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Dreyzin A, Rankin AW, Luciani K, Gavrilova T, Shah NN. Overcoming the challenges of primary resistance and relapse after CAR-T cell therapy. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2024; 20:745-763. [PMID: 38739466 PMCID: PMC11180598 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2024.2349738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While CAR T-cell therapy has led to remarkable responses in relapsed B-cell hematologic malignancies, only 50% of patients ultimately have a complete, sustained response. Understanding the mechanisms of resistance and relapse after CAR T-cell therapy is crucial to future development and improving outcomes. AREAS COVERED We review reasons for both primary resistance and relapse after CAR T-cell therapies. Reasons for primary failure include CAR T-cell manufacturing problems, suboptimal fitness of autologous T-cells themselves, and intrinsic features of the underlying cancer and tumor microenvironment. Relapse after initial response to CAR T-cell therapy may be antigen-positive, due to CAR T-cell exhaustion or limited persistence, or antigen-negative, due to antigen-modulation on the target cells. Finally, we discuss ongoing efforts to overcome resistance to CAR T-cell therapy with enhanced CAR constructs, manufacturing methods, alternate cell types, combinatorial strategies, and optimization of both pre-infusion conditioning regimens and post-infusion consolidative strategies. EXPERT OPINION There is a continued need for novel approaches to CAR T-cell therapy for both hematologic and solid malignancies to obtain sustained remissions. Opportunities for improvement include development of new targets, optimally combining existing CAR T-cell therapies, and defining the role for adjunctive immune modulators and stem cell transplant in enhancing long-term survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Dreyzin
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center of Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Children's National Hospital, Washington DC, USA
| | - Alexander W Rankin
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center of Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Katia Luciani
- School of Medicine, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | | | - Nirali N Shah
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center of Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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2
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Golo M, Newman PLH, Kempe D, Biro M. Mechanoimmunology in the solid tumor microenvironment. Biochem Soc Trans 2024; 52:1489-1502. [PMID: 38856041 DOI: 10.1042/bst20231427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex and dynamic ecosystem that adjoins the cancer cells within solid tumors and comprises distinct components such as extracellular matrix, stromal and immune cells, blood vessels, and an abundance of signaling molecules. In recent years, the mechanical properties of the TME have emerged as critical determinants of tumor progression and therapeutic response. Aberrant mechanical cues, including altered tissue architecture and stiffness, contribute to tumor progression, metastasis, and resistance to treatment. Moreover, burgeoning immunotherapies hold great promise for harnessing the immune system to target and eliminate solid malignancies; however, their success is hindered by the hostile mechanical landscape of the TME, which can impede immune cell infiltration, function, and persistence. Consequently, understanding TME mechanoimmunology - the interplay between mechanical forces and immune cell behavior - is essential for developing effective solid cancer therapies. Here, we review the role of TME mechanics in tumor immunology, focusing on recent therapeutic interventions aimed at modulating the mechanical properties of the TME to potentiate T cell immunotherapies, and innovative assays tailored to evaluate their clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Golo
- EMBL Australia, Single Molecule Science node, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Peter L H Newman
- EMBL Australia, Single Molecule Science node, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Daryan Kempe
- EMBL Australia, Single Molecule Science node, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Maté Biro
- EMBL Australia, Single Molecule Science node, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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3
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Xu S, Ma Y, Jiang X, Wang Q, Ma W. CD39 transforming cancer therapy by modulating tumor microenvironment. Cancer Lett 2024; 597:217072. [PMID: 38885807 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.217072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
CD39 is a pivotal enzyme in cancer, regulating immune response and tumor progression via extracellular ATP and adenosine in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Beyond its established immunoregulatory function, CD39 influences cancer cell angiogenesis and metabolism, opening new frontiers for therapeutic interventions. Current research faces gaps in understanding CD39's full impact across cancer types, with ongoing debates about its potential beyond modulating immune evasion. This review distills CD39's multifaceted roles, examining its dual actions and implications for cancer prognosis and treatment. We analyze the latest therapeutic strategies, highlighting the need for an integrated approach that combines molecular insights with TME dynamics to innovate cancer care. This synthesis underscores CD39's integral role, charting a course for precision oncology that seeks to unravel controversies and harness CD39's therapeutic promise for improved cancer outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suling Xu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315020, China.
| | - Yuhan Ma
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315020, China.
| | - Xinyu Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315020, China.
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.
| | - Wenxue Ma
- Department of Medicine, Sanford Stem Cell Institute, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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Liu J, Li B, Li L, Ming X, Xu ZP. Advances in Nanomaterials for Immunotherapeutic Improvement of Cancer Chemotherapy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2403024. [PMID: 38773882 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202403024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
Immuno-stimulative effect of chemotherapy (ISECT) is recognized as a potential alternative to conventional immunotherapies, however, the clinical application is constrained by its inefficiency. Metronomic chemotherapy, though designed to overcome these limitations, offers inconsistent results, with effectiveness varying based on cancer types, stages, and patient-specific factors. In parallel, a wealth of preclinical nanomaterials holds considerable promise for ISECT improvement by modulating the cancer-immunity cycle. In the area of biomedical nanomaterials, current literature reviews mainly concentrate on a specific category of nanomaterials and nanotechnological perspectives, while two essential issues are still lacking, i.e., a comprehensive analysis addressing the causes for ISECT inefficiency and a thorough summary elaborating the nanomaterials for ISECT improvement. This review thus aims to fill these gaps and catalyze further development in this field. For the first time, this review comprehensively discusses the causes of ISECT inefficiency. It then meticulously categorizes six types of nanomaterials for improving ISECT. Subsequently, practical strategies are further proposed for addressing inefficient ISECT, along with a detailed discussion on exemplary nanomedicines. Finally, this review provides insights into the challenges and perspectives for improving chemo-immunotherapy by innovations in nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, the University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, 000000, China
- GoodMedX Tech Limited Company, Hong Kong SAR, 000000, China
| | - Bei Li
- Cancer Centre and Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, 999078, China
| | - Li Li
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, the University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Xin Ming
- Departments of Cancer Biology and Biomedical Engineering, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27157, USA
| | - Zhi Ping Xu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, the University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Institute of Biomedical Health Technology and Engineering, and Institute of Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, 518107, China
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5
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Yanuck SF. Failed Induction of the T H1 System in T H2 Dominant Patients: The Cancer-Permissive Immune Macroenvironment. Integr Med (Encinitas) 2024; 23:24-35. [PMID: 38911450 PMCID: PMC11193407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Tumor microenvironment infiltration by cells of the T helper cell type 1 (TH1) system, including TH1 cells, M1 macrophages, natural killer cells, and CD8+ T cells, is associated with better cancer prognosis. In contrast, tumor microenvironment infiltration by cells of the TH2 system, including TH2 cells, M2 macrophages, and innate lymphoid cells type 2, as well as immune suppressive myeloid-derived suppressor cells and regulatory T cells, is associated with poorer cancer prognosis. Beyond the tumor itself and a myriad of other modifying factors, such as genetic and epigenetic influences on tumorigenesis, the overall immune state of the patient, termed the macroenvironment, has also been shown to significantly influence cancer outcomes. Alterations in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle (TCA cycle breaks) involving loss of function of succinate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, and fumarate hydratase have been shown to be associated with an intracellular metabolic shift away from oxidative phosphorylation and into glycolysis in cells that are transforming into cancer cells. The same loss of function of succinate dehydrogenase and isocitrate dehydrogenase has also been identified as inducing a shift in macrophages toward glycolysis that is associated with M1 macrophage polarization. M1 macrophages make interleukin 12, which stimulates TH1 cells and natural killer cells to produce interferon gamma (IFN-γ), which in turn stimulates M1 macrophage activity, forming an activation loop. IFN-γ also drives activation of CD8+ T cells. Thus, M1 macrophage activation initiates and sustains activation of the TH1 system of cells. In this fashion, TCA cycle breaks at succinate dehydrogenase and isocitrate dehydrogenase that promote cellular transformation into cancer cells are also associated with upregulation of the TH1 system that provides anti-cancer immune surveillance. The TH1 and TH2 systems are known to inhibit each other's activation. It is this author's hypothesis that, in patients whose macroenvironment is sufficiently TH2-dominant, the metabolic shift toward glycolysis induced by TCA cycle breaks that gives rise to mutagenic changes in tissue parenchymal cells is not counterbalanced by adequate activation of M1 macrophages, thus giving rise to cancer cell development. For instance, the atopic TH2-high asthma phenotype, a TH2 dominance-based comorbidity, is associated with a more than doubled incidence of colon, breast, lung, and prostate cancer, compared with non-asthmatics. Failure of TCA cycle breaks to induce M1 polarization of tissue-resident macrophages yields a tissue environment in which the tissue-resident macrophages fail to routinely perform M1-associated functions such as phagocytizing newly developing cancer cells. Failure of M1 phenotypic expression in both tissue-resident macrophages and monocyte-derived macrophages recruited to the tumor microenvironment yields both a loss of direct antitumor M1 macrophage actions and failure of TH1 system activation in general, including failure of CD8+ T cell activation, yielding a cancer-permissive tumor microenvironment and a poorer prognosis in patients with existing cancers. This paper proposes a conceptual framework that connects established elements in the existing research and points to the utility of a patient profiling process, aimed at personalization of treatment through identification and targeting of elements in each patient's tumor microenvironment and macroenvironment that contribute to unfavorable prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel F. Yanuck
- DC; Program on Integrative Medicine, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
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6
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Chauhan S, Jaiswal S, Jakhmola V, Singh B, Bhattacharya S, Garg M, Sengupta S. Potential role of p53 deregulation in modulating immune responses in human malignancies: A paradigm to develop immunotherapy. Cancer Lett 2024; 588:216766. [PMID: 38408603 PMCID: PMC7615729 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.216766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
The crucial role played by the oncogenic expression of TP53, stemming from mutation or amyloid formation, in various human malignancies has been extensively studied over the past two decades. Interestingly, the potential role of TP53 as a crucial player in modulating immune responses has provided new insight into the field of cancer biology. The loss of p53's transcriptional functions and/or the acquisition of tumorigenic properties can efficiently modulate the recruitment and functions of myeloid and lymphoid cells, ultimately leading to the evasion of immune responses in human tumors. Consequently, the oncogenic nature of the tumor suppressor p53 can dynamically alter the function of immune cells, providing support for tumor progression and metastasis. This review comprehensively explores the dual role of p53 as both the guardian of the genome and an oncogenic driver, especially in the context of regulation of autophagy, apoptosis, the tumor microenvironment, immune cells, innate immunity, and adaptive immune responses. Additionally, the focus of this review centers on how p53 status in the immune response can be harnessed for the development of tailored therapeutic strategies and their potential application in immunotherapy against human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivi Chauhan
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noda, 201313, India
| | - Shivani Jaiswal
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noda, 201313, India
| | - Vibhuti Jakhmola
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noda, 201313, India
| | - Bhavana Singh
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noda, 201313, India
| | - Sujata Bhattacharya
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noda, 201313, India
| | - Manoj Garg
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noda, 201313, India.
| | - Shinjinee Sengupta
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noda, 201313, India.
