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Peng R, Song C, Gou S, Liu H, Kang H, Dong Y, Xu Y, Hu P, Cai K, Feng Q, Guan H, Li F. Gut Clostridium sporogenes-derived indole propionic acid suppresses osteoclast formation by activating pregnane X receptor. Pharmacol Res 2024; 202:107121. [PMID: 38431091 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Bone homeostasis is maintained by osteoclast-mediated bone resorption and osteoblast-mediated bone formation. A dramatic decrease in estrogen levels in postmenopausal women leads to osteoclast overactivation, impaired bone homeostasis, and subsequent bone loss. Changes in the gut microbiome affect bone mineral density. However, the role of the gut microbiome in estrogen deficiency-induced bone loss and its underlying mechanism remain unknown. In this study, we found that the abundance of Clostridium sporogenes (C. spor.) and its derived metabolite, indole propionic acid (IPA), were decreased in ovariectomized (OVX) mice. In vitro assays suggested that IPA suppressed osteoclast differentiation and function. At the molecular level, IPA suppressed receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand (RANKL)-induced pregnane X receptor (PXR) ubiquitination and degradation, leading to increased binding of remaining PXR with P65. In vivo daily IPA administration or repeated C. spor. colonization protected against OVX-induced bone loss. To protect live bacteria from the harsh gastric environment and delay the emptying of orally administered C. spor. from the intestine, a C. spor.-encapsulated silk fibroin (SF) hydrogel system was developed, which achieved bone protection in OVX mice comparable to that achieved with repeated germ transplantation or daily IPA administration. Overall, we found that gut C. spor.-derived IPA was involved in estrogen deficiency-induced osteoclast overactivation by regulating the PXR/P65 complex. The C. spor.-encapsulated SF hydrogel system is a promising tool for combating postmenopausal osteoporosis without the disadvantages of repeated germ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renpeng Peng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chao Song
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuangquan Gou
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Haiyang Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Honglei Kang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yimin Dong
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Peixuan Hu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kaiyong Cai
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Feng
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Hanfeng Guan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Yolmeh M, Jafari SM. Cracking spoilage in jar cream cheese: Introducing, modeling and preventing. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25259. [PMID: 38352739 PMCID: PMC10862521 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the modeling of antimicrobial activity (AA) of nisin and sorbate on Clostridium sporogenes in jar cream cheese (JCC) using the linear regression (LR), multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural network, and reduced error pruning tree (REPTree) methods, in order to prevent the late blowing defect (LBD) in the cheese. Both preservatives used in JCC samples showed AA against C. sporogenes; so that sorbate at all the concentrations used in JCC samples inhibited cracking spoilage during storage period at 35 °C. However, nisin could not inhibit cracking spoilage at concentration of 30 ppm in the samples, and a higher concentration of it was needed. The three models used in this study, followed the similar pattern in both training and validation datasets for nisin and sorbat in JCC. The R2 and root mean square error (RMSE) values of training and validation datasets showed the superiority of the REPTree model compared to the MLP and LR models (conventional methods) in the modeling of AA of nisin and sorbate against C. sporogenes in JCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Yolmeh
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Seid Mahdi Jafari
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
- Halal Research Center of IRI, Iran Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
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Jannat MAH, Park SH, Hwang S. Modeling interactions of Clostridium cadaveris and Clostridium sporogenes in anaerobic acidogenesis of glucose and peptone. Bioresour Technol 2024; 393:130099. [PMID: 38013037 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.130099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
This study focuses on developing a mathematical model to assess interaction among acidogenic bacteria during the anaerobic degradation of two substrates. Clostridium cadaveris and Clostridium sporogenes were cultured in various combinations with glucose and peptone. Parameter estimates are given for both conventional Monod parameters from single substrate-single species cultures and sum kinetics with interaction parameters obtained from dual substrate-single species cultures. The presence of multiple substrates led to both inhibitory and enhancing effects on biodegradation rates for dual substrates compared to single substrate cultures. A new model of interspecies interaction was developed within the framework of Lotka-Volterra incorporating substrate interaction parameters, with a focus on accuracy, realism, simplicity, and biological significance. The model demonstrated competitive interaction for resource sharing and the additional non-linearity parameter eliminated the constraint of the linear relationship between growth rate and population density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Abu Hanifa Jannat
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, South Korea.
| | - Sang Hyeok Park
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, South Korea.
| | - Seokhwan Hwang
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, South Korea; Yonsei University Institute for Convergence Research and Education in Advanced Technology (I-CREATE), 85, Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea.
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Kubiak AM, Claessen L, Zhang Y, Khazaie K, Bailey TS. Refined control of CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing in Clostridium sporogenes: the creation of recombinant strains for therapeutic applications. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1241632. [PMID: 37869009 PMCID: PMC10585264 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1241632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite considerable clinical success, the potential of cancer immunotherapy is restricted by a lack of tumour-targeting strategies. Treatment requires systemic delivery of cytokines or antibodies at high levels to achieve clinically effective doses at malignant sites. This is exacerbated by poor penetration of tumour tissue by therapeutic antibodies. High-grade immune-related adverse events (irAEs) occur in a significant number of patients (5-15%, cancer- and therapeutic-dependent) that can lead to lifelong issues and can exclude from treatment patients with pre-existing autoimmune diseases. Tumour-homing bacteria, genetically engineered to produce therapeutics, is one of the approaches that seeks to mitigate these drawbacks. The ability of Clostridium sporogenes to form spores that are unable to germinate in the presence of oxygen (typical of healthy tissue) offers a unique advantage over other vectors. However, the limited utility of existing gene editing tools hinders the development of therapeutic strains. To overcome the limitations of previous systems, expression of the Cas9 protein and the gRNA was controlled using tetracycline inducible promoters. Furthermore, the components of the system were divided across two plasmids, improving the efficiency of cloning and conjugation. Genome integrated therapeutic genes were assayed biochemically and in cell-based functional assays. The potency of these strains was further improved through rationally-conceived gene knock-outs. The new system was validated by demonstrating the efficient addition and deletion of large sequences from the genome. This included the creation of recombinant strains expressing two pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-2 (IL-2) and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and a pro-drug converting enzyme (PCE). A comparative, temporal in vitro analysis of the integrant strains and their plasmid-based equivalents revealed a substantial reduction of cytokine activity in chromosome-based constructs. To compensate for this loss, a 7.6 kb operon of proteolytic genes was deleted from the genome. The resultant knock-out strains showed an 8- to 10-fold increase in cytokine activity compared to parental strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra M. Kubiak
- Exomnis Biotech BV, Maastricht, Netherlands
- The M-Lab, Department of Precision Medicine, GROW - School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Luuk Claessen
- Exomnis Biotech BV, Maastricht, Netherlands
- The M-Lab, Department of Precision Medicine, GROW - School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Yanchao Zhang
- The M-Lab, Department of Precision Medicine, GROW - School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Khashayarsha Khazaie
- Department of Immunology and Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Tom S. Bailey
- The M-Lab, Department of Precision Medicine, GROW - School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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Cobo FJ, Pérez-Carrasco V, García-Salcedo JA, Navarro-Marí JM. Bacteremia caused by Clostridium sporogenes in an oncological patient. Rev Esp Quimioter 2023; 36:217-219. [PMID: 36698324 PMCID: PMC10066920 DOI: 10.37201/req/111.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F J Cobo
- Fernando Cobo,Department of Microbiology, Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Avda Fuerzas Armadas, 2 18014 Granada, Spain.
