used to measure cell-cycle progression and cell apoptotic rate. Caspase 3 activity was determined using caspase 3 activity assay. The expression levels of circ_0093887, miR-876-3p, CCND2 and SUCNR1 were assayed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Dual-luciferase reporter, RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) and RNA pull-down assays were used for the target analysis. EdU assay, wound healing assay/transwell assay and tube formation assay were, respectively, used to assess the effects of circ_0093887/miR-876-3p axis on cell proliferation, migration and tube formation. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein inhibited cell viability and cell-cycle progression but induced the inflammatory response and cell apoptosis. Circ_0093887 was downregulated and miR-876-3p was upregulated in AS patients and ox-LDL-treated HAECs. Functionally, the overexpression of circ_0093887 abrogated the cell injury of HAEC exposed to ox-LDL. For the functional mechanism, we found that circ_0093887 was a sponge for miR-876-3p and miR-876 targeted CCND2 or SUCNR1. The reverted experiment indicated that the function of circ_0093887 was achieved by sponging miR-876-3p. Meanwhile, miR-876-3p inhibitor relieved the inhibitory regulation of circ_0093887 knockdown in cell proliferation, migration and tube formation. Downregulation of miR-876-3p also alleviated the ox-LDL-induced cell injury by upregulating the expression of CCND2 or SUCNR1. Furthermore, circ_0093887 was validated to regulate the levels of CCND2 and SUCNR1 via the sponge effect on miR-876-3p. The protective effects of circ_0093887 on HAECs from ox-LDL were also ​alleviated by repressing the CCND2 and SUCNR1 levels. These findings suggested that circ_0093887 protected HAEC against the ox-LDL-induced inflammatory and apoptotic damages by targeting the miR-876-3p/CCND2 or miR-876/SUCNRA axis. Circ_0093887 could act as a potential therapeutic biomarker for AS patients.

Hsa_circ_0008360 sponges miR-186-5p to target CCND2 to modulate high glucose-induced vascular endothelial dysfunction

Vascular endothelial dysfunction is associated with the progress of many diseases. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) take part in the dysfunction of vascular endothelium. CircRNA hsa_circ_0008360 (circ_0008360) is dysregulated in high glucose-treated vascular endothelium, while the role and mechanism of circ_0008360 in high glucose-induced dysfunction remain unknown. Human umbilical vascular endothelium cells (HUVEC) were stimulated via high glucose. The abundances of circ_0008360, miR-186-5p and cyclin D2 (CCND2) were examined via quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction or western blot. Vascular endothelial dysfunction was assessed via cell viability, apoptosis, migration and tube formation. The target relationship between miR-186-5p and circ_0008360 or CCND2 was analyzed via dual-luciferase reporter, RNA pull-down and RNA immunoprecipitation analyses. Circ_0008360 expression was enhanced in high-glucose-treated HUVEC. Circ_0008360 silence mitigated high glucose-induced suppression of viability, migration, tube formation, and increase in apoptosis in HUVEC. MiR-186-5p was sponged by circ_0008360, and miR-186-5p inhibition reversed the effect of circ_0008360 silence on high glucose-induced vascular endothelial dysfunction. MiR-186-5p alleviated high glucose-induced vascular endothelial dysfunction via targeting CCND2. CCND2 interference abolished the aggravated effect of circ_0008360 on high glucose-induced vascular endothelial dysfunction. Circ_0008360 knockdown attenuated high glucose-induced vascular endothelial dysfunction via regulating miR-186-5p and CCND2, indicating circ_0008360 might act as a target for the treatment of vascular endothelial dysfunction.Abbreviations: circRNAs, circular RNAs; HUVEC, human umbilical vascular endothelium cells; CCND2, cyclin D2; XPNPEP3, X-prolyl aminopeptidase 3; ceRNAs, competing endogenous RNAs; miRNAs, microRNAs; qRT-PCR, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction; RIP, RNA immunoprecipitation; HIF-1α, hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha; TLR3, toll-like receptor 3; AKAP12, A-Kinase Anchoring Protein 12; ox-LDL, oxidized low-density lipoprotein; HG, high glucose; NG, normal glucose.

