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Saha B, A T R, Adhikary S, Banerjee A, Radhakrishnan AK, Duttaroy AK, Pathak S. Exploring the Relationship Between Diet, Lifestyle and Gut Microbiome in Colorectal Cancer Development: A Recent Update. Nutr Cancer 2024; 76:789-814. [PMID: 39207359 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2024.2367266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the major causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Despite advances in treatment modalities, its prevalence continues to rise, notably among younger populations. Unhealthy dietary habits, sedentary routines, and obesity have been identified as one of the key contributors to the development of colorectal cancer, apart from genetic and epigenetic modifications. Recognizing the profound impact of diet and lifestyle on the intricate gut microbiota ecosystem offers a promising avenue for understanding CRC development and its treatment. Gut dysbiosis, characterized by imbalances favoring harmful microbes over beneficial ones, has emerged as a defining feature of CRC. Changes in diet and lifestyle can profoundly alter the composition of gut microbes and the metabolites they produce, potentially contributing to CRC onset. Focusing on recent evidence, this review discussed various dietary factors, such as high consumption of red and processed meats and low fiber intake, and lifestyle factors, including obesity, lack of physical activity, smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption, that influence the gut microbiome composition and elevate CRC risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biki Saha
- Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chennai, India
| | - Rithi A T
- Department of Pharmacology, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chennai, India
| | - Subhamay Adhikary
- Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chennai, India
| | - Antara Banerjee
- Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chennai, India
| | - Arun Kumar Radhakrishnan
- Department of Pharmacology, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chennai, India
| | - Asim K Duttaroy
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Surajit Pathak
- Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chennai, India
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Qaisar R, Burki A, Karim A, Iqbal MS, Ahmad F. Probiotics Supplements Improve the Sarcopenia-Related Quality of Life in Older Adults with Age-Related Muscle Decline. Calcif Tissue Int 2024; 114:583-591. [PMID: 38642090 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-024-01211-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
A pathological increase in intestinal leak is implicated in age-associated muscle loss, termed sarcopenia, and reduced sarcopenia-related quality-of-life (SarQoL). However, the potential therapies remain elusive. We investigated the effects of probiotic supplementation on sarcopenia and SarQoL in geriatric older adults. We randomized sarcopenic men into placebo (age = 71.4 ± 3.9 years, n = 63) and probiotic (age = 73 ± 4.1 years, n = 60) groups for 16 weeks. The probiotic used was one capsule daily of Vivomix 112 billion for 16 weeks. We measured sarcopenia parameters of handgrip strength (HGS) and skeletal mass index (SMI), plasma zonulin (marker of the intestinal leak), and SarQoL using a targeted questionnaire. Probiotics improved the SarQoL scores for locomotion, functionality, and activities of daily living and prevented a decline in cumulative SarQoL observed in the placebo group (all p < 0.05). Probiotic supplementation also reduced plasma zonulin and marker of systemic bacterial load. These changes were accompanied by an increase in HGS and maintenance of gait speed in the probiotic group compared to the placebo group. Correlation analysis revealed significant associations of cumulative SarQoL scores with plasma zonulin and HGS in the probiotic group. Collectively, probiotics improved SarQoL and HGS by repairing pathological intestinal leak. Future studies may further dissect the relation between intestinal leak and SarQoL in older adults taking probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizwan Qaisar
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
- Space Medicine Research Group, Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Ayousha Burki
- Department of Nephrology, Divisional Headquarter Teaching Hospital, Gomal Medical College, Dera Ismail Khan, 30130, Pakistan
| | - Asima Karim
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Iron Biology Research Group, Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - M Shahid Iqbal
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Medicine, Rehman Medical Institute, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Firdos Ahmad
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Space Medicine Research Group, Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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Gobejishvili L, Vatsalya V, Avila DV, Feygin YB, McClain CJ, Mokshagundam S, Barve S. Association of Circulating Markers of Microbial Translocation and Hepatic Inflammation with Liver Injury in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1227. [PMID: 38927434 PMCID: PMC11200675 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12061227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Virtually the entire spectrum of liver disease is observed in association with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); indeed, T2DM is now the most common cause of liver disease in the U.S. We conducted a pilot study to investigate the relevance of increased microbial translocation and systemic inflammation in the development of liver injury in patients with T2DM. METHODS Patients with T2DM (n = 17) and non-diabetic controls (NDC; n = 11) aged 25-80 yrs. participated in this study. Serum levels of endotoxin, calprotectin, soluble CD14 and CD163, and several inflammatory cytokines were measured. In addition to standard liver injury markers, ALT and AST, novel serum markers of liver injury, keratin 18 (K-18) M30 (apoptosis-associated caspase-cleaved keratin 18), and M65 (soluble keratin 18) were evaluated. Statistical analyses were performed using the