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Xu K, Sheng S, Zhang F. Relationship Between Gut Bacteria and Levodopa Metabolism. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:1536-1547. [PMID: 36278467 PMCID: PMC10472813 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666221019115716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases, characterized by the reduction of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra. Levodopa, as a dopamine supplement, is the gold-standard therapeutic drug for PD. The metabolism of levodopa in the periphery not only decreases its bioavailability but also affects its efficacy. Thus, it is necessary to investigate how levodopa is metabolized. A growing number of studies have shown that intestinal bacteria, such as Enterococcus faecalis, Eggerthella lenta and Clostridium sporogenes, could metabolize levodopa in different ways. In addition, several pathways to reduce levodopa metabolism by gut microbiota were confirmed to improve levodopa efficacy. These pathways include aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) inhibitors, antibiotics, pH and (S)-α-fluoromethyltyrosine (AFMT). In this review, we have summarized the metabolic process of levodopa by intestinal bacteria and analyzed potential approaches to reduce the metabolism of levodopa by gut microbiota, thus improving the efficacy of levodopa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaifei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and Laboratory Animal Center, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Shuo Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and Laboratory Animal Center, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and Laboratory Animal Center, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
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Chaudhary P, Gulati N, Gupta V, Dhanda G, Kumar MB, Sharma S, Goel A, Kumar Attri A. Fatal Clostridium sporogenes Soft Tissue Polymicrobial Infections in Two Immunocompetent Cases: Case Report. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2023; 23:29-31. [PMID: 36635903 DOI: 10.2174/1871526523666230112161134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clostridium sporogenes is reported rarely in literature. Reports from the skin and soft tissue infections are even less, more so in immunocompetent patients. CASE PRESENTATION Two skin and soft tissue infections with C. sporogenes in immunocompetent patients have been presented in this study. One of the cases was following an electrical burn wound, and the other was following a bedsore. Both patients expired despite antibacterial treatment and debridement. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION C. sporogenes had usually been reported after trauma particularly after penetrating and deep wound infection. More attention should be given to these patients so that the infection can be treated and diagnosed early in suspected anaerobic infections like Clostridium species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Chaudhary
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College Hospital, Chandigarh, India
| | - Neelam Gulati
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College Hospital, Chandigarh, India
| | - Varsha Gupta
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College Hospital, Chandigarh, India
| | - Gazal Dhanda
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College Hospital, Chandigarh, India
| | - Mani Bhushan Kumar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Swati Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College Hospital, Chandigarh, India
| | - Anku Goel
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College Hospital, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Attri
- Department of Surgery, Government Medical College Hospital, Chandigarh, India
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Jarosz A, Grenda T, Goldsztejn M, Kozak B, Kwiatek K. Potential Risk of Botulinum Neurotoxin -producing Clostridia Occurrence in Canned Fish. J Vet Res 2022; 66:605-11. [PMID: 36846039 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2022-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Heat treatment is indispensable in fish canning to provide an acceptable shelf life. Its optimisation reduces the risk of the presence of Clostridium botulinum spores, which could potentially cause botulism cases. This study evaluated canned fish samples for botulism neurotoxin (BoNT)-producing clostridia contamination and can bulging through microbiological contaminant growth. A new analytical approach was developed for detection of such clostridia and phenotypically similar species. Material and Methods A total of 70 canned fish samples suspected of exhibiting bulging features were analysed. Culture methods were used to detect clostridia. The isolates obtained were evaluated on the basis of the exhibited phenotypic characteristics. Also, PCRs were used for the detection of genes determining BoNT production (non-toxic non-haemagglutinin (ntnh) genes) and the amplification of conservative 16S rDNA genes, which were Sanger sequenced. The obtained sequences were analysed using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool. Results Clostridium genus species were isolated from 17 (24%) bulging and organoleptically changed samples. No ntnh genes were present in these isolates; however, sequencing confirmed the presence of C. sporogenes, a species with close affinity to C. botulinum. Conclusion To eliminate the threat of foodborne botulism, laboratory diagnostic techniques must detect species of the Clostridium genus and elucidate their ability to produce BoNTs. Although Clostridium botulinum is the most common cause of botulism, the possibility may not be ignored that non-pathogenic Clostridium species may acquire botulinum toxigenicity. The similarity between the isolated strains of C. sporogenes and C. botulinum should be incorporated in the optimisation of heat treatment to guarantee a sterilised, microbiologically safe product.
