1
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Waszak I, Ruczyńska W, Podlesińska W. Contaminant levels versus toxicity bioassays in ecological risk assessment of sediments from the southern baltic sea. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 200:106665. [PMID: 39116736 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2024.106665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Surface sediments collected in 2021 from six locations in the southern Baltic Sea (Polish district) were examined by chemical and toxicological methods. Chemical analyses included polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and their alkylated derivatives, butyltin compounds and 16 major and trace elements. The toxicity was measured using Ostracodtoxkit F and Microtox. The ecological risk of sediment was estimated by hazard quotient (HQ) calculation. Some PAHs, alkylated PAHs and metals (Zn, Hg, Cd and As) could pose a moderate risk in the sediments from the Gdańsk Deep and in the vicinity of the wrecks, but the risk resulting from the presence of all analyzed compounds was considered high for these sediments. In studies using biotests, sediments from the vicinity of the t/s Franken wreck and the Słupsk Furrow were highly toxic to test organisms. Ostracodtoxkit F, compared to Microtox, appeared a more sensitive test for measured compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Waszak
- Department of Food and Environmental Chemistry, National Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kołłątaja 1, 81-332, Gdynia, Poland.
| | - Wiesława Ruczyńska
- Department of Food and Environmental Chemistry, National Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kołłątaja 1, 81-332, Gdynia, Poland
| | - Weronika Podlesińska
- Gdynia Aquarium, National Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kołłątaja 1, 81-332, Gdynia, Poland
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2
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Murillo-Gelvez J, Hickey K, Di Toro DM, Allen HE, Carbonaro RF, Chiu PC. Electron Transfer Energy and Hydrogen Atom Transfer Energy-Based Linear Free Energy Relationships for Predicting the Rate Constants of Munition Constituent Reduction by Hydroquinones. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:5284-5295. [PMID: 36961098 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c08931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
No single linear free energy relationship (LFER) exists that can predict reduction rate constants of all munition constituents (MCs). To address this knowledge gap, we measured the reduction rates of MCs and their surrogates including nitroaromatics [NACs; 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN), 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene (2-A-DNT), 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (4-A-DNT), and 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT)], nitramines [hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) and nitroguanidine (NQ)], and azoles [3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) and 3,4-dinitropyrazole (DNP)] by three dithionite-reduced quinones (lawsone, AQDS, and AQS). All MCs/NACs were reduced by the hydroquinones except NQ. Hydroquinone and MC speciations were varied by controlling pH, permitting the application of a speciation model to determine second-order rate constants (k) from observed pseudo-first-order rate constants. The intrinsic reactivity of MCs (oxidants) decreased upon deprotonation, while the opposite was true for hydroquinones (reductants). The rate constants spanned ∼6 orders of magnitude in the order NTO ≈ TNT > DNP > DNT ≈ DNAN ≈ 2-A-DNT > DNP- > 4-A-DNT > NTO- > RDX. LFERs developed using density functional theory-calculated electron transfer and hydrogen atom transfer energies and reported one-electron reduction potentials successfully predicted k, suggesting that these structurally diverse MCs/NACs are all reduced by hydroquinones through the same mechanism and rate-limiting step. These results increase the applicability of LFER models for predicting the fate and half-lives of MCs and related nitro compounds in reducing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Murillo-Gelvez
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Kevin Hickey
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Dominic M Di Toro
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Herbert E Allen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Richard F Carbonaro
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Manhattan College, Riverdale, New York 10471, United States
- Mutch Associates LLC, Ramsey, New Jersey 07446, United States
| | - Pei C Chiu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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3
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Schick LA, Strehse JS, Bünning TH, Maser E, Siebert U. Energetic Compounds in the Trophic Chain—A Pilot Study Examining the Exposure Risk of Common Eiders (Somateria mollissima) to TNT, Its Metabolites, and By-Products. TOXICS 2022; 10:685. [PMID: 36422895 PMCID: PMC9695780 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10110685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The Baltic and North Seas still contain large amounts of dumped munitions from both World Wars. The exposure of the munition shells to the seawater causes corrosion, which leads to the disintegration of shells and a leakage of energetic compounds, including the highly toxic 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), and consequently threatening the marine environment. To evaluate the risk of accumulation of energetic compounds from conventional munitions in the marine food chain, we analyzed the presence of TNT and its metabolites 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene (2-ADNT) and 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (4-ADNT) as well as their byproducts 1,3-dinitrobenzene (1,3-DNB) and 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT) in different tissues (including muscle, liver, kidney, brain, and bile) from 25 Common Eiders (Somateria mollissima) from the Danish Baltic Sea. Tissues were prepared according to approved protocols, followed by GC-MS/MS analysis. None of the aforementioned energetic compounds were detected in any of the samples. This pilot study is one of the first analyzing the presence of explosive chemicals in tissues from a free-ranging predatory species. This study highlights the need for continuous monitoring at different levels of the trophic chain to increase our knowledge on the distribution and possible accumulation of energetic compounds in the marine environment in order to provide reliable data for decision-making tools and risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Aroha Schick
