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Alvarez-Ortega N, Caballero-Gallardo K, Juan C, Juan-Garcia A, Olivero-Verbel J. Cytoprotective, Antiproliferative, and Anti-Oxidant Potential of the Hydroethanolic Extract of Fridericia chica Leaves on Human Cancer Cell Lines Exposed to α- and β-Zearalenol. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:36. [PMID: 36668856 PMCID: PMC9864583 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Fridericia chica (Bignoniaceae) is a Colombian Caribbean plant with numerous health benefits, including properties such as wound healing, immune system stimulation, and antioxidant capacity, among others. Mycotoxins alpha-zearalenol (α-ZEL) and beta-zearalenol (β-ZEL) are phase I metabolites of zearalenone, a natural product involved in endocrine disruption and cell proliferation processes. This study aimed to investigate the cytotoxic potential of the hydroethanolic extract of F. chica leaves (HEFc) and determine their protective effects against proliferation induced by α-ZEL and β-ZEL on human hepatoma HepG2, lung cancer Calu-1, and primary normal human epidermal keratinocytes, neonatal (HEKn). The cytotoxicity of HEFc was measured in a range from 4 to 1000 µg/mL and from 0.4 to 100 μM for both α-ZEL and β-ZEL. Cell production of intracellular ROS was monitored using the H2-DCFDA probe. The cells exposed to HEFc presented IC50 of 128, 249, and 602 µg/mL for the HepG2, Calu-1, and HEKn cells, respectively. A greater selectivity was seen in HepG2 cells [selectivity index (SI) = 3.5] than in Calu-1 cells (SI = 2.4). Cells treated with mycotoxins remained viable during the first day, and cell proliferation increased at low tested concentrations (0.4-6.3 µM) in all three cell lines. However, after 48 h treatment, cells exposed to 50 and 100 µM of α-ZEL and β-ZEL displayed decreased viability. HEFc at 16 µg/mL was able to give some protection against cytotoxicity induced by high concentrations of β-ZEL in HepG2, reducing also cell proliferation elicited at low levels of α-ZEL and β-ZEL. ROS production was not observed in cells treated with this HEFc concentration; however, it prevented ROS formation induced by treatment with 50 µM α-ZEL or β-ZEL. In summary, HEFc isolated from plants grown in northern Colombia displayed promising results against cell proliferation and oxidative stress caused by mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Alvarez-Ortega
- Environmental and Computational Chemistry Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zaragocilla Campus, University of Cartagena, Cartagena 130014, Colombia
- Functional Toxicology Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zaragocilla Campus, University of Cartagena, Cartagena 130014, Colombia
| | - Karina Caballero-Gallardo
- Environmental and Computational Chemistry Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zaragocilla Campus, University of Cartagena, Cartagena 130014, Colombia
- Functional Toxicology Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zaragocilla Campus, University of Cartagena, Cartagena 130014, Colombia
| | - Cristina Juan
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia (Spain)—Avda, Vicent Andrés Estellés, s/n. Burjassot, 46100 València, Spain
| | - Ana Juan-Garcia
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia (Spain)—Avda, Vicent Andrés Estellés, s/n. Burjassot, 46100 València, Spain
| | - Jesus Olivero-Verbel
- Environmental and Computational Chemistry Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zaragocilla Campus, University of Cartagena, Cartagena 130014, Colombia
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Malekinejad F, Fink-Gremmels J, Malekinejad H. Zearalenone and its metabolite exposure directs oestrogen metabolism towards potentially carcinogenic metabolites in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Mycotoxin Res 2022; 39:45-56. [PMID: 36517666 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-022-00472-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is produced by Fusarium species contaminating various agriculture crops. In this study, the effects of ZEN and its metabolites α-zearalenol (α-ZEL), and β-zearalenol (β-ZEL) on the formation of carcinogenic oestrogen-catechols in MCF-7 cells were investigated. To assess the effects of mycoestrogens on the activity of cytochrome P450 1A1 and CYP1B1, the rate of ethoxyresorufin O-deethylation (EROD-assay) was measured. The effects of mycoestrogens on the expression of CYP 1A1, CYP 1B1, aryl-hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), and oestrogen receptor alpha (ERα) were determined by qPCR. The catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) activity was measured as the ratio of the methoxy metabolites of oestradiol. Results show that mycoestrogens inhibited significantly the CYP1-dependent EROD activities. In the presence of selective inhibitors, mycoestrogens reduced CYP 1A1 and enhanced CYP 1B1 activity. Quantitative PCR analyses demonstrated the upregulation of AhR and confirmed the selective effect of mycoestrogens on CYP1 expression levels and the decline of the CYP 1A1/CYP 1B1 ratio. Mycoestrogens increased the ratio of 4-MeOE to 2-MeOE2 formation significantly (P < 0.05). Our results suggest that the tested mycoestrogens increase the production of CYP1B1-mediated oestrogen catechol metabolites, directing the biotransformation of E2 towards 4-OHE2, which has been identified earlier as a crucial factor in oestrogen-induced tumour initiation.