LncRNA TUG1 silencing enhances proliferation and migration of ox-LDL-treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells and promotes atherosclerotic vascular injury repairing via the Runx2/ANPEP axis

The role of vascular endothelial cell injury in the course of atherosclerosis (AS) has attracted increasing attention. Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) are demonstrated to be the biomarker for the diagnosis of AS. This study investigated the mechanism of lncRNA taurine upregulated gene 1 (TUG1) in AS. Microarray data of AS obtained from GEO database showed that lncRNA TUG1 was differentially expressed in AS samples. TUG1 expression was upregulated in ox-LDL-treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Oxidized low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-treated HUVECs were then transfected with sh-TUG1. TUG1 silencing promoted proliferation and migration of ox-LDL-treated HUVECs. TUG1 bound to Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2). Runx2 silencing promoted proliferation and migration of HUVECs. The downstream genes of Runx2 were predicted by hTFtarget database. The binding site of Runx2 and Aminopeptidase N (ANPEP) was determined. Runx2 silencing reversed the repression effect of overexpressing ANPEP on cell proliferation and migration. TUG1 silencing inhibited ANPEP expression via Runx2 to promote HUVEC proliferation and migration. A mouse model of AS was established. The area of atherosclerotic lesions of mouse aorta was detected, and vascular re-endothelialization was evaluated. TUG1 silencing promoted vascular injury repairing and inhibited AS in vivo. In conclusion, TUG1 silencing enhanced proliferation and migration of ox-LDL-treated HUVECs and promoted vascular injury repairing in vivo via the Runx2/ANPEP axis.

Targets and regulation of microRNA-652-3p in homoeostasis and disease

microRNA are small non-coding RNA molecules which inhibit gene expression by binding mRNA, preventing its translation. As important regulators of gene expression, there is increasing interest in microRNAs as potential diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Studies investigating the role of one of the miRNA-miR-652-3p-detail diverse roles for this miRNA in normal cell homoeostasis and disease states, including cancers, cardiovascular disease, mental health, and central nervous system diseases. Here, we review recent literature surrounding miR-652-3p, discussing its known target genes and their relevance to disease progression. These studies demonstrate that miR-652-3p targets LLGL1 and ZEB1 to modulate cell polarity mechanisms, with impacts on cancer metastasis and asymmetric cell division. Inhibition of the NOTCH ligand JAG1 by miR-652-3p can have diverse effects on angiogenesis and immune cell regulation. Investigation of miR-652-3p and other dysregulated miRNAs identified a number of pathways potentially regulated by miR-652-3p. This review demonstrates that miR-652-3p has great promise as a diagnostic or therapeutic target due to its activity across multiple cellular systems.

Circ_0000345 Protects Endothelial Cells From Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein-Induced Injury by miR-129-5p/Ten-Eleven Translocation Axis

ABSTRACT

Circular RNAs have shown regulatory functions in atherosclerosis (AS) progression. Here, we explored the role and working mechanism of circ_0000345 in the AS cell model in vitro. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was applied to measure the enrichment of circ_0000345, microRNA-129-5p (miR-129-5p), and ten-eleven translocation-2 (TET2) messenger RNA. Cell Counting Kit 8 assay was used to analyze cell viability of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Flow cytometry was conducted to assess cell apoptosis and cell cycle progression. The target relationship between miR-129-5p and circ_0000345 or TET2 was verified by the dual-luciferase reporter assay. The Western blot assay was used to analyze the protein level of TET2. Circ_0000345 abundance was reduced in serum samples of AS patients and AS cell model compared with their matching counterparts. Circ_0000345 overexpression promoted cell viability and cell cycle progression and hampered cell apoptosis in HUVECs induced by oxidized low-density lipoprotein. MiR-129-5p was a target of circ_0000345 and circ_0000345 attenuated ox-LDL-induced damage in HUVECs through sponging miR-129-5p. MiR-129-5p bound to the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of TET2, and miR-129-5p functioned in ox-LDL-induced HUVECs by targeting TET2. Circ_0000345 enhanced TET2 messenger RNA and protein expression through sponging miR-129-5p in HUVECs. Circ_0000345 attenuated ox-LDL-mediated injury in HUVECs through targeting miR-129-5p/TET2 axis. Increasing the levels of circ_0000345 and TET2 might be a novel insight into AS treatment.

