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Badakumar B, Inbakandan D, Venkatnarayanan S, Krishna Mohan TV, Nancharaiah YV, Pandey NK, Veeramani P, Sriyutha Murthy P. Physiological and biochemical response in green mussel Perna viridis subjected to continuous chlorination: Perspective on cooling water discharge criteria. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 359:142191. [PMID: 38697563 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Heavy infestation by Perna viridis has been observed in the sub-seabed seawater intake tunnel and CWS of a tropical coastal power station in-spite of continuous low dose chlorination regime (0.2 ± 0.1 mg L-1) (CLDC), indicating periodical settlement and growth. Continuous arrival of mussels (colonized in the sub seabed tunnel intake section) at the pump house indicated that the mussels were able to tolerate and survive in a chlorinated environment, for varying time periods and were dislodged when they become weak and subsequent death, leading to flushing out of the system. In the present study, effect of continuous chlorination [0.2 mg L-1 (in-plant use); 0.5 mg L-1 (shock dose) & 1.0 mg L-1 (high levels)] was evaluated on mussels to assess; (a) time taken for mortality, (b) action of chlorine on physiological, genetic, metabolic and neuronal processes. 100% mortality of mussels was observed after 15 (0.2 mg L-1); 9 (0.5 mg L-1) and 6 days (1.0 mg L-1) respectively. Extended valve closure due to chlorination resulted in stress, impairing the respiratory and feeding behavior leading to deterioration in mussel health. Pseudofaeces excretion reduced to 68% (0.2 mg L-1); 10% (0.5 mg L-1) and 89% (1.0 mg L-1) compared to controls. Genotoxicity was observed with increase in % tail DNA fraction in all treatments such as 86% (0.2 mg L-1); 76% (0.5 mg L-1) and 85% (1.0 mg L-1). Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) stress biomarkers increased drastically/peaked within the first 3 days of continuous chlorination with subsequent quenching by antioxidant enzymes. Gill produced highest generation of ROS; 38% (0.2 mg L-1); 97% (0.5 mg L-1); 98% (1.0 mg L-1). Additionally, it was shown that 84% (0.2 mg L-1), 72% (0.5 mg L-1), and 80.4% (1.0 mg L-1) of the neurotransmitter acetylcholinesterase activity was inhibited by chlorine at the nerve synapse. The cumulative impact of ROS generation, neuronal toxicity, and disrupted functions weakens the overall health of green mussels resulting in mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bandita Badakumar
- Biofouling and Biofilm Processes Section, Water & Steam Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Kalpakkam 603 102, Tamil Nadu, India; Centre for Ocean Research, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600 119, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - D Inbakandan
- Centre for Ocean Research, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600 119, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - S Venkatnarayanan
- Biofouling and Biofilm Processes Section, Water & Steam Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Kalpakkam 603 102, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - T V Krishna Mohan
- Biofouling and Biofilm Processes Section, Water & Steam Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Kalpakkam 603 102, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Y V Nancharaiah
- Biofouling and Biofilm Processes Section, Water & Steam Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Kalpakkam 603 102, Tamil Nadu, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400 094, India
| | - N K Pandey
- Biofouling and Biofilm Processes Section, Water & Steam Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Kalpakkam 603 102, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P Veeramani
- Biofouling and Biofilm Processes Section, Water & Steam Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Kalpakkam 603 102, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P Sriyutha Murthy
- Biofouling and Biofilm Processes Section, Water & Steam Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Kalpakkam 603 102, Tamil Nadu, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400 094, India.