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Zhai C, Yu Y, Han J, Hu J, He D, Zhang H, Shi J, Mohamed SR, Dawood DH, Wang G, Xu J. Isolation, Characterization, and Application of Clostridium sporogenes F39 to Degrade Zearalenone under Anaerobic Conditions. Foods 2022; 11:foods11091194. [PMID: 35563917 PMCID: PMC9103434 DOI: 10.3390/foods11091194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is produced by Fusarium spp. and is widely found in moldy wheat, corn, and other grains. ZEN has a strong toxicity and causes reproductive and immune disorders and estrogenic syndrome in animals and humans. Biodegradation has been demonstrated as an efficient way to control the hazardous effect of ZEN. A promising way to apply biodegradation in feed is to introduce anaerobic ZEN-degrading microorganisms, which can function during the digestion process in animal intestines. The aim of this study was to isolate anaerobic ZEN-degrading bacteria from anaerobic environments. A strain named F39 was isolated from animal intestinal contents and had a ZEN-degradation rate of 87.35% in 48 h to form trace amount of α- and β-zearalenol. Based on the morphological and physiological properties and phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA and rpoB gene sequences, F39 was identified as Clostridium sporogenes. The optimum temperature for the growth of F39 was 37 °C, the optimum pH was 7.0, and the most suitable carbon source was beef extract, while the optimal conditions for the degradation of ZEN were as follows: 35 °C, pH 7.0, and GAM medium. ZEN was degraded by F39 with a high efficiency in the concentration range of 1–15 mg/L. The bioactive factors responsible for ZEN degradation were mainly distributed intracellularly. F39 can degrade most of the ZEN present, but a small amount is broken down into two secondary metabolites, α- and β-zearalenol, and the toxicity of the degradation products is reduced. With an efficiency of 49%, F39 can more effectively degrade ZEN in wheat-based feedstuffs than in other feedstuff, and the degradation efficiency was pH related. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of Clostridium sporogenes F39’s ability to maintain the biodegradation potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congning Zhai
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (C.Z.); (Y.Y.); (H.Z.); (J.S.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (J.H.); (J.H.); (D.H.)
| | - Yangguang Yu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (C.Z.); (Y.Y.); (H.Z.); (J.S.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (J.H.); (J.H.); (D.H.)
| | - Jun Han
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (J.H.); (J.H.); (D.H.)
| | - Junqiang Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (J.H.); (J.H.); (D.H.)
| | - Dan He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (J.H.); (J.H.); (D.H.)
| | - Hongyin Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (C.Z.); (Y.Y.); (H.Z.); (J.S.)
| | - Jianrong Shi
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (C.Z.); (Y.Y.); (H.Z.); (J.S.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (J.H.); (J.H.); (D.H.)
| | - Sherif Ramzy Mohamed
- Food Industries and Nutrition Research Institute, Food Toxicology and Contaminants Department, National Research Centre, Tahreer St., Dokki, Giza 12411, Egypt;
| | - Dawood H. Dawood
- Department of Agriculture Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt;
| | - Gang Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (J.H.); (J.H.); (D.H.)