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Werftstraße 6, 25761 Büsum, Germany
| | - Jennifer Susanne Strehse
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Brunswiker Straße 10, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Tobias Hartwig Bünning
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Brunswiker Straße 10, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Edmund Maser
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Brunswiker Straße 10, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Ursula Siebert
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Werftstraße 6, 25761 Büsum, Germany
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Ni S, Zhang H, Sun L, Zhao Y, Pei C, Nie Y, Liu X, Wu L, Xu A. Transgenerational reproductive toxicity of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and its metabolite 4-ADNT in Caenorhabditis elegans. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 92:103865. [PMID: 35436606 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.103865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) as an energetic compound widely used in military applications has aroused great concerns in recent years due to its large-scale contamination in soil and water; however, its toxicity is still largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the reproductive toxicity and the transgenerational effects of TNT on Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). Our data showed that exposure to TNT at concentrations ranging from 10 to 100 ng/mL resulted in decreasing the lifespan, brood size, number of oocytes and eggs in uterus, while increasing the number of germ cell apoptosis in C. elegans. The apoptotic effects of TNT were blocked in mutants of cep-1 (w40), egl-1 (n487), and hus-1 (op241), indicating conserved genotoxic response genes was involved in mediating TNT-induced germ cell apoptosis. Parental exposure to TNT significantly increased the germ cell apoptosis from P0 to F2 generation, but the toxicity faded away in F3 and F4 generations. Furthermore, TNT was rapidly metabolized in P0, and the accumulation of 4-aminodinitrotoluene (4-ADNT), the main metabolite of TNT in C. elegans, showed a significant decrease from P0 to F1 and a slow decrease in the subsequent generations. Our results demonstrated that ingested TNT can cause severe transgenerational reproductive toxicity and be rapidly converted to 4-ADNT in the nematodes. These data provided basis for future studies on the effects of energetic compounds across generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenyao Ni
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Huijun Zhang
- Institute of Polar Environment & Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Lingyan Sun
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Yanan Zhao
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Chengcheng Pei
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Yaguang Nie
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, PR China.
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Institute of Polar Environment & Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Lijun Wu
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - An Xu
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, PR China; Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology, High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, PR China.
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5
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Jacobsen J, Adomako-Bonsu AG, Maser E. Induction of carbonyl reductase 1 (CR1) gene expression in Daphnia magna by TNT, but not its key metabolites 2-ADNT and 4-ADNT. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 351:109752. [PMID: 34801537 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) is a known source of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which cause oxidative stress in aquatic ecosystems. Carbonyl reductases (CRs) are one of several possible defense mechanisms induced against ROS products, especially those that result in the 'so-called' carbonyl stress. Daphnia magna, a freshwater organism living in stagnant freshwater bodies, expresses four copies of the CR gene (Dma_CR1, Dma_CR2, Dma_CR3 and Dma_CR4). In this study, induction of all four copies of Dma_CR by 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene (2-ADNT) and 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (4-ADNT), was investigated. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis of treated daphnids revealed up-regulation of Dma_CR1 alone in response to TNT, but not 2-ADNT and 4-ADNT (which are key metabolites of TNT). This concentration- and time-dependent up-regulation in mRNA-expression was observed both in the presence and absence of light, in the same magnitude. Moreover, significant change in mRNA-expression could be observed 8 h after treatment with TNT. In the presence of TNT, the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAc) could not reverse TNT-induced up-regulation of Dma_CR1 mRNA-expression. On the other hand, withdrawal of TNT from the culture medium caused a significant reduction in the TNT-induced mRNA-expression of Dma_CR1 within 24 h. These findings highlight the potential of Dma_CR1 as a biomarker for biomonitoring of TNT levels in freshwater bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Jacobsen
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Amma G Adomako-Bonsu
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Edmund Maser
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany.