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Sheikhlary S, Lopez DH, Moghimi S, Sun B. Recent Findings on Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines: An Updated Review. Biomolecules 2024; 14:503. [PMID: 38672519 PMCID: PMC11048403 DOI: 10.3390/biom14040503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains one of the global leading causes of death and various vaccines have been developed over the years against it, including cell-based, nucleic acid-based, and viral-based cancer vaccines. Although many vaccines have been effective in in vivo and clinical studies and some have been FDA-approved, there are major limitations to overcome: (1) developing one universal vaccine for a specific cancer is difficult, as tumors with different antigens are different for different individuals, (2) the tumor antigens may be similar to the body's own antigens, and (3) there is the possibility of cancer recurrence. Therefore, developing personalized cancer vaccines with the ability to distinguish between the tumor and the body's antigens is indispensable. This paper provides a comprehensive review of different types of cancer vaccines and highlights important factors necessary for developing efficient cancer vaccines. Moreover, the application of other technologies in cancer therapy is discussed. Finally, several insights and conclusions are presented, such as the possibility of using cold plasma and cancer stem cells in developing future cancer vaccines, to tackle the major limitations in the cancer vaccine developmental process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sheikhlary
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - David Humberto Lopez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (D.H.L.); (S.M.)
| | - Sophia Moghimi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (D.H.L.); (S.M.)
| | - Bo Sun
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (D.H.L.); (S.M.)
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8
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Jin D, Qian L, Chen J, Yu Z, Dong J. Prognostic impact of CD68+ tumor-associated macrophages in hepatocellular carcinoma: A meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e37834. [PMID: 38640338 PMCID: PMC11029977 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000037834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence from clinical research suggests that the tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) were associated with prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The aim of the present meta-analysis was to conduct a qualitative analysis to explore the prognostic value of CD68 + TAMs in HCC. METHODS This study conducted a systematic search in Pubmed, Embase, the Cochrane Library and China National Knowledge Internet from inception of the databases to November 2023. The hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated employing fixed-effect or random-effect models depending on the heterogeneity of the included trials. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to evaluate the risk of prejudice. RESULTS We analyzed 4362 HCC patients. The present research indicated that the expression levels Of CD68 + TAMs were significantly associated with overall survival (OS) (HR = 1.55, 95% CI: 1.30-1.84) and disease-free survival (DFS) (HR = 1.44, 95% CI: 1.17-1.78). Subgroup analysis based on cutoff values showed that the "Median" subgroup showed a pooled HR of 1.66 with a 95% CI ranging from 1.32 to 2.08, which was slightly higher than the "Others" subgroup that exhibited a pooled HR of 1.40 and a 95% CI of 1.07 to 1.84. The "PT" subgroup had the highest pooled HR of 1.68 (95% CI: 1.19-2.37), indicating a worse OS compared to the "IT" (pooled HR: 1.50, 95% CI: 1.13-2.01) and "Mix" (pooled HR: 1.52, 95% CI: 1.03-2.26) subgroups. Moreover, in the sample size-based analysis, studies with more than 100 samples (>100) exhibited a higher pooled HR of 1.57 (95% CI: 1.28 to 1.93) compared to studies with fewer than 100 samples (<100), which had a pooled HR of 1.45 (95% CI: 1.00-2.10). CONCLUSIONS The analysis suggests that CD68 + TAMs were significantly associated with unfavorable OS and DFS in HCC patients, and may be served as a promising prognostic biomarker in HCC. However, more large-scale trials are needed to study the clinical value of TAMs in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danwen Jin
- Pathological Diagnosis Center, Zhoushan Hospital, Zhoushan City, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Liyong Qian
- Pathological Diagnosis Center, Zhoushan Hospital, Zhoushan City, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jiayao Chen
- Department of Laboratory, Zhoushan Hospital, Zhoushan City, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ze Yu
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Molecular Biology, Zhoushan Hospital, Zhoushan City, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jinliang Dong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhoushan Hospital, Zhoushan City, Zhejiang Province, China
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De Castro V, Galaine J, Loyon R, Godet Y. CRISPR-Cas gene knockouts to optimize engineered T cells for cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Gene Ther 2024:10.1038/s41417-024-00771-x. [PMID: 38609574 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-024-00771-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
While CAR-T and tgTCR-T therapies have exhibited noteworthy and promising outcomes in hematologic and solid tumors respectively, a set of distinct challenges remains. Consequently, the quest for novel strategies has become imperative to safeguard and more effectively release the full functions of engineered T cells. These factors are intricately linked to the success of adoptive cell therapy. Recently, CRISPR-based technologies have emerged as a major breakthrough for maintaining T cell functions. These technologies have allowed the discovery of T cells' negative regulators such as specific cell-surface receptors, cell-signaling proteins, and transcription factors that are involved in the development or maintenance of T cell dysfunction. By employing a CRISPR-genic invalidation approach to target these negative regulators, it has become possible to prevent the emergence of hypofunctional T cells. This review revisits the establishment of the dysfunctional profile of T cells before delving into a comprehensive summary of recent CRISPR-gene invalidations, with each invalidation contributing to the enhancement of engineered T cells' antitumor capacities. The narrative unfolds as we explore how these advancements were discovered and identified, marking a significant advancement in the pursuit of superior adoptive cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentine De Castro
- Université de Franche-Comté, EFS, INSERM, UMR RIGHT, F-25000, Besançon, France
| | - Jeanne Galaine
- Université de Franche-Comté, EFS, INSERM, UMR RIGHT, F-25000, Besançon, France
| | - Romain Loyon
- Université de Franche-Comté, EFS, INSERM, UMR RIGHT, F-25000, Besançon, France
| | - Yann Godet
- Université de Franche-Comté, EFS, INSERM, UMR RIGHT, F-25000, Besançon, France.
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Lin CP, Levy PL, Alflen A, Apriamashvili G, Ligtenberg MA, Vredevoogd DW, Bleijerveld OB, Alkan F, Malka Y, Hoekman L, Markovits E, George A, Traets JJH, Krijgsman O, van Vliet A, Poźniak J, Pulido-Vicuña CA, de Bruijn B, van Hal-van Veen SE, Boshuizen J, van der Helm PW, Díaz-Gómez J, Warda H, Behrens LM, Mardesic P, Dehni B, Visser NL, Marine JC, Markel G, Faller WJ, Altelaar M, Agami R, Besser MJ, Peeper DS. Multimodal stimulation screens reveal unique and shared genes limiting T cell fitness. Cancer Cell 2024; 42:623-645.e10. [PMID: 38490212 PMCID: PMC11003465 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2024.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Genes limiting T cell antitumor activity may serve as therapeutic targets. It has not been systematically studied whether there are regulators that uniquely or broadly contribute to T cell fitness. We perform genome-scale CRISPR-Cas9 knockout screens in primary CD8 T cells to uncover genes negatively impacting fitness upon three modes of stimulation: (1) intense, triggering activation-induced cell death (AICD); (2) acute, triggering expansion; (3) chronic, causing dysfunction. Besides established regulators, we uncover genes controlling T cell fitness either specifically or commonly upon differential stimulation. Dap5 ablation, ranking highly in all three screens, increases translation while enhancing tumor killing. Loss of Icam1-mediated homotypic T cell clustering amplifies cell expansion and effector functions after both acute and intense stimulation. Lastly, Ctbp1 inactivation induces functional T cell persistence exclusively upon chronic stimulation. Our results functionally annotate fitness regulators based on their unique or shared contribution to traits limiting T cell antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Pu Lin
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pierre L Levy
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Astrid Alflen
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Georgi Apriamashvili
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten A Ligtenberg
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - David W Vredevoogd
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Onno B Bleijerveld
- Proteomics Facility, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ferhat Alkan
- Division of Oncogenomics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Yuval Malka
- Division of Oncogenomics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth Hoekman
- Proteomics Facility, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ettai Markovits
- Ella Lemelbaum Institute for Immuno-oncology and Melanoma, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 52612, Israel; Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Austin George
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joleen J H Traets
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Oscar Krijgsman
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alex van Vliet
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joanna Poźniak
- Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carlos Ariel Pulido-Vicuña
- Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Beaunelle de Bruijn
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Susan E van Hal-van Veen
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Julia Boshuizen
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pim W van der Helm
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Judit Díaz-Gómez
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hamdy Warda
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Leonie M Behrens
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Paula Mardesic
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bilal Dehni
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nils L Visser
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jean-Christophe Marine
- Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gal Markel
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel; Davidoff Cancer Center and Samueli Integrative Cancer Pioneering Institute, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva 4941492, Israel
| | - William J Faller
- Division of Oncogenomics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten Altelaar
- Proteomics Facility, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Reuven Agami
- Division of Oncogenomics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Michal J Besser
- Ella Lemelbaum Institute for Immuno-oncology and Melanoma, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 52612, Israel; Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel; Davidoff Cancer Center and Samueli Integrative Cancer Pioneering Institute, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva 4941492, Israel; Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Daniel S Peeper
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Pathology, VU University Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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11
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Lai J, Lin P, Zhuang J, Xie Z, Zhou H, Yang D, Chen Z, Jiang D, Huang J. Development and internal validation of a nomogram based on peripheral blood inflammatory markers for predicting prognosis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer Med 2024; 13:e7135. [PMID: 38549496 PMCID: PMC10979185 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.7135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory markers, including the product of neutrophil count, platelet count, and monocyte count divided by lymphocyte count (PIV) and the platelet-to-white blood cell ratio (PWR), have not been previously reported as prognostic factors in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients. In order to predict overall survival (OS) in NPC patients, our goal was to create and internally evaluate a nomogram based on inflammatory markers (PIV, PWR). METHODS A retrospective study was done on patients who received an NPC diagnosis between January 2015 and December 2018. After identifying independent prognostic indicators linked to OS using Cox proportional hazards regression analysis, we created a nomogram with the factors we had chosen. RESULTS A total of 630 NPC patients in all were split into training (n = 441) and validation sets (n = 189) after being enrolled in a population-based study in 2015-2018 and monitored for a median of 5.9 years. In the training set, the age, PIV, and PWR, selected as independent predictors for OS via multivariate Cox's regression model, were chosen to develop a nomogram. Both training and validation cohorts had C-indices of 0.850 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.768-0.849) and 0.851 (95% CI: 0.765-0.877). Furthermore, compared with traditional TNM staging, our nomogram demonstrated greater accuracy in predicting patient outcomes. The risk stratification model derived from our prediction model may facilitate personalized treatment strategies for NPC patients. CONCLUSION Our findings confirmed the prognostic significance of the PWR and PIV in NPC. High PIV levels (>363.47) and low PWR (≤36.42) values are associated with worse OS in NPC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lai
- Department of Head and Neck OncologyAffiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical UniversityZhanjiangGuangdongChina
| | - Peixin Lin
- Department of Head and Neck OncologyAffiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical UniversityZhanjiangGuangdongChina
| | - Jiafeng Zhuang
- Department of Head and Neck OncologyAffiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical UniversityZhanjiangGuangdongChina
| | - Zhiwei Xie
- Department of Head and Neck OncologyAffiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical UniversityZhanjiangGuangdongChina
| | - Hechao Zhou
- Department of Head and Neck OncologyAffiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical UniversityZhanjiangGuangdongChina
| | - Donghong Yang
- Department of Head and Neck OncologyAffiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical UniversityZhanjiangGuangdongChina
| | - Zihong Chen
- Department of Head and Neck OncologyAffiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical UniversityZhanjiangGuangdongChina
| | - Danxian Jiang
- Department of Head and Neck OncologyAffiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical UniversityZhanjiangGuangdongChina
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Head and Neck OncologyAffiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical UniversityZhanjiangGuangdongChina
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12