- Correspondence: (G.W.); (J.X.)
| | - Jianhong Xu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (C.Z.); (Y.Y.); (H.Z.); (J.S.)
- Correspondence: (G.W.); (J.X.)
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Ma T, Liu K, Yang X, Yang J, Pan M, Wang S. Development of Indirect Competitive ELISA and Visualized Multicolor ELISA Based on Gold Nanorods Growth for the Determination of Zearalenone. Foods 2021; 10:foods10112654. [PMID: 34828935 PMCID: PMC8619891 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, a zearalenone (ZEN) hapten was designed and prepared against the mycotoxin ZEN, and the original coating ZEN-ovalbumin (ZEN-OVA) was prepared by conjugation with OVA. Based on the gold nanorods (AuNRs) of uniform size and stable properties synthesized by the seed-mediated method, the indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ic-ELISA) and the AuNRs growth-based multicolor ELISA for detecting ZEN toxin were further established. Under the optimal experimental conditions, the coating amount of ZEN-OVA: 0.025 μg/well, antibody (Ab) dilution factor: 32,000 times, blocking solution: 0.5% skimmed milk powder, enzyme-labeled secondary Ab diluted 10,000 times, and a pH of the PBS buffer at 7.4, the sensitivity (IC50) of the established ic-ELISA for ZEN detection reached 0.85 ± 0.04 μg/L, and the limit of detection (IC15) reached 0.22 ± 0.08 μg/L. In the multicolor ELISA based on the growth of AuNRs, as the content of ZEN increased, the mixed solution exhibited a significant color change from brownish red to colorless. ZEN concentration as low as 0.1 μg/L can be detected by the naked eye (brown red to dark gray). This study provided an effective analysis strategy for the rapid screening and accurate monitoring of the ZEN contaminant in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; (T.M.); (K.L.); (X.Y.); (J.Y.); (S.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Kaixin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; (T.M.); (K.L.); (X.Y.); (J.Y.); (S.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; (T.M.); (K.L.); (X.Y.); (J.Y.); (S.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Jingying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; (T.M.); (K.L.); (X.Y.); (J.Y.); (S.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Mingfei Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; (T.M.); (K.L.); (X.Y.); (J.Y.); (S.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-022-6091-2493
| | - Shuo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; (T.M.); (K.L.); (X.Y.); (J.Y.); (S.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
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Structure-based virtual screening of CYP1A1 inhibitors: towards rapid tier-one assessment of potential developmental toxicants. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:3031-3048. [PMID: 34181028 PMCID: PMC8380238 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03111-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) metabolizes estrogens, melatonin, and other key endogenous signaling molecules critical for embryonic/fetal development. The enzyme has increasing expression during pregnancy, and its inhibition or knockout increases embryonic/fetal lethality and/or developmental problems. Here, we present a virtual screening model for CYP1A1 inhibitors based on the orthosteric and predicted allosteric sites of the enzyme. Using 1001 reference compounds with CYP1A1 activity data, we optimized the decision thresholds of our model and classified the training compounds with 68.3% balanced accuracy (91.0% sensitivity and 45.7% specificity). We applied our final model to 11 known CYP1A1 orthosteric binders and related compounds, and found that our ranking of the known orthosteric binders generally agrees with the relative activity of CYP1A1 in metabolizing these compounds. We also applied the model to 22 new test compounds with unknown/unclear CYP1A1 inhibitory activity, and predicted 16 of them are CYP1A1 inhibitors. The CYP1A1 potency and modes of inhibition of these 22 compounds were experimentally determined. We confirmed that most predicted inhibitors, including drugs contraindicated during pregnancy (amiodarone, bicalutamide, cyproterone acetate, ketoconazole, and tamoxifen) and environmental agents suspected to be endocrine disruptors (bisphenol A, diethyl and dibutyl phthalates, and zearalenone), are indeed potent inhibitors of CYP1A1. Our results suggest that virtual screening may be used as a rapid tier-one method to screen for potential CYP1A1 inhibitors, and flag them out for further experimental evaluations.