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Moreira AMS, Freitas ETF, Reis MDP, Nogueira JM, Barbosa NPDU, Reis ALM, Pelli A, Camargo PRDS, Cardoso AV, de Paula RS, Jorge EC. Acute Exposure to Two Biocides Causes Morphological and Molecular Changes in the Gill Ciliary Epithelium of the Invasive Golden Mussel Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker, 1857). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3258. [PMID: 37893982 PMCID: PMC10603641 DOI: 10.3390/ani13203258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Limnoperna fortunei, the golden mussel, is a bivalve mollusk considered an invader in South America. This species is responsible for ecological and economic damages due to its voluminous fouling capability. Chemical biocides such as MXD-100™ and sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) are often used to control L. fortunei infestations in hydraulic systems. Thus, we proposed to investigate the effects of different periods (24, 48 and 72 h) of exposure to MXD-100™ (0.56 mg L-1) and NaDCC (1.5 mg L-1) on the gills of L. fortunei through morphological and molecular analyses. NaDCC promoted progressive morphological changes during the analyzed periods and only an upregulation of SOD and HSP70 expression during the first 24 h of exposure. MXD-100™ led to severe morphological changes from the first period of exposure, in addition to an upregulation of SOD, CAT, HSP70 and CYP expression during the first 24 h. In contrast, MXD-100™ led to a downregulation of CAT transcription between 24 and 48 h. In static conditions, NaDCC causes lethal damage after 72 h of exposure, and that exposure needs to be continuous to achieve the control of the species. Meanwhile, the MXD-100™ treatment presented several effects during the first 24 h, showing acute toxicity in a shorter period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Maria Siqueira Moreira
- Laboratório de Biologia Oral e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (A.M.S.M.); (J.M.N.); (R.S.d.P.)
- Centro de Bioengenharia de Espécies Invasoras de Hidrelétricas (CBEIH), Cidade Nova, Belo Horizonte 31035-536, MG, Brazil; (E.T.F.F.); (M.d.P.R.); (N.P.d.U.B.); (A.P.); (P.R.d.S.C.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Erico Tadeu Fraga Freitas
- Centro de Bioengenharia de Espécies Invasoras de Hidrelétricas (CBEIH), Cidade Nova, Belo Horizonte 31035-536, MG, Brazil; (E.T.F.F.); (M.d.P.R.); (N.P.d.U.B.); (A.P.); (P.R.d.S.C.); (A.V.C.)
- Electron Optics Facility, Materials Science and Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - Mariana de Paula Reis
- Centro de Bioengenharia de Espécies Invasoras de Hidrelétricas (CBEIH), Cidade Nova, Belo Horizonte 31035-536, MG, Brazil; (E.T.F.F.); (M.d.P.R.); (N.P.d.U.B.); (A.P.); (P.R.d.S.C.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Júlia Meireles Nogueira
- Laboratório de Biologia Oral e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (A.M.S.M.); (J.M.N.); (R.S.d.P.)
| | - Newton Pimentel de Ulhôa Barbosa
- Centro de Bioengenharia de Espécies Invasoras de Hidrelétricas (CBEIH), Cidade Nova, Belo Horizonte 31035-536, MG, Brazil; (E.T.F.F.); (M.d.P.R.); (N.P.d.U.B.); (A.P.); (P.R.d.S.C.); (A.V.C.)
| | - André Luiz Martins Reis
- Center for Population Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia;
| | - Afonso Pelli
- Centro de Bioengenharia de Espécies Invasoras de Hidrelétricas (CBEIH), Cidade Nova, Belo Horizonte 31035-536, MG, Brazil; (E.T.F.F.); (M.d.P.R.); (N.P.d.U.B.); (A.P.); (P.R.d.S.C.); (A.V.C.)
- Biotério Nico Nieser, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba 38025-100, MG, Brazil
| | - Paulo Ricardo da Silva Camargo
- Centro de Bioengenharia de Espécies Invasoras de Hidrelétricas (CBEIH), Cidade Nova, Belo Horizonte 31035-536, MG, Brazil; (E.T.F.F.); (M.d.P.R.); (N.P.d.U.B.); (A.P.); (P.R.d.S.C.); (A.V.C.)