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Chojecka A. Susceptibility of Clostridium sporogenes Spores to Selected Reference Substances and Disinfectants. Pol J Microbiol 2022; 71:353-358. [PMID: 36185021 PMCID: PMC9608164 DOI: 10.33073/pjm-2022-031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on the susceptibility of the spores of anaerobic bacteria such as Clostridium sporogenes or Clostridioides difficile is vital for assessing the sporicidal activity of disinfectants. The diverse susceptibility of anaerobic bacteria spores may lead to different disinfection parameters being determined by laboratories that prepare spore suspensions to test sporicidal effectiveness. The tests were performed using the suspension method according to PN-EN 13704:2018-09. In order to assess the susceptibility of the C. sporogenes spores, the criterion established for the C. difficile ribotype 027 spores was used in accordance with PN‑EN 17126:2019-01. The susceptibility of the C. sporogenes spores to glutardialdehyde corresponded to the susceptibility ranges established for the C. difficile ribotype 027 spores. The C. sporogenes spore suspension was susceptible to low concentrations of peracetic acid (0.01%). A disinfectant containing peracetic acid as the active substance showed high sporicidal activity at a low concentration (1%), a short contact time (15 minutes), and a high organic load (3.0 g/l bovine albumin + 3.0 ml/l sheep erythrocytes), as compared to a disinfectant with glutardialdehyde, which was sporicidal at a higher concentration (2.5%), at a longer contact time (60 minutes) and lower organic conditions (3.0 g/l bovine albumin). There is a need to define the minimum susceptibility criteria for the C. sporogenes spores to the reference substances most often found in disinfectants with sporicidal activity. Excessive susceptibility of the C. sporogenes spores to reference substances may result in low-performance parameters of disinfection products with sporicidal activity and lead to ineffective disinfection in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Chojecka
- Department of Bacteriology and Biocontamination Control, National Institute of Public Health NIH – National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland, E-mail:
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Zhai C, Yu Y, Han J, Hu J, He D, Zhang H, Shi J, Mohamed SR, Dawood DH, Wang G, Xu J. Isolation, Characterization, and Application of Clostridium sporogenes F39 to Degrade Zearalenone under Anaerobic Conditions. Foods 2022; 11:foods11091194. [PMID: 35563917 PMCID: PMC9103434 DOI: 10.3390/foods11091194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is produced by Fusarium spp. and is widely found in moldy wheat, corn, and other grains. ZEN has a strong toxicity and causes reproductive and immune disorders and estrogenic syndrome in animals and humans. Biodegradation has been demonstrated as an efficient way to control the hazardous effect of ZEN. A promising way to apply biodegradation in feed is to introduce anaerobic ZEN-degrading microorganisms, which can function during the digestion process in animal intestines. The aim of this study was to isolate anaerobic ZEN-degrading bacteria from anaerobic environments. A strain named F39 was isolated from animal intestinal contents and had a ZEN-degradation rate of 87.35% in 48 h to form trace amount of α- and β-zearalenol. Based on the morphological and physiological properties and phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA and rpoB gene sequences, F39 was identified as Clostridium sporogenes. The optimum temperature for the growth of F39 was 37 °C, the optimum pH was 7.0, and the most suitable carbon source was beef extract, while the optimal conditions for the degradation of ZEN were as follows: 35 °C, pH 7.0, and GAM medium. ZEN was degraded by F39 with a high efficiency in the concentration range of 1–15 mg/L. The bioactive factors responsible for ZEN degradation were mainly distributed intracellularly. F39 can degrade most of the ZEN present, but a small amount is broken down into two secondary metabolites, α- and β-zearalenol, and the toxicity of the degradation products is reduced. With an efficiency of 49%, F39 can more effectively degrade ZEN in wheat-based feedstuffs than in other feedstuff, and the degradation efficiency was pH related. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of Clostridium sporogenes F39’s ability to maintain the biodegradation potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congning Zhai
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (C.Z.); (Y.Y.); (H.Z.); (J.S.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (J.H.); (J.H.); (D.H.)
| | - Yangguang Yu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (C.Z.); (Y.Y.); (H.Z.); (J.S.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (J.H.); (J.H.); (D.H.)
| | - Jun Han
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (J.H.); (J.H.); (D.H.)
| | - Junqiang Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (J.H.); (J.H.); (D.H.)
| | - Dan He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (J.H.); (J.H.); (D.H.)
| | - Hongyin Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (C.Z.); (Y.Y.); (H.Z.); (J.S.)
| | - Jianrong Shi
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (C.Z.); (Y.Y.); (H.Z.); (J.S.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (J.H.); (J.H.); (D.H.)
| | - Sherif Ramzy Mohamed
- Food Industries and Nutrition Research Institute, Food Toxicology and Contaminants Department, National Research Centre, Tahreer St., Dokki, Giza 12411, Egypt;
| | - Dawood H. Dawood
- Department of Agriculture Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt;
| | - Gang Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (J.H.); (J.H.); (D.H.)
- Correspondence: (G.W.); (J.X.)
| | - Jianhong Xu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (C.Z.); (Y.Y.); (H.Z.); (J.S.)
- Correspondence: (G.W.); (J.X.)
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Kobayashi N, Abe K, Akagi S, Kitamura M, Shiraishi Y, Yamaguchi A, Yutani M, Amatsu S, Matsumura T, Nomura N, Ozaki N, Obana N, Fujinaga Y. Membrane Vesicles Derived From Clostridium botulinum and Related Clostridial Species Induce Innate Immune Responses via MyD88/TRIF Signaling in vitro. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:720308. [PMID: 35185840 PMCID: PMC8851338 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.720308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium botulinum produces botulinum neurotoxin complexes that cause botulism. Previous studies elucidated the molecular pathogenesis of botulinum neurotoxin complexes; however, it currently remains unclear whether other components of the bacterium affect host cells. Recent studies provided insights into the role of bacterial membrane vesicles (MVs) produced by some bacterial species in host immunity and pathology. We herein examined and compared the cellular effects of MVs isolated from four strains of C. botulinum with those of closely related Clostridium sporogenes and two strains of the symbiont Clostridium scindens. MVs derived from all strains induced inflammatory cytokine expression in intestinal epithelial and macrophage cell lines. Cytokine expression was dependent on myeloid differentiation primary response (MyD) 88 and TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (TRIF), essential adaptors for toll-like receptors (TLRs), and TLR1/2/4. The inhibition of actin polymerization impeded the uptake of MVs in RAW264.7 cells, however, did not reduce the induction of cytokine expression. On the other hand, the inhibition of dynamin or phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) suppressed the induction of cytokine expression by MVs, suggesting the importance of these factors downstream of TLR signaling. MVs also induced expression of Reg3 family antimicrobial peptides via MyD88/TRIF signaling in primary cultured mouse small intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). The present results indicate that MVs from C. botulinum and related clostridial species induce host innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhide Kobayashi
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kimihiro Abe
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Sachiyo Akagi
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Mayu Kitamura
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yoshitake Shiraishi
- Department of Functional Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Aki Yamaguchi
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yutani
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Sho Amatsu
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Takuhiro Matsumura
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Nomura
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,Microbiology Research Center for Sustainability, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Ozaki
- Department of Functional Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Nozomu Obana
- Microbiology Research Center for Sustainability, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,Transborder Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yukako Fujinaga
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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12
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Wentz TG, Tremblay BJM, Bradshaw M, Doxey AC, Sharma SK, Sauer JD, Pellett S. Endogenous CRISPR-Cas Systems in Group I Clostridium botulinum and Clostridium sporogenes Do Not Directly Target the Botulinum Neurotoxin Gene Cluster. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:787726. [PMID: 35222299 PMCID: PMC8865420 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.787726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Most strains of proteolytic group I Clostridium botulinum (G1 C. botulinum) and some strains of Clostridium sporogenes possess genes encoding botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT), a potent neuroparalytic agent. Within G1 C. botulinum, conserved bont gene clusters of three major toxin serotypes (bont/A/B/F) can be found on conjugative plasmids and/or within chromosomal pathogenicity islands. CRISPR-Cas systems enable site-specific targeting of previously encountered mobile genetic elements (MGE) such as plasmids and bacteriophage through the creation of a spacer library complementary to protospacers within the MGEs. To examine whether endogenous CRISPR-Cas systems restrict the transfer of bont gene clusters across strains we conducted a bioinformatic analysis profiling endogenous CRISPR-Cas systems from 241 G1 C. botulinum and C. sporogenes strains. Approximately 6,200 CRISPR spacers were identified across the strains and Type I-B, III-A/B/D cas genes and CRISPR array features were identified in 83% of the strains. Mapping the predicted spacers against the masked strain and RefSeq plasmid dataset identified 56,000 spacer-protospacer matches. While spacers mapped heavily to targets within bont(+) plasmids, no protospacers were identified within the bont gene clusters. These results indicate the toxin is not a direct target of CRISPR-Cas but the plasmids predominantly responsible for its mobilization are. Finally, while the presence of a CRISPR-Cas system did not reliably indicate the presence or absence of a bont gene cluster, comparative genomics across strains indicates they often occupy the same hypervariable loci common to both species, potentially suggesting similar mechanisms are involved in the acquisition and curation of both genomic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis G. Wentz