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Shi L, Yu T, Luo M, Wang H. Preparation monoclonal β-type anti-idiotype antibody of zearalenone and development of green ELISA quantitative detecting technique. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 50:419-424. [PMID: 31876440 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2019.1703195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Immunoassay has been widely used in the screening of mycotoxins, which may be hazardous to the operator or the environment. This study was to develop a green way to measure zearalenone (ZEN) with a monoclonal β-type anti-idiotype antibody (Ab2β) against ZEN in place of ZEN standard. Six monoclonal β-type anti-idiotype antibodies were prepared. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) value to ZEN of the six antibodies was between 34.45 ± 1.12-182.12 ± 15.40 nM. A green ELISA was then developed and validated. The quantitative conversion formula between ZEN and the monoclonal Ab2β against ZEN was y = 0.092x0.722, R2 = 0.990. The working range was 2.63-100.64 ng ml-1. The recovery rate in spiked feed samples was from 82.15% to 102.79%, and the within-assay and between-assay coefficient variation (CV) level were less than 10.00%. A good correlation was obtained by high-performance liquid chromatography method (HPLC) to validate the developed method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luhuai Shi
- Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center for Antibody Drug and Immunoassay, Colleges of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Tao Yu
- Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center for Antibody Drug and Immunoassay, Colleges of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Miner Luo
- Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center for Antibody Drug and Immunoassay, Colleges of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Hong Wang
- Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center for Antibody Drug and Immunoassay, Colleges of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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Transporters in the Mammary Gland-Contribution to Presence of Nutrients and Drugs into Milk. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11102372. [PMID: 31590349 PMCID: PMC6836069 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A large number of nutrients and bioactive ingredients found in milk play an important role in the nourishment of breast-fed infants and dairy consumers. Some of these ingredients include physiologically relevant compounds such as vitamins, peptides, neuroactive compounds and hormones. Conversely, milk may contain substances-drugs, pesticides, carcinogens, environmental pollutants-which have undesirable effects on health. The transfer of these compounds into milk is unavoidably linked to the function of transport proteins. Expression of transporters belonging to the ATP-binding cassette (ABC-) and Solute Carrier (SLC-) superfamilies varies with the lactation stages of the mammary gland. In particular, Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptides 1A2 (OATP1A2) and 2B1 (OATP2B1), Organic Cation Transporter 1 (OCT1), Novel Organic Cation Transporter 1 (OCTN1), Concentrative Nucleoside Transporters 1, 2 and 3 (CNT1, CNT2 and CNT3), Peptide Transporter 2 (PEPT2), Sodium-dependent Vitamin C Transporter 2 (SVCT2), Multidrug Resistance-associated Protein 5 (ABCC5) and Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (ABCG2) are highly induced during lactation. This review will focus on these transporters overexpressed during lactation and their role in the transfer of products into the milk, including both beneficial and harmful compounds. Furthermore, additional factors, such as regulation, polymorphisms or drug-drug interactions will be described.
