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Allen DS, Wiencek MM, Kelly MM, Solomons KS, Sellin Jeffries MK. Exploring Alternatives for Marine Toxicity Testing: Initial Evaluation of Fish Embryo and Mysid Tests. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2024; 43:1285-1299. [PMID: 38558477 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Current regulations require that toxicity assessments be performed using standardized toxicity testing methods, often using fish. Recent legislation in both the European Union and United States has mandated that toxicity testing alternatives implement the 3Rs of animal research (replacement, reduction, and refinement) whenever possible. There have been advances in the development of alternatives for freshwater assessments, but there is a lack of analogous developments for marine assessments. One potential alternative testing method is the fish embryo toxicity (FET) test, which uses fish embryos rather than older fish. In the present study, FET methods were applied to two marine model organisms, the sheepshead minnow and the inland silverside. Another potential alternative is the mysid shrimp survival and growth test, which uses an invertebrate model. The primary objective of the present study was to compare the sensitivity of these three potential alternative testing methods to two standardized fish-based tests using 3,4-dichloroaniline (DCA), a common reference toxicant. A secondary objective was to characterize the ontogeny of sheepshead minnows and inland silversides. This provided a temporal and visual guide that can be used to identify appropriately staged embryos for inclusion in FET tests and delineate key developmental events (e.g., somite development, eyespot formation, etc.). Comparison of the testing strategies for assessing DCA indicated that: (1) the standardized fish tests possessed comparable sensitivity to each other; (2) the mysid shrimp tests possessed comparable sensitivity to the standardized fish tests; (3) the sheepshead minnow and inland silverside FET tests were the least sensitive testing strategies employed; and (4) inclusion of sublethal endpoints (i.e., hatchability and pericardial edema) in the marine FETs increased their sensitivity. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:1285-1299. © 2024 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalton S Allen
- Department of Biology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Maddie M Wiencek
- Department of Biology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Michaela M Kelly
- Department of Biology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Katie S Solomons
- Department of Biology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
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Tal T, Myhre O, Fritsche E, Rüegg J, Craenen K, Aiello-Holden K, Agrillo C, Babin PJ, Escher BI, Dirven H, Hellsten K, Dolva K, Hessel E, Heusinkveld HJ, Hadzhiev Y, Hurem S, Jagiello K, Judzinska B, Klüver N, Knoll-Gellida A, Kühne BA, Leist M, Lislien M, Lyche JL, Müller F, Colbourne JK, Neuhaus W, Pallocca G, Seeger B, Scharkin I, Scholz S, Spjuth O, Torres-Ruiz M, Bartmann K. New approach methods to assess developmental and adult neurotoxicity for regulatory use: a PARC work package 5 project. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2024; 6:1359507. [PMID: 38742231 PMCID: PMC11089904 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2024.1359507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
In the European regulatory context, rodent in vivo studies are the predominant source of neurotoxicity information. Although they form a cornerstone of neurotoxicological assessments, they are costly and the topic of ethical debate. While the public expects chemicals and products to be safe for the developing and mature nervous systems, considerable numbers of chemicals in commerce have not, or only to a limited extent, been assessed for their potential to cause neurotoxicity. As such, there is a societal push toward the replacement of animal models with in vitro or alternative methods. New approach methods (NAMs) can contribute to the regulatory knowledge base, increase chemical safety, and modernize chemical hazard and risk assessment. Provided they reach an acceptable level of regulatory relevance and reliability, NAMs may be considered as replacements for specific in vivo studies. The European Partnership for the Assessment of Risks from Chemicals (PARC) addresses challenges to the development and implementation of NAMs in chemical risk assessment. In collaboration with regulatory agencies, Project 5.2.1e (Neurotoxicity) aims to develop and evaluate NAMs for developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) and adult neurotoxicity (ANT) and to understand the applicability domain of specific NAMs for the detection of endocrine disruption and epigenetic perturbation. To speed up assay time and reduce costs, we identify early indicators of later-onset effects. Ultimately, we will assemble second-generation developmental neurotoxicity and first-generation adult neurotoxicity test batteries, both of which aim to provide regulatory hazard and risk assessors and industry stakeholders with robust, speedy, lower-cost, and informative next-generation hazard and risk assessment tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Tal
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Chemicals in the Environment Research Section, Leipzig, Germany
- University of Leipzig, Medical Faculty, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Oddvar Myhre
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health – NIPH, Department of Chemical Toxicology, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ellen Fritsche
- IUF – Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
- DNTOX GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Joëlle Rüegg
- Uppsala University, Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kai Craenen