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6
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Schuster R, Strehse JS, Ahvo A, Turja R, Maser E, Bickmeyer U, Lehtonen KK, Brenner M. Exposure to dissolved TNT causes multilevel biological effects in Baltic mussels (Mytilus spp.). MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 167:105264. [PMID: 33725510 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2021.105264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Baltic mussels (Mytilus spp.) were exposed to the explosive trinitrotoluene (TNT) for 96 h (0.31-10.0 mg/L) and 21 d (0.31-2.5 mg/L). Bioaccumulation of TNT and its degradation products (2- and 4-ADNT) as well as biological effects ranging from the gene and cellular levels to behaviour were investigated. Although no mortality occurred in the concentration range tested, uptake and metabolism of TNT and responses in antioxidant enzymes and histochemical biomarkers were observed already at the lowest concentrations. The characteristic shell closure behaviour of bivalves at trigger concentrations led to complex exposure patterns and non-linear responses to the exposure concentrations. Conclusively, exposure to TNT exerts biomarker reponses in mussels already at 0.31 mg/L while effects are recorded also after a prolonged exposure although no mortality occurs. Finally, more attention should be paid on shell closure of bivalves in exposure studies since it plays a marked role in definining toxicity threshold levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Schuster
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Jennifer S Strehse
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School, Schleswig-Holstein, Brunswiker Str. 10, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Aino Ahvo
- Finnish Environment Institute, Marine Research Centre, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, 00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Raisa Turja
- Finnish Environment Institute, Marine Research Centre, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, 00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Edmund Maser
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School, Schleswig-Holstein, Brunswiker Str. 10, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ulf Bickmeyer
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Kari K Lehtonen
- Finnish Environment Institute, Marine Research Centre, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, 00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matthias Brenner
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany.
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7
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Koske D, Goldenstein NI, Rosenberger T, Machulik U, Hanel R, Kammann U. Dumped munitions: New insights into the metabolization of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene in Baltic flatfish. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 160:104992. [PMID: 32907729 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.104992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Livers from dab (Limanda limanda), plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) and flounder (Platichthys flesus) sampled from the Baltic Sea were used to determine the interaction of flatfish CYP1A enzymes with 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) in vitro. Competitive inhibition of 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) and 7-methoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (MROD) could be demonstrated for all three flatfish species. The highest inhibition of CYP1A activities was measured in liver samples of flounder resulting in a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 28.1 μM TNT. Due to their lower inhibition (EROD IC50 65.2 μM TNT, MROD IC50 40.3 μM TNT), dab liver samples were used to conduct in vitro metabolization experiments with TNT. The metabolization of TNT in fish was investigated with post-mitochondrial fractions (PMF) of dab liver as a model system after adding different cofactors. Rapid and time-dependent enzymatic degradation of TNT was observed. The concentrations of 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene and 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene increased in the samples over time. Additionally, 2,2,6,6-tetranitro-4,4-azoxytoluene was detected in one sample. The results of this study indicate that in vitro experiments are useful to investigate the xenobiotic metabolism of fish under controlled conditions prior to field studies. The metabolites found can serve as target compounds for marine monitoring of TNT contamination in munition dumpsites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Koske
- Thünen-Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Herwigstraße 31, 27572, Bremerhaven, Germany.
| | - Nadine I Goldenstein
- Thünen-Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Herwigstraße 31, 27572, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Timothy Rosenberger
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, Carl-von-Ossietzky University, Carl-von-Ossietzky Straße 9-11, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Machulik
- Thünen-Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Herwigstraße 31, 27572, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Reinhold Hanel
- Thünen-Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Herwigstraße 31, 27572, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Ulrike Kammann
- Thünen-Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Herwigstraße 31, 27572, Bremerhaven, Germany
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8
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Komikawa T, Tanaka M, Yanai K, Johnson BR, Critchley K, Onodera T, Evans SD, Toko K, Okochi M. A bioinspired peptide matrix for the detection of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 153:112030. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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9
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Ganesh Kumar A, Mathew NC, Sujitha K, Kirubagaran R, Dharani G. Genome analysis of deep sea piezotolerant Nesiotobacter exalbescens COD22 and toluene degradation studies under high pressure condition. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18724. [PMID: 31822790 PMCID: PMC6904484 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55115-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A marine isolate, Nesiotobacter exalbescens COD22, isolated from deep sea sediment (2100 m depth) was capable of degrading aromatic hydrocarbons. The Nesiotobacter sp. grew well in the presence of toluene at 0.1 MPa and 10 MPa at a rate of 0.24 h-1 and 0.12 h-1, respectively, in custom designed high pressure reactors. Percentage of hydrocarbon degradation was found to be 87.5% at ambient pressure and it reached 92% under high pressure condition within a short retention period of 72 h. The biodegradation of hydrocarbon was confirmed by the accumulation of dicarboxylic acid, benzoic acid, benzyl alcohol and benzaldehyde which are key intermediates in toluene catabolism. The complete genome sequence consists of 4,285,402 bp with 53% GC content and contained 3969 total coding genes. The complete genome analysis revealed unique adaptation and degradation capabilities for complex aromatic compounds, biosurfactant synthesis to facilitate hydrocarbon emulsification, advanced mechanisms for chemotaxis and presence of well developed flagellar assembly. The genomic data corroborated with the results of hydrocarbon biodegradation at high pressure growth conditions and confirmed the biotechnological potential of Nesiotobacter sp. towards bioremediation of hydrocarbon polluted deep sea environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ganesh Kumar
- Marine Biotechnology Division, Earth System Science Organization - National Institute of Ocean Technology (ESSO - NIOT), Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), Government of India, Pallikaranai, Chennai, 600100, India.