- Microbiology Doctoral Training Program, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States,Division of Microbiology, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States,Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | | | - Marite Bradshaw
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Andrew C. Doxey
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Shashi K. Sharma
- Division of Microbiology, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - John-Demian Sauer
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Sabine Pellett
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States,*Correspondence: Sabine Pellett,
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13
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Battiola T, Saad K, Nelson T, Tinker N, Crosby A. Clostridium botulinum - like organism bacteremia in a user of black tar heroin. IDCases 2021; 25:e01222. [PMID: 34295646 PMCID: PMC8282946 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2021.e01222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Wound botulism due to introduction of the anaerobic bacteria, Clostridium botulinum, into otherwise sterile, relatively anaerobic tissue is a known complication of black tar heroin use. The treatment of wound botulism requires prompt initiation of antitoxin as well as antimicrobial therapy. We report the case of a patient with polymicrobial bacteremia that included a Clostridium botulinum-like organism who underwent successful treatment of their anaerobic infection with antibiotics and surgical debridement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Battiola
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of General Medicine, 30 N 1900 E, Room 4C104, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, United States
| | - Kristen Saad
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of General Medicine, 30 N 1900 E, Room 4C104, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, United States
| | - Taylor Nelson
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of General Medicine, 30 N 1900 E, Room 4C104, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, United States
| | - Nick Tinker
- Intermountain Medical Center, Department of Pharmacy, United States
| | - Aaron Crosby
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of General Medicine, 30 N 1900 E, Room 4C104, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, United States.,Intermountain Medical Center, Department of Medicine, 5169 South Cottonwood Street, Suite #300, Murray, UT 84107, United States
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14
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McSharry S, Koolman L, Whyte P, Bolton D. Investigation of the Effectiveness of Disinfectants Used in Meat-Processing Facilities to Control Clostridium sporogenes and Clostridioides difficile Spores. Foods 2021; 10:foods10061436. [PMID: 34205779 PMCID: PMC8234884 DOI: 10.3390/foods10061436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Spore-forming bacteria are a major concern for the food industry as they cause both spoilage and food safety issues. Moreover, as they are more resistant than vegetative cells, their removal from the food processing environment may be difficult to achieve. This study investigated the efficacy of the ten most commonly used disinfectant agents (assigned 1–10), used at the recommended concentrations in the meat industry, for their ability to eliminate Clostridium sporogenes and Clostridioides difficile spores. Test-tube based suspension assays suggested that disinfectants 2 (10% v/v preparation of a mixture of hydrogen peroxide (10–30%), acetic acid (1–10%) and peracetic acid (1–10%)), 7 (4% w/v preparation of a mixture of peroxymonosulphate (30–50%), sulphamic acid (1–10%) and troclosene sodium (1–10%)) and 10 (2% v/v preparation of a mixture of glutaraldehyde (10–30%), benzalkonium chloride (1–10%)) were the most effective formulations. D-values for these ranged from 2.1 to 8.4 min at 20 °C for the target spores. Based on these findings, it is recommended that these disinfectants are used to control Clostridium spores in the meat plant environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhán McSharry
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, 15 Dublin, Ireland; (S.M.); (L.K.)
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, 4 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Leonard Koolman
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, 15 Dublin, Ireland; (S.M.); (L.K.)
| | - Paul Whyte
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, 4 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Declan Bolton
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, 15 Dublin, Ireland; (S.M.); (L.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +353-0-1-805-9539
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15
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van Kessel SP, de Jong HR, Winkel SL, van Leeuwen SS, Nelemans SA, Permentier H, Keshavarzian A, El Aidy S. Gut bacterial deamination of residual levodopa medication for Parkinson's disease. BMC Biol 2020; 18:137. [PMID: 33076930 PMCID: PMC7574542 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-020-00876-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by both motor and non-motor symptoms. Gastrointestinal tract dysfunction is one of the non-motor features, where constipation is reported as the most common gastrointestinal symptom. Aromatic bacterial metabolites are attracting considerable attention due to their impact on gut homeostasis and host’s physiology. In particular, Clostridium sporogenes is a key contributor to the production of these bioactive metabolites in the human gut. Results Here, we show that C. sporogenes deaminates levodopa, the main treatment in Parkinson’s disease, and identify the aromatic aminotransferase responsible for the initiation of the deamination pathway. The deaminated metabolite from levodopa, 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid, elicits an inhibitory effect on ileal motility in an ex vivo model. We detected 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid in fecal samples of Parkinson’s disease patients on levodopa medication and found that this metabolite is actively produced by the gut microbiota in those stool samples. Conclusions Levodopa is deaminated by the gut bacterium C. sporogenes producing a metabolite that inhibits ileal motility ex vivo. Overall, this study underpins the importance of the metabolic pathways of the gut microbiome involved in drug metabolism not only to preserve drug effectiveness, but also to avoid potential side effects of bacterial breakdown products of the unabsorbed residue of medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan P van Kessel
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hiltje R de Jong
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Simon L Winkel
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sander S van Leeuwen
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Current Address: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Cluster Human Nutrition & Health, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sieger A Nelemans
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hjalmar Permentier
- Interfaculty Mass Spectrometry Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ali Keshavarzian
- Division of Digestive Disease and Nutrition, Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, 1725 W. Harrison, Suite 206, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Sahar El Aidy
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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16
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Brunt J, van Vliet AHM, Carter AT, Stringer SC, Amar C, Grant KA, Godbole G, Peck MW. Diversity of the Genomes and Neurotoxins of Strains of Clostridium botulinum Group I and Clostridium sporogenes Associated with Foodborne, Infant and Wound Botulism. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12090586. [PMID: 32932818 PMCID: PMC7551954 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12090586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium botulinum Group I and Clostridium sporogenes are closely related bacteria responsible for foodborne, infant and wound botulism. A comparative genomic study with 556 highly diverse strains of C. botulinum Group I and C. sporogenes (including 417 newly sequenced strains) has been carried out to characterise the genetic diversity and spread of these bacteria and their neurotoxin genes. Core genome single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis revealed two major lineages; C. botulinum Group I (most strains possessed botulinum neurotoxin gene(s) of types A, B and/or F) and C. sporogenes (some strains possessed a type B botulinum neurotoxin gene). Both lineages contained strains responsible for foodborne, infant and wound botulism. A new C. sporogenes cluster was identified that included five strains with a gene encoding botulinum neurotoxin sub-type B1. There was significant evidence of horizontal transfer of botulinum neurotoxin genes between distantly related bacteria. Population structure/diversity have been characterised, and novel associations discovered between whole genome lineage, botulinum neurotoxin sub-type variant, epidemiological links to foodborne, infant and wound botulism, and geographic origin. The impact of genomic and physiological variability on the botulism risk has been assessed. The genome sequences are a valuable resource for future research (e.g., pathogen biology, evolution of C. botulinum and its neurotoxin genes, improved pathogen detection and discrimination), and support enhanced risk assessments and the prevention of botulism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Brunt
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK
- Gut Health and Food Safety, Quadram Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK; (A.T.C.); (S.C.S.)