The protective effect of tanshinone IIa on endothelial cells: a generalist among clinical therapeutics

INTRODUCTION

Tanshinone IIa (TSA) has been approved to treat cardiovascular diseases by the China State Food and Drug Administration. TSA has exhibited a variety of pharmacological effects, including vasodilator, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor properties. Endothelial cells play an important physiological role in vascular homeostasis and control inflammation, coagulation, and thrombosis. Accumulating studies have shown that TSA can improve endothelial function through various pathways.

AREAS COVERED

The PubMed database was reviewed for relevant papers published up to 2020. This review summarizes the current clinical and pharmaceutical studies to provide a systemic overview of the pharmacological and therapeutic effects of TSA on endothelial cells.

EXPERT OPINION

TSA is a representative monomeric compound extracted from Danshen and it exhibits significant pharmacological and therapeutic properties to improve endothelial cell function, including alleviating oxidative stress, attenuating inflammatory injury, modulating ion channels and so on. TSA represents a spectrum of agents that are extracted from plants and can restore the endothelial function to establish the beneficial and harmless molecular therapeutics. This also suggests the possible detection of endothelial cells for very early diagnosis of diseases. In future, precise therapeutic methods will be developed to repair endothelial cells injury and recover endothelial dysfunction.

microRNAs Mediated Regulation of the Ribosomal Proteins and its Consequences on the Global Translation of Proteins

Ribosomal proteins (RPs) are mostly derived from the energy-consuming enzyme families such as ATP-dependent RNA helicases, AAA-ATPases, GTPases and kinases, and are important structural components of the ribosome, which is a supramolecular ribonucleoprotein complex, composed of Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and RPs, coordinates the translation and synthesis of proteins with the help of transfer RNA (tRNA) and other factors. Not all RPs are indispensable; in other words, the ribosome could be functional and could continue the translation of proteins instead of lacking in some of the RPs. However, the lack of many RPs could result in severe defects in the biogenesis of ribosomes, which could directly influence the overall translation processes and global expression of the proteins leading to the emergence of different diseases including cancer. While microRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs and one of the potent regulators of the post-transcriptional gene expression, miRNAs regulate gene expression by targeting the 3' untranslated region and/or coding region of the messenger RNAs (mRNAs), and by interacting with the 5' untranslated region, and eventually finetune the expression of approximately one-third of all mammalian genes. Herein, we highlighted the significance of miRNAs mediated regulation of RPs coding mRNAs in the global protein translation.

Transcriptomic Profiling of Equine and Viral Genes in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in Horses during Equine Herpesvirus 1 Infection

Equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) affects horses worldwide and causes respiratory disease, abortions, and equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (EHM). Following infection, a cell-associated viremia is established in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). This viremia is essential for transport of EHV-1 to secondary infection sites where subsequent immunopathology results in diseases such as abortion or EHM. Because of the central role of PBMCs in EHV-1 pathogenesis, our goal was to establish a gene expression analysis of host and equine herpesvirus genes during EHV-1 viremia using RNA sequencing. When comparing transcriptomes of PBMCs during peak viremia to those prior to EHV-1 infection, we found 51 differentially expressed equine genes (48 upregulated and 3 downregulated). After gene ontology analysis, processes such as the interferon defense response, response to chemokines, the complement protein activation cascade, cell adhesion, and coagulation were overrepresented during viremia. Additionally, transcripts for EHV-1, EHV-2, and EHV-5 were identified in pre- and post-EHV-1-infection samples. Looking at micro RNAs (miRNAs), 278 known equine miRNAs and 855 potentially novel equine miRNAs were identified in addition to 57 and 41 potentially novel miRNAs that mapped to the EHV-2 and EHV-5 genomes, respectively. Of those, 1 EHV-5 and 4 equine miRNAs were differentially expressed in PBMCs during viremia. In conclusion, this work expands our current knowledge about the role of PBMCs during EHV-1 viremia and will inform the focus on future experiments to identify host and viral factors that contribute to clinical EHM.

