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Benítez HA, Muñoz-Ramírez C, Correa M, Acuña-Rodríguez IS, Villalobos-Leiva A, Contador T, Velásquez NA, Suazo MJ. Breaking the Law: Is It Correct to Use the Converse Bergmann Rule in Ceroglossus chilensis? An Overview Using Geometric Morphometrics. INSECTS 2024; 15:97. [PMID: 38392516 PMCID: PMC10889341 DOI: 10.3390/insects15020097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The converse Bergmann's rule is a pattern of body size variation observed in many ectothermic organisms that contradicts the classic Bergmann's rule and suggests that individuals inhabiting warmer climates tend to exhibit larger body sizes compared to those inhabiting colder environments. Due to the thermoregulatory nature of Bergmann's rule, its application among ectotherms might prove to be more complicated, given that these organisms obtain heat by absorbing it from their habitat. The existence of this inverse pattern therefore challenges the prevailing notion that larger body size is universally advantageous in colder climates. Ceroglossus chilensis is a native Chilean beetle that has the largest latitudinal range of any species in the genus, from 34.3° S to 47.8° S. Within Chile, it continuously inhabits regions extending from Maule to Aysen, thriving on both native and non-native forest species. Beyond their remarkable color variation, populations of C. chilensis show minimal morphological disparity, noticeable only through advanced morphological techniques (geometric morphometrics). Based on both (1) the "temperature-size rule", which suggests that body size decreases with increasing temperature, and (2) the reduced resource availability in high-latitude environments that may lead to smaller body sizes, we predict that C. chilensis populations will follow the converse Bergmann's rule. Our results show a clear converse pattern to the normal Bergmann rule, where smaller centroid sizes were found to be measured in the specimens inhabiting the southern areas of Chile. Understanding the prevalence of the converse Bergmann's rule for ectotherm animals and how often this rule is broken is of utmost importance to understand the underlying mechanisms allowing organisms to adapt to different environments and the selective pressures they face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo A Benítez
- Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule, Instituto Milenio Biodiversidad de Ecosistemas Antárticos y Subantárticos (BASE), Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3466706, Chile
- Centro de Investigación en Recursos Naturales y Sustentabilidad (CIRENYS), Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Avenida Viel 1497, Santiago 8370993, Chile
| | - Carlos Muñoz-Ramírez
- Instituto de Entomología, Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación, Santiago 7760197, Chile
| | - Margarita Correa
- Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule, Instituto Milenio Biodiversidad de Ecosistemas Antárticos y Subantárticos (BASE), Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3466706, Chile
| | - Ian S Acuña-Rodríguez
- Centro de Ecología Integrativa (CEI), Instituto de Investigaciones Interdisciplinarias (I3), Universidad de Talca, Campus Lircay, Talca 3465548, Chile
| | - Amado Villalobos-Leiva
- Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule, Instituto Milenio Biodiversidad de Ecosistemas Antárticos y Subantárticos (BASE), Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3466706, Chile
- Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile
| | - Tamara Contador
- Cape Horn International Center (CHIC), Puerto Williams 6350000, Chile
- Millennium Nucleus of Austral Invasive Salmonids (INVASAL), Concepción 4030000, Chile
- Sub-Antarctic Biocultural Conservation Program, Wankara Laboratory, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas 6200000, Chile
- Millennium Institute Biodiversity of Antarctic and Subantarctic Ecosystems (BASE), Santiago 8330015, Chile
| | - Nelson A Velásquez
- Laboratorio de Comunicación Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Católica del Maule, San Miguel 3605, Talca 3466706, Chile
| | - Manuel J Suazo
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Casilla 7D, Arica 1000000, Chile
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Prati S, Enß J, Grabner DS, Huesken A, Feld CK, Doliwa A, Sures B. Possible seasonal and diurnal modulation of Gammarus pulex (Crustacea, Amphipoda) drift by microsporidian parasites. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9474. [PMID: 37301923 PMCID: PMC10257654 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36630-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In lotic freshwater ecosystems, the drift or downstream movement of animals (e.g., macroinvertebrates) constitutes a key dispersal pathway, thus shaping ecological and evolutionary patterns. There is evidence that macroinvertebrate drift may be modulated by parasites. However, most studies on parasite modulation of host drifting behavior have focused on acanthocephalans, whereas other parasites, such as microsporidians, have been largely neglected. This study provides new insight into possible seasonal and diurnal modulation of amphipod (Crustacea: Gammaridae) drift by microsporidian parasites. Three 72 h drift experiments were deployed in a German lowland stream in October 2021, April, and July 2022. The prevalence and composition of ten microsporidian parasites in Gammarus pulex clade E varied seasonally, diurnally, and between drifting and stationary specimens of G. pulex. Prevalence was generally higher in drifting amphipods than in stationary ones, mainly due to differences in host size. However, for two parasites, the prevalence in drift samples was highest during daytime suggesting changes in host phototaxis likely related to the parasite's mode of transmission and site of infection. Alterations in drifting behavior may have important implications for G. pulex population dynamics and microsporidians' dispersal. The underlying mechanisms are more complex than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Prati
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany.