| | - Noelin Chinnu Mathew
- Marine Biotechnology Division, Earth System Science Organization - National Institute of Ocean Technology (ESSO - NIOT), Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), Government of India, Pallikaranai, Chennai, 600100, India
| | - K Sujitha
- Marine Biotechnology Division, Earth System Science Organization - National Institute of Ocean Technology (ESSO - NIOT), Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), Government of India, Pallikaranai, Chennai, 600100, India
| | - R Kirubagaran
- Marine Biotechnology Division, Earth System Science Organization - National Institute of Ocean Technology (ESSO - NIOT), Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), Government of India, Pallikaranai, Chennai, 600100, India
| | - G Dharani
- Marine Biotechnology Division, Earth System Science Organization - National Institute of Ocean Technology (ESSO - NIOT), Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), Government of India, Pallikaranai, Chennai, 600100, India
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10
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Gospodinov I, Singer J, Klapötke TM, Stierstorfer J. The Pyridazine Scaffold as a Building Block for Energetic Materials: Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201900146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Gospodinov
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig‐Maximilian University Munich Butenandtstr. 5–13 (D) 81377 München Germany
| | - Johannes Singer
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig‐Maximilian University Munich Butenandtstr. 5–13 (D) 81377 München Germany
| | - Thomas M. Klapötke
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig‐Maximilian University Munich Butenandtstr. 5–13 (D) 81377 München Germany
| | - Jörg Stierstorfer
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig‐Maximilian University Munich Butenandtstr. 5–13 (D) 81377 München Germany
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11
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Appel D, Strehse JS, Martin HJ, Maser E. Bioaccumulation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and its metabolites leaking from corroded munition in transplanted blue mussels (M. edulis). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 135:1072-1078. [PMID: 30301003 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Bioaccumulation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and its main metabolites 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene (2-ADNT) and 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (4-ADNT) leaking from corroded munitions at a munitions dumping site (Kolberger Heide, Germany) was evaluated in transplanted blue mussels (Mytilus edulis). Six moorings with mussel bags were placed east and west at varying positions near the mine mound. In order to monitor any differences resulting from changing seasons, three exposure times were chosen. First exposure period: April-July 2016 (106 days); second exposure period: July-December 2016 (146 days); third exposure period: December 2016-March 2017 (92 days). We found amounts of 4-ADNT in mussel tissue ranging from 2.40 ± 2.13 to 7.76 ± 1.97 ng/(g mussel wet weight). Neither TNT nor 2-ADNT could be detected. Considering seasonal differences, orientation and distances of the moorings to the mine mound no correlation between levels in mussel tissue was evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Appel
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Brunswiker Str. 10, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Jennifer S Strehse
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Brunswiker Str. 10, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Hans-Jörg Martin
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Brunswiker Str. 10, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Edmund Maser
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Brunswiker Str. 10, 24105 Kiel, Germany
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12
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Gaur P, Dev S, Kumar S, Kumar M, Vargeese AA, Soni P, Siril PF, Ghosh S. Dendritic Polynitrato Energetic Motifs: Development and Exploration of Physicochemical Behavior through Theoretical and Experimental Approach. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:8227-8233. [PMID: 31457365 PMCID: PMC6645126 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Considering the fundamental and most desirable characteristics of energetic materials, a series of 1,2,3-triazole-based heterocyclic energetic motifs nicely tuned with nitrato (-ONO2) functionality were synthesized by a microwave-assisted environmental friendly synthetic approach with good yields. Thermal stability and the nature of evolved gases on decomposition of structurally characterized energetic motifs were analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis and Fourier transform infrared coupled with TGA-DSC. The explosiveness of these motifs was explored by calculation of enthalpy of formation and density employing density functional theory, and the detonation performances (detonation pressure and velocity) were explored using EXPLO5_V6.03. All of these compounds were calculated to have better oxygen balance (-36 to -52%) as compared to that of trinitrotoluene (-74%). Most of the nitrate ester derivatives were found to exhibit low impact sensitivities, high densities, good thermal stabilities, and promising detonation properties, and PN 3 was observed to be a superior candidate in terms of its energetic characteristics. Hence, the experimental and theoretical outcomes strongly reflect that the present approach of developing dendritic high energetic materials bearing green explosive characteristics might be a potential pathway for designing and synthesizing green explosives with desired characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Gaur