- European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Caroline Agrillo
- Uppsala University, Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Patrick J. Babin
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), Pessac, France
| | - Beate I. Escher
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Chemicals in the Environment Research Section, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hubert Dirven
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health – NIPH, Department of Chemical Toxicology, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Kristine Dolva
- University of Oslo, Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, Olso, Norway
| | - Ellen Hessel
- Dutch Nation Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Health Protection, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Harm J. Heusinkveld
- Dutch Nation Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Health Protection, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Yavor Hadzhiev
- University of Birmingham, Centre for Environmental Research and Justice, Birmingham, UK
| | - Selma Hurem
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ås, Norway
| | - Karolina Jagiello
- University of Gdansk, Laboratory of Environmental Chemoinformatics, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Beata Judzinska
- University of Gdansk, Laboratory of Environmental Chemoinformatics, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Nils Klüver
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Chemicals in the Environment Research Section, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anja Knoll-Gellida
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), Pessac, France
| | - Britta A. Kühne
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marcel Leist
- University of Konstanz, In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine/CAAT-Europe, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Malene Lislien
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health – NIPH, Department of Chemical Toxicology, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan L. Lyche
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ås, Norway
| | - Ferenc Müller
- University of Birmingham, Centre for Environmental Research and Justice, Birmingham, UK
| | - John K. Colbourne
- University of Birmingham, Centre for Environmental Research and Justice, Birmingham, UK
| | - Winfried Neuhaus
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Competence Unit Molecular Diagnostics, Center Health and Bioresources, Vienna, Austria
- Danube Private University, Faculty of Dentistry and Medicine, Department of Medicine, Krems, Austria
| | - Giorgia Pallocca
- University of Konstanz, In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine/CAAT-Europe, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Bettina Seeger
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ilka Scharkin
- IUF – Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stefan Scholz
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Chemicals in the Environment Research Section, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ola Spjuth
- Uppsala University and Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Monica Torres-Ruiz
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental (CNSA), Environmental Toxicology Unit, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Kristina Bartmann
- IUF – Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
- DNTOX GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Santos AL, Rodrigues LC, Rodrigues CC, Cirqueira F, Malafaia G, Rocha TL. Polystyrene nanoplastics induce developmental impairments and vasotoxicity in zebrafish (Danio rerio). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 464:132880. [PMID: 37956561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The exponential use of plastics has significantly increased environmental pollution by nanoplastics (NPs). In the aquatic environment, NPs interact and bioaccumulate in the biota, posing a potential ecotoxicological risk. The present study investigated the developmental toxicity, vasotoxicity, cytotoxicity, ROS induction, and behavioral impairments in zebrafish (Danio rerio) exposed to environmentally relevant polystyrene NPs (PS-NPs) concentrations (0.04, 34 ng L-1, and 34 μg L-1) for 144 h through multiple biomarkers response (mortality, frequency of spontaneous contractions, heart rate, and morphological changes). Furthermore, vasotoxicity (head, yolk sac, tail, and branchial vessels) was evaluated using the transgenic zebrafish tg(Fli1:eGFP). Results showed that PS-NPs interacted mainly with zebrafish chorion, gills, tail, and larvae head. PS-NPs at 34 ng L-1 and 34 μg L-1 induced neurotoxicity (decreased frequency of spontaneous contractions), cardiotoxicity (bradycardia), and morphological changes in the eyes and head, indicating that PS-NPs induce developmental impairments in zebrafish. In addition, cytotoxicity in the caudal region (34 ng L-1), ROS production, decreased mean swimming speed, and distance covered were observed in all tested concentrations. PS-NPs also induced vasotoxicity (yolk sac region) in transgenic zebrafish. Overall, the present study demonstrates the harmful effects of PS-NPs on the early developmental stages of freshwater fish, indicating their environmental risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andressa Liberal Santos
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Brazil
| | - Laura Carvalho Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Brazil
| | - Cândido Carvalho Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Brazil
| | - Felipe Cirqueira
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Malafaia
- Laboratory of Toxicology Applied to the Environment, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Thiago Lopes Rocha
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Brazil.