- Correspondence: (J.B.); (M.W.P.)
| | - Arnoud H. M. van Vliet
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7AL, UK;
| | - Andrew T. Carter
- Gut Health and Food Safety, Quadram Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK; (A.T.C.); (S.C.S.)
| | - Sandra C. Stringer
- Gut Health and Food Safety, Quadram Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK; (A.T.C.); (S.C.S.)
| | - Corinne Amar
- Gastrointestinal Pathogens Unit, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London NW9 5EQ, UK; (C.A.); (K.A.G.); (G.G.)
| | - Kathie A. Grant
- Gastrointestinal Pathogens Unit, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London NW9 5EQ, UK; (C.A.); (K.A.G.); (G.G.)
| | - Gauri Godbole
- Gastrointestinal Pathogens Unit, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London NW9 5EQ, UK; (C.A.); (K.A.G.); (G.G.)
| | - Michael W. Peck
- Gut Health and Food Safety, Quadram Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK; (A.T.C.); (S.C.S.)
- Correspondence: (J.B.); (M.W.P.)
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17
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Koo T, Jannat MAH, Hwang S. Biokinetics of protein degrading Clostridium cadaveris and Clostridium sporogenes in batch and continuous mode of operations. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 30:533-539. [PMID: 31986562 PMCID: PMC9728166 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.1908.08054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) was applied to estimate biokinetic coefficients of Clostridium cadaveris and Clostridium sporogenes, which utilize protein as carbon source. Experimental data of changes in peptone concentration and 16S rRNA gene copy numbers of C. cadaveris and C. sporogenes were fitted to model. The fourth-order Runge-Kutta approximation with non-linear least squared analysis was employed to solve the ordinary differential equations to estimate biokinetic coefficients. The maximum specific growth rate (μmax), half saturation concentration (Ks), growth yield (Y), and decay coefficient (Kd) of C. cadaveris and C.sporogenes were 0.73 ± 0.05 and 1.35 ± 0.32 h-1, 6.07 ± 1.52 and 5.67 ± 1.53 g/L, 2.25 ± 0.75 × 1010 and 7.92 ± 3.71 × 109 copies/g, 0.002 ± 0.003 and 0.002 ± 0.001 h-1, respectively. The theoretical specific growth rate of C. sporogenes always exceeded than that of C. cadaveris at peptone concentration higher than 3.62 g/L. When the influent peptone concentration was 5.0 g/L, the concentration of C.cadaveris gradually decreased to the steady value of 2.9 × 1010 copies/mL at 4 hours HRT, which indicates 67.1% of the initial population reduction, but the wash out occurred at 1.9 and 3.2 hours HRTs. The 16S rRNA gene copy numbers of C. sporogenes gradually decreased to steady values ranging from 1.1 × 1010 to 2.9 × 1010 copies/mL. C. sporogenes species was predicted to wash out at an HRT of 1.6 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taewoan Koo
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Abu Hanifa Jannat
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokhwan Hwang
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author Phone: +82-54-279-2282 Fax: +82-54-279-8299 E-mail:
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18
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Popov VL, Sidorova NA, Bakhriyev II, Lavrukova OS. [Features of bone destruction due to the collagenase activity of bacteria of the Bacillus and Clostridium genera]. Sud Med Ekspert 2020; 63:54-58. [PMID: 32930536 DOI: 10.17116/sudmed20206305154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of work was to study the activity of collagenase biosynthesis by bacilli and clostridia isolated from the bone microflora in a pure culture at different periods of bone decomposition and at different values of acidity of the medium and the temperature of cultivation. The comparative collagenase activity of the strains of Bacillus mycoides, Bacillus subtilis, Clostridium putrificum, Clostridium sporogenes found in microflora of bone tissue was determined. The catalytic activity of collagenases was evaluated according to the modified method of agar blocks by the diameter of precipitation zone as a result of diffusion of enzyme into an agar medium with collagen. Within 6 months of experiment, the dynamics of changes in the number of collagenolytic strains was monitored. For all isolated Bacillus and Clostridium isolates, a steady increase in collagenase synthesis was observed throughout the study period, with the exception of Bac. subtilis, which is probably due to the acidity of medium, which did not correspond to the optimal pH range for this species. The optimum temperature for manifestation of the maximum collagenolytic activity of bacilli was 40 °C, and for clostridia - 30 °C. The study of proteolytically active species involved in the destruction of bone collagen is promising for the purposes of forensic examination. The use of bacterial enzymes in forensic practice remains a difficult task, however, the use of their substrate specificity can significantly expand the evidence base of the examinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Popov
- First St. Petersburg State Medical University named after Acad. I.P. Pavlov, St. Petersburg, Russia
- State University of the Sea and River Fleet named after Admiral S.O. Makarov, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - N A Sidorova
- Petrozavodsk State University, Petrozavodsk, Russia
| | - I I Bakhriyev
- Tashkent State Medical Academy, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
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19
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Pokrovsky VS, Anisimova NY, Davydov DZ, Bazhenov SV, Bulushova NV, Zavilgelsky GB, Kotova VY, Manukhov IV. Methionine Gamma Lyase from Clostridium sporogenes Increases the Anticancer Efficacy of Doxorubicin on A549 Cancer Cells In Vitro and Human Cancer Xenografts. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1866:243-261. [PMID: 30725420 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8796-2_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
The anticancer efficacy of methionine γ-lyase (MGL) from Clostridium sporogenes (C. sporogenes) is described. MGL was active against cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Doxorubicin (DOX) and MGL were more effective on A549 human lung-cancer growth inhibition than either agent alone in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- V S Pokrovsky
- Laboratory of Combined Treatment, N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russia. .,Department of Biochemistry, People's Friendship University (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia.