Long noncoding RNA SNHG14 regulates ox-LDL-induced atherosclerosis cell proliferation and apoptosis by targeting miR-186-5p/WIPF2 axis

To investigate the role of small nucleolus RNA host gene 14 (SNHG14) in the progression of atherosclerosis (AS), bioinformatics analysis, and other relevant experiments (cell counting kit-8, flow cytometry, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, luciferase reporter, RNA immunoprecipitation, RNA pull-down, and western blot assays) were done. The current study revealed that SNHG14 level was high in the serum of AS patients and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-induced AS cell lines. Besides, we found that SNHG14 accelerated cell proliferation while inhibited cell apoptosis in ox-LDL-induced AS cell lines. Next, SNHG14 was confirmed to be a sponge for miR-186-5p in AS cells, and it was validated that SNHG14 regulated AS cell proliferation and apoptosis by sponging miR-186-5p. Moreover, we uncovered that WAS-interacting protein family member 2 (WIPF2) was a downstream target of miR-186-5p in AS cells. Finally, it was demonstrated that miR-186-5p modulated AS cell proliferation and apoptosis via targeting WIPF2. To conclude, our research disclosed that SNHG14 affected ox-LDL-induced AS cell proliferation and apoptosis through miR-186-5p/WIPF2 axis, which may provide a theoretical basis for the treatment and diagnosis of AS.

Diagnostic and prognostic significance of aberrant miR-652-3p levels in patients with acute decompensated heart failure and acute kidney injury

Objective

This study aimed to examine a novel microRNA (miR-652-3p) biomarker to improve early diagnosis of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) and to evaluate the survival predictive value of miR-652-3p.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed the data of 196 patients with ADHF, including 65 who developed AKI during hospitalization. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) levels were measured in serum and urine samples. Real-time quantitative PCR was applied to evaluate miR-652-3p mRNA expression. The diagnostic performance of miR-652-3p was examined using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. The prognostic value of miR-652-3p was also analyzed.

Results

Serum and urinary NGAL and miR-652-3p levels were elevated in patients with ADHF and AKI. Serum and urinary miR-652-3p expression had diagnostic value in predicting AKI onset in patients with ADHF, and it had improved diagnostic performance when used with NGAL. Patients with AKI and high miR-652-3p levels had a high failure rate of renal recovery and poor 180-day survival.

Conclusion

Serum and urinary miR-652-3p may be a candidate biomarker for early diagnosis of AKI in patients with ADHF and for predicting the prognosis of AKI. The combination of NGAL and miR-652-3p may accurately predict AKI onset in ADHF.

CircRSF1 contributes to endothelial cell growth, migration and tube formation under ox-LDL stress through regulating miR-758/CCND2 axis

AIMS

Compelling evidences demonstrate that informative RNAs play essential role in therapy of atherosclerosis. Here, we attempted to study the role of hsa_circ_0000345 (circRSF1) in endothelial cell damage through competing endogenous RNA pathway.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Expression of circRSF1, miRNA-758-3p (miR-758) and cyclin D2 (CCND2) was detected using RT-qPCR and western blotting, and the cross-talk among them was identified using dual-luciferase reporter assay and RNA immunoprecipitation. The low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level was measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Cell growth was measured by MTS assay, flow cytometry and caspase-3 activity assay kit. Migration and tube formation were determined by scratch migration assay and tube formation assay, respectively.

KEY FINDINGS

CircRSF1 and CCND2 were downregulated, whereas miR-758 was upregulated in serum of patients with atherosclerosis and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-treated human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs). Moreover, levels of circRSF1, miR-758 and CCND2 were correlated with circulating LDL-C level. Restoring circRSF1 and silencing miR-758 could improve cell viability, tube formation and migration of HAECs under ox-LDL treatment, as well as attenuated apoptotic rate and caspase-3 activity. However, miR-758 upregulation counteracted the promotion of circRSF1 on cell growth, migration and tube formation in ox-LDL-induced HAECs; so did CCND2 deletion on effect of miR-758 silence. Notably, circRSF1 and CCND2 could competitively bound to miR-758, and circRSF1 positively regulated CCND2 expression via miR-758.

SIGNIFICANCE

CircRSF1 could protect against ox-LDL-induced endothelial cell injury in vitro via miR-758/CCND2 axis, suggesting circRSF1 as a potential target for the treatment of atherosclerosis.