- Biotério Nico Nieser, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba 38025-100, MG, Brazil
| | - Antonio Valadão Cardoso
- Centro de Bioengenharia de Espécies Invasoras de Hidrelétricas (CBEIH), Cidade Nova, Belo Horizonte 31035-536, MG, Brazil; (E.T.F.F.); (M.d.P.R.); (N.P.d.U.B.); (A.P.); (P.R.d.S.C.); (A.V.C.)
- Escola de Design, Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais (UEMG), Belo Horizonte 30140-091, MG, Brazil
| | - Rayan Silva de Paula
- Laboratório de Biologia Oral e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (A.M.S.M.); (J.M.N.); (R.S.d.P.)
- Centro de Bioengenharia de Espécies Invasoras de Hidrelétricas (CBEIH), Cidade Nova, Belo Horizonte 31035-536, MG, Brazil; (E.T.F.F.); (M.d.P.R.); (N.P.d.U.B.); (A.P.); (P.R.d.S.C.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Erika Cristina Jorge
- Laboratório de Biologia Oral e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (A.M.S.M.); (J.M.N.); (R.S.d.P.)
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Suman TY, Kim SY, Yeom DH, Jang Y, Jeong TY, Jeon J. Transcriptome and computational approaches highlighting the molecular regulation of Zacco platypus induced by mesocosm exposure to common disinfectant chlorine. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 319:137989. [PMID: 36736481 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine (Cl2) is a disinfectant often used in swimming pools and water treatment facilities. However, it is released into aquatic ecosystems, where it may harm non-targeted organisms. Here, we performed a mesocosm experiment exposing Zacco platypus (Z. platypus) to biocide Cl2 for 30 days (30 d) at two days' time points 15 days (15 d) and 30 d samples were collected. Here, Z. platypus was exposed to a sublethal concentration (0.1 mg/L) of Cl2, and comparative transcriptomics analyses were performed to determine their response mechanisms at the molecular level. According to RNA sequencing of the whole-body transcriptome, 860 and 1189 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified from the 15 d and 30 d responses to Cl2, respectively. After enrichment analysis of GO (Gene Ontology) functions and KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathways, identified DEGs were demonstrated to be associated with a variety of functions, including "ion binding and transmembrane transporters". Cl2 also induced oxidative stress in Z. platypus by increasing the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) while decreasing the catalase (CAT) content and the levels of solute carrier family 22 member 11 (slc22a11), Caspase-8 (casp-8), inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2), cytosolic phospholipase A2 gamma (PLA2G4). However, Z. platypus still allows recovery during stress suspension by increasing the expression levels of solute carrier family proteins. The GO and KEGG annotation results revealed that the expression of DEGs were related to the detoxification process, immune response, and antioxidant mechanism. Additionally, protein-protein interaction networks (PPI) and cytoHubba analyses identified sixteen hub genes and their interaction. These findings elucidate the regulation of various DEGs and signaling pathways in response to Cl2 exposure, which will improve our knowledge and laid foundation for further investigation of the toxicity of Cl2 to Z. platypus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thodhal Yoganandham Suman
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon, Gyeongsangnamdo, 51140, Republic of Korea; School of Smart and Green Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon, Gyeongsangnamdo, 51140, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Yeon Kim
- Gyeongnam Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), Jinju-si, 52834, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hyuk Yeom
- Gyeongnam Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), Jinju-si, 52834, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghoon Jang
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Changwon National University, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Yong Jeong
- Department of Environmental Science, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, 81, Oedae-ro, Mohyeon-eup,Cheoin-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Junho Jeon
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon, Gyeongsangnamdo, 51140, Republic of Korea; School of Smart and Green Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon, Gyeongsangnamdo, 51140, Republic of Korea.