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Scott J, Mortensen S, Minghetti M. Alternatives to Fish Acute Whole Effluent Toxicity (WET) Testing: Predictability of RTgill-W1 Cells and Fathead Minnow Embryos with Actual Wastewater Samples. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:13721-13731. [PMID: 37672649 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Toxicity assays using fish cells and embryos continue to gain momentum as a more ethical and informative alternative to fish acute toxicity testing. The goal of our study was to test the accuracy of RTgill-W1 cells and the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) embryos to predict actual whole effluent toxicity (WET) in the fathead minnow larvae. The three models were compared concurrently using samples of various origins and treatment types. Additionally, the toxicity of reference toxicants (Cd, Cu, NH3-N, 3,4-dichloraniline, and benzalkonium chloride) spiked into a nontoxic wastewater was compared. The toxicity of reference toxicants was tested in isosmotic and hypoosmotic exposure media in RTgill-W1 cells. Of the 28 wastewater samples, 14 induced a toxic response in fish larvae. Embryos predicted 11 of the 14 wastewater samples toxic to the larvae, whereas RTgill-W1 cells predicted the toxicity of all 14 toxic samples to the larvae. In addition, embryos and RTgill-W1 cells predicted toxicity in two and six additional samples, respectively, that were nontoxic to larvae. Exposures in hypoosmotic medium significantly increased sensitivity of RTgill-W1 cells to all reference toxicants, excluding benzalkonium chloride, compared to exposures in isosmotic medium and showed toxicity levels similar to that in larvae. Thus, hypoosmotic exposure medium should be considered for aquatic toxicity testing applications. Overall, both gill cell and embryo models predicted toxicity in the majority of wastewater samples toxic to larvae and demonstrated their applicability for regulatory WET testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Scott
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, 501 Life Sciences West, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
- Cove Environmental, 3400 W. Lakeview Rd. Stillwater, Oklahoma 74075, United States
| | - Shannon Mortensen
- Cove Environmental, 3400 W. Lakeview Rd. Stillwater, Oklahoma 74075, United States
| | - Matteo Minghetti
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, 501 Life Sciences West, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
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Bosch S, Botha TL, Wepener V. Influence of different functionalized CdTe quantum dots on the accumulation of metals, developmental toxicity and respiration in different development stages of the zebrafish ( Danio rerio). FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2023; 5:1176172. [PMID: 37200940 PMCID: PMC10185758 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2023.1176172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The bioaccumulation and differential effects of cadmium tellurium quantum dot (CdTe QDs) nanomaterials with different functional groups are poorly understood in aquatic organisms. This study aimed to investigate the metal uptake, developmental effects, and respiratory effects of CdTe QDs with different functional groups (COOH, NH3, and PEG) on zebrafish embryos. Methods: Zebrafish embryos were exposed to carboxylate (COOH), ammonia (NH3), and polyethylene glycol (PEG) functionalized CdTe QDs at nominal concentrations of 0.5, 2, 4, 6, and 20 mg QDs/L. The materials were characterized in E3 exposure media and the metal uptake, developmental effects, and respiratory effects of zebrafish embryos were recorded. Results: The total Cd or Te concentrations in the larvae could not be explained by the metal concentrations or dissolution of the materials in the exposure media. The metal uptake in the larvae was not dose-dependent, except for the QD-PEG treatment. The QD-NH3 treatment caused respiration inhibition at the highest exposure concentration and hatching delays and severe malformations at low concentrations. The toxicities observed at low concentrations were attributed to particles crossing the pores in the chorion, and toxicities at higher concentrations were linked to the aggregation of particle agglomerates to the surface of the chorion impairing respiration. Developmental defects were recorded following exposure to all three functional groups, but the QD-NH3 group had the most severe response. The LC50 values for embryo development of QD-COOH and QD-PEG groups were higher than 20 mg/L, and the LC50 of the QD-NH3 group was 20 mg/L. Discussion: The results of this study suggest that CdTe QDs with different functional groups have differential effects on zebrafish embryos. The QD-NH3 treatment caused the most severe effects, including respiration inhibition and developmental defects. These findings provide valuable information for understanding the effects of CdTe QDs on aquatic organisms and highlight the need for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suanne Bosch
- Water Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
- *Correspondence: Suanne Bosch,
| | - Tarryn Lee Botha
- Water Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
- Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Victor Wepener