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Rai A, Das M, Tripathi A. Occurrence and toxicity of a fusarium mycotoxin, zearalenone. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 60:2710-2729. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1655388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Rai
- Food, Drugs and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) CSIR-IITR campus, Lucknow, India
| | - Mukul Das
- Food, Drugs and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) CSIR-IITR campus, Lucknow, India
| | - Anurag Tripathi
- Food, Drugs and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) CSIR-IITR campus, Lucknow, India
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Cai G, Sun K, Wang T, Zou H, Gu J, Yuan Y, Liu X, Liu Z, Bian J. Mechanism and effects of Zearalenone on mouse T lymphocytes activation in vitro. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 162:208-217. [PMID: 29990733 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA) is particularly toxic to the female reproductive system. Nevertheless, the effect of ZEA on the immune system is still not fully understood. The following study investigates the effects and mechanism of ZEA on mouse T cell activation in vitro. Briefly, T lymphocytes were extracted from primary splenic lymphocyte in mice, activated by concanavalin A, and then were exposed to different concentrations of ZEA for a certain period of time. Flow cytometry was used to detect the expression of activating and co-stimulatory molecules, and the secretion of cytokines in T cells at various stages. The expression of initiation regulatory protein in T cell activation, nuclear factor protein and co-stimulatory molecule related PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling pathway proteins were detected by western blot. Our data showed that ZEA exposure inhibits the activity of T cell, and inhibits the expression of different activation signals in T cell. Additionally, ZEA exposure reduces the expression of initiative regulatory protein, i.e. LAT, Lck, Zap-70 during the activation of T cells. Thus, the results showed that ZEA exposure inhibits the formation and transmission of activated signal in T cells, interferes with signal pathway of T cell activation nuclear factor NFAT and NFκB, and decreases the secretion of cytokines after activation. Moreover, ZEA exposure interferes with co-stimulatory molecule CD28 during T cell activation, and with the activity of the PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling pathway downstream of CD28. To conclude, our results indicated that ZEA toxin interferes with the activation of mouse T lymphocytes by affecting TCR signal and co-stimulatory signal, thus playing an essential role in immune toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Cai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kai Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui Zou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianhong Gu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuezhong Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zongping Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianchun Bian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China.
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Zhang GL, Song JL, Ji CL, Feng YL, Yu J, Nyachoti CM, Yang GS. Zearalenone Exposure Enhanced the Expression of Tumorigenesis Genes in Donkey Granulosa Cells via the PTEN/ PI3K/ AKT Signaling Pathway. Front Genet 2018; 9:293. [PMID: 30108608 PMCID: PMC6079390 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA) is a natural contaminant existing in food and feed products that exhibits a negative effect on domestic animals’ reproduction. Donkeys possess high economic value in China and are at risk of exposure to ZEA. However, few information is available on ZEA-induced toxicity and no report on toxicity in donkeys can be found in scientific literature. We investigated the biological effects of ZEA exposure on donkey granulosa cells (dGCs) by using RNA-seq analysis. ZEA at 10 and 30 μM were administered to GCs within 72 h of in vitro culture. ZEA at 10 μM significantly altered the tumorigenesis associated genes in dGCs. Exposure to 10 and 30 μM ZEA treatment significantly reduced mRNA expression of PTEN, TGFβ, ATM, and CDK2 genes, particularly, the ZEA treatment significantly increased the expression of PI3K and AKT genes. Furthermore, immunofluorescence, RT-qPCR, and Western blot analysis verified the gene expression of ZEA-exposed GCs. Collectively, these results demonstrated the deleterious effect of ZEA exposure on the induction of ovarian cancer related genes via the PTEN/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in dGCs in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Liang Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Gelatin-based Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dong-E-E-Jiao Co., Ltd., Liaocheng, China
| | - Jun-Lin Song
- Central Laboratory, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chuan-Liang Ji
- National Engineering Research Center for Gelatin-based Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dong-E-E-Jiao Co., Ltd., Liaocheng, China
| | - Yu-Long Feng
- National Engineering Research Center for Gelatin-based Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dong-E-E-Jiao Co., Ltd., Liaocheng, China