Extracellular vesicle-enclosed miR-486-5p mediates wound healing with adipose-derived stem cells by promoting angiogenesis

Adipose‐derived stem cells (ASC) are said to have a pivotal role in wound healing. Specifically, ASC‐secreted extracellular vesicles (EV) carry diverse cargos such as microRNAs (miRNAs) to participate in the ASC‐based therapies. Considering its effects, we aimed to investigate the role of ASC‐EVs in the cutaneous wound healing accompanied with the study on the specific cargo‐medicated effects on wound healing. Two full‐thickness excisional skin wounds were created on mouse dorsum, and wound healing was recorded at the indicated time points followed by histological analysis and immunofluorescence staining for CD31 and α‐SMA. Human skin fibroblasts (HSFs) and human microvascular endothelial cells (HMECs) were co‐cultured with EVs isolated from ASC (ASC‐EVs), respectively, followed by the evaluation of their viability and mobility using CCK‐8, scratch test and transwell migration assays. Matrigel‐based angiogenesis assays were performed to evaluate vessel‐like tube formation by HMECs in vitro. ASC‐EVs accelerated the healing of full‐thickness skin wounds, increased re‐epithelialization and reduced scar thickness whilst enhanced collagen synthesis and angiogenesis in murine models. However, miR‐486‐5p antagomir abrogated the ASC‐EVs‐induced effects. Intriguingly, miR‐486‐5p was found to be highly enriched in ASC‐EVs, exhibiting an increase in viability and mobility of HSFs and HMECs and enhanced the angiogenic activities of HMECs. Notably, we also demonstrated that ASC‐EVs‐secreted miR‐486‐5p achieved the aforesaid effects through its target gene Sp5. Hence, our results suggest that miR‐486‐5p released by ASC‐EVs could be a critical mediator to develop an ASC‐based therapeutic strategy for wound healing.

MiR-135a-5p inhibits vascular smooth muscle cells proliferation and migration by inactivating FOXO1 and JAK2 signaling pathway

BACKGROUND

It is reportedly demonstrated that miR-135a-5p plays a critical role in cancer cells, macrophages, and endothelia cells. However, little is known concerning the function of miR-135a-5p in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and atherosclerosis (AS).

METHODS

Human VSMCs and male C57BL/6 mice were used for establishing AS cell models and animal models. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was performed to detect the expressions of miR-135a-5p, forkhead box O1 (FOXO1) mRNA, and Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) mRNA. CCK-8, BrdU, and Transwell assays were used to detect cell migration and proliferation. Cell cycle and apoptosis were analyzed using flow cytometry. The interactions among miR-135a-5p, FOXO1 and JAK2 were validated employing Western blot, qRT-PCR and Luciferase reporter gene assay.

RESULTS

The expression of miR-135a-5p was significantly decreased in serum samples of AS patients, VSMCs treated with ox-LDL and AS mice models. The overexpression of miR-135a-5p induced VSMCs cycle arrest and apoptosis, and inhibited proliferation and migration. Further experiments confirmed that miR-135a-5p could target and repress FOXO1/CyclinD1 and JAK2/STAT3 pathway. Additionally, the associations among miR-135a-5p, FOXO1/Cyclin D1 and JAK2/STAT3 were validated using animal models.

CONCLUSION

MiR-135a-5p suppresses VSMCs proliferation and migration induced by ox-LDL via targeting and activating FOXO1/Cyclin D1 and JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathways.

Statin downregulation of miR-652-3p protects endothelium from dyslipidemia by promoting ISL1 expression

BACKGROUND

Aberrant endothelial function is a major contributing factor in cardiovascular disease. Dyslipidemia leads to decreased nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, an early sign of endothelial failure. Low insulin gene enhancer protein (ISL1) levels decrease healthy NO bioavailability. We hypothesized that the microRNA miR-652-3p negatively regulates endothelial ISL1 expression and that dyslipidemia-induced miR-652-3p upregulation induces aberrant endothelial functioning via ISL1 downregulation.

METHODS

Various in vitro experiments were conducted in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Luciferase assays were performed in HEK293 cells. We constructed a high-fat diet (HFD) Apoe-/- murine model of dyslipidemia and a rat model of low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-induced dyslipidemia to conduct in vivo and ex vivo experiments.

