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Hernández-Mitre MP, Morpeth SC, Venkatesh B, Hills TE, Davis J, Mahar RK, McPhee G, Jones M, Totterdell J, Tong SYC, Roberts JA. TMPRSS2 inhibitors for the treatment of COVID-19 in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials of nafamostat and camostat mesylate. Clin Microbiol Infect 2024; 30:743-754. [PMID: 38331253 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2024.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Synthetic serine protease inhibitors block the cellular enzyme transmembrane protease serine 2, thus preventing SARS-CoV-2 cell entry. There are two relevant drugs in this class, namely, nafamostat (intravenous formulation) and camostat (oral formulation). OBJECTIVE To determine whether transmembrane protease serine 2 inhibition with nafamostat or camostat is associated with a reduced risk of 30-day all-cause mortality in adults with COVID-19. DATA SOURCES Scientific databases and clinical trial registry platforms. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA, INTERVENTIONS, AND PARTICIPANTS Preprints or published randomized clinical trials (RCTs) of nafamostat or camostat vs. usual care or placebo in adults requiring treatment for COVID-19. METHODS OF DATA SYNTHESIS AND RISK-OF-BIAS ASSESSMENT The primary outcome of the meta-analysis was 30-day all-cause mortality. Secondary outcomes included time to recovery, adverse events, and serious adverse events. Risk of bias (RoB) was assessed using the revised Cochrane RoB 2 tool for individually randomized trials. Meta-analysis was conducted in the R package meta (v7.0-0) using inverse variance and random effects. Protocol registration number was INPLASY202320120. RESULTS Twelve RCTs were included. Overall, the number of available patients was small (nafamostat = 387; camostat = 1061), the number of enrolled patients meeting the primary outcome was low (nafamostat = 12; camostat = 13), and heterogeneity was high. In hospitalized adults, we did not identify differences in 30-day all-cause mortality (risk ratio [95% CI]: 0.58 [0.19, 1.80], p 0.34; I2 = 0%; n = 6) and time to recovery (mean difference [95% CI]: 0.08 days [-0.74, 0.89], p 0.86; n = 2) between nafamostat vs. usual care; and for 30-day all-cause mortality (risk ratio [95% CI]: 0.99 [0.31, 3.18], p 0.99; n = 2) between camostat vs. placebo. CONCLUSION The RCT evidence is inconclusive to determine whether there is a mortality reduction and safety with either nafamostat or camostat for the treatment of adults with COVID-19. There were high RoB, small sample size, and high heterogeneity between RCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan C Morpeth
- Departments of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Middlemore Hospital, Te Whatu Ora Counties Manukau, New Zealand; Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Balasubramanian Venkatesh
- Intensive Care, Princess Alexandra Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Intensive Care, Wesley Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Thomas E Hills
- Departments of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Auckland District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Joshua Davis
- Infection Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Univerity of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Robert K Mahar
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Grace McPhee
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark Jones
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - James Totterdell
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Steven Y C Tong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jason A Roberts
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia; Departments of Intensive Care Medicine and Pharmacy, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia; Division of Anaesthesiology Critical Care Emergency and Pain Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, University of Montpellier, Nîmes, France; Herston Infectious Diseases Institute (HeIDI), Metro North Health, Herston, Queensland, Australia.
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Arman BY, Brun J, Hill ML, Zitzmann N, von Delft A. An Update on SARS-CoV-2 Clinical Trial Results-What We Can Learn for the Next Pandemic. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:354. [PMID: 38203525 PMCID: PMC10779148 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has claimed over 7 million lives worldwide, providing a stark reminder of the importance of pandemic preparedness. Due to the lack of approved antiviral drugs effective against coronaviruses at the start of the pandemic, the world largely relied on repurposed efforts. Here, we summarise results from randomised controlled trials to date, as well as selected in vitro data of directly acting antivirals, host-targeting antivirals, and immunomodulatory drugs. Overall, repurposing efforts evaluating directly acting antivirals targeting other viral families were largely unsuccessful, whereas several immunomodulatory drugs led to clinical improvement in hospitalised patients with severe disease. In addition, accelerated drug discovery efforts during the pandemic progressed to multiple novel directly acting antivirals with clinical efficacy, including small molecule inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies. We argue that large-scale investment is required to prepare for future pandemics; both to develop an arsenal of broad-spectrum antivirals beyond coronaviruses and build worldwide clinical trial networks that can be rapidly utilised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benediktus Yohan Arman
- Antiviral Drug Discovery Unit, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK; (J.B.); (N.Z.)