- School
of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology
Mandi, Mandi 175001, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Sagarika Dev
- Department
of Chemistry, MCM DAV College for Women, Sector-36, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- School
of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology
Mandi, Mandi 175001, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Mahesh Kumar
- Terminal
Ballistics Research Laboratory, Chandigarh 160003, India
| | - Anuj A. Vargeese
- Advanced
Centre of Research in High Energy Materials, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Pramod Soni
- Terminal
Ballistics Research Laboratory, Chandigarh 160003, India
| | - Prem Felix Siril
- School
of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology
Mandi, Mandi 175001, Himachal Pradesh, India
- E-mail: (P.F.S.)
| | - Subrata Ghosh
- School
of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology
Mandi, Mandi 175001, Himachal Pradesh, India
- E-mail: (S.G.)
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13
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Charles PT, Davis J, Adams AA, Anderson GP, Liu JL, Deschamps JR, Kusterbeck AW. Multi-channeled single chain variable fragment (scFv) based microfluidic device for explosives detection. Talanta 2015; 144:439-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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14
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Mercimek HA, Dincer S, Guzeldag G, Ozsavli A, Matyar F, Arkut A, Kayis F, Ozdenefe MS. Degradation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene by P. aeruginosa and characterization of some metabolites. Braz J Microbiol 2015; 46:103-11. [PMID: 26221094 PMCID: PMC4512054 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838246120140026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Degradation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), a nitroaromatic explosive found in the soil and ground water, was investigated using Pseudomonas aeruginosa in in vitro experiments . Biodegradable abilitiy of this bacteria was performed with 50 and 75 mg L (-1) TNT concentrations in a defined liquid medium for 96 h time period. Treatment of TNT in supernatant samples taken at 0, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h from agitated vessels was followed by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In cultures supplemented with 50 and 75 mgL (-1) TNT, after 96 h of incubation 46% and 59% reduction were detected respectively. Two metabolites as degradation intermediates with nitrite release into the medium, 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT) and 4-aminodinitrotoluene (4-ADNT), were elucidated by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). These findings clearly indicate that Pseudomonas aeruginosa can be used in bioremediation of TNT contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Aysun Mercimek
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Kilis 7 Aralik University, Kilis, Turkey
| | - Sadik Dincer
- Department of Biology, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Gulcihan Guzeldag
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Kilis 7 Aralik University, Kilis, Turkey
| | - Aysenur Ozsavli
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Kilis 7 Aralik University, Kilis, Turkey
| | - Fatih Matyar
- Department of Science and Technology Education, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Afet Arkut
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Cyprus International University, Nicosia, Turkey
| | - Fikret Kayis
- Department of Biology, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
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15
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Liang J, Olivares C, Field JA, Sierra-Alvarez R. Microbial toxicity of the insensitive munitions compound, 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN), and its aromatic amine metabolites. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2013; 262:281-287. [PMID: 24041820 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
2,4-Dinitroanisole (DNAN) is an insensitive munitions compound considered to replace conventional explosives such as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). DNAN undergoes facile microbial reduction to 2-methoxy-5-nitroaniline (MENA) and 2,4-diaminoanisole (DAAN). This study investigated the inhibitory effect of DNAN, MENA, and DAAN toward various microbial targets in anaerobic (acetoclastic methanogens) and aerobic (heterotrophs and nitrifiers) sludge, and the bioluminescent bacterium, Aliivibrio fischeri, used in the Microtox assay. Aerobic heterotrophic and nitrifying batch experiments with DAAN could not be performed because the compound underwent extensive autooxidation in these assays. DNAN severely inhibited methanogens, nitrifying bacteria, and A. fischeri (50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) ranging 41-57μM), but was notably less inhibitory to aerobic heterotrophs (IC50>390 μM). Reduction of DNAN to MENA and DAAN lead to a marked decrease in methanogenic inhibition (i.e., DNAN>MENA≈DAAN). Reduction of all nitro groups in DNAN also resulted in partial detoxification in assays with A. fischeri. In contrast, reduction of a single nitro group did not alter the inhibitory impact of DNAN toward A. fischeri and nitrifying bacteria given the similar IC50 values determined for MENA and DNAN in these assays. These results indicate that reductive biotransformation could reduce the inhibitory potential of DNAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jidong Liang