| | - Julian Enß
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Daniel S Grabner
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Annabell Huesken
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
- Research Center One Health Ruhr, Research Alliance Ruhr, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Christian K Feld
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Annemie Doliwa
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Bernd Sures
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
- Research Center One Health Ruhr, Research Alliance Ruhr, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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Cozzoli F, Shokri M, Boulamail S, Marrocco V, Vignes F, Basset A. The size dependency of foraging behaviour: an empirical test performed on aquatic amphipods. Oecologia 2022; 199:377-386. [PMID: 35678931 PMCID: PMC9225974 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-022-05195-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The behavioural choices made by foragers regarding the use of resource patches have a direct influence on the energy balance of the individual. Given that several individual traits linked to the acquisition of spatially distributed resources increase with body size (e.g., energy requirements, resource ingestion rates, and movement capacity), it is reasonable to expect size dependencies in overall foraging behaviour. In this study, we tested how body size influences the number, duration, and frequency of foraging episodes in heterogeneous resource patches. To this end, we performed microcosm experiments using the aquatic amphipod Gammarus insensibilis as a model organism. An experimental maze was used to simulate a habitat characterised by resource-rich, resource-poor, and empty patches under controlled conditions. The patch use behaviour of 40 differently sized specimens foraging alone in the experimental maze was monitored via an advanced camera setup. Overall, we observed that individual body size exerted a major influence on the use of resource patches over time. Larger individuals had stronger preference for the resource-rich patches initially and visited them more frequently than smaller individuals, but for shorter periods of time. However, larger individuals subsequently decreased their use of resource-rich patches in favour of resource-poor patches, while smaller individuals continued to prefer resource-rich patches for the whole experimental time. With body size being a key organismal trait, our observations support the general understanding of foraging behaviours related to preference, patch use, and abandonment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Cozzoli
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET-URT Lecce), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Campus Ecotekne, S.P. Lecce-Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy.
- Laboratory of Ecology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of the Salento, S.P. Lecce-Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy.
| | - Milad Shokri
- Laboratory of Ecology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of the Salento, S.P. Lecce-Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy.
| | - Sarah Boulamail
- Laboratory of Ecology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of the Salento, S.P. Lecce-Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Vanessa Marrocco
- Laboratory of Ecology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of the Salento, S.P. Lecce-Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Fabio Vignes
- Laboratory of Ecology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of the Salento, S.P. Lecce-Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Alberto Basset
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET-URT Lecce), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Campus Ecotekne, S.P. Lecce-Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
- Laboratory of Ecology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of the Salento, S.P. Lecce-Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
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Makarieva AM, Nefiodov AV, Li BL. Life's Energy and Information: Contrasting Evolution of Volume- versus Surface-Specific Rates of Energy Consumption. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 22:E1025. [PMID: 33286794 PMCID: PMC7597118 DOI: 10.3390/e22091025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
As humanity struggles to find a path to resilience amidst global change vagaries, understanding organizing principles of living systems as the pillar for human existence is rapidly growing in importance. However, finding quantitative definitions for order, complexity, information and functionality of living systems remains a challenge. Here, we review and develop insights into this problem from the concept of the biotic regulation of the environment developed by Victor Gorshkov (1935-2019). Life's extraordinary persistence-despite being a strongly non-equilibrium process-requires a quantum-classical duality: the program of life is written in molecules and thus can be copied without information loss, while life's interaction with its non-equilibrium environment is performed by macroscopic classical objects (living individuals) that age. Life's key energetic parameter, the volume-specific rate of energy consumption, is maintained within universal limits by most life forms. Contrary to previous suggestions, it cannot serve as a proxy for "evolutionary progress". In contrast, ecosystem-level surface-specific energy consumption declines with growing animal body size in stable ecosystems. High consumption by big animals is associated with instability. We suggest that the evolutionary increase in body size may represent a spontaneous loss of information about environmental regulation, a manifestation of life's algorithm ageing as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastassia M. Makarieva