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Juliane Brun
- Antiviral Drug Discovery Unit, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK; (J.B.); (N.Z.)
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Michelle L. Hill
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK;
| | - Nicole Zitzmann
- Antiviral Drug Discovery Unit, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK; (J.B.); (N.Z.)
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Annette von Delft
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- Centre for Medicine Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
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Uno S, Goto R, Honda K, Tokuda M, Kamata H, Chubachi S, Yamamoto R, Sato Y, Homma K, Uchida S, Namkoong H, Uwamino Y, Sasaki J, Fukunaga K, Hasegawa N. Healthcare costs for hospitalized COVID-19 patients in a Japanese university hospital: a cross-sectional study. COST EFFECTIVENESS AND RESOURCE ALLOCATION 2023; 21:43. [PMID: 37455306 DOI: 10.1186/s12962-023-00453-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A health-economic evaluation related to COVID-19 is urgently needed to allocate healthcare resources efficiently; however, relevant medical cost data in Japan concerning COVID-19 are scarce. METHODS This cross-sectional study investigated the healthcare cost for hospitalized COVID-19 patients in 2021 at Keio University Hospital. We calculated the healthcare costs during hospitalization using hospital claims data and investigated the variables significantly related to the healthcare cost with multivariable analysis. RESULTS The median healthcare cost per patient for the analyzed 330 patients was Japanese yen (JPY) 1,304,431 (US dollars ~ 11,871) (interquartile range: JPY 968,349-1,954,093), and the median length of stay was 10 days. The median healthcare cost was JPY 798,810 for mild cases; JPY 1,113,680 for moderate I cases; JPY 1,643,909 for moderate II cases; and JPY 6,210,607 for severe cases. Healthcare costs increased by 4.0% for each additional day of hospitalization; 1.26 times for moderate I cases, 1.64 times for moderate II cases, and 1.84 times for severe cases compared to mild cases; and 2.05 times for cases involving ICU stay compared to those not staying in ICU. CONCLUSIONS We clarified the healthcare cost for hospitalized COVID-19 patients by severity in a Japanese university hospital. These costs contribute as inputs for forthcoming health economic evaluations for strategies for preventing and treating COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Uno
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Keio University School of Medicine, 35, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Rei Goto
- Graduate School of Business Administration, Keio University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- Graduate School of Health Management, Keio University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kimiko Honda
- Graduate School of Health Management, Keio University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
- Center of Health Economics and Health Technology Assessment, Keio University Global Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Machiko Tokuda
- Graduate School of Health Management, Keio University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Kamata
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shotaro Chubachi
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Yamamoto
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukio Sato
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichiro Homma
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sho Uchida
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Keio University School of Medicine, 35, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ho Namkoong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Keio University School of Medicine, 35, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Uwamino
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junichi Sasaki
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Fukunaga
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Hasegawa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Keio University School of Medicine, 35, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
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Ivachtchenko AV, Ivashchenko AA, Shkil DO, Ivashchenko IA. Aprotinin-Drug against Respiratory Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11173. [PMID: 37446350 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Aprotinin (APR) was discovered in 1930. APR is an effective pan-protease inhibitor, a typical "magic shotgun". Until 2007, APR was widely used as an antithrombotic and anti-inflammatory drug in cardiac and noncardiac surgeries for reduction of bleeding and thus limiting the need for blood transfusion. The ability of APR to inhibit proteolytic activation of some viruses leads to its use as an antiviral drug for the prevention and treatment of acute respiratory virus infections. However, due to incompetent interpretation of several clinical trials followed by incredible controversy in the literature, the usage of APR was nearly stopped for a decade worldwide. In 2015-2020, after re-analysis of these clinical trials' data the restrictions in APR usage were lifted worldwide. This review discusses antiviral mechanisms of APR action and summarizes current knowledge and prospective regarding the use of APR treatment for diseases caused by RNA-containing viruses, including influenza and SARS-CoV-2 viruses, or as a part of combination antiviral treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre V Ivachtchenko
- ChemDiv Inc., San Diego, CA 92130, USA