| | - N Yu Anisimova
- Laboratory of Combined Treatment, N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - D Zh Davydov
- Laboratory of Combined Treatment, N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - S V Bazhenov
- State Research Institute of Genetics and Selection of Industrial Microorganisms, Moscow, Russia.,Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - N V Bulushova
- State Research Institute of Genetics and Selection of Industrial Microorganisms, Moscow, Russia
| | - G B Zavilgelsky
- State Research Institute of Genetics and Selection of Industrial Microorganisms, Moscow, Russia
| | - V Y Kotova
- State Research Institute of Genetics and Selection of Industrial Microorganisms, Moscow, Russia
| | - I V Manukhov
- State Research Institute of Genetics and Selection of Industrial Microorganisms, Moscow, Russia.,Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia
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20
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Koo T, Lee J, Hwang S. Development of an interspecies interaction model: An experiment on Clostridium cadaveris and Clostridium sporogenes under anaerobic condition. J Environ Manage 2019; 237:247-254. [PMID: 30798043 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.02.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The specific primer and probe sets for quantifying Clostridium cadaveris and Clostridium sporogenes using a quantitative real-time PCR were designed. Each primer and probe set detected only the target species very specifically. The two species were cultivated in pure and mixed culture in batch mode with glucose as the only carbon source. The designed QPCR sets were used successfully to estimate the biokinetic parameters of each species in pure culture: i.e., maximum specific growth rate μmax, half saturation concentration Ks, growth yield Y, and decay coefficient Kd. of C. cadaveris and C. sporogenes were 0.311 ± 0.020 and 0.360 ± 0.019 h-1, 4.241 ± 1.653 and 5.171 ± 1.097 g/L, 0.301 ± 0.065 and 0.199 ± 0.037 1011 copies/g, 0.005 ± 0.043 and 0.009 ± 0.025 h-1, respectively. The effect of interspecific interaction of on substrate consumption rate and microbial growth was evaluated using mixed culture; curve fitting and comparison of coefficients detected increase in substrate consumption rate but decrease in microbial growth rate; these results imply interspecific interaction effect. A new model was of the interspecific interaction was developed, with focus on accuracy, realism, simplicity and biological significance. This interspecific interaction model may be extended to more-complex bioprocesses such as biological wastewater treatment systems and anaerobic digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taewoan Koo
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, South Korea
| | - Joonyeob Lee
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, South Korea
| | - Seokhwan Hwang
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, South Korea.
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Kaushal M, Chary KVN, Ahlawat S, Palabhanvi B, Goswami G, Das D. Understanding regulation in substrate dependent modulation of growth and production of alcohols in Clostridium sporogenes NCIM 2918 through metabolic network reconstruction and flux balance analysis. Bioresour Technol 2018; 249:767-776. [PMID: 29136931 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.10.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Flux Balance Analysis was performed for Clostridium sporogenes NCIM 2918 grown on sole glucose and glycerol or glucose-glycerol combinations at varied concentrations. During acidogenesis, glucose and glucose-glycerol combinations favored improved growth and butyric acid production. Glycerol fermentation was however marked by reduced growth and predominant ethanol synthesis. Further, with increase of glycerol fraction in glucose-glycerol blend, flux towards ethanol synthesis linearly increased with simultaneous decrease in butanol flux. Elevated ATP demand due to improved growth was satisfied by upregulated carbon flux towards butyric acid synthesis during both glucose and dual substrate fermentations. Possible repression of pyruvate carboxylase by glycerol resulting in downturn of carbon uptake flux towards TCA cycle through anaplerotic reaction may be responsible for reduced growth in glycerol fermentation. Ammonium acetate mediated induction of acetic acid utilization, during acidogenesis, led to excess acetyl-CoA generation and its subsequent metabolism to lesser reduced products, butyric acid or ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehak Kaushal
- Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India; DBT-PAN IIT Centre for Bioenergy, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - K Venkata Narayana Chary
- Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India; DBT-PAN IIT Centre for Bioenergy, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Saumya Ahlawat
- Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India; DBT-PAN IIT Centre for Bioenergy, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Basavaraj Palabhanvi
- Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India; DBT-PAN IIT Centre for Bioenergy, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Gargi Goswami
- Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India; DBT-PAN IIT Centre for Bioenergy, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Debasish Das
- Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India; DBT-PAN IIT Centre for Bioenergy, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India.