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Longhini ALF, Fernández-Maestre I, Kennedy MC, Wereski MG, Mowla S, Xiao W, Lowe SW, Levine RL, Gardner R. Development of a customizable mouse backbone spectral flow cytometry panel to delineate immune cell populations in normal and tumor tissues. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1374943. [PMID: 38605953 PMCID: PMC11008467 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1374943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction In vivo studies of cancer biology and assessment of therapeutic efficacy are critical to advancing cancer research and ultimately improving patient outcomes. Murine cancer models have proven to be an invaluable tool in pre-clinical studies. In this context, multi-parameter flow cytometry is a powerful method for elucidating the profile of immune cells within the tumor microenvironment and/or play a role in hematological diseases. However, designing an appropriate multi-parameter panel to comprehensively profile the increasing diversity of immune cells across different murine tissues can be extremely challenging. Methods To address this issue, we designed a panel with 13 fixed markers that define the major immune populations -referred to as the backbone panel- that can be profiled in different tissues but with the option to incorporate up to seven additional fluorochromes, including any marker specific to the study in question. Results This backbone panel maintains its resolution across different spectral flow cytometers and organs, both hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic, as well as tumors with complex immune microenvironments. Discussion Having a robust backbone that can be easily customized with pre-validated drop-in fluorochromes saves time and resources and brings consistency and standardization, making it a versatile solution for immuno-oncology researchers. In addition, the approach presented here can serve as a guide to develop similar types of customizable backbone panels for different research questions requiring high-parameter flow cytometry panels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Leda F. Longhini
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY, United States
| | - Inés Fernández-Maestre
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
- Louis V. Gerstner Jr Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Margaret C. Kennedy
- Louis V. Gerstner Jr Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Shoron Mowla
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Wenbin Xiao
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
- Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hematopathology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Scott W. Lowe
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ross L. Levine
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
- Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Medicine, Leukemia Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Rui Gardner
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY, United States
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13
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Greier MDC, Runge A, Dudas J, Hartl R, Santer M, Dejaco D, Steinbichler TB, Federspiel J, Seifarth C, Konschake M, Sprung S, Sopper S, Randhawa A, Mayr M, Hofauer BG, Riechelmann H. Cytotoxic response of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes of head and neck cancer slice cultures under mitochondrial dysfunction. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1364577. [PMID: 38515569 PMCID: PMC10954813 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1364577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) are highly heterogeneous tumors. In the harsh tumor microenvironment (TME), metabolic reprogramming and mitochondrial dysfunction may lead to immunosuppressive phenotypes. Aerobic glycolysis is needed for the activation of cytotoxic T-cells and the absence of glucose may hamper the full effector functions of cytotoxic T-cells. To test the effect of mitochondrial dysfunction on cytotoxic T cell function, slice cultures (SC) of HNSCC cancer were cultivated under different metabolic conditions. Methods Tumor samples from 21 patients with HNSCC were collected, from which, SC were established and cultivated under six different conditions. These conditions included high glucose, T cell stimulation, and temporarily induced mitochondrial dysfunction (MitoDys) using FCCP and oligomycin A with or without additional T cell stimulation, high glucose and finally, a control medium. Over three days of cultivation, sequential T cell stimulation and MitoDys treatments were performed. Supernatant was collected, and SC were fixed and embedded. Granzyme B was measured in the supernatant and in the SC via immunohistochemistry (IHC). Staining of PD1, CD8/Ki67, and cleaved-caspase-3 (CC3) were performed in SC. Results Hematoxylin eosin stains showed that overall SC quality remained stable over 3 days of cultivation. T cell stimulation, both alone and combined with MitoDys, led to significantly increased granzyme levels in SC and in supernatant. Apoptosis following T cell stimulation was observed in tumor and stroma. Mitochondrial dysfunction alone increased apoptosis in tumor cell aggregates. High glucose concentration alone had no impact on T cell activity and apoptosis. Apoptosis rates were significantly lower under conditions with high glucose and MitoDys (p=0.03). Conclusion Stimulation of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in SC was feasible, which led to increased apoptosis in tumor cells. Induced mitochondrial dysfunction did not play a significant role in the activation and function of TILs in SC of HNSCC. Moreover, high glucose concentration did not promote cytotoxic T cell activity in HNSCC SC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria do Carmo Greier
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Annette Runge
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jozsef Dudas
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Roland Hartl
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Matthias Santer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Daniel Dejaco
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Julia Federspiel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christof Seifarth
- Institute for Clinical and Functional Anatomy, Medical University Innsbruck (MUI), Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Marko Konschake
- Institute for Clinical and Functional Anatomy, Medical University Innsbruck (MUI), Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Susanne Sprung
- INNPATH GmbH, Institute for Pathology, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sieghart Sopper
- Clinic for Internal Medicine V, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Avneet Randhawa
- Department of Otolaryngology, Rutgers University Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
| | | | - Benedikt Gabriel Hofauer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Herbert Riechelmann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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14
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Reichardt CM, Muñoz-Becerra M, Rius Rigau A, Rückert M, Fietkau R, Schett G, Gaipl US, Frey B, Muñoz LE. Neutrophils seeking new neighbors: radiotherapy affects the cellular framework and the spatial organization in a murine breast cancer model. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2024; 73:67. [PMID: 38430241 PMCID: PMC10908631 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-024-03653-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Neutrophils are known to contribute in many aspects of tumor progression and metastasis. The presence of neutrophils or neutrophil-derived mediators in the tumor microenvironment has been associated with poor prognosis in several types of solid tumors. However, the effects of classical cancer treatments such as radiation therapy on neutrophils are poorly understood. Furthermore, the cellular composition and distribution of immune cells in the tumor is of increasing interest in cancer research and new imaging technologies allow to perform more complex spatial analyses within tumor tissues. Therefore, we aim to offer novel insight into intra-tumoral formation of cellular neighborhoods and communities in murine breast cancer. To address this question, we performed image mass cytometry on tumors of the TS/A breast cancer tumor model, performed spatial neighborhood analyses of the tumor microenvironment and quantified neutrophil-extracellular trap degradation products in serum of the mice. We show that irradiation with 2 × 8 Gy significantly alters the cellular composition and spatial organization in the tumor, especially regarding neutrophils and other cells of the myeloid lineage. Locally applied radiotherapy further affects neutrophils in a systemic manner by decreasing the serum neutrophil extracellular trap concentrations which correlates positively with survival. In addition, the intercellular cohesion is maintained due to radiotherapy as shown by E-Cadherin expression. Radiotherapy, therefore, might affect the epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity in tumors and thus prevent metastasis. Our findings underscore the growing importance of the spatial organization of the tumor microenvironment, particularly with respect to radiotherapy, and provide insight into potential mechanisms by which radiotherapy affects epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity and tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Reichardt
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Ulmenweg 18, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - M Muñoz-Becerra
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Ulmenweg 18, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - A Rius Rigau
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Ulmenweg 18, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - M Rückert
- Translational Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen, Germany
| | - R Fietkau
- Deutsches Zentrum Für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen, Germany
| | - G Schett
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Ulmenweg 18, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - U S Gaipl
- Deutsches Zentrum Für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Translational Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen, Germany
| | - B Frey
- Deutsches Zentrum Für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Translational Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen, Germany
| | - L E Muñoz
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Ulmenweg 18, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
- Deutsches Zentrum Für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
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15
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Ntostoglou K, Theodorou SDP, Proctor T, Nikas IP, Awounvo S, Sepsa A, Georgoulias V, Ryu HS, Pateras IS, Kittas C. Distinct profiles of proliferating CD8+/TCF1+ T cells and CD163+/PD-L1+ macrophages predict risk of relapse differently among treatment-naïve breast cancer subtypes. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2024; 73:46. [PMID: 38349444 PMCID: PMC10864422 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-024-03630-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Immunophenotypic analysis of breast cancer microenvironment is gaining attraction as a clinical tool improving breast cancer patient stratification. The aim of this study is to evaluate proliferating CD8 + including CD8 + TCF1 + Τ cells along with PD-L1 expressing tissue-associated macrophages among different breast cancer subtypes. A well-characterized cohort of 791 treatment-naïve breast cancer patients was included. The analysis demonstrated a distinct expression pattern among breast cancer subtypes characterized by increased CD8 + , CD163 + and CD163 + PD-L1 + cells along with high PD-L1 status and decreased fraction of CD8 + Ki67 + T cells in triple negative (TNBC) and HER2 + compared to luminal tumors. Kaplan-Meier and Cox univariate survival analysis revealed that breast cancer patients with high CD8 + , CD8 + Ki67 + , CD8 + TCF1 + cells, PD-L1 score and CD163 + PD-L1 + cells are likely to have a prolonged relapse free survival, while patients with high CD163 + cells have a worse prognosis. A differential impact of high CD8 + , CD8 + Ki67 + , CD8 + TCF1 + T cells, CD163 + PD-L1 + macrophages and PD-L1 status on prognosis was identified among the various breast cancer subtypes since only TNBC patients experience an improved prognosis compared to patients with luminal A tumors. Conversely, high infiltration by CD163 + cells is associated with worse prognosis only in patients with luminal A but not in TNBC tumors. Multivariate Cox regression analysis in TNBC patients revealed that increased CD8 + [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.542; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.309-0.950; p = 0.032), CD8 + TCF1 + (HR = 0.280; 95% CI 0.101-0.779; p = 0.015), CD163 + PD-L1 + (HR: 0.312; 95% CI 0.112-0.870; p = 0.026) cells along with PD-L1 status employing two different scoring methods (HR: 0.362; 95% CI 0.162-0.812; p = 0.014 and HR: 0.395; 95% CI 0.176-0.884; p = 0.024) were independently linked with a lower relapse rate. Multivariate analysis in Luminal type A patients revealed that increased CD163 + was independently associated with a higher relapse rate (HR = 2.360; 95% CI 1.077-5.170; p = 0.032). This study demonstrates that the evaluation of the functional status of CD8 + T cells in combination with the analysis of immunosuppressive elements could provide clinically relevant information in different breast cancer subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Ntostoglou
- Department of Histopathology, Biomedicine Group of Health Company, 15626, Athens, Greece
- Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527, Goudi, Athens, Greece
| | - Sofia D P Theodorou
- Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527, Goudi, Athens, Greece
| | - Tanja Proctor
- Institute of Medical Biometry, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ilias P Nikas
- Medical School, University of Cyprus, 2029, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Sinclair Awounvo
- Institute of Medical Biometry, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Athanasia Sepsa
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Metropolitan Hospital, 9 Ethnarchou Makariou & 1 E. Venizelou Street, Neo Faliro, 18547, Piraeus, Greece
| | | | - Han Suk Ryu
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 03080, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ioannis S Pateras
- 2nd Department of Pathology, Medical School, "Attikon" University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 124 62, Athens, Greece.
| | - Christos Kittas
- Department of Histopathology, Biomedicine Group of Health Company, 15626, Athens, Greece
- Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527, Goudi, Athens, Greece
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16
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Jusztus V, Medyouni G, Bagosi A, Lampé R, Panyi G, Matolay O, Maka E, Krasznai ZT, Vörös O, Hajdu P. Activity of Potassium Channels in CD8 + T Lymphocytes: Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarker in Ovarian Cancer? Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1949. [PMID: 38396628 PMCID: PMC10888402 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25041949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cells play a role in the suppression of tumor growth and immunotherapy. Ion channels control the Ca2+-dependent function of CD8+ lymphocytes such as cytokine/granzyme production and tumor killing. Kv1.3 and KCa3.1 K+ channels stabilize the negative membrane potential of T cells to maintain Ca2+ influx through CRAC channels. We assessed the expression of Kv1.3, KCa3.1 and CRAC in CD8+ cells from ovarian cancer (OC) patients (n = 7). We found that the expression level of Kv1.3 was higher in patients with malignant tumors than in control or benign tumor groups while the KCa3.1 activity was lower in the malignant tumor group as compared to the others. We demonstrated that the Ca2+ response in malignant tumor patients is higher compared to control groups. We propose that altered Kv1.3 and KCa3.1 expression in CD8+ cells in OC could be a reporter and may serve as a biomarker in diagnostics and that increased Ca2+ response through CRAC may contribute to the impaired CD8+ function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien Jusztus
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (V.J.); (G.M.); (A.B.); (G.P.); (O.V.)