- Theoretical Physics Division, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina 188300, Russia
- USDA-China MOST Joint Research Center for AgroEcology and Sustainability, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521-0124, USA
| | - Andrei V. Nefiodov
- Theoretical Physics Division, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina 188300, Russia
| | - Bai-Lian Li
- USDA-China MOST Joint Research Center for AgroEcology and Sustainability, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521-0124, USA
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Witting L. The natural selection of metabolism and mass selects lifeforms from viruses to multicellular animals. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:9098-9118. [PMID: 29152201 PMCID: PMC5677505 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
I show that the natural selection of metabolism and mass can select for the major life‐history and allometric transitions that define lifeforms from viruses, over prokaryotes and larger unicells, to multicellular animals. The proposed selection is driven by a mass‐specific metabolism that is selected as the pace of the resource handling that generates net energy for self‐replication. An initial selection of mass is given by a dependence of mass‐specific metabolism on mass in replicators that are close to a lower size limit. A sublinear maximum dependence selects for virus‐like replicators, with no intrinsic metabolism, no cell, and practically no mass. A superlinear dependence selects for prokaryote‐like self‐replicating cells, with asexual reproduction and incomplete metabolic pathways. These self‐replicators have selection for increased net energy, and this generates a gradual unfolding of population‐dynamic feed‐back selection from interactive competition. The incomplete feed‐back selects for larger unicells with more developed metabolic pathways, and the completely developed feed‐back for multicellular animals with sexual reproduction. This model unifies the natural selection of lifeforms from viruses to multicellular animals, and it provides a parsimonious explanation where allometries and major life histories evolve from the natural selection of metabolism and mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Witting
- Greenland Institute of Natural Resources Nuuk Greenland
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Gavrilov VM. Ecological and scaling analysis of the energy expenditure of rest, activity, flight, and evaporative water loss in Passeriformes and non-Passeriformes in relation to seasonal migrations and to the occupation of boreal stations in high and moderate latitudes. QUARTERLY REVIEW OF BIOLOGY 2014; 89:107-50. [PMID: 24984324 DOI: 10.1086/676046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A unified system of bioenergetic parameters that describe thermal regulation and energy metabolism in many passerine and non-passerine species has been developed. These parameters have been analyzed as functions of ambient temperature, and bioenergetic models for various species have been developed. The level of maximum food energy or maximal existence metabolism (MPE) is 1.3 times higher in passerines than in non-passerines, which is consistent with the ratio of their basal metabolic rates (BMR). The optimal ambient temperature for maximizing productive processes (e.g., reproduction, molting) is lower for passerines than for non passerines, which allows passerines to have higher production rates at moderate ambient temperatures. This difference in the optimal ambient temperature may explain the variation in bioenergetic parameters along latitudinal gradients, such as the well-known ecological rule of clutch size (or mass) increase in the more northerly passerine birds. The increased potential for productive energy output in the north may also allow birds to molt faster there. This phenomenon allows passerine birds to occupy a habitat that fluctuates widely in ambient temperature compared with non-passerine birds of similar size. Passerines have a more effective system for maintaining heat balance at both high and low temperatures. The high metabolism and small body sizes of passerines are consistent with omnivore development and with ecological plasticity. Among large passerines, the unfavorable ratio of MPE to BMR should decrease the energy that is available for productive processes. This consequence limits both the reproductive output and the development of long migration (particularly in Corvus corax). The hypothesis regarding BMR increase in passerines was suggested based on an aerodynamic analysis of the flight speed and the wing characteristics. This allometric analysis shows that the flight velocity is approximately 20% lower in Passeriformes than in non-Passeriformes, which is consistent with the inverted ratio of their BMR level. The regressions for the aerodynamic characteristics of wings show that passerines do not change the morphological characteristics of their wings to decrease velocity. Passerine birds prefer forest habitats. The size range of 5-150 g for birds in forest habitats is almost exclusively occupied by passerines because of their large energetic capability.