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Zhu P, Sun Y, Wang H, Ji X, Zeng Y. Molecular insight into the hepatopancreas of oriental river prawn (Macrobrachium nipponense) in response to residual chlorine stimulus. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 243:106052. [PMID: 34995866 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.106052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine or chloric disinfectants are cost-effective disinfectants, which are widely used to disinfect domestic and industrial water. The residual chlorine levels in some of these waters have been proven toxic to several aquatic organisms; however, the molecular mechanisms of toxicity of residual chlorine to aquatic crustaceans, including Macrobrachium nipponense, an economically important freshwater prawn native to Asian countries, have not been investigated to date. Here, M. nipponense was exposed to 0.53 mg/L of residual chlorine, and comparative transcriptomics analyses were performed to determine their response mechanisms at the molecular level. Residual chlorine caused lethal effects on prawns. Furthermore, a total of 940 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 501 up-regulated and 439 down-regulated genes, were identified after 48 h of residual chlorine exposure compared to the control group. After enrichment analysis of GO (Gene Ontology) functions and KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathways, identified DEGs were demonstrated to be associated with a variety of functions including exerting "oxidoreductase activity", and participating in "oxidation-reduction process". In addition, cytochrome P450 family 1 subfamily A1 (CYP1A1), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) were enriched in the pathway of metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450. Furthermore, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis revealed interactions among actin beta/gamma 1 (ACTB_G1) gene encoding protein and a series of multiple functional DEGs (e.g., hexokinase (HK), fructose 1,6-biphosphate-aldolase A (ALDOA), cytochrome c (CYC), and elongation factor 1-alpha (EEF1A)) encoding proteins. This study laid a theoretical foundation for safety evaluation of chlorinated aquatic water and further investigation of the toxicity of chlorination to M. nipponense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhu
- Shandong Sport University, Jinan 250102, China; Department of Aquaculture Research Lab, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
| | - Yaojiadai Sun
- Shandong Sport University, Jinan 250102, China; Library, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Aquaculture Research Lab, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
| | - Xiangshan Ji
- Department of Aquaculture Research Lab, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
| | - Yongqing Zeng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
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Venkatnarayanan S, Murthy PS, Kirubagaran R, Veeramani P, Venugopalan VP. Response of green mussels (Perna viridis) subjected to chlorination: investigations by valve movement monitoring. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:202. [PMID: 33745015 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09008-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Perna viridis Linnaeus (1758) is a major foulant in the cooling water systems of electric power stations located on the East coast of India. Though chlorination is considered an effective fouling control measure, the strategy may fail in the case of bivalve mussels, due to the ability of the mussels to close their shells and still survive for extended periods of time. In a given power station, continuous low dose (exomotive) chlorination (0.2 ± 0.1 mg l-1) is practiced to control biofouling. Laboratory experiments were carried out to assess the mortality and valve movement response of Perna viridis exposed to chlorine, using a Mosselmonitor®. All size groups tested showed progressive reduction in valve opening upon chlorination. However, continuous dosing of chlorine concentration as high as 1.0 mg l-1 was required for sustained and complete valve closure response in this mussel. At lower concentration (0.7 mg l-1), the mussels were able to open their shells and feed. Sustained valve closure resulted in physiological stress to the mussels due to reduced feeding, subsequently leading to death. Time to 100% mortality was dependent on the size of the mussels. At 1.0 mg l-1 chlorine residual, smaller size group (30-50 mm) mussels showed 100% mortality in 79.3 h, while larger groups (50-70 mm and 70-90 mm) took 152 h and 243 h, respectively. Frequency of valve opening was high in smaller size group mussels (30-50 mm), compared with larger groups (70-90 mm). Even though the time taken for killing was size-dependent, frequency of valve opening and time period between successive openings were found to be characteristic of individual mussels. The observations provide new insight into the response of bivalve mussels to continuous chlorination in the context of biofouling control and point to the need to adopt pragmatic strategies to prevent mussel spat settlement rather than killing of adult mussels, thereby reducing environmental burden due to chlorine residuals. Usage of target-specific biocidal strategies (intermittent/pulse dosing) or alternative biocides (chlorine dioxide) may help mitigate green mussel fouling in tropical cooling water systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Venkatnarayanan
- Biofouling and Biofilm Processes Section, Water & Steam Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Kalpakkam, 603 102, India
| | - P Sriyutha Murthy
- Biofouling and Biofilm Processes Section, Water & Steam Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Kalpakkam, 603 102, India.