| | - Ghofrane Medyouni
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (V.J.); (G.M.); (A.B.); (G.P.); (O.V.)
| | - Adrienn Bagosi
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (V.J.); (G.M.); (A.B.); (G.P.); (O.V.)
| | - Rudolf Lampé
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (R.L.); (O.M.); (E.M.); (Z.T.K.)
| | - György Panyi
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (V.J.); (G.M.); (A.B.); (G.P.); (O.V.)
| | - Orsolya Matolay
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (R.L.); (O.M.); (E.M.); (Z.T.K.)
| | - Eszter Maka
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (R.L.); (O.M.); (E.M.); (Z.T.K.)
| | - Zoárd Tibor Krasznai
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (R.L.); (O.M.); (E.M.); (Z.T.K.)
| | - Orsolya Vörös
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (V.J.); (G.M.); (A.B.); (G.P.); (O.V.)
| | - Péter Hajdu
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (V.J.); (G.M.); (A.B.); (G.P.); (O.V.)
- Division of Dental Biochemistry, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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17
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Fernandes S, Cassani M, Cavalieri F, Forte G, Caruso F. Emerging Strategies for Immunotherapy of Solid Tumors Using Lipid-Based Nanoparticles. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2305769. [PMID: 38054651 PMCID: PMC10885677 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
The application of lipid-based nanoparticles for COVID-19 vaccines and transthyretin-mediated amyloidosis treatment have highlighted their potential for translation to cancer therapy. However, their use in delivering drugs to solid tumors is limited by ineffective targeting, heterogeneous organ distribution, systemic inflammatory responses, and insufficient drug accumulation at the tumor. Instead, the use of lipid-based nanoparticles to remotely activate immune system responses is an emerging effective strategy. Despite this approach showing potential for treating hematological cancers, its application to treat solid tumors is hampered by the selection of eligible targets, tumor heterogeneity, and ineffective penetration of activated T cells within the tumor. Notwithstanding, the use of lipid-based nanoparticles for immunotherapy is projected to revolutionize cancer therapy, with the ultimate goal of rendering cancer a chronic disease. However, the translational success is likely to depend on the use of predictive tumor models in preclinical studies, simulating the complexity of the tumor microenvironment (e.g., the fibrotic extracellular matrix that impairs therapeutic outcomes) and stimulating tumor progression. This review compiles recent advances in the field of antitumor lipid-based nanoparticles and highlights emerging therapeutic approaches (e.g., mechanotherapy) to modulate tumor stiffness and improve T cell infiltration, and the use of organoids to better guide therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraia Fernandes
- Center for Translational Medicine (CTM)International Clinical Research Centre (ICRC)St. Anne HospitalBrno656 91Czech Republic
- Department of Chemical EngineeringThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoria3010Australia
| | - Marco Cassani
- Center for Translational Medicine (CTM)International Clinical Research Centre (ICRC)St. Anne HospitalBrno656 91Czech Republic
- Department of Chemical EngineeringThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoria3010Australia
| | - Francesca Cavalieri
- School of ScienceRMIT UniversityMelbourneVictoria3000Australia
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie ChimicheUniversita di Roma “Tor Vergata”Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1Rome00133Italy
| | - Giancarlo Forte
- Center for Translational Medicine (CTM)International Clinical Research Centre (ICRC)St. Anne HospitalBrno656 91Czech Republic
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & SciencesKing's College LondonLondonSE5 9NUUK
| | - Frank Caruso
- Department of Chemical EngineeringThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoria3010Australia
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Katopodi T, Petanidis S, Anestakis D, Charalampidis C, Chatziprodromidou I, Floros G, Eskitzis P, Zarogoulidis P, Koulouris C, Sevva C, Papadopoulos K, Dagher M, Karakousis VA, Varsamis N, Theodorou V, Mystakidou CM, Vlassopoulos K, Kosmidis S, Katsios NI, Farmakis K, Kosmidis C. Tumor cell metabolic reprogramming and hypoxic immunosuppression: driving carcinogenesis to metastatic colonization. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1325360. [PMID: 38292487 PMCID: PMC10824957 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1325360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
A significant factor in the antitumor immune response is the increased metabolic reprogramming of immunological and malignant cells. Increasing data points to the fact that cancer metabolism affects not just cancer signaling, which is essential for maintaining carcinogenesis and survival, but also the expression of immune cells and immune-related factors such as lactate, PGE2, arginine, IDO, which regulate the antitumor immune signaling mechanism. In reality, this energetic interaction between the immune system and the tumor results in metabolic competition in the tumor ecosystem, limiting the amount of nutrients available and causing microenvironmental acidosis, which impairs the ability of immune cells to operate. More intriguingly, different types of immune cells use metabolic reprogramming to keep the body and self in a state of homeostasis. The process of immune cell proliferation, differentiation, and performance of effector functions, which is crucial to the immune response, are currently being linked to metabolic reprogramming. Here, we cover the regulation of the antitumor immune response by metabolic reprogramming in cancer cells and immune cells as well as potential strategies for metabolic pathway targeting in the context of anticancer immunotherapy. We also discuss prospective immunotherapy-metabolic intervention combinations that might be utilized to maximize the effectiveness of current immunotherapy regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodora Katopodi
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Medical Biology and Genetics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Savvas Petanidis
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Medical Biology and Genetics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Pulmonology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Doxakis Anestakis
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | | | - George Floros
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
| | | | - Paul Zarogoulidis
- Third Department of Surgery, “AHEPA” University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Charilaos Koulouris
- Third Department of Surgery, “AHEPA” University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christina Sevva
- Third Department of Surgery, “AHEPA” University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Papadopoulos
- Third Department of Surgery, “AHEPA” University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Marios Dagher
- Third Department of Surgery, “AHEPA” University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Nikolaos Varsamis
- Department of Surgery, Interbalkan Medical Center, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Theodorou
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Chrysi Maria Mystakidou
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Vlassopoulos
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stylianos Kosmidis
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | | | - Konstantinos Farmakis
- Pediatric Surgery Clinic, General Hospital of Thessaloniki “G. Gennimatas”, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christoforos Kosmidis
- Third Department of Surgery, “AHEPA” University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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19
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Montecchi T, Nannini G, De Tommaso D, Cassioli C, Coppola F, Ringressi MN, Carraro F, Naldini A, Taddei A, Marotta G, Amedei A, Baldari CT, Ulivieri C. Human colorectal cancer: upregulation of the adaptor protein Rai in TILs leads to cell dysfunction by sustaining GSK-3 activation and PD-1 expression. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2024; 73:2. [PMID: 38175205 PMCID: PMC10766791 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-023-03614-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) of colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major hurdle for immune checkpoint inhibitor-based therapies. Hence characterization of the signaling pathways driving T cell exhaustion within TME is a critical need for the discovery of novel therapeutic targets and the development of effective therapies. We previously showed that (i) the adaptor protein Rai is a negative regulator of T cell receptor signaling and T helper 1 (Th1)/Th17 cell differentiation; and (ii) Rai deficiency is implicated in the hyperactive phenotype of T cells in autoimmune diseases. METHODS The expression level of Rai was measured by qRT-PCR in paired peripheral blood T cells and T cells infiltrating tumor tissue and the normal adjacent tissue in CRC patients. The impact of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α on Rai expression was evaluated in T cells exposed to hypoxia and by performing chromatin immunoprecipitation assays and RNA interference assays. The mechanism by which upregulation of Rai in T cells promotes T cell exhaustion were evaluated by flow cytometric, qRT-PCR and western blot analyses. RESULTS We show that Rai is a novel HIF-1α-responsive gene that is upregulated in tumor infiltrating lymphocytes of CRC patients compared to patient-matched circulating T cells. Rai upregulation in T cells promoted Programmed cell Death protein (PD)-1 expression and impaired antigen-dependent degranulation of CD8+ T cells by inhibiting phospho-inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3, a central regulator of PD-1 expression and T cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity. CONCLUSIONS Our data identify Rai as a hitherto unknown regulator of the TME-induced exhausted phenotype of human T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Montecchi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, 53100, Italy
| | - Giulia Nannini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, 50134, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Cassioli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, 53100, Italy
| | - Federica Coppola
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, 53100, Italy
| | - Maria Novella Ringressi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, 50134, Italy
| | - Fabio Carraro
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, 53100, Italy
| | - Antonella Naldini
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, 53100, Italy
| | - Antonio Taddei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, 50134, Italy
| | | | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, 50134, Italy.
| | - Cosima T Baldari
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, 53100, Italy.
| | - Cristina Ulivieri
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, 53100, Italy.