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Mordaka PM, Hall SJ, Minton N, Stephens G. Recombinant expression and characterisation of the oxygen-sensitive 2-enoate reductase from Clostridium sporogenes. Microbiology (Reading) 2017; 164:122-132. [PMID: 29111967 PMCID: PMC5882074 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
‘Ene’-reductases have attracted significant attention for the preparation of chemical intermediates and biologically active products. To date, research has been focussed primarily on Old Yellow Enzyme-like proteins, due to their ease of handling, whereas 2-enoate reductases from clostridia have received much less attention, because of their oxygen sensitivity and a lack of suitable expression systems. A hypothetical 2-enoate reductase gene, fldZ, was identified in Clostridium sporogenes DSM 795. The encoded protein shares a high degree of homology to clostridial FMN- and FAD-dependent 2-enoate reductases, including the cinnamic acid reductase proposed to be involved in amino acid metabolism in proteolytic clostridia. The gene was cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli. Successful expression depended on the use of strictly anaerobic conditions for both growth and enzyme preparation, since FldZ was oxygen-sensitive. The enzyme reduced aromatic enoates, such as cinnamic acid or p-coumaric acid, but not short chain unsaturated aliphatic acids. The β,β-disubstituted nitroalkene, (E)-1-nitro-2-phenylpropene, was reduced to enantiopure (R)-1-nitro-2-phenylpropane with a yield of 90 %. By contrast, the α,β-disubstituted nitroalkene, (E)-2-nitro-1-phenylpropene, was reduced with a moderate yield of 56 % and poor enantioselectivity (16 % ee for (S)-2-nitro-1-phenylpropane). The availability of an expression system for this recombinant clostridial 2-enoate reductase will facilitate future characterisation of this unusual class of ‘ene’-reductases, and expand the biocatalytic toolbox available for enantioselective hydrogenation of carbon-carbon double bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel M Mordaka
- Bioprocess, Environmental and Chemical Technologies Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.,Present address: Centre for Synthetic Biology and Innovation, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Stephen J Hall
- Bioprocess, Environmental and Chemical Technologies Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Nigel Minton
- Clostridia Research Group, BBSRC/EPSRC Synthetic Biology Research Centre (SBRC), School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Gill Stephens
- Bioprocess, Environmental and Chemical Technologies Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
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Wang S, Brunt J, Peck MW, Setlow P, Li YQ. Analysis of the Germination of Individual Clostridium sporogenes Spores with and without Germinant Receptors and Cortex-Lytic Enzymes. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2047. [PMID: 29118741 PMCID: PMC5661016 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gram-positive spore-forming anaerobe Clostridium sporogenes is a significant cause of food spoilage, and it is also used as a surrogate for C. botulinum spores for testing the efficacy of commercial sterilization. C. sporogenes spores have also been proposed as a vector to deliver drugs to tumor cells for cancer treatments. Such an application of C. sporogenes spores requires their germination and return to life. In this study, Raman spectroscopy and differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy were used to analyze the germination kinetics of multiple individual C. sporogenes wild-type and germination mutant spores. Most individual C. sporogenes spores germinated with L-alanine began slow leakage of ∼5% of their large Ca-dipicolinic acid (CaDPA) depot at T1, all transitioned to rapid CaDPA release at Tlag1, completed CaDPA release at Trelease, and finished peptidoglycan cortex hydrolysis at Tlys. T1, Tlag1, Trelease, and Tlys times for individual spores were heterogeneous, but ΔTrelease (Trelease – Tlag1) periods were relatively constant. However, variability in T1 (or Tlag1) times appeared to be the major reason for the heterogeneity between individual spores in their germination times. After Trelease, some spores also displayed another lag in rate of change in DIC image intensity before the start of a second obvious DIC image intensity decline of 25–30% at Tlag2 prior to Tlys. This has not been seen with spores of other species. Almost all C. sporogenes spores lacking the cortex-lytic enzyme (CLE) CwlJ spores exhibited a Tlag2 in L-alanine germination. Sublethal heat treatment potentiated C. sporogenes spore germination with L-alanine, primarily by shortening T1 times. Spores without the CLEs SleB or CwlJ exhibited greatly slowed germination with L-alanine, but spores lacking all germinant receptor proteins did not germinate with L-alanine. The absence of these various germination proteins also decreased but did not abolish germination with the non-GR-dependent germinants dodecylamine and CaDPA, but spores without CwlJ exhibited no germination with CaDPA. Finally, C. sporogenes spores displayed commitment in germination, but memory in GR-dependent germination was small, and less than the memory in Bacillus spore germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwei Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy Technology, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, China
| | - Jason Brunt
- Gut Health and Food Safety, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Michael W Peck
- Gut Health and Food Safety, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Setlow
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Yong-Qing Li
- School of Electronic Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, China.,Department of Physics, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
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Butler RR, Schill KM, Wang Y, Pombert JF. Genetic Characterization of the Exceptionally High Heat Resistance of the Non-toxic Surrogate Clostridium sporogenes PA 3679. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:545. [PMID: 28421047 PMCID: PMC5376575 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium sporogenes PA 3679 is a non-toxic endospore former that is widely used as a surrogate for Clostridium botulinum by the food processing industry to validate thermal processing strategies. PA 3679 produces spores of exceptionally high heat resistance without botulinum neurotoxins, permitting the use of PA 3679 in inoculated pack studies while ensuring the safety of food processing facilities. To identify genes associated with this heat resistance, the genomes of C. sporogenes PA 3679 isolates were compared to several other C. sporogenes strains. The most significant difference was the acquisition of a second spoVA operon, spoVA2, which is responsible for transport of dipicolinic acid into the spore core during sporulation. Interestingly, spoVA2 was also found in some C. botulinum species which phylogenetically cluster with PA 3679. Most other C. sporogenes strains examined both lack the spoVA2 locus and are phylogenetically distant within the group I Clostridium, adding to the understanding that C. sporogenes are dispersed C. botulinum strains which lack toxin genes. C. sporogenes strains are thus a very eclectic group, and few strains possess the characteristic heat resistance of PA 3679.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert R Butler
- Department of Biology, Illinois Institute of TechnologyChicago, IL, USA
| | - Kristin M Schill
- United States Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied NutritionBedford Park, IL, USA
| | - Yun Wang
- United States Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied NutritionBedford Park, IL, USA
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Kaushal M, Ahlawat S, Mukherjee M, Muthuraj M, Goswami G, Das D. Substrate dependent modulation of butanol to ethanol ratio in non-acetone forming Clostridium sporogenes NCIM 2918. Bioresour Technol 2017; 225:349-358. [PMID: 27912184 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Present study reports a non-acetone producing Clostridium sporogenes strain as a potential producer of liquid biofuels. Alcohol production was positively regulated by sorbitol and instant dry yeast as carbon and nitrogen sources respectively. Media optimization resulted in maximum butanol and ethanol titer (gL-1) of 12.1 and 7.9 respectively. Depending on the combination of carbon sources, the organism was found to manipulate its metabolism towards synthesis of either ethanol or butanol, thereby affecting the total alcohol titer. Among various dual substrate combinations, glucose-glycerol mixture in the ratio of 60:40 resulted in maximum butanol and ethanol titer (gL-1) of 11.9 and 12.1 respectively with total alcohol productivity of 0.59gL-1h-1. In the mixture, when pure glycerol was replaced with crude glycerol, butanol and ethanol titer (gL-1) of 11.2 and 11.7 was achieved. Hence, the strain shows immense potential for biofuels production using crude glycerol as cheap substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehak Kaushal
- Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India; DBT-PAN IIT Centre for Bioenergy, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Saumya Ahlawat
- Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India; DBT-PAN IIT Centre for Bioenergy, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Mayurketan Mukherjee
- Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India; DBT-PAN IIT Centre for Bioenergy, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Muthusivaramapandian Muthuraj
- Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India; DBT-PAN IIT Centre for Bioenergy, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Gargi Goswami
- Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India; DBT-PAN IIT Centre for Bioenergy, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Debasish Das
- Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India; DBT-PAN IIT Centre for Bioenergy, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India.