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Gavrilov VM. Fundamental avian energetics: 2. The ability of birds to change heat loss and explanation of the mass exponent for basal metabolism in homeothermic animals. BIOL BULL+ 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359012080055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Gavrilov VM. Fundamental energetics of birds: 1. The maximum ability of birds to change their thermal conductance and the efficiency of metabolic energy transformation into mechanical work. BIOL BULL+ 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359012070047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Hammond ST, Niklas KJ. Computer simulations support a core prediction of a contentious plant model. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2012; 99:508-516. [PMID: 22371857 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1100415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY An overarching but vigorously debated plant model proposed by the West, Brown, Enquist (WBE) theory predicts the scaling relationships for numerous botanical phenomena. However, few studies have evaluated this model's basic assumptions, one of which is that natural selection has resulted in hierarchal networks that minimize the energy required to distribute nutrients internally and have thus produced highly efficient organisms. METHODS If these core assumptions are correct, an "idealized" plant complying with all of the scaling relationships emerging from the WBE plant model should rapidly outcompete other plants, even those that differ slightly from it. To test this reasoning, a computer model was used to simulate competition between an idealized WBE plant, a generic "average" angiosperm (GA), and one of seven variants of the idealized WBE plant, each being similar to the GA in one of the GA's scaling parameters. KEY RESULTS Replicate simulations show that the idealized WBE plant rapidly outcompetes all other plants under light-shade and open-field conditions. However, changing only one of the WBE's scaling parameters results in death or in the coexistence of WBE and GA plants. CONCLUSIONS These simulations support a core assumption of the WBE plant model and suggest why this idealized plant has not evolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean T Hammond
- University of New Mexico, Department of Biology, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
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Basset A, Cozzoli F, Paparella F. A unifying approach to allometric scaling of resource ingestion rates under limiting conditions. Ecosphere 2012. [DOI: 10.1890/es11-00249.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Wu M, Xue L, Jin W, Xiong Q, Ai T, Li B. Modelling the Linkage Between Landscape Metrics and Water Quality Indices of Hydrological Units in Sihu Basin, Hubei Province, China: An Allometric Model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proenv.2012.01.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Li C, Barclay H, Hans H, Liu J, Klos R, Carlson G. Accuracy in population estimation: A methodological consideration. ECOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecocom.2010.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Hayward A, Kolasa J, Stone JR. The scale-dependence of population density–body mass allometry: Statistical artefact or biological mechanism? ECOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecocom.2009.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Hu D, Wang RS, Lei KP, Li F, Wang Z, Wang BN. Expanding ecological appropriation approach: Solar space method and a case study in Yangzhou city, East China. ECOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecocom.2009.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Souza GM, Ribeiro RV, Prado CH, Damineli DS, Sato AM, Oliveira MS. Using network connectance and autonomy analyses to uncover patterns of photosynthetic responses in tropical woody species. ECOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecocom.2008.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Makarieva AM, Gorshkov VG, Li BL, Chown SL, Reich PB, Gavrilov VM. Mean mass-specific metabolic rates are strikingly similar across life's major domains: Evidence for life's metabolic optimum. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:16994-9. [PMID: 18952839 PMCID: PMC2572558 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0802148105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A fundamental but unanswered biological question asks how much energy, on average, Earth's different life forms spend per unit mass per unit time to remain alive. Here, using the largest database to date, for 3,006 species that includes most of the range of biological diversity on the planet-from bacteria to elephants, and algae to sapling trees-we show that metabolism displays a striking degree of homeostasis across all of life. We demonstrate that, despite the enormous biochemical, physiological, and ecological differences between the surveyed species that vary over 10(20)-fold in body mass, mean metabolic rates of major taxonomic groups displayed at physiological rest converge on a narrow range from 0.3 to 9 W kg(-1). This 30-fold variation among life's disparate forms represents a remarkably small range compared with the 4,000- to 65,000-fold difference between the mean metabolic rates of the smallest and largest organisms that would be observed if life as a whole conformed to universal quarter-power or third-power allometric scaling laws. The observed broad convergence on a narrow range of basal metabolic rates suggests that organismal designs that fit in this physiological window have been favored by natural selection across all of life's major kingdoms, and that this range might therefore be considered as optimal for living matter as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastassia M. Makarieva
- Theoretical Physics Division, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina, St. Petersburg 188300, Russia
- Ecological Complexity and Modelling Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Victor G. Gorshkov
- Theoretical Physics Division, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina, St. Petersburg 188300, Russia
- Ecological Complexity and Modelling Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Bai-Lian Li
- Ecological Complexity and Modelling Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Steven L. Chown
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Peter B. Reich
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108; and
| | - Valery M. Gavrilov
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