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20
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Shao S, Miao H, Ma W. Unraveling the enigma of tumor-associated macrophages: challenges, innovations, and the path to therapeutic breakthroughs. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1295684. [PMID: 38035068 PMCID: PMC10682717 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1295684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are integral to the tumor microenvironment (TME), influencing cancer progression significantly. Attracted by cancer cell signals, TAMs exhibit unparalleled adaptability, aligning with the dynamic tumor milieu. Their roles span from promoting tumor growth and angiogenesis to modulating metastasis. While substantial research has explored the fundamentals of TAMs, comprehending their adaptive behavior, and leveraging it for novel treatments remains challenging. This review delves into TAM polarization, metabolic shifts, and the complex orchestration of cytokines and chemokines determining their functions. We highlight the complexities of TAM-targeted research focusing on their adaptability and potential variability in therapeutic outcomes. Moreover, we discuss the synergy of integrating TAM-focused strategies with established cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. Emphasis is laid on pioneering methods like TAM reprogramming for cancer immunotherapy and the adoption of single-cell technologies for precision intervention. This synthesis seeks to shed light on TAMs' multifaceted roles in cancer, pinpointing prospective pathways for transformative research and enhancing therapeutic modalities in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengwen Shao
- Clinical Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Huilai Miao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Liaobu Hospital of Dongguan City, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenxue Ma
- Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, and Sanford Stem Cell Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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21
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Sun Y, Cronin MF, Mendonça MCP, Guo J, O’Driscoll CM. M2pep-Modified Cyclodextrin-siRNA Nanoparticles Modulate the Immunosuppressive Tumor Microenvironment for Prostate Cancer Therapy. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:5921-5936. [PMID: 37874541 PMCID: PMC10630955 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most prevalent cause of cancer deaths in men. Conventional strategies, such as surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy, face challenges including poor prognosis and resistance. Therefore, the development of new improved strategies is vital to enhance patient outcomes. Recently, immunotherapy has shown potential in the treatment of a range of cancers, including PCa. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play an important role in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and reprogramming of TAMs is associated with remodeling the TME. The colony-stimulating factor-1/colony stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF-1/CSF-1R) signaling pathway is closely related to the polarization of TAMs. The downregulation of CSF-1R, using small interfering RNA (siRNA), has been shown to achieve the reprogramming of TAMs, from the immunosuppressive M2 phenotype to the immunostimulatory M1 one. To maximize specific cellular delivery an M2 macrophage-targeting peptide, M2pep, was formulated with an amphiphilic cationic β-Cyclodextrin (CD) incorporating CSF-1R siRNA. The resulting nanoparticles (NPs) increased M2 macrophage targeting both in vitro and in vivo, promoting the release of M1 factors and simultaneously downregulating the levels of M2 factors through TAM reprogramming. The subsequent remodeling of the TME resulted in a reduction in tumor growth in a subcutaneous PCa mouse model mainly mediated through the recruitment of cytotoxic T cells. In summary, this M2pep-targeted CD-based delivery system demonstrated significant antitumor efficacy, thus presenting an alternative immunotherapeutic strategy for PCa treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Sun
- School
of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland
| | | | | | - Jianfeng Guo
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
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22
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Li B, Wang K, Shi S, Li M, Ma MT, Zhou ZG, Wang ZC, Gong YN, Xiao Y, Zhao L, Meng Q, Liu YB. Prognostic value of neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and platelet counts during chemotherapy in patients with advanced gastric cancer. Saudi Med J 2023; 44:1104-1112. [PMID: 37926448 PMCID: PMC10712764 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2023.44.11.20220946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the predictive significance of dynamic changes in the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet counts (PLTs) in patients with advanced gastric cancer (GC) during chemotherapy. METHODS A total of 259 advanced GC patients receiving chemotherapy were enrolled and grouped by high or low NLR with a cut value of 2.5 and PLT with cut value of 300×109/L. The Kaplan-Meier survival model and the Log-rank test were carried out to determine the comparison on the overall survival differences. Cox regression analysis was employed to carry out both univariate and multivariate regression studies, aiming to explore potential prognostic factors acting independently. RESULTS Higher pre-chemotherapy NLR exhibited an association with metastasis and advanced grade of Borrmann type, and higher NLR of pre- or post-chemotherapy GC patients was related with Borrmann type grade. Moreover, higher PLT counts are associated with advanced grades of Borrmann type. Interestingly, patients with lower post-chemotherapy NLR or decreasing NLR hold better overall response rate and disease control rate than those with higher NLR or increasing NLR. Furthermore, patients with high post-chemotherapy NLR alone or higher post-chemotherapy NLR plus higher post-chemotherapy PLT. CONCLUSION Our study suggested that high post-chemotherapy NLR and post-chemotherapy PLT might be adverse prognostic markers in advanced GC patients undergoing chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- From the Department Radiology (B. Li); from the Department of Medical Oncology (Ma, Liu), Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, from the Department of Internal Medicine (K. Wang); from the Department of Orthopedics (Meng); from the Department of Medical Oncology (Gong), the first affiliated Hospital of Xingtai Medical College, from the Department of Medical Oncology (M. Li), Quyang cancer hospital/Hengzhou hospital, from the Department of Radiotherapy (Z. Wang), Cangzhou Central Hospital, Hebei, from YuceBio Technology Co. Ltd. (Xiao), Guangdong, China, and from the Department of Pathology (Shi), GROW-School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Kemeng Wang
- From the Department Radiology (B. Li); from the Department of Medical Oncology (Ma, Liu), Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, from the Department of Internal Medicine (K. Wang); from the Department of Orthopedics (Meng); from the Department of Medical Oncology (Gong), the first affiliated Hospital of Xingtai Medical College, from the Department of Medical Oncology (M. Li), Quyang cancer hospital/Hengzhou hospital, from the Department of Radiotherapy (Z. Wang), Cangzhou Central Hospital, Hebei, from YuceBio Technology Co. Ltd. (Xiao), Guangdong, China, and from the Department of Pathology (Shi), GROW-School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Shuai Shi
- From the Department Radiology (B. Li); from the Department of Medical Oncology (Ma, Liu), Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, from the Department of Internal Medicine (K. Wang); from the Department of Orthopedics (Meng); from the Department of Medical Oncology (Gong), the first affiliated Hospital of Xingtai Medical College, from the Department of Medical Oncology (M. Li), Quyang cancer hospital/Hengzhou hospital, from the Department of Radiotherapy (Z. Wang), Cangzhou Central Hospital, Hebei, from YuceBio Technology Co. Ltd. (Xiao), Guangdong, China, and from the Department of Pathology (Shi), GROW-School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Meng Li
- From the Department Radiology (B. Li); from the Department of Medical Oncology (Ma, Liu), Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, from the Department of Internal Medicine (K. Wang); from the Department of Orthopedics (Meng); from the Department of Medical Oncology (Gong), the first affiliated Hospital of Xingtai Medical College, from the Department of Medical Oncology (M. Li), Quyang cancer hospital/Hengzhou hospital, from the Department of Radiotherapy (Z. Wang), Cangzhou Central Hospital, Hebei, from YuceBio Technology Co. Ltd. (Xiao), Guangdong, China, and from the Department of Pathology (Shi), GROW-School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Min-Ting Ma
- From the Department Radiology (B. Li); from the Department of Medical Oncology (Ma, Liu), Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, from the Department of Internal Medicine (K. Wang); from the Department of Orthopedics (Meng); from the Department of Medical Oncology (Gong), the first affiliated Hospital of Xingtai Medical College, from the Department of Medical Oncology (M. Li), Quyang cancer hospital/Hengzhou hospital, from the Department of Radiotherapy (Z. Wang), Cangzhou Central Hospital, Hebei, from YuceBio Technology Co. Ltd. (Xiao), Guangdong, China, and from the Department of Pathology (Shi), GROW-School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Zhi-Guo Zhou
- From the Department Radiology (B. Li); from the Department of Medical Oncology (Ma, Liu), Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, from the Department of Internal Medicine (K. Wang); from the Department of Orthopedics (Meng); from the Department of Medical Oncology (Gong), the first affiliated Hospital of Xingtai Medical College, from the Department of Medical Oncology (M. Li), Quyang cancer hospital/Hengzhou hospital, from the Department of Radiotherapy (Z. Wang), Cangzhou Central Hospital, Hebei, from YuceBio Technology Co. Ltd. (Xiao), Guangdong, China, and from the Department of Pathology (Shi), GROW-School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Zhi-Cong Wang
- From the Department Radiology (B. Li); from the Department of Medical Oncology (Ma, Liu), Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, from the Department of Internal Medicine (K. Wang); from the Department of Orthopedics (Meng); from the Department of Medical Oncology (Gong), the first affiliated Hospital of Xingtai Medical College, from the Department of Medical Oncology (M. Li), Quyang cancer hospital/Hengzhou hospital, from the Department of Radiotherapy (Z. Wang), Cangzhou Central Hospital, Hebei, from YuceBio Technology Co. Ltd. (Xiao), Guangdong, China, and from the Department of Pathology (Shi), GROW-School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Ya-Ning Gong
- From the Department Radiology (B. Li); from the Department of Medical Oncology (Ma, Liu), Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, from the Department of Internal Medicine (K. Wang); from the Department of Orthopedics (Meng); from the Department of Medical Oncology (Gong), the first affiliated Hospital of Xingtai Medical College, from the Department of Medical Oncology (M. Li), Quyang cancer hospital/Hengzhou hospital, from the Department of Radiotherapy (Z. Wang), Cangzhou Central Hospital, Hebei, from YuceBio Technology Co. Ltd. (Xiao), Guangdong, China, and from the Department of Pathology (Shi), GROW-School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Yajie Xiao
- From the Department Radiology (B. Li); from the Department of Medical Oncology (Ma, Liu), Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, from the Department of Internal Medicine (K. Wang); from the Department of Orthopedics (Meng); from the Department of Medical Oncology (Gong), the first affiliated Hospital of Xingtai Medical College, from the Department of Medical Oncology (M. Li), Quyang cancer hospital/Hengzhou hospital, from the Department of Radiotherapy (Z. Wang), Cangzhou Central Hospital, Hebei, from YuceBio Technology Co. Ltd. (Xiao), Guangdong, China, and from the Department of Pathology (Shi), GROW-School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Liyan Zhao
- From the Department Radiology (B. Li); from the Department of Medical Oncology (Ma, Liu), Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, from the Department of Internal Medicine (K. Wang); from the Department of Orthopedics (Meng); from the Department of Medical Oncology (Gong), the first affiliated Hospital of Xingtai Medical College, from the Department of Medical Oncology (M. Li), Quyang cancer hospital/Hengzhou hospital, from the Department of Radiotherapy (Z. Wang), Cangzhou Central Hospital, Hebei, from YuceBio Technology Co. Ltd. (Xiao), Guangdong, China, and from the Department of Pathology (Shi), GROW-School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Qingju Meng
- From the Department Radiology (B. Li); from the Department of Medical Oncology (Ma, Liu), Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, from the Department of Internal Medicine (K. Wang); from the Department of Orthopedics (Meng); from the Department of Medical Oncology (Gong), the first affiliated Hospital of Xingtai Medical College, from the Department of Medical Oncology (M. Li), Quyang cancer hospital/Hengzhou hospital, from the Department of Radiotherapy (Z. Wang), Cangzhou Central Hospital, Hebei, from YuceBio Technology Co. Ltd. (Xiao), Guangdong, China, and from the Department of Pathology (Shi), GROW-School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Yi-Bing Liu
- From the Department Radiology (B. Li); from the Department of Medical Oncology (Ma, Liu), Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, from the Department of Internal Medicine (K. Wang); from the Department of Orthopedics (Meng); from the Department of Medical Oncology (Gong), the first affiliated Hospital of Xingtai Medical College, from the Department of Medical Oncology (M. Li), Quyang cancer hospital/Hengzhou hospital, from the Department of Radiotherapy (Z. Wang), Cangzhou Central Hospital, Hebei, from YuceBio Technology Co. Ltd. (Xiao), Guangdong, China, and from the Department of Pathology (Shi), GROW-School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Wang X, Ye X, Chen Y, Lin J. Mechanism of M2 type macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles regulating PD-L1 expression via the MISP/IQGAP1 axis in hepatocellular carcinoma immunotherapy resistance. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 124:110848. [PMID: 37633233 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a prevailing cancer affecting human health. M2 macrophages are essential in mediating immune responses in tumors. This study investigated the action of M2 macrophages in immune escape of HCC. METHODS Mitotic spindle positioning (MISP), IQ motif containing GTPase activating protein 1 (IQGAP1) and programmed cell death-1 (PD-L1) levels in primary HCC/tumor-adjacent tissues were determined by Western blot, followed by correlation analysis. M2 macrophage and CD3+CD8+T cell percentages were estimated by flow cytometry. Hep3B and HepG2 cells were treated with M2 macrophage conditioned medium (M2-CM) and M2 macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles (M2-EVs) and/or co-cultured with CD8+T cells, followed by assessment of cell viability and apoptosis. TNF-α and INF-γ levels were measured by ELISA. MISP and IQGAP1 overexpression plasmids were transfected into HCC cells to explore their role in immune escape. The interactions among MISP, IQGAP1, STAT3, and PD-L1 were analyzed by co-immunoprecipitation. The mechanism of M2-EVs in HCC immune escape was verified in nude mice. RESULTS MISP/IQGAP1/PD-L1 were upregulated in HCC tissues. MISP negatively-correlated with IQGAP1/PD-L1 and IQGAP1 positively-correlated with PD-L1. M2 macrophages were reduced but CD8+T cells were increased in HCC tissues with high MISP expression. M2-CM or M2-EVs inhibited the killing ability of CD8+T cells, increased HCC cell viability, impeded HCC cell apoptosis, induced CD8+T cell apoptosis, downregulated TNF-α and INF-γ, and upregulated PD-L1. M2-EVs facilitated HCC cell immune escape by potentiating IQGAP1 nuclear translocation and activating STAT3 phosphorylation through MISP downregulation. In vivo experiments further verified the action of M2-EVs through MISP. CONCLUSION M2-EVs promote HCC cell immune escape by upregulating PD-L1 through the MISP/IQGAP1/STAT3 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Wang
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Xuxing Ye
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital, 351 Mingyue Street, Wucheng District, Jinhua, 321001, China
| | - Yanping Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital, 351 Mingyue Street, Wucheng District, Jinhua, 321001, China
| | - Junmei Lin
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital, 351 Mingyue Street, Wucheng District, Jinhua, 321001, China.