Mann-Whitney test to assess differences between study groups. Pearson's correlation analysis was performed to determine the strength of association between two variables using GraphPad Prism 9.5.0 software. RESULTS Patients with T2DM had significantly higher levels of sCD14 in comparison to NDC, suggesting an increase in gut permeability, microbial translocation, and monocyte/macrophage activation. Importantly, relevant to the ensuing inflammatory responses, the increase in sCD14 in patients with T2DM was accompanied by a significant increase in sCD163, a marker of hepatic Kupffer cell activation and inflammation. Further, a positive correlation was observed between sCD163 and endotoxin and sCD14 in T2DM patients but not in NDC. In association with these changes, keratin 18 (K-18)-based serum markers (M65 and M30) that reflect hepatocyte death were significantly higher in the T2DM group indicating ongoing liver injury. Notably, both M65 and M30 levels correlated with sCD14 and sCD163, suggesting that immune cell activation and hepatic inflammation may be linked to the development of liver injury in T2DM. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the pathogenic changes in the gut-liver axis, marked by increased microbial translocation, may be a major component in the etiology of hepatocyte inflammation and injury in patients with T2DM. However, larger longitudinal studies, including histological evidence, are needed to confirm these observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Gobejishvili
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; (V.V.); (C.J.M.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA;
| | - Vatsalya Vatsalya
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; (V.V.); (C.J.M.)
| | - Diana V. Avila
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA;
| | - Yana B. Feygin
- Data Science Core, Norton Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA;
| | - Craig J. McClain
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; (V.V.); (C.J.M.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA;
- Robley Rex Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Louisville, KY 40206, USA;
| | - Sriprakash Mokshagundam
- Robley Rex Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Louisville, KY 40206, USA;
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Diabetes, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Shirish Barve
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; (V.V.); (C.J.M.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA;
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Mina E, Wyart E, Sartori R, Angelino E, Zaggia I, Rausch V, Maldotti M, Pagani A, Hsu MY, Friziero A, Sperti C, Menga A, Graziani A, Hirsch E, Oliviero S, Sandri M, Conti L, Kautz L, Silvestri L, Porporato PE. FK506 bypasses the effect of erythroferrone in cancer cachexia skeletal muscle atrophy. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101306. [PMID: 38052214 PMCID: PMC10772350 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle atrophy is a hallmark of cachexia, a wasting condition typical of chronic pathologies, that still represents an unmet medical need. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-Smad1/5/8 signaling alterations are emerging drivers of muscle catabolism, hence, characterizing these perturbations is pivotal to develop therapeutic approaches. We identified two promoters of "BMP resistance" in cancer cachexia, specifically the BMP scavenger erythroferrone (ERFE) and the intracellular inhibitor FKBP12. ERFE is upregulated in cachectic cancer patients' muscle biopsies and in murine cachexia models, where its expression is driven by STAT3. Moreover, the knock down of Erfe or Fkbp12 reduces muscle wasting in cachectic mice. To bypass the BMP resistance mediated by ERFE and release the brake on the signaling, we targeted FKBP12 with low-dose FK506. FK506 restores BMP-Smad1/5/8 signaling, rescuing myotube atrophy by inducing protein synthesis. In cachectic tumor-bearing mice, FK506 prevents muscle and body weight loss and protects from neuromuscular junction alteration, suggesting therapeutic potential for targeting the ERFE-FKBP12 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Mina
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Elisabeth Wyart
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Roberta Sartori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; VIMM: Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | - Elia Angelino
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Ivan Zaggia
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Valentina Rausch
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Mara Maldotti
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine (IIGM), Sp142 Km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Alessia Pagani
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Myriam Y Hsu
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; Division of Cell Fate Dynamics and Therapeutics, Department of Biosystems Science, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences (LiMe), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Alberto Friziero
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; General Surgery 1, Padova University Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | - Cosimo Sperti
- General Surgery 2, Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation Unit, Padova University Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | - Alessio Menga
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Andrea Graziani
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Emilio Hirsch
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Salvatore Oliviero
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine (IIGM), Sp142 Km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Sandri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; VIMM: Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | - Laura Conti
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Léon Kautz
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, University Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Laura Silvestri
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo E Porporato
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy.