| | - Jie Yu
- National Engineering Research Center for Gelatin-based Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dong-E-E-Jiao Co., Ltd., Liaocheng, China
| | - Charles M Nyachoti
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Gong-She Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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11
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Karpeta A, Maniecka A, Gregoraszczuk EŁ. Different mechanisms of action of 2, 2’, 4, 4’-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) and its metabolites (5-OH-BDE-47 and 6-OH-BDE-47) on cell proliferation in OVCAR-3 ovarian cancer cells and MCF-7 breast cancer cells. J Appl Toxicol 2016; 36:1558-1567. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Karpeta
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction; Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow; Krakow Poland
- Department of Animal Physiology and Endocrinology; University of Agriculture in Krakow; Poland
| | - Anna Maniecka
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction; Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow; Krakow Poland
| | - Ewa Łucja Gregoraszczuk
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction; Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow; Krakow Poland
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12
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Kwaśniewska K, Gadzała-Kopciuch R, Cendrowski K. Analytical Procedure for the Determination of Zearalenone in Environmental and Biological Samples. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2015; 45:119-30. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2014.896731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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13
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Abstract
Cytochrome P450-1A1 (CYP1A1) is an extrahepatic phase I metabolizing enzyme whose expression is suppressed under physiologic conditions but can be induced by substrates via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Recent studies have shown that the majority of breast cancer tumors constitutively express CYP1A1. These findings led us to test the hypothesis that CYP1A1 promotes breast cancer progression by evaluating the effects of CYP1A1 knockdown on the proliferation and survival of the MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 lines. Independently of estrogen receptor status, CYP1A1 knockdown decreased colony formation, decreased cell proliferation, blocked the cell cycle at G0-G1 associated with reduction of cyclin D1, and increased apoptosis associated with reduction of survivin. CYP1A1 knockdown markedly increased phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and decreased phosphorylation of AKT, extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), and 70-kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase (P70S6K). AMPK inhibition by compound C partially abrogated the proapoptotic effects of CYP1A1 knockdown, suggesting that effects of CYP1A1 knockdown are mediated in part through AMPK signaling. Consistent with CYP1A1 knockdown, pharmacologic reduction of CYP1A1 levels by the phytopolyphenol carnosol also correlated with impaired proliferation and induced AMPK phosphorylation. These results indicate that reduction of basal CYP1A1 expression is critical for inhibition of proliferation, which is not affected by α-naphthoflavone-mediated inhibition of CYP1A1 activity nor modulated by AhR silencing. This study supports the notion that CYP1A1 promotes breast cancer proliferation and survival, at least in part, through suppression of AMPK signaling and that reduction of CYP1A1 levels is a potential strategy for breast cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariangellys Rodriguez
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, The Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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14
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SEELINGER MAREIKE, POPESCU RUXANDRA, GIESSRIGL BENEDIKT, JARUKAMJORN KANOKWAN, UNGER CHRISTINE, WALLNÖFER BRUNO, FRITZER-SZEKERES MONIKA, SZEKERES THOMAS, DIAZ RENE, JÄGER WALTER, FRISCH RICHARD, KOPP BRIGITTE, KRUPITZA GEORG. Methanol extract of the ethnopharmaceutical remedy Smilax spinosa exhibits anti-neoplastic activity. Int J Oncol 2012; 41:1164-72. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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15