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Patterns of abundance and morphology as indicators of ecosystem status: A meta-analysis. ECOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecocom.2007.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Mulder C, den Hollander H, Schouten T, Rutgers M. Allometry, biocomplexity, and web topology of hundred agro-environments in The Netherlands. ECOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecocom.2006.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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21
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Hui C, McGeoch M. Evolution of body size, range size, and food composition in a predator–prey metapopulation. ECOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecocom.2005.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Makarieva AM, Gorshkov VG, Li BL. Energetics of the smallest: Do bacteria breathe at the same rate as whales? Proc Biol Sci 2006; 272:2219-24. [PMID: 16191633 PMCID: PMC1559947 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2005.3225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Power laws describing the dependence of metabolic rate on body mass have been established for many taxa, but not for prokaryotes, despite the ecological dominance of the smallest living beings. Our analysis of 80 prokaryote species with cell volumes ranging more than 1,000,000-fold revealed no significant relationship between mass-specific metabolic rate q and cell mass. By absolute values, mean endogenous mass-specific metabolic rates of non-growing bacteria are similar to basal rates of eukaryote unicells, terrestrial arthropods and mammals. Maximum mass-specific metabolic rates displayed by growing bacteria are close to the record tissue-specific metabolic rates of insects, amphibia, birds and mammals. Minimum mass-specific metabolic rates of prokaryotes coincide with those of larger organisms in various energy-saving regimes: sit-and-wait strategists in arthropods, poikilotherms surviving anoxia, hibernating mammals. These observations suggest a size-independent value around which the mass-specific metabolic rates vary bounded by universal upper and lower limits in all body size intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastassia M Makarieva
- Theoretical Physics DivisionPetersburg Nuclear Physics InstituteRussian Academy of Sciences, 188300, Gatchina, St Petersburg, Russia
- Ecological Complexity and Modeling Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaRiverside, CA 92521-0124, USA
| | - Victor G Gorshkov
- Theoretical Physics DivisionPetersburg Nuclear Physics InstituteRussian Academy of Sciences, 188300, Gatchina, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Bai-Lian Li
- Ecological Complexity and Modeling Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaRiverside, CA 92521-0124, USA
- Author for correspondence ()
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Pérez JE, Nirchio M, Alfonsi C, Muñoz C. The Biology of Invasions: The Genetic Adaptation Paradox. Biol Invasions 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-005-8281-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Glazier DS. Beyond the '3/4-power law': variation in the intra- and interspecific scaling of metabolic rate in animals. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2006; 80:611-62. [PMID: 16221332 DOI: 10.1017/s1464793105006834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 602] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2003] [Revised: 05/27/2005] [Accepted: 06/08/2005] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In this review I show that the '3/4-power scaling law' of metabolic rate is not universal, either within or among animal species. Significant variation in the scaling of metabolic rate with body mass is described mainly for animals, but also for unicells and plants. Much of this variation, which can be related to taxonomic, physiological, and/or environmental differences, is not adequately explained by existing theoretical models, which are also reviewed. As a result, synthetic explanatory schemes based on multiple boundary constraints and on the scaling of multiple energy-using processes are advocated. It is also stressed that a complete understanding of metabolic scaling will require the identification of both proximate (functional) and ultimate (evolutionary) causes. Four major types of intraspecific metabolic scaling with body mass are recognized [based on the power function R=aMb, where R is respiration (metabolic) rate, a is a constant, M is body mass, and b is the scaling exponent]: Type I: linear, negatively allometric (b<1); Type II: linear, isometric (b=1); Type III: nonlinear, ontogenetic shift from isometric (b=1), or nearly isometric, to negatively allometric (b<1); and Type IV: nonlinear, ontogenetic shift from positively allometric (b>1) to one or two later phases of negative allometry (b<1). Ontogenetic changes in the metabolic intensity of four component processes (i.e. growth, reproduction, locomotion, and heat production) appear to be important in these different patterns of metabolic scaling. These changes may, in turn, be shaped by age (size)-specific patterns of mortality. In addition, major differences in interspecific metabolic scaling are described, especially with respect to mode of temperature regulation, body-size range, and activity level. A 'metabolic-level boundaries hypothesis' focusing on two major constraints (surface-area limits on resource/waste exchange processes and mass/volume limits on power production) can explain much, but not all of this variation. My analysis indicates that further empirical and theoretical work is needed to understand fully the physiological and ecological bases for the considerable variation in metabolic scaling that is observed both within and among species. Recommended approaches for doing this are discussed. I conclude that the scaling of metabolism is not the simple result of a physical law, but rather appears to be the more complex result of diverse adaptations evolved in the context of both physico-chemical and ecological constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas S Glazier
- Department of Biology, Juniata College, Huntingdon, Pennsylvania 16652, USA.
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Why do population density and inverse home range scale differently with body size? ECOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecocom.2005.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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MAKARIEVA AM, GORSHKOV VG, LI BL. Biochemical universality of living matter and its metabolic implications. Funct Ecol 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2005.01005.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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