- ASAVI LLC, 1835 East Hallandale Blvd #442, Hallandale Beach, FL 33009, USA
| | | | - Dmitrii O Shkil
- ASAVI LLC, 1835 East Hallandale Blvd #442, Hallandale Beach, FL 33009, USA
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Ghosh N, Saha I, Gambin A. Interactome-Based Machine Learning Predicts Potential Therapeutics for COVID-19. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:13840-13854. [PMID: 37163139 PMCID: PMC10084923 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19, the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, has been disrupting our lives for more than two years now. SARS-CoV-2 interacts with human proteins to pave its way into the human body, thereby wreaking havoc. Moreover, the mutating variants of the virus that take place in the SARS-CoV-2 genome are also a cause of concern among the masses. Thus, it is very important to understand human-spike protein-protein interactions (PPIs) in order to predict new PPIs and consequently propose drugs for the human proteins in order to fight the virus and its different mutated variants, with the mutations occurring in the spike protein. This fact motivated us to develop a complete pipeline where PPIs and drug-protein interactions can be predicted for human-SARS-CoV-2 interactions. In this regard, initially interacting data sets are collected from the literature, and noninteracting data sets are subsequently created for human-SARS-CoV-2 by considering only spike glycoprotein. On the other hand, for drug-protein interactions both interacting and noninteracting data sets are considered from DrugBank and ChEMBL databases. Thereafter, a model based on a sequence-based feature is used to code the protein sequences of human and spike proteins using the well-known Moran autocorrelation technique, while the drugs are coded using another well-known technique, viz., PaDEL descriptors, to predict new human-spike PPIs and eventually new drug-protein interactions for the top 20 predicted human proteins interacting with the original spike protein and its different mutated variants like Alpha, Beta, Delta, Gamma, and Omicron. Such predictions are carried out by random forest as it is found to perform better than other predictors, providing an accuracy of 90.53% for human-spike PPI and 96.15% for drug-protein interactions. Finally, 40 unique drugs like eicosapentaenoic acid, doxercalciferol, ciclesonide, dexamethasone, methylprednisolone, etc. are identified that target 32 human proteins like ACACA, DST, DYNC1H1, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimisha Ghosh
- Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Mechanics, University of Warsaw, 00-927 Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, Institute of Technical Education and Research, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan, Bhubaneswar, 751030 Odisha, India
| | - Indrajit Saha
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technical Teachers' Training and Research, Kolkata, 700106 West Bengal, India
| | - Anna Gambin
- Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Mechanics, University of Warsaw, 00-927 Warsaw, Poland
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Mihai N, Tiliscan C, Visan CA, Stratan L, Ganea O, Arama SS, Lazar M, Arama V. Evaluation of Drug-Induced Liver Injury in Hospitalized Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10102045. [PMID: 36296321 PMCID: PMC9606929 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10102045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated liver enzymes are frequently reported in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. Several mechanisms of liver injury have been proposed, but no clear conclusions were drawn. We aimed to evaluate hepatocellular and cholestatic injury in relation to the administration of potentially hepatotoxic drugs included in the current COVID-19 therapeutic guidelines in a retrospective cohort of 396 hospitalized COVID-19 patients. The main findings of our study are: (1) Significant increase in aminotransferases level was observed during hospitalization, suggesting drug-related hepatotoxicity. (2) Tocilizumab was correlated with hepatocellular injury, including ALT values greater than five times the upper limit of normal. (3) Anakinra was correlated with ALT values greater than three times the upper limit of normal. (4) Younger patients receiving tocilizumab or anakinra had a higher risk of hepatocellular injury. (5) The combination of favipiravir with tocilizumab was associated with AST values greater than three times the upper limit of normal and with an increase in direct bilirubin. (6) The administration of at least three potentially hepatotoxic drugs was correlated with hepatocellular injury, including ALT values greater than five times the upper limit of normal, and with the increase in indirect bilirubin. (7) Remdesivir and favipiravir by themselves did not correlate with hepatocellular or cholestatic injury in our study cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoleta Mihai
- Faculty of Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 37 Dionisie Lupu Street, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- “Prof. Dr. Matei Bals” National Institute for Infectious Diseases, 1 Calistrat Grozovici Street, 021105 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Catalin Tiliscan
- Faculty of Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 37 Dionisie Lupu Street, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- “Prof. Dr. Matei Bals” National Institute for Infectious Diseases, 1 Calistrat Grozovici Street, 021105 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence:
| | - Constanta Angelica Visan