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Duca RC, Mabondzo A, Bravin F, Delaforge M. In vivo effects of zearalenone on the expression of proteins involved in the detoxification of rat xenobiotics. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2012; 27:98-108. [PMID: 20607812 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2009] [Revised: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/27/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is a lactone derivative of the resorcylic acid produced by various Fusarium species that are widely found in foods and animal feeds. ZEN exerts species-specific estrogenic effects, possibly because of the metabolism differences arising from reduction, hydroxylation, or glucuro-conjugation. The main objective of this study was to determine the levels of expression of rat proteins that are involved in the ZEN detoxification pathway upon acute ZEN treatment. This was achieved by monitoring the mRNA associated with 25 genes using RT-PCR upon ZEN uptake. These genes code for a variety of proteins that are involved in cellular detoxifying pathways, transporters, cytochromes P450 (CYPs), hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases, and transferases, and receptors that are involved in CYP expression or steroid metabolism. Liver samples from rats treated with ZEN were compared to untreated rats or animals treated with classical CYP inducers (phenobarbital, dexamethasone, β-naphtoflavone, and clofibrate). Significant changes of mRNA expression were observed for the efflux transporter, P-glycoprotein, monooxygenases (CYP2C7, CYP2E1, CYP3A1, CYP3A2, and aromatase), steroid dehydrogenases, and Uridine diphospho-glucuronyl transferases (UGTs). Following a single ZEN treatment, the initial modifications in mRNA levels indicate a close association with microsomal enzyme activity of the CYP2B, CYP2C, and CYP3A protein families.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B/metabolism
- Animals
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1/genetics
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1/metabolism
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/genetics
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/metabolism
- Estrogens, Non-Steroidal/metabolism
- Estrogens, Non-Steroidal/toxicity
- Hydroxylation
- Inactivation, Metabolic
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/enzymology
- Liver/metabolism
- Male
- Microsomes, Liver/drug effects
- Microsomes, Liver/enzymology
- Microsomes, Liver/metabolism
- Mixed Function Oxygenases/genetics
- Mixed Function Oxygenases/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Xenobiotics/metabolism
- Xenobiotics/toxicity
- Zearalenone/metabolism
- Zearalenone/toxicity
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16
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Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is a non-steroidal mycoestrogen that widely contaminates agricultural products. ZEN and its derivatives share similar molecular mechanisms and activity with estrogens and interact with ERα and ERβ leading to changes in the reproductive system in both animals and humans. The reduced form of ZEN, α-ZEA ralenol, has been used as an anabolic agent for animals and also proposed as hormonal replacement therapy in postmenopausal women. Furthermore, both zearelanol ZEN and derivatives have been patented as oral contraceptives. ZEN has been widely used in the United States since 1969 to improve fattening rates in cattle by increasing growth rate and feed conversion efficiency. Evidence of human harm from this practice is provided by observations of central precocious puberty. As a result, this practice has been banned by the European Union. As ZEN has been associated with breast enlargement in humans, it has been included in many bust-enhancing dietary supplements but epidemiological evidence is lacking with regard to breast cancer risk. Extensive work with human breast cancer cell lines has shown estrogenic stimulation in those possessing ER but a reduction in DMBA-induced breast cancers in rodents given ZEN. Protein disulfide isomerase provides a molecular biomarker of dietary exposure to ZEN and its derivatives allowing the detection and control of harmful food intake. The interaction of ZEN with anti-estrogens, anticancer agents and antioxidants requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pazaiti
- 1st Department of Surgery, University of Athens, Laiko Hospital, Athens, Greece
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17
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Cadmium modulates expression of aryl hydrocarbon receptor-associated genes in rat uterus by interaction with the estrogen receptor. Arch Toxicol 2011; 86:591-601. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-011-0787-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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18
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Kwiecińska P, Wróbel A, Gregoraszczuk EŁ. Combinatory effects of PBDEs and 17β-estradiol on MCF-7 cell proliferation and apoptosis. Pharmacol Rep 2011; 63:189-94. [PMID: 21441628 DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(11)70415-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Revised: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, we analyzed whether polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) (47, 99, 100 and 209) interfere with the effect of 17β-estradiol on the proliferation and apoptosis of the MCF-7 cell line. MCF-7 cells were cultured in DMEM without phenol red; upplemented with 5% charcoal-treated fetal bovine serum for 3 days with 10 nM 17β-estradiol; with 0.1 μM, 0.5 μM or 1 μM of the tested PBDE congeners; or with both 17β-estradiol and a congener. Cell proliferation was determined by measuring BrdU incorporation, and cell apoptosis was measured by caspase-9 activity. No PBDE congener had an effect on basal cell proliferation, but they all significantly decreased basal caspase-9 activity. An additive anti-apoptotic activity and ability to induce cell proliferation was observed in the presence of 17β-estradiol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Kwiecińska