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, 400 094, India.
| | - Ramalingam Kirubagaran
- Marine Biotechnology, National Institute of Ocean Technology, Pallikaranai, Chennai, 600 103, India
| | - P Veeramani
- Biofouling and Biofilm Processes Section, Water & Steam Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Kalpakkam, 603 102, India
| | - Vayalam P Venugopalan
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, 400 094, India
- Bioscience Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
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Gajski G, Žegura B, Ladeira C, Pourrut B, Del Bo’ C, Novak M, Sramkova M, Milić M, Gutzkow KB, Costa S, Dusinska M, Brunborg G, Collins A. The comet assay in animal models: From bugs to whales – (Part 1 Invertebrates). MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2019; 779:82-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Chavan P, Kumar R, Joshi H, Kirubagaran R, Venugopalan VP. Multimarker study of the effects of antifouling biocide on benthic organisms: results using Perna viridis as candidate species. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:20407-20418. [PMID: 28685340 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9607-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Toxic effects of continuous low dose application of the antifouling biocide chlorine on marine benthic organisms were monitored using transplanted green mussels (Perna viridis) and a suite of biomarkers. Caged mussels were deployed in chlorinated and non-chlorinated sections of the cooling system of an operating electric power plant. Biomarkers indicative of general stress, oxidative stress (superoxide dismutase and catalase), and DNA integrity, along with expression of stress proteins, were studied to assess the effects. Deterioration in condition index with corresponding increase in DNA strand breaks was indicative of chlorine stress. Superoxide dismutase enzyme did not show any particular trend, but catalase activity was high during the initial days of exposure at the chlorinated site; later, it became almost equal to that at the control site. Similarly, expressions of stress proteins (HSP60, HSP70, HSP22, GSTS1, and CYP4) showed bell-shaped pattern during the period of study. Positive correlation among the endpoints indicated the utility of the multimarker approach to monitor the effects of continuous low dose chlorination on mussels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Chavan
- Biofouling and Biofilm Processes Section, Water and Steam Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Kalpakkam, 603 102, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Biofouling and Biofilm Processes Section, Water and Steam Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Kalpakkam, 603 102, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400 094, India
| | - Hiren Joshi
- Biofouling and Biofilm Processes Section, Water and Steam Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Kalpakkam, 603 102, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400 094, India
| | - Ramalingam Kirubagaran
- Marine Biotechnology, ESSO-National Institute of Ocean Technology, Pallikaranai, Chennai, 600 100, India
| | - Vayalam P Venugopalan
- Biofouling and Biofilm Processes Section, Water and Steam Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Kalpakkam, 603 102, India.
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400 094, India.
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Sarker S, Vashistha D, Saha Sarker M, Sarkar A. DNA damage in marine rock oyster (Saccostrea Cucullata) exposed to environmentally available PAHs and heavy metals along the Arabian Sea coast. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 151:132-143. [PMID: 29331918 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Molecular biomarkers are used world wide for quick assessment of the immediate effect of environmental pollution on marine ecosystems. Recently, we evaluated oxidative stress responses of marine rock oyster, Saccostrea cucullata impacted due to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) accumulated in their tissues at a few sampling sites along the coast of Goa around the region of the Arabian sea coast, India (Sarkar et al., 2017). Using a combination of partial alkaline unwinding and comet assays, we now report a comprehensive study on the impairment of DNA integrity (DI) in S. cucullata due to exposure to environmentally available PAHs and also heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cu, Fe and Mn) along the Arabian Sea coast, Goa, India exclusively around the entire coast of Goa. First, we determined significant correlation between DI in S. cucullata and the extent of exposure to and bioaccumulation of different PAH compounds including 2-3 aromatic ring PAHs (R2, 0.95), 4-6 aromatic ring PAHs (R2, 0.85), oxygenated-PAHs (oxy-PAHs, R2, 0.84) and total PAHs (t-PAHs, R2, 0.98). Second, we observed dose-dependent decrease in DI in S. cucullata with increasing concentrations of different PAH components in oyster tissues. We substantiated our field observations with appropriate laboratory controls using benzo[a]pyrene (BaP). Third, we performed stepwise multiple regression analyses of different water quality parameters including pH, salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), nitrite (NO2), nitrate (NO3), phosphate (PO4), turbidity and also t-PAH-biota, t-PAH-water with DI as the dependent variable. Among all these parameters, only four parameters such as t-PAH-biota in combination with DO, BOD and NO2 showed significant correlation (R¯2 = 0.95) with loss in DI in S. cucullata. Based on these results, we created a map indicating the percentage of DNA damage in S. cucullata exposed to PAHs and heavy metals at each sampling location along the west coast of India around Goa, India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhodeep Sarker
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia; Global Enviro-Care, Kevnem, Caranzalem, Goa 403002, India.