RESULTS

Luciferase assays confirmed miR-652-3p's targeting of the ISL1 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR). Simvastatin blocked oxidized LDL (ox-LDL)-induced increases in miR-652-3p and ox-LDL-induced decreases in ISL1 protein expression, endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) activation, and NO production. Simvastatin's effects were abrogated by miR-652-3p overexpression and phenocopied by miR-652-3p inhibition. The dyslipidemic mouse model exhibited increased miR-652-3p and decreased ISL1 protein levels in the endothelium, effects opposed by simvastatin or miR-652-3p inhibition. The impact of simvastatin in vivo was abolished by overexpressing miR-652-3p or knocking-down ISL1. The rat model of dyslipidemia exhibited a similar pattern of miR-652-3p upregulation, attenuated ISL1 protein levels, decreased eNOS activation, and decreased NO production, effects mitigated by simvastatin.

CONCLUSIONS

Dyslipidemia upregulates endothelial miR-652-3p, which decreases ISL1 protein levels, eNOS activation, and NO production. Simvastatin therapy lowers endothelial miR-652-3p expression to protect endothelial function under dyslipidemic conditions.

Notoginsenoside R1 upregulates miR-221-3p expression to alleviate ox-LDL-induced apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress by inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB pathway in HUVECs

Atherosclerosis (AS) is a common vascular disease, which can cause apoptosis of vascular endothelial cells. Notoginsenoside R1 (NGR1) is considered an anti-AS drug. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are believed to play a vital role in cell apoptosis and angiogenesis. This study aimed to explore the mechanism of NGR1 for treating AS through miRNAs. Flow cytometry was used to detect the apoptosis rate. The levels of inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β were detected using ELISA. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured using corresponding assay kits. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assay was performed to detect miR-221-3p expression. Dual-luciferase reporter and RNA immunoprecipitation assays were carried out to examine the relationship between miR-221-3p and toll-like receptors 4 (TLR4). Also, western blot analysis was performed to determine the levels of TLR4 and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway-related proteins. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) induced human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress. NGR1 alleviated the negative effect of ox-LDL through promoting the expression of miR-221-3p in HUVECs. TLR4 was a target of miR-221-3p, and its overexpression could reverse the inhibition effects of miR-221-3p on apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress. NGR1 improved miR-221-3p expression to inhibit the activation of the TLR4/NF-κB pathway in ox-LDL-treated HUVECs. NGR1 decreased ox-LDL-induced HUVECs apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress through increasing miR-221-3p expression, thereby inhibiting the activation of the TLR4/NF-κB pathway. This study of the mechanism of NGR1 provided a more theoretical basis for the treatment of AS.

Gene therapy for cardiovascular diseases in China: basic research

Cardiovascular disease has become a major disease affecting health in the whole world. Gene therapy, delivering foreign normal genes into target cells to repair damages caused by defects and abnormal genes, shows broad prospects in treating different kinds of cardiovascular diseases. China has achieved great progress of basic gene therapy researches and pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases in recent years. This review will summarize the latest research about gene therapy of proteins, epigenetics, including noncoding RNAs and genome-editing technology in myocardial infarction, cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury, atherosclerosis, muscle atrophy, and so on in China. We wish to highlight some important findings about the essential roles of basic gene therapy in this field, which might be helpful for searching potential therapeutic targets for cardiovascular disease.

Therapeutic targets for endothelial dysfunction in vascular diseases

Vascular endothelial cells are located on the surface of the blood vessels. It has been recognized as an important barrier to the regulation of vascular homeostasis by regulating the blood flow of micro- or macrovascular vessels. Indeed, endothelial dysfunction is an initial stage of vascular diseases and is an important prognostic indicator of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, heart failure, or diabetes. Therefore, in order to develop therapeutic targets for vascular diseases, it is important to understand the key factors involved in maintaining endothelial function and the signaling pathways affecting endothelial dysfunction. The purpose of this review is to describe the function and underlying signaling pathway of oxidative stress, inflammatory factors, shear stress, and epigenetic factors in endothelial dysfunction, and introduce recent therapeutic targets for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.