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210011, Tucson, AZ 85721-0011, USA; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
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16
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Smith RW, Vlahos P, Tobias C, Ballentine M, Ariyarathna T, Cooper C. Removal rates of dissolved munitions compounds in seawater. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 92:898-904. [PMID: 23623038 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The historical exposure of coastal marine systems to munitions compounds is of significant concern due to the global distribution of impacted sites and known toxicological effects of nitroaromatics. In order to identify specific coastal regions where persistence of these chemicals should be of concern, it is necessary to experimentally observe their behavior under a variety of realistic oceanographic conditions. Here, we conduct a mesocosm scale pulse addition experiment to document the behavior of two commonly used explosives, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) in simulated marine systems containing water and sediments collected from Long Island Sound, CT. The addition of sediments and sediment grain-size had a major influence on the loss rates of all compounds detected. RDX and reduced TNT products were removed from seawater only in the presence of sediment, and TNT degraded significantly faster in the presence of sediment. Both compounds were removed from the system faster with decreasing grain-size. Based on these findings and a thorough review of the literature, we hypothesize that in addition to bacterial abundance and nutrient availability, TNT removal rates in coastal marine waters may be controlled by sorption and rapid surface-mediated bacterial transformation, while RDX removal rates are controlled by diffusion into sedimentary anoxic regions and subsequent anaerobic bacterial breakdown. A comparison of published removal rates of RDX and TNT highlights the extreme variability in measured degradation rates and identifies physicochemical variables that covary with the breakdown of these munitions compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W Smith
- University of Connecticut, Department of Marine Sciences, 1080 Shennocossett Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
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17
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Comparison of an antibody and its recombinant derivative for the detection of the small molecule explosive 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 759:100-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2012] [Revised: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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18
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Roberts DA. Causes and ecological effects of resuspended contaminated sediments (RCS) in marine environments. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2012; 40:230-243. [PMID: 22244126 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2011.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Sediments act as a net sink for anthropogenic contaminants in marine ecosystems and contaminated sediments may have a range of toxicological effects on benthic fauna and associated species. When resuspended, however, particulate-bound contaminants may be remobilised into the water column and become bioavailable to an additional assemblage of species. Such resuspension occurs through a range of natural and anthropogenic processes each of which may be thought of as pulsed disturbances resulting in pulsed exposures to contaminants. Thus, it is important to understand not only the toxicological responses of organisms to resuspended contaminated sediments (RCS), but also the frequency, magnitude and duration of sediment disturbance events. Such information is rarely collected together with toxicological data. Rather, the majority of published studies (>50% of the articles captured in this review) have taken the form of fixed-duration laboratory-based exposures with individual species. While this research has clearly demonstrated that resuspension of contaminated sediments can liberate sediment-bound contaminants leading to toxicity and bioaccumulation under controlled conditions, the potential for ecological effects in the field is often unclear. Monitoring studies suggest that recurrent natural disturbances such as tides and waves may cause the majority of contaminant release in many environments. However, various processes also act to limit the spatial and temporal scales across which contaminants are remobilised to the most toxic dissolved state. Various natural and anthropogenic disturbances of contaminated sediments have been linked to both community-level and sub-lethal responses in exposed populations of invertebrates and fish in the field. Together these findings suggest that resuspension of contaminated sediments is a frequently recurring ecological threat in contaminated marine habitats. Further consideration of how marine communities respond to temporally variable exposures to RCS is required, as well as research into the relative importance of various disturbances under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Roberts
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Pakefield Rd, Lowestoft, Suffolk, NR33 0HT, United Kingdom.
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixiang Gao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Jean’ne M. Shreeve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
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