- Water Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Bai C, Tang M. Progress on the toxicity of quantum dots to model organism-zebrafish. J Appl Toxicol 2023; 43:89-106. [PMID: 35441386 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In vivo toxicological studies are currently necessary to analyze the probable dangers of quantum dots (QDs) to the environment and human safety, due to the fast expansion of QDs in a range of applications. Because of its high fecundity, cost-effectiveness, well-defined developmental phases, and optical transparency, zebrafish has long been considered the "gold standard" for biosafety assessment of chemical substances and pollutants. In this review, the advantages of using zebrafish in QD toxicity assessment were explored. Then, the target organ toxicities such as developmental toxicity, immunotoxicity, cardiovascular toxicity, neurotoxicity, and hepatotoxicity were summarized. The hazardous effects of different QDs, including cadmium-containing QDs like CdTe, CdSe, and CdSe/ZnS, as well as cadmium-free QDs like graphene QDs (GQDs), graphene oxide QDs (GOQDs), and others, were emphasized and described in detail, as well as the underlying mechanisms of QDs generating these effects. Furthermore, general physicochemical parameters determining QD-induced toxicity in zebrafish were introduced, such as chemical composition and surface coating/modification. The limitations and special concerns of using zebrafish in QD toxicity studies were also mentioned. Finally, we predicted that the utilization of high-throughput screening assays and omics, such as transcriptome sequencing, proteomics, and metabolomics will be popular topic in nanotoxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changcun Bai
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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Scott J, Grewe R, Minghetti M. Fish Embryo Acute Toxicity Testing and the RTgill-W1 Cell Line as In Vitro Models for Whole-Effluent Toxicity (WET) Testing: An In Vitro/In Vivo Comparison of Chemicals Relevant for WET Testing. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:2721-2731. [PMID: 35942926 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) fish embryo acute toxicity (FET) test was compared to the fish gill cells (RTgill-W1) in vitro assay and to the fish larvae acute toxicity test to evaluate their sensitivity for whole-effluent toxicity (WET) testing. The toxicity of 12 chemicals relevant for WET testing was compared as proof of principle. The concentrations lethal to 50% of a population (LC50) of embryos were compared to those in fish larvae and to the 50% effect concentration (EC50) in RTgill-W1 cells from previous literature. Along with traditional FET endpoints (coagulation, somite development, tail detachment, and heartbeat), cardiotoxicity was evaluated for WET applicability. Heart rate was measured at LC20 and LC50 values of six subselected chemicals (Cd, Cu, Ni, ammonia, 3,4-dichloraniline, and benzalkonium chloride). In addition, the toxicity of Cd and Ni was evaluated in RTgill-W1 cells exposed in a hypoosmotic medium to evaluate the effect that osmolarity may have on metal toxicity. A significant correlation was found between the FET and larvae LC50 values but not between the RTgill-W1 EC50 and FET LC50 values. Although sensitivity to Ni and Cd was found to increase with hypoosmotic conditions for FET and RTgill-W1 cells, a correlation was only found with removal of Ni from the analysis. Hypoosmotic conditions increased sensitivity with a significant correlation between RTgill-W1 cells and larvae. Cardiotoxicity was shown in three of the five subselected chemicals (Cd, Cu, and 3,4-dichloroaniline). Overall, both in vitro alternative models have shown good predictability of toxicity in fish in vivo for WET chemicals of interest. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:2721-2731. © 2022 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Scott
- Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
- Cove Environmental, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Ryan Grewe
- Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
- Cove Environmental, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Matteo Minghetti
- Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
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Wu C, Zhang L, Mao L, Zhu L, Zhang Y, Jiang H, Zheng Y, Liu X. Sorption and degradation of prothioconazole and its metabolites in soils and water sediments, and its combinative toxicity to Gobiocypris rarus. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 303:135282. [PMID: 35691395 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To reduce detrimental effects to the environment, the application of prothioconazole and its metabolites requires comprehensive evaluation, which has been dine for the first time in this study. The behavior of prothioconazole, including degradation and sorption under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, was evaluated in three common soil types and two types of water-sediment systems under different environmental conditions. Individual and joint toxicities of prothioconazole and its metabolites, M01 and M04, on aquatic organisms, including the Gobiocypris rarus, are also investigated in the present study. Under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, the half-life of prothioconazole in the three types of soils ranged from 0.0565 to 2.27 days and 0.138-1.73 days, respectively. Under aerobic conditions, the half-life of prothioconazole in the Hunan paddy area and Beijing Qidu reservoir water-sediment samples were 2.18 and 1.58 days, respectively. In soil and water-sediment samples, prothioconazole degraded to M01 and M04, and the formation rate of M04 was higher than M01 under aerobic condition. M04 and M01 gradually increased to a peak value in soil and water-sediment systems, then decreased over time, while prothioconazole gradually decreased. The half-life of prothioconazole in soils was lower than its metabolites, with the DT50 of metabolites ranging from 16.6 to 99.6 days, 15.8 and 