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Zhu C, Wu J, Shelat VG, Sayagués JM, Yamamoto S, Yang L, He X. Transmembrane serine protease 2, a SARS-CoV-2 internalization protease, correlates with clinical outcome, molecular features, and immunotherapy response in colorectal cancer. J Gastrointest Oncol 2023; 14:2146-2157. [PMID: 37969833 PMCID: PMC10643587 DOI: 10.21037/jgo-23-641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) mediates the entry of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) into host cells. The relevant research indicates the intestine to be a target of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and thus we aimed to investigate the correlation between TMPRSS2 expression and the prognosis, molecular features, and immunotherapy response in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). Methods The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases were used in this study and a total of 1,385 patients were identified. The CIBERSORT algorithms were used to evaluate the relative infiltration levels of immune cell types in the tumor microenvironment (TME). The correlation between TMPRSS2 expression and immunotherapy response rate was assessed in another 2 independent cohorts. Results TMPRSS2 expression was significantly downregulated in cancer tissue compared to the adjacent normal tissue, and patients with CRC with lower TMPRSS2 expression showed notably poorer prognosis. Functional enrichment analysis found that low TMPRSS2 expression was significantly associated with cancer metastasis-related pathways. Further analysis based on the miRWalk tool and JASPAR database identified a list of microRNAs (miRNAs) and transcriptional factors targeting TMPRSS2. Distinct differences in immune cell infiltration and tumor purity reflected by estimate and mutant-allele tumor heterogeneity score were observed between patients with low and high TMPRSS2 expression levels. Interestingly, patients with a low TMPRSS2 expression level showed a higher response rate to immunotherapy. Conclusions CRC cells may be more resistant to SARS-CoV-2 infection due to the decreased expression of TMPRSS2, which could be a newly identified biomarker for prognosis and immunotherapy response prediction in patients with CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenjing Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianfeng Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Vishal G. Shelat
- Department of General Surgery, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - José María Sayagués
- Pathology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Salamanca and Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Seiichiro Yamamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Li Yang
- Endoscopy Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xia He
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, China
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Li J, Liu Y, Zeng W, Wu Y, Ao W, Yuan X, Zhou C. The Relationship Between the Expression of circFAT1 and Immune Cell in Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Int J Gen Med 2023; 16:4943-4951. [PMID: 37928955 PMCID: PMC10625319 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s434065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To analyze the correlation between the expression of circFAT1 in serum and immune cells in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods A total of 96 patients with NSCLC admitted to our hospital from November 2019 to November 2022 were regarded as the study subjects. In the meantime, 96 volunteers who had physical examination in our hospital were regarded as the control group. The expression level of circFAT1 in serum was detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. NSCLC cancer tissue (NSCLC group) and paracancerous tissue (tissue ≥ 2cm away from the focus) (paracancerous group) were collected during the operation, the expression of CD4+, CD8+ and Foxp3+ in tissues was determined by immunohistochemistry; the expression level of circFAT1 mRNA in NSCLC tissue was analyzed using the Ualcan database. Spearman correlation was applied to analyze the correlation between the expression of circFAT1 and immune cells (CD4+, Foxp3+, CD8+). Results The level of circFAT1 in NSCLC tissue was higher than that in normal tissue (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the expression level of circFAT1 in serum of NSCLC group was obviously higher (P < 0.05). The expression level of circFAT1 was related to lymph node metastasis, TNM stage and differentiation (P < 0.05). Compared with the paracancerous group, the positive expression rate of CD8+ in NSCLC group was obviously lower, and the positive expression rates of CD4+ and Foxp3+ were obviously higher (P < 0.05). The expression of CD4+, Foxp3+ and CD8+ in NSCLC patients' cancer tissue was related to lymph node metastasis, TNM stage and differentiation degree (P < 0.05). Spearman correlation analysis showed that circFAT1 was positively correlated with the expression of CD4+ and Foxp3+ and negatively correlated with the expression of CD8+ (P < 0.05). Conclusion CircFAT1 is highly expressed in the serum of NSCLC patients and is closely related to immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Li
- Department of Oncology, Yueyang People’s Hospital, Yueyang City, Hunan Province, 414000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yabing Liu
- Department of Oncology, Yueyang People’s Hospital, Yueyang City, Hunan Province, 414000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenxuan Zeng
- Department of Cardiovascular, Yueyang Central Hospital, Yueyang City, Hunan Province, 414000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanrun Wu
- Department of Ultrasonic, Yueyang Central Hospital, Yueyang City, Hunan Province, 414000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Ao
- Department of Cardiovascular, Yueyang People’s Hospital, Yueyang City, Hunan Province, 414000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiwei Yuan
- Department of Oncology, Yueyang People’s Hospital, Yueyang City, Hunan Province, 414000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chuanyi Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Yueyang People’s Hospital, Yueyang City, Hunan Province, 414000, People’s Republic of China
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Yadav M, Uikey BN, Rathore SS, Gupta P, Kashyap D, Kumar C, Shukla D, Vijayamahantesh, Chandel AS, Ahirwar B, Singh AK, Suman SS, Priyadarshi A, Amit A. Role of cytokine in malignant T-cell metabolism and subsequent alternation in T-cell tumor microenvironment. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1235711. [PMID: 37746258 PMCID: PMC10513393 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1235711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells are an important component of adaptive immunity and T-cell-derived lymphomas are very complex due to many functional sub-types and functional elasticity of T-cells. As with other tumors, tissues specific factors are crucial in the development of T-cell lymphomas. In addition to neoplastic cells, T- cell lymphomas consist of a tumor micro-environment composed of normal cells and stroma. Numerous studies established the qualitative and quantitative differences between the tumor microenvironment and normal cell surroundings. Interaction between the various component of the tumor microenvironment is crucial since tumor cells can change the microenvironment and vice versa. In normal T-cell development, T-cells must respond to various stimulants deferentially and during these courses of adaptation. T-cells undergo various metabolic alterations. From the stage of quiescence to attention of fully active form T-cells undergoes various stage in terms of metabolic activity. Predominantly quiescent T-cells have ATP-generating metabolism while during the proliferative stage, their metabolism tilted towards the growth-promoting pathways. In addition to this, a functionally different subset of T-cells requires to activate the different metabolic pathways, and consequently, this regulation of the metabolic pathway control activation and function of T-cells. So, it is obvious that dynamic, and well-regulated metabolic pathways are important for the normal functioning of T-cells and their interaction with the microenvironment. There are various cell signaling mechanisms of metabolism are involved in this regulation and more and more studies have suggested the involvement of additional signaling in the development of the overall metabolic phenotype of T cells. These important signaling mediators include cytokines and hormones. The impact and role of these mediators especially the cytokines on the interplay between T-cell metabolism and the interaction of T-cells with their micro-environments in the context of T-cells lymphomas are discussed in this review article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha Yadav
- Department of Forensic Science, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, India
| | - Blessi N. Uikey
- Department of Forensic Science, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, India
| | | | - Priyanka Gupta
- Department of Forensic Science, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, India
| | - Diksha Kashyap
- Department of Forensic Science, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, India
| | - Chanchal Kumar
- Department of Forensic Science, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, India
| | - Dhananjay Shukla
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, India
| | - Vijayamahantesh
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Arvind Singh Chandel
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Japan
| | - Bharti Ahirwar
- Department of Pharmacy, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, India
| | | | - Shashi Shekhar Suman
- Department of Zoology, Udayana Charya (UR) College, Lalit Narayan Mithila University, Darbhanga, India
| | - Amit Priyadarshi
- Department of Zoology, Veer Kunwar Singh University, Arrah, India
| | - Ajay Amit
- Department of Forensic Science, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, India
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He M, Zhang D, Cao Y, Chi C, Zeng Z, Yang X, Yang G, Sharma K, Hu K, Enikeev M. Chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells therapy in prostate cancer: A comprehensive review on the current state and prospects. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19147. [PMID: 37664750 PMCID: PMC10469587 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent immunotherapy research has focused on chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells (CAR-Ts). CAR-T therapies have been clinically applied to manage hematologic malignancies with satisfactory effectiveness. However, the application of CAR-T immunotherapy in solid tumors remains challenging. Even so, current CAR-T immunotherapies for prostate cancer (PCa) have shown some promise, giving hope to patients with advanced metastatic PCa. This review aimed to elucidate different types of prostate tumor-associated antigen targets, such as prostate-specific membrane antigen and prostate stem cell antigen, and their effects. The current status of the corresponding targets in clinical research through their applications was also discussed. To improve the efficacy of CAR-T immunotherapy, we addressed the possible applications of multimodal immunotherapy, chemotherapy, and CAR-T combined therapies. The obstacles of solid tumors were concisely elaborated. Further studies should aim to discover novel potential targets and establish new models by overcoming the inherent barriers of solid tumors, such as tumor heterogeneity and the immunosuppressive nature of the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingze He
- Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dongqi Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University (Lequn Branch), 130000, Changchun, China
| | - Yu Cao
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Changliang Chi
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University (Lequn Branch), 130000, Changchun, China
| | - Zitong Zeng
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Xinyi Yang
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Guodong Yang
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kritika Sharma
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kebang Hu
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University (Lequn Branch), 130000, Changchun, China
| | - Mikhail Enikeev
- Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435, Moscow, Russia
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Farhana A, Alsrhani A, Khan YS, Rasheed Z. Cancer Bioenergetics and Tumor Microenvironments-Enhancing Chemotherapeutics and Targeting Resistant Niches through Nanosystems. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3836. [PMID: 37568652 PMCID: PMC10416858 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15153836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is an impending bottleneck in the advanced scientific workflow to achieve diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic success. Most cancers are refractory to conventional diagnostic and chemotherapeutics due to their limited targetability, specificity, solubility, and side effects. The inherent ability of each cancer to evolve through various genetic and epigenetic transformations and metabolic reprogramming underlies therapeutic limitations. Though tumor microenvironments (TMEs) are quite well understood in some cancers, each microenvironment differs from the other in internal perturbations and metabolic skew thereby impeding the development of appropriate diagnostics, drugs, vaccines, and therapies. Cancer associated bioenergetics modulations regulate TME, angiogenesis, immune evasion, generation of resistant niches and tumor progression, and a thorough understanding is crucial to the development of metabolic therapies. However, this remains a missing element in cancer theranostics, necessitating the development of modalities that can be adapted for targetability, diagnostics and therapeutics. In this challenging scenario, nanomaterials are modular platforms for understanding TME and achieving successful theranostics. Several nanoscale particles have been successfully researched in animal models, quite a few have reached clinical trials, and some have achieved clinical success. Nanoparticles exhibit an intrinsic capability to interact with diverse biomolecules and modulate their functions. Furthermore, nanoparticles can be functionalized with receptors, modulators, and drugs to facilitate specific targeting with reduced toxicity. This review discusses the current understanding of different theranostic nanosystems, their synthesis, functionalization, and targetability for therapeutic modulation of bioenergetics, and metabolic reprogramming of the cancer microenvironment. We highlight the potential of nanosystems for enhanced chemotherapeutic success emphasizing the questions that remain unanswered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Farhana
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Alsrhani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yusuf Saleem Khan
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zafar Rasheed
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, P.O. Box 6655, Buraidah 51452, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