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Revtovich S, Anufrieva N, Morozova E, Kulikova V, Nikulin A, Demidkina T. Structure of methionine γ-lyase from Clostridium sporogenes. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2016; 72:65-71. [PMID: 26750487 PMCID: PMC4708053 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x15023869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Methionine γ-lyase (MGL) is a pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the γ-elimination reaction of L-methionine. The enzyme is a promising target for therapeutic intervention in some anaerobic pathogens and has attracted interest as a potential cancer treatment. The crystal structure of MGL from Clostridium sporogenes has been determined at 2.37 Å resolution. The fold of the protein is similar to those of homologous enzymes from Citrobacter freundii, Entamoeba histolytica, Pseudomonas putida and Trichomonas vaginalis. A comparison of these structures revealed differences in the conformation of two flexible regions of the N- and C-terminal domains involved in the active-site architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Revtovich
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Natalya Anufrieva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Elena Morozova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Vitalia Kulikova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Alexey Nikulin
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Tatyana Demidkina
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
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Morandi S, Cremonesi P, Silvetti T, Castiglioni B, Brasca M. Development of a triplex real-time PCR assay for the simultaneous detection of Clostridium beijerinckii, Clostridium sporogenes and Clostridium tyrobutyricum in milk. Anaerobe 2015; 34:44-9. [PMID: 25870135 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium beijerinckii, Clostridium sporogenes and Clostridium tyrobutyricum are considered the leading bacteria implicated in late blowing defects affecting semi-hard and hard cheese production. The aim of this study was to develop a multiplex Real-Time PCR (qPCR) analysis for a rapid and simultaneous detection of C. beijerinckii, C. sporogenes and C. tyrobutyricum, using specific primers respectively targeting the nifH, gerAA and enr genes. The limits of detection in raw milk were 300 CFU/50 mL in the case of C. beijerinckii, 2 CFU/50 mL for C. sporogenes and 5 CFU/50 mL for C. tyrobutyricum spores. The qPCR method was applied to artificially contaminated raw milk samples, and molecular quantification showed good correlation (R(2) = 0.978) with microbiological counting. Our results demonstrate that this method, combined with a DNA extraction protocol optimized for spore lysis, could be a useful tool for the direct quantification of the considered clostridia species.
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Cesari I, Grisoli P, Paolillo M, Milanese C, Massolini G, Brusotti G. Isolation and characterization of the alkaloid Nitidine responsible for the traditional use of Phyllanthus muellerianus (Kuntze) Excell stem bark against bacterial infections. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 105:115-120. [PMID: 25546028 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Phyllanthus muellerianus (Kuntze) Excell (family Euphorbiaceae) stem bark methanol extract inhibited the growth of Clostridium sporogenes and Streptococcus pyogenes, responsible for gas gangrene and suppurative and non suppurative diseases, respectively. After the HPLC fingerprint acquisition a bioguided fractionation of the defatted methanol extract allowed the isolation of six fractions whose activity was evaluated against the two pathogen bacteria. A further purification of the most active fraction afforded a pure compound responsible for the very interesting inhibitory activity against C. sporogenes and S. pyogenes (MIC 0.91 μM, MIC 3.64 μM). (1)H NMR and MS analytical techniques allowed the identification of the bioactive as Nitidine; this quaternary ammonium alkaloid was observed in the genus Phyllanthus for the first time. A study on Nitidine counter ion, performed using energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) coupled with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was also carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Cesari
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Center of Studies in Ethnopharmacy (CIStRE), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Pietro Grisoli
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Center of Studies in Ethnopharmacy (CIStRE), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Mayra Paolillo
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Center of Studies in Ethnopharmacy (CIStRE), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Chiara Milanese
- C.S.G.I., Department of Chemistry, Physical Chemistry Section, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Gabriella Massolini
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Center of Studies in Ethnopharmacy (CIStRE), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Gloria Brusotti
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Center of Studies in Ethnopharmacy (CIStRE), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
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Kamonpatana P, Mohamed HMH, Shynkaryk M, Heskitt B, Yousef AE, Sastry SK. Mathematical modeling and microbiological verification of ohmic heating of a multicomponent mixture of particles in a continuous flow ohmic heater system with electric field parallel to flow. J Food Sci 2014; 78:E1721-34. [PMID: 24245889 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To accomplish continuous flow ohmic heating of a low-acid food product, sufficient heat treatment needs to be delivered to the slowest-heating particle at the outlet of the holding section. This research was aimed at developing mathematical models for sterilization of a multicomponent food in a pilot-scale ohmic heater with electric-field-oriented parallel to the flow and validating microbial inactivation by inoculated particle methods. The model involved 2 sets of simulations, one for determination of fluid temperatures, and a second for evaluating the worst-case scenario. A residence time distribution study was conducted using radio frequency identification methodology to determine the residence time of the fastest-moving particle from a sample of at least 300 particles. Thermal verification of the mathematical model showed good agreement between calculated and experimental fluid temperatures (P > 0.05) at heater and holding tube exits, with a maximum error of 0.6 °C. To achieve a specified target lethal effect at the cold spot of the slowest-heating particle, the length of holding tube required was predicted to be 22 m for a 139.6 °C process temperature with volumetric flow rate of 1.0 × 10(-4) m3/s and 0.05 m in diameter. To verify the model, a microbiological validation test was conducted using at least 299 chicken-alginate particles inoculated with Clostridium sporogenes spores per run. The inoculated pack study indicated the absence of viable microorganisms at the target treatment and its presence for a subtarget treatment, thereby verifying model predictions.
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Gottumukkala LD, Parameswaran B, Valappil SK, Mathiyazhakan K, Pandey A, Sukumaran RK. Biobutanol production from rice straw by a non acetone producing Clostridium sporogenes BE01. Bioresour Technol 2013; 145:182-7. [PMID: 23465538 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Biobutanol from lignocellulosic biomass has gained much attention due to several advantages over bioethanol. Though microbial production of butanol through ABE fermentation is an established technology, the use of lignocellulosic biomass as feedstock presents several challenges. In the present study, biobutanol production from enzymatic hydrolysate of acid pretreated rice straw was evaluated using Clostridium sporogenes BE01. This strain gave a butanol yield of 3.43 g/l and a total solvent yield of 5.32 g/l in rice straw hydrolysate supplemented with calcium carbonate and yeast extract. Hydrolysate was analyzed for the level of inhibitors such as acetic acid, formic acid and furfurals which affect the growth of the organism and in turn ABE fermentation. Methods for preconditioning the hydrolysate to remove toxic end products were done so as to improve the fermentation efficiency. Conditions of ABE fermentation were fine tuned resulting in an enhanced biobutanol reaching 5.52 g/l.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalitha Devi Gottumukkala
- Centre for Biofuels, Biotechnology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Industrial Estate PO, Thiruvananthapuram, India
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