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Sfera A, Rahman L, Zapata-Martín Del Campo CM, Kozlakidis Z. Long COVID as a Tauopathy: Of "Brain Fog" and "Fusogen Storms". Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12648. [PMID: 37628830 PMCID: PMC10454863 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Long COVID, also called post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2, is characterized by a multitude of lingering symptoms, including impaired cognition, that can last for many months. This symptom, often called "brain fog", affects the life quality of numerous individuals, increasing medical complications as well as healthcare expenditures. The etiopathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2-induced cognitive deficit is unclear, but the most likely cause is chronic inflammation maintained by a viral remnant thriving in select body reservoirs. These viral sanctuaries are likely comprised of fused, senescent cells, including microglia and astrocytes, that the pathogen can convert into neurotoxic phenotypes. Moreover, as the enteric nervous system contains neurons and glia, the virus likely lingers in the gastrointestinal tract as well, accounting for the intestinal symptoms of long COVID. Fusogens are proteins that can overcome the repulsive forces between cell membranes, allowing the virus to coalesce with host cells and enter the cytoplasm. In the intracellular compartment, the pathogen hijacks the actin cytoskeleton, fusing host cells with each other and engendering pathological syncytia. Cell-cell fusion enables the virus to infect the healthy neighboring cells. We surmise that syncytia formation drives cognitive impairment by facilitating the "seeding" of hyperphosphorylated Tau, documented in COVID-19. In our previous work, we hypothesized that the SARS-CoV-2 virus induces premature endothelial senescence, increasing the permeability of the intestinal and blood-brain barrier. This enables the migration of gastrointestinal tract microbes and/or their components into the host circulation, eventually reaching the brain where they may induce cognitive dysfunction. For example, translocated lipopolysaccharides or microbial DNA can induce Tau hyperphosphorylation, likely accounting for memory problems. In this perspective article, we examine the pathogenetic mechanisms and potential biomarkers of long COVID, including microbial cell-free DNA, interleukin 22, and phosphorylated Tau, as well as the beneficial effect of transcutaneous vagal nerve stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adonis Sfera
- Paton State Hospital, 3102 Highland Ave, Patton, CA 92369, USA
- School of Behavioral Health, Loma Linda University, 11139 Anderson St., Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Riverside 900 University Ave, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Leah Rahman
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, 222 Huestis Hall, Eugene, OR 97401, USA
| | | | - Zisis Kozlakidis
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, 69000 Lyon, France
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Tian X, Xie Y, Chen J, Yin W, Zhao YL, Yao P, Dong M, Jin C, Wu N. Increased Microbial Translocation is a Prognostic Biomarker of Different Immune Responses to ART in People Living with HIV. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:3871-3878. [PMID: 37351382 PMCID: PMC10284156 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s404384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Microbial translocation (MT) is a characteristic of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Whether MT is also a biomarker of different immune responses to antiretroviral therapy (ART) received by people living with HIV (PLWH) is not known. Methods We examined the presence of MT in a cohort of 33 HIV-infected immunological responders (IRs) and 28 immunological non-responders (INRs) (≥500 and <200 cluster of differentiation (CD)4+ T-cell counts/µL after 2 years of HIV-1 suppression, respectively) with no comorbidities. Plasma samples were used to measure the circulating levels of MT markers. All enrolled study participants had received 2 years of viral-suppression therapy. Results Levels of lipopolysaccharide (P = 0.0185), LPS-binding protein (P < 0.0001), soluble-CD14 (P < 0.0001), and endogenous endotoxin-core antibody (P < 0.0001) at baseline were significantly higher in INRs than in IRs and were associated with an increased risk of an immunological non-response, whereas the level of intestinal fatty acid-binding protein did not show this association. Analysis of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves demonstrated the utility of these individual microbial markers in discriminating INRs after ART in people living with HIV with high sensitivity, specificity, and area under the ROC curve. Conclusion INRs in HIV infection are characterized by increased MT at baseline. These markers could be used as a rapid prognostic tool for predicting immune responses in people infected with the HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuebin Tian
- Cell Biology Research Platform, Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yiwen Xie
- Cell Biology Research Platform, Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Chen
- Hospital Office, Shandong Second Provincial General Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wanpeng Yin
- Cell Biology Research Platform, Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Long Zhao
- Cell Biology Research Platform, Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng Yao
- Department of Infectious Disease, Zhejiang Qingchun Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingqing Dong
- Department of Infectious Disease, Zhejiang Qingchun Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Changzhong Jin
- Cell Biology Research Platform, Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nanping Wu
- Cell Biology Research Platform, Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
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