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Zhang X, Wen Z, Wang Q, Ren L, Zhao S. A novel stratification framework based on anoikis-related genes for predicting the prognosis in patients with osteosarcoma. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1199869. [PMID: 37575253 PMCID: PMC10413143 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1199869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Anoikis resistance is a prerequisite for the successful development of osteosarcoma (OS) metastases, whether the expression of anoikis-related genes (ARGs) correlates with OS prognosis remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of using ARGs as prognostic tools for the risk stratification of OS. Methods The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases provided transcriptome information relevant to OS. The GeneCards database was used to identify ARGs. Differentially expressed ARGs (DEARGs) were identified by overlapping ARGs with common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between OS and normal samples from the GSE16088, GSE19276, and GSE99671 datasets. Anoikis-related clusters of patients were obtained by consistent clustering, and gene set variation analysis (GSVA) of the different clusters was completed. Next, a risk model was created using Cox regression analyses. Risk scores and clinical features were assessed for independent prognostic values, and a nomogram model was constructed. Subsequently, a functional enrichment analysis of the high- and low-risk groups was performed. In addition, the immunological characteristics of OS samples were compared between the high- and low-risk groups, and their sensitivity to therapeutic agents was explored. Results Seven DEARGs between OS and normal samples were obtained by intersecting 501 ARGs with 68 common DEGs. BNIP3 and CXCL12 were significantly differentially expressed between both clusters (P<0.05) and were identified as prognosis-related genes. The risk model showed that the risk score and tumor metastasis were independent prognostic factors of patients with OS. A nomogram combining risk score and tumor metastasis effectively predicted the prognosis. In addition, patients in the high-risk group had low immune scores and high tumor purity. The levels of immune cell infiltration, expression of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes, immune response gene sets, and immune checkpoints were lower in the high-risk group than those in the low-risk group. The low-risk group was sensitive to the immune checkpoint PD-1 inhibitor, and the high-risk group exhibited lower inhibitory concentration values by 50% for 24 drugs, including AG.014699, AMG.706, and AZD6482. Conclusion The prognostic stratification framework of patients with OS based on ARGs, such as BNIP3 and CXCL12, may lead to more efficient clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Nutrition, College of Public Health of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenxing Wen
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Oncology, Nanyang Central Hospital, Nanyang, China
| | - Lijuan Ren
- Molecular Diagnosis and Gene Testing Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shengli Zhao
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Guangzhou, China
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30
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Gautam SK, Batra SK, Jain M. Molecular and metabolic regulation of immunosuppression in metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:118. [PMID: 37488598 PMCID: PMC10367391 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01813-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunosuppression is a hallmark of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), contributing to early metastasis and poor patient survival. Compared to the localized tumors, current standard-of-care therapies have failed to improve the survival of patients with metastatic PDAC, that necessecitates exploration of novel therapeutic approaches. While immunotherapies such as immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) and therapeutic vaccines have emerged as promising treatment modalities in certain cancers, limited responses have been achieved in PDAC. Therefore, specific mechanisms regulating the poor response to immunotherapy must be explored. The immunosuppressive microenvironment driven by oncogenic mutations, tumor secretome, non-coding RNAs, and tumor microbiome persists throughout PDAC progression, allowing neoplastic cells to grow locally and metastasize distantly. The metastatic cells escaping the host immune surveillance are unique in molecular, immunological, and metabolic characteristics. Following chemokine and exosomal guidance, these cells metastasize to the organ-specific pre-metastatic niches (PMNs) constituted by local resident cells, stromal fibroblasts, and suppressive immune cells, such as the metastasis-associated macrophages, neutrophils, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells. The metastatic immune microenvironment differs from primary tumors in stromal and immune cell composition, functionality, and metabolism. Thus far, multiple molecular and metabolic pathways, distinct from primary tumors, have been identified that dampen immune effector functions, confounding the immunotherapy response in metastatic PDAC. This review describes major immunoregulatory pathways that contribute to the metastatic progression and limit immunotherapy outcomes in PDAC. Overall, we highlight the therapeutic vulnerabilities attributable to immunosuppressive factors and discuss whether targeting these molecular and immunological "hot spots" could improve the outcomes of PDAC immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailendra K Gautam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
- Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Maneesh Jain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
- Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
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Suliman IH, Kim K, Chen W, Kim Y, Moon JH, Son S, Nam J. Metal-Based Nanoparticles for Cancer Metalloimmunotherapy. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2003. [PMID: 37514189 PMCID: PMC10385358 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15072003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the promise of cancer immunotherapy has been partially fulfilled with the unprecedented clinical success of several immunotherapeutic interventions, some issues, such as limited response rate and immunotoxicity, still remain. Metalloimmunotherapy offers a new form of cancer immunotherapy that utilizes the inherent immunomodulatory features of metal ions to enhance anticancer immune responses. Their versatile functionalities for a multitude of direct and indirect anticancer activities together with their inherent biocompatibility suggest that metal ions can help overcome the current issues associated with cancer immunotherapy. However, metal ions exhibit poor drug-like properties due to their intrinsic physicochemical profiles that impede in vivo pharmacological performance, thus necessitating an effective pharmaceutical formulation strategy to improve their in vivo behavior. Metal-based nanoparticles provide a promising platform technology for reshaping metal ions into more drug-like formulations with nano-enabled engineering approaches. This review provides a general overview of cancer immunotherapy, the immune system and how it works against cancer cells, and the role of metal ions in the host response and immune modulation, as well as the impact of metal ions on the process via the regulation of immune cells. The preclinical studies that have demonstrated the potential of metal-based nanoparticles for cancer metalloimmunotherapy are presented for the representative nanoparticles constructed with manganese, zinc, iron, copper, calcium, and sodium ions. Lastly, the perspectives and future directions of metal-based nanoparticles are discussed, particularly with respect to their clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kidong Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Weihsuan Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Industry-Academia Interactive R&E Center for Bioprocess Innovation, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Yubin Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Industry-Academia Interactive R&E Center for Bioprocess Innovation, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hyun Moon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Sejin Son
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Industry-Academia Interactive R&E Center for Bioprocess Innovation, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jutaek Nam
- College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
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Srivastava N, Usmani SS, Subbarayan R, Saini R, Pandey PK. Hypoxia: syndicating triple negative breast cancer against various therapeutic regimens. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1199105. [PMID: 37492478 PMCID: PMC10363988 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1199105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is one of the deadliest subtypes of breast cancer (BC) for its high aggressiveness, heterogeneity, and hypoxic nature. Based on biological and clinical observations the TNBC related mortality is very high worldwide. Emerging studies have clearly demonstrated that hypoxia regulates the critical metabolic, developmental, and survival pathways in TNBC, which include glycolysis and angiogenesis. Alterations to these pathways accelerate the cancer stem cells (CSCs) enrichment and immune escape, which further lead to tumor invasion, migration, and metastasis. Beside this, hypoxia also manipulates the epigenetic plasticity and DNA damage response (DDR) to syndicate TNBC survival and its progression. Hypoxia fundamentally creates the low oxygen condition responsible for the alteration in Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1alpha (HIF-1α) signaling within the tumor microenvironment, allowing tumors to survive and making them resistant to various therapies. Therefore, there is an urgent need for society to establish target-based therapies that overcome the resistance and limitations of the current treatment plan for TNBC. In this review article, we have thoroughly discussed the plausible significance of HIF-1α as a target in various therapeutic regimens such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, anti-angiogenic therapy, adjuvant therapy photodynamic therapy, adoptive cell therapy, combination therapies, antibody drug conjugates and cancer vaccines. Further, we also reviewed here the intrinsic mechanism and existing issues in targeting HIF-1α while improvising the current therapeutic strategies. This review highlights and discusses the future perspectives and the major alternatives to overcome TNBC resistance by targeting hypoxia-induced signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nityanand Srivastava
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Salman Sadullah Usmani
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Rajasekaran Subbarayan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
- Research, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Educations, Chennai, India
| | - Rashmi Saini
- Department of Zoology, Gargi College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Pranav Kumar Pandey
- Dr. R.P. Centre for Opthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Meringa AD, Hernández-López P, Cleven A, de Witte M, Straetemans T, Kuball J, Beringer DX, Sebestyen Z. Strategies to improve γδTCRs engineered T-cell therapies for the treatment of solid malignancies. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1159337. [PMID: 37441064 PMCID: PMC10333927 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1159337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A. D. Meringa
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - P. Hernández-López
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - A. Cleven
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - M. de Witte
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - T. Straetemans
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - J. Kuball
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - D. X. Beringer
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Z. Sebestyen
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Chatwal MS, Chahoud J, Spiess PE. Revisiting mechanisms of resistance to immunotherapies in metastatic clear-cell renal-cell carcinoma. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2023; 6:314-326. [PMID: 37457132 PMCID: PMC10344725 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2023.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Renal-cell carcinoma (RCC) remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Though newer therapeutic combinations of immune checkpoint inhibitors and targeted therapies have greatly improved outcomes, resistance to these therapies is becoming a challenge for long-term control. Mechanisms of resistance have been explored in a variety of solid tumors, including RCC. Based upon our review of the current literature on the mechanisms of resistance to immunotherapies for the management of metastatic clear-cell renal cell carcinomas (mccRCC), the ensuing conclusions have been made: The management of mccRCC has progressed substantially with the advent of checkpoint inhibitors and targeted oral therapies, alone and/or in combination. Nevertheless, innate or developed resistance to these therapies remains an ongoing challenge, particularly to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Several of the known mechanisms of resistance have been well defined, but recent progression in cellular therapies helps to expand the armamentarium of potential combination options that may overcome these modes of resistance and improve long-term disease control and survival for an otherwise dismal disease. In the ensuing review and update of the literature on the mechanisms of resistance to immunotherapies in mccRCC, we have revisited the known resistance mechanisms of immunotherapies in metastatic clear-cell RCC and explored ongoing and future strategies to overcome them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Sheila Chatwal
- Correspondence to: Dr. Monica Sheila Chatwal, Department of Genitourinary Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 USF Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL33612, USA. E-mail:
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35
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Choi M, Shin J, Lee CE, Chung JY, Kim M, Yan X, Yang WH, Cha JH. Immunogenic cell death in cancer immunotherapy. BMB Rep 2023; 56:275-286. [PMID: 37081756 PMCID: PMC10230015 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2023-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has been acknowledged as a new paradigm for cancer treatment, with notable therapeutic effects on certain cancer types. Despite their significant potential, clinical studies over the past decade have revealed that cancer immunotherapy has low response rates in the majority of solid tumors. One of the key causes for poor responses is known to be the relatively low immunogenicity of solid tumors. Because most solid tumors are immune desert 'cold tumors' with antitumor immunity blocked from the onset of innate immunity, combination therapies that combine validated T-based therapies with approaches that can increase tumor-immunogenicity are being considered as relevant therapeutic options. This review paper focuses on immunogenic cell death (ICD) as a way of enhancing immunogenicity in tumor tissues. We will thoroughly review how ICDs such as necroptosis, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis can improve anti-tumor immunity and outline clinical trials targeting ICD. Finally, we will discuss the potential of ICD inducers. as an adjuvant for cancer immunotherapy.[BMB Reports 2023; 56(5): 275-286].