| | - Deepti Vashistha
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 403004, India; Global Enviro-Care, Kevnem, Caranzalem, Goa 403002, India
| | - Munmun Saha Sarker
- Global Enviro-Care, Kevnem, Caranzalem, Goa 403002, India; Rabindra Bharati University, Emerald Bower Campus, Kolkata 700050, India.
| | - A Sarkar
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 403004, India; Global Enviro-Care, Kevnem, Caranzalem, Goa 403002, India.
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Chavan P, Kumar R, Kirubagaran R, Venugopalan VP. Comparative toxicological effects of two antifouling biocides on the marine diatom Chaetoceros lorenzianus: Damage and post-exposure recovery. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 144:97-106. [PMID: 28601522 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Antifouling biocides are commonly used in coastal electric power stations to prevent biofouling in their condenser cooling systems. However, the environmental impact of the chemical biocides is less understood than the thermal stress effects caused by the condenser effluents. In this study, Chaetoceros lorenzianus, a representative marine diatom, was used to analyse the toxicity of two antifouling biocides, chlorine and chlorine dioxide. The diatom cells were subjected to a range of concentrations of the biocides (from 0.05 to 2mg/L, as total residual oxidants, TRO) for contact time of 30min. They were analysed for viability, genotoxicity, chlorophyll a and cell density endpoints. The cells were affected at all concentrations of the biocides (0.05-2mg/L), showing dose-dependent decrease in viability and increase in DNA damage. The treated cells were later incubated in filtered seawater devoid of biocide to check for recovery. The cells were able to recover in terms of overall viability and DNA damage, when they had been initially treated with low concentrations of the biocides (0.5mg/L of Cl2 or 0.2mg/L of ClO2). Chlorophyll a analysis showed irreparable damage at all concentrations, while cell density showed increasing trend of reduction, if treated above 0.5mg/L of Cl2 and 0.2mg/L of ClO2. The data indicated that in C. lorenzianus, cumulative toxic effects and recovery potential of ClO2 up to 0.2mg/L were comparable with those of Cl2, up to 0.5mg/L concentration in terms of the studied endpoints. The results indicate that at the biocide levels currently being used at power stations, recovery of the organism is feasible upon return to ambient environment. Similar studies should be carried out on other planktonic and benthic organisms, which will be helpful in the formulation of future guidelines for discharge of upcoming antifouling biocides such as chlorine dioxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Chavan
- Biofouling and Biofilm Processes Section, Water and Steam Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Kalpakkam 603102, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Biofouling and Biofilm Processes Section, Water and Steam Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Kalpakkam 603102, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Ramalingam Kirubagaran
- Marine Biotechnology, ESSO-National Institute of Ocean Technology, Pallikaranai, Chennai 600100, India
| | - Vayalam P Venugopalan
- Biofouling and Biofilm Processes Section, Water and Steam Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Kalpakkam 603102, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India.
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