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Chair of Animal Physiology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 6, PL 30-060 Kraków, Poland
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19
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Ayed-Boussema I, Pascussi JM, Maurel P, Bacha H, Hassen W. Zearalenone activates pregnane X receptor, constitutive androstane receptor and aryl hydrocarbon receptor and corresponding phase I target genes mRNA in primary cultures of human hepatocytes. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2011; 31:79-87. [PMID: 21787672 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2010.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 09/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEN) is found worldwide as a contaminant in cereals and grains. ZEN subchronic and chronic toxicities are dominated by reproductive disorders in different mammalian species which have made ZEN established mammalian endocrine disrupter. Over the last 30 years of ZEN biotransformation study, the toxin was thought to undergo reductive metabolism only, with the generation in several species of α- and β-isomers of zearalenol. However, recent investigations have noticed that the mycoestrogen is prone to oxidative metabolism leading to hydroxylation of ZEN though the involvement of different cytochromes P450 (CYPs) isoforms. The aim of the present study was to further explore the effect of ZEN on regulation of some CYPs using primary cultures of human hepatocytes. For this aim, using real time RT-PCR, we monitored in a first time, the effect of ZEN on mRNA levels of pregnane X receptor (PXR), constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), nuclear receptors known to be involved in the regulation of some CYPs. In a second time, we looked for ZEN effect on expression of PXR, CAR and AhR corresponding phase I target genes (CYP3A4, CYP3A5, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP1A1 and CYP1A2). Finally, we realised the luciferase assay in HepG2 treated with the toxin and transiently transfected with p-CYP3A4-Luc in the presence of a hPXR vector or transfected with p-CYPA1-Luc.Our results clearly showed that ZEN activated human PXR, CAR and AhR mRNA levels in addition to some of their phase I target genes mainly CYP3A4, CYP2B6 and CYP1A1 and at lesser extent CYP3A5 and CYP2C9 at ZEN concentrations as low as 0.1 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Ayed-Boussema
- Laboratory of Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, Faculty of Dentistry, Rue Avicenne, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia
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20
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Molecular and cellular effects of food contaminants and secondary plant components and their plausible interactions at the intestinal level. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:813-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2007] [Revised: 10/25/2007] [Accepted: 12/03/2007] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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21
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Yang J, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Cui S. Toxic effects of zearalenone and alpha-zearalenol on the regulation of steroidogenesis and testosterone production in mouse Leydig cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2006; 21:558-65. [PMID: 17161578 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2006.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2006] [Revised: 10/12/2006] [Accepted: 10/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA) and its derivative alpha-zearalenol (alpha-ZOL) are produced by fungi of the genus Fusarium and, after ingestion via contaminated cereals, may lead to animal fertility disturbances and other reproductive pathologies. The previous study demonstrated the toxic effects of ZEA and alpha-ZOL through disturbances in male fertility and other reproductive pathologies in mice. In this study, we further examined the direct biological effects of ZEA and alpha-ZOL on steroidogenesis production, primarily in Leydig cells of mice. Mature mouse Leydig cells were purified by Percoll gradient centrifugation and the cell purity was determined by 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3beta-HSD) staining. To examine ZEA and alpha-ZOL-induced biological consequences, we measured testosterone secretion and transcription level of 3 key steroidogenic enzymes including 3beta-HSD-1, P450scc and StAR, in ZEA and alpha-ZOL/human chorionicgonadotropin (hCG) co-treated cells. Our results showed that ZEA and alpha-ZOL (10(-4) M, 10(-6) M and 10(-8) M) significantly suppressed hCG (10 ng/ml)-induced testosterone secretion. The suppressive effect is correlated with a decrease in the level of transcription of 3beta-HSD-1, P450scc, and StAR (P<0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianying Yang
- Department of Animal Physiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, PR China
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