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Affiliation(s)
- Minji Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Graduate School, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Taiwan
| | - Jisoo Shin
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Graduate School, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Taiwan
| | - Chae-Eun Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Graduate School, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Taiwan
| | - Joo-Yoon Chung
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Graduate School, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Taiwan
| | - Minji Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Graduate School, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Taiwan
| | - Xiuwen Yan
- Affiliated Cancer Institute & Hospital and Key Laboratory for Cell Homeostasis and Cancer Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 910095, China, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hao Yang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Jong-Ho Cha
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Graduate School, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
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36
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Choi M, Shin J, Lee CE, Chung JY, Kim M, Yan X, Yang WH, Cha JH. Immunogenic cell death in cancer immunotherapy. BMB Rep 2023; 56:275-286. [PMID: 37081756 PMCID: PMC10230015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has been acknowledged as a new paradigm for cancer treatment, with notable therapeutic effects on certain cancer types. Despite their significant potential, clinical studies over the past decade have revealed that cancer immunotherapy has low response rates in the majority of solid tumors. One of the key causes for poor responses is known to be the relatively low immunogenicity of solid tumors. Because most solid tumors are immune desert 'cold tumors' with antitumor immunity blocked from the onset of innate immunity, combination therapies that combine validated T-based therapies with approaches that can increase tumor-immunogenicity are being considered as relevant therapeutic options. This review paper focuses on immunogenic cell death (ICD) as a way of enhancing immunogenicity in tumor tissues. We will thoroughly review how ICDs such as necroptosis, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis can improve anti-tumor immunity and outline clinical trials targeting ICD. Finally, we will discuss the potential of ICD inducers. as an adjuvant for cancer immunotherapy.[BMB Reports 2023; 56(5): 275-286].
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Affiliation(s)
- Minji Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Graduate School, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Taiwan
| | - Jisoo Shin
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Graduate School, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Taiwan
| | - Chae-Eun Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Graduate School, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Taiwan
| | - Joo-Yoon Chung
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Graduate School, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Taiwan
| | - Minji Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Graduate School, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Taiwan
| | - Xiuwen Yan
- Affiliated Cancer Institute & Hospital and Key Laboratory for Cell Homeostasis and Cancer Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 910095, China, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hao Yang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Jong-Ho Cha
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Graduate School, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
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Visalakshan RM, Lowrey MK, Sousa MGC, Helms HR, Samiea A, Schutt CE, Moreau JM, Bertassoni LE. Opportunities and challenges to engineer 3D models of tumor-adaptive immune interactions. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1162905. [PMID: 37081897 PMCID: PMC10110941 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1162905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Augmenting adaptive immunity is a critical goal for developing next-generation cancer therapies. T and B cells infiltrating the tumor dramatically influence cancer progression through complex interactions with the local microenvironment. Cancer cells evade and limit these immune responses by hijacking normal immunologic pathways. Current experimental models using conventional primary cells, cell lines, or animals have limitations for studying cancer-immune interactions directly relevant to human biology and clinical translation. Therefore, engineering methods to emulate such interplay at local and systemic levels are crucial to expedite the development of better therapies and diagnostic tools. In this review, we discuss the challenges, recent advances, and future directions toward engineering the tumor-immune microenvironment (TME), including key elements of adaptive immunity. We first offer an overview of the recent research that has advanced our understanding of the role of the adaptive immune system in the tumor microenvironment. Next, we discuss recent developments in 3D in-vitro models and engineering approaches that have been used to study the interaction of cancer and stromal cells with B and T lymphocytes. We summarize recent advancement in 3D bioengineering and discuss the need for 3D tumor models that better incorporate elements of the complex interplay of adaptive immunity and the tumor microenvironment. Finally, we provide a perspective on current challenges and future directions for modeling cancer-immune interactions aimed at identifying new biological targets for diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Jiang X, Wu X, Xiao Y, Wang P, Zheng J, Wu X, Jin Z. The ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73 on T cells: The new pillar of hematological malignancy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1110325. [PMID: 36776866 PMCID: PMC9911447 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1110325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematological malignancy develops and applies various mechanisms to induce immune escape, in part through an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Adenosine is an immunosuppressive metabolite produced at high levels within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Adenosine signaling through the A2A receptor expressed on immune cells, such as T cells, potently dampens immune responses. Extracellular adenosine generated by ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-1 (CD39) and ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73) molecules is a newly recognized 'immune checkpoint mediator' and leads to the identification of immunosuppressive adenosine as an essential regulator in hematological malignancies. In this Review, we provide an overview of the detailed distribution and function of CD39 and CD73 ectoenzymes in the TME and the effects of CD39 and CD73 inhibition on preclinical hematological malignancy data, which provides insights into the potential clinical applications for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofang Wu
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuxi Xiao
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Penglin Wang
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiamian Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiuli Wu
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Xiuli Wu, ; Zhenyi Jin,
| | - Zhenyi Jin
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Xiuli Wu, ; Zhenyi Jin,
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Lei K, Deng ZF, Wang JG, You K, Xu J, Liu ZJ. PNI-Based Nomograms to Predict Tumor Progression and Survival for Patients with Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma Undergoing Transcatheter Arterial Chemoembolization. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12020486. [PMID: 36675418 PMCID: PMC9867481 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12020486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between the prognostic nutritional index (PNI) and the prognosis of malignancy has been increasingly mentioned in recent research. This study aimed to construct nomograms based on the PNI to predict tumor progression and survival in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) undergoing transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE). MATERIALS AND METHODS The development set included 785 patients who underwent their first TACE between 2012 and 2016, and the validation set included 336 patients who underwent their first TACE between 2017 and 2018. The clinical outcomes included the time to progression (TTP) and overall survival (OS). Cox regression was applied to screen for independent risk factors of TTP and OS in the development set, and PNI-based nomograms were constructed for TTP and OS. The predictive performance of nomograms was conducted through the C-index, calibration curves, and decision analysis curves in the development set and validation set. RESULTS After multivariate analysis, the prognostic predictors of both TTP and OS included portal vessel invasion, extrahepatic metastasis, tumor number, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) level, longest tumor diameter, and PNI. Furthermore, the Child-Pugh classification and platelets (PLTs) were independent risk factors for OS only. Nomograms for predicting TTP and OS were constructed using TTP and OS prognostic factors. In the development set and the validation set, the C-index of the TTP nomograms was 0.699 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.680-0.718) and 0.670 (95%CI: 0.638-0.702), and the C-index of the OS nomograms was 0.730 (95%CI: 0.712-0.748) and 0.700 (95%CI: 0.665-0.723), respectively. CONCLUSION Nomograms based on the PNI can effectively predict tumor progression and survival in patients with unresectable HCC undergoing TACE.
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40
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Lei F, Li P, Chen T, Wang Q, Wang C, Liu Y, Deng Y, Zhang Z, Xu M, Tian J, Ren W, Li C. Recent advances in curcumin-loaded biomimetic nanomedicines for targeted therapies. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2023.104200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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41
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Chan KS, Shelat VG. The role of platelet-lymphocyte ratio in hepatocellular carcinoma: a valuable prognostic marker. Transl Cancer Res 2022; 11:4231-4234. [PMID: 36644176 PMCID: PMC9834588 DOI: 10.21037/tcr-22-2343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Siang Chan
- Department of General Surgery, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vishal G Shelat
- Department of General Surgery, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
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Liang Y, Tan Y, Guan B, Guo B, Xia M, Li J, Shi Y, Yu Z, Zhang Q, Liu D, Yang X, Hao J, Gong Y, Shakeel M, Zhou L, Ci W, Li X. Single-cell atlases link macrophages and CD8 + T-cell subpopulations to disease progression and immunotherapy response in urothelial carcinoma. Am J Cancer Res 2022; 12:7745-7759. [PMID: 36451860 PMCID: PMC9706581 DOI: 10.7150/thno.77281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized the management of locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma. Strikingly, compared to urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB), upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) has a higher response rate to ICIs. The stratification of patients most likely to benefit from ICI therapy remains a major clinical challenge. Methods: In this study, we performed the first single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) study of 13 surgical tissue specimens from 12 patients with UTUC. The key results were validated by the analysis of two independent cohorts with bulk RNA-seq data for UCB (n = 404) and UTUC (n = 158) and one cohort of patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma (mUC) who were treated with atezolizumab (n = 348). Results: Using scRNA-seq, we observed a higher proportion of tumor-infiltrating immune cells in locally advanced UTUC. Similar prognostically relevant intrinsic basal and luminal-like epithelial subtypes were found in both UTUC and UCB, although UTUC is predominantly of the luminal subtype. We also discovered that immunosuppressive macrophages and exhausted T-cell subpopulations were enriched in the basal subtype and showed enhanced interactions. Furthermore, we developed a gene expression signature (Macro-C3 score) capturing the immunosuppressive macrophages that better predicts outcomes than the currently established subtypes. We also developed a computational method to model immune evasion, and the Macro-C3 score predicted therapeutic response of mUC treated with first-line anti-PD-L1 inhibitors in patients with lower basal scores. Conclusions: Overall, the distinct microenvironment and Macro-C3 score provide an explanation for ICI efficacy in urothelial carcinoma and reveal new candidate regulators of immune evasion, suggesting potential therapeutic targets for improving antitumor immunity in the basal subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yezhen Tan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bao Guan
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China.,Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Bin Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mancheng Xia
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China.,Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Juan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yue Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zihui Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Di Liu
- Core Facility for Protein Research, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaopeng Yang
- Core Facility for Protein Research, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Junfeng Hao
- Core Facility for Protein Research, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yanqing Gong
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China.,Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing 100034, China.,National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (Male) Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Muhammad Shakeel
- Jamil-ur-Rahman Center for Genome Research, Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, ICCBS, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Liqun Zhou
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China.,Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing 100034, China.,National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (Male) Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Beijing, 100034, China.,✉ Corresponding authors: Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital; Institute of Urology, Peking University. No.8, Street Xishiku, District Xicheng, Beijing 100034, China. Tel: +86-10-8357-2211. E-mail addresses: (X. Li); (L. Zhou); Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, and China National Center for Bioinformation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang, Beijing 100101, China. Tel. +86-10-8409-7318. E-mail address: (W. Ci)
| | - Weimin Ci
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,✉ Corresponding authors: Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital; Institute of Urology, Peking University. No.8, Street Xishiku, District Xicheng, Beijing 100034, China. Tel: +86-10-8357-2211. E-mail addresses: (X. Li); (L. Zhou); Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, and China National Center for Bioinformation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang, Beijing 100101, China. Tel. +86-10-8409-7318. E-mail address: (W. Ci)
| | - Xuesong Li
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China.,Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing 100034, China.,National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (Male) Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Beijing, 100034, China.,✉ Corresponding authors: Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital; Institute of Urology, Peking University. No.8, Street Xishiku, District Xicheng, Beijing 100034, China. Tel: +86-10-8357-2211. E-mail addresses: (X. Li); (L. Zhou); Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, and China National Center for Bioinformation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang, Beijing 100101, China. Tel. +86-10-8409-7318. E-mail address: (W. Ci)
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