- Faculty of Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 37 Dionisie Lupu Street, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- “Prof. Dr. Matei Bals” National Institute for Infectious Diseases, 1 Calistrat Grozovici Street, 021105 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Laurentiu Stratan
- Faculty of Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 37 Dionisie Lupu Street, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- “Prof. Dr. Matei Bals” National Institute for Infectious Diseases, 1 Calistrat Grozovici Street, 021105 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Oana Ganea
- Faculty of Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 37 Dionisie Lupu Street, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- “Prof. Dr. Matei Bals” National Institute for Infectious Diseases, 1 Calistrat Grozovici Street, 021105 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Stefan Sorin Arama
- Faculty of Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 37 Dionisie Lupu Street, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- “Prof. Dr. Matei Bals” National Institute for Infectious Diseases, 1 Calistrat Grozovici Street, 021105 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihai Lazar
- Faculty of Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 37 Dionisie Lupu Street, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- “Prof. Dr. Matei Bals” National Institute for Infectious Diseases, 1 Calistrat Grozovici Street, 021105 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Victoria Arama
- Faculty of Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 37 Dionisie Lupu Street, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- “Prof. Dr. Matei Bals” National Institute for Infectious Diseases, 1 Calistrat Grozovici Street, 021105 Bucharest, Romania
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Zhong L, Zhao Z, Peng X, Zou J, Yang S. Recent advances in small-molecular therapeutics for COVID-19. PRECISION CLINICAL MEDICINE 2022; 5:pbac024. [PMID: 36268466 PMCID: PMC9579963 DOI: 10.1093/pcmedi/pbac024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic poses a fundamental challenge to global health. Since the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2, great efforts have been made to identify antiviral strategies and develop therapeutic drugs to combat the disease. There are different strategies for developing small molecular anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs, including targeting coronavirus structural proteins (e.g. spike protein), non-structural proteins (nsp) (e.g. RdRp, Mpro, PLpro, helicase, nsp14, and nsp16), host proteases (e.g. TMPRSS2, cathepsin, and furin) and the pivotal proteins mediating endocytosis (e.g. PIKfyve), as well as developing endosome acidification agents and immune response modulators. Favipiravir and chloroquine are the anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents that were identified earlier in this epidemic and repurposed for COVID-19 clinical therapy based on these strategies. However, their efficacies are controversial. Currently, three small molecular anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents, remdesivir, molnupiravir, and Paxlovid (PF-07321332 plus ritonavir), have been granted emergency use authorization or approved for COVID-19 therapy in many countries due to their significant curative effects in phase III trials. Meanwhile, a large number of promising anti-SARS-CoV-2 drug candidates have entered clinical evaluation. The development of these drugs brings hope for us to finally conquer COVID-19. In this account, we conducted a comprehensive review of the recent advances in small molecule anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents according to the target classification. Here we present all the approved drugs and most of the important drug candidates for each target, and discuss the challenges and perspectives for the future research and development of anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xuerun Peng
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
| | | | - Shengyong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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SARS-CoV-2 Variants, Current Vaccines and Therapeutic Implications for COVID-19. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091538. [PMID: 36146616 PMCID: PMC9504858 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past two years, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused hundreds of millions of infections, resulting in an unprecedented pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). As the virus spreads through the population, ongoing mutations and adaptations are being discovered. There is now substantial clinical evidence that demonstrates the SARS-CoV-2 variants have stronger transmissibility and higher virulence compared to the wild-type strain of SARS-CoV-2. Hence, development of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 variants to boost individual immunity has become essential. However, current treatment options are limited for COVID-19 caused by the SARS-CoV-2 variants. In this review, we describe current distribution, variation, biology, and clinical features of COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 variants (including Alpha (B.1.1.7 Lineage) variant, Beta (B.1.351 Lineage) variant, Gamma (P.1 Lineage) variant, Delta (B.1.617.2 Lineage) variant, and Omicron (B.1.1.529 Lineage) variant and others. In addition, we review currently employed vaccines in clinical or preclinical phases as well as potential targeted therapies in an attempt to provide better preventive and treatment strategies for COVID-19 caused by different SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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