50.7 days for M01 and M04 under aerobic condition, respectively. While the adsorption capacities (Kf values) of M04 and M01 ranged from 2.09 to 88.92 and 8.98 to 243.30 (μg/g)/(mg/L), respectively, in the three soils. Regarding toxicity to aquatic organisms, the metabolites did not show higher toxicity than prothioconazole, except M01 on Gobiocypris rarus. Joint toxicity assays showed that mixtures of prothioconazole with its metabolites exhibited higher toxicity than any compound individually and indicated synergistic interactions could occur at equitoxic ratios and equivalent concentrations. This study provides a comprehensive investigation on the fate and environmental risk posed by prothioconazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Liangang Mao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lizhen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yanning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hongyun Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yongquan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xingang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Qu R, Hou H, Xiao K, Liu B, Liang S, Hu J, Bian S, Yang J. Prediction on the combined toxicities of stimulation-only and inhibition-only contaminants using improved inverse distance weighted interpolation. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:132045. [PMID: 34563772 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The evaluation of ecological risks of contaminant mixtures to organisms is very challenging due to the non-linear response of organisms to each component, especially under the co-existence of both stimulators and inhibitors. Whether the stimulatory effect can reduce or even offset the inhibitory effect would be critical to the risk assessment and the treatment measures of mixed pollutants. Here, the combined toxicity of sodium fluoride (NaF), a stimulator with stimulation rate >100%, and six compounds that cannot induce hormesis (four ionic liquids (ILs) and two pesticides) were studied. The time-dependent toxicity of each toxicant on Vibrio qinghaiensis sp.-Q67 was investigated at 0.25, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 h. Results showed that four ILs and two pesticides failed to induce hormesis, while NaF induced hormesis from 2 to 6 h and induced stimulation only after 6 h and reached its maximum (650%) at 12 h. All mixture rays with NaF induced hormesis at different times. In the four NaF-IL mixture systems, the absolute value of maximum stimulation demonstrated an upwards and then a downwards trend with the increasing of mixture ratio of IL. In two NaF-pesticide systems, the maximum stimulation effect declined with the increasing of the mixture ratio of pesticide. The toxicities of the mixture were successfully predicted by the improved inverse distance weighted interpolation, which are not able to be predicted by the commonly used concentration addition or independent action models. This paper shed lights on evaluating the hormesis of mixtures and the ecological risk of fluoride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Qu
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Huijie Hou
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China.
| | - Keke Xiao
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Bingchuan Liu
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Sha Liang
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Jingping Hu
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China; Hubei Provincial Research Center of Water Quality Safety and Water Pollution Control Engineering Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Shijie Bian
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Jiakuan Yang
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China; Hubei Provincial Research Center of Water Quality Safety and Water Pollution Control Engineering Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China; State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China.
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10
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Gonçalves SF, Silva ARR, Pavlaki MD, Morgado RG, Loureiro S. Site-specific hazard evaluation for improved groundwater risk assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 274:129742. [PMID: 33581394 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater represents one of the most important natural water resources worldwide. Contamination is a key driver in sustaining water quality to populations and the environment. Therefore, it is crucial to look at contamination and potential effects. Within the WaterJPI project "We-Need - WatEr NEEDs, Availability, Quality and Sustainability", the Cremona and the Bologna Aquifers (Italy) were chosen as case studies since both aquifers represent two major Italian water resources of the Emilia-Romagna region. Aiming for a site-specific groundwater hazard assessment, the groundwaters from the Cremona and Bologna aquifers were simulated by preparing synthetic waters, CSW and BSW, respectively. Boron (as boric acid), fluoride (as sodium fluoride), and ammonium (as ammonium hydroxide), detected in the aquifers, were used to assess potential negative impacts on groundwater systems using aquatic organisms. Acute toxicity tests with Daphnia magna and Fish Embryo Toxicity Tests (FET) with Danio rerio were performed in the CSW and BSW synthetic waters and respective culture media, and toxicity was assessed for each organism. Boron, fluoride and ammonium had no ecological hazard effects at the concentrations detected in the groundwaters. Besides, a crucial result from this study regards the use of different media when addressing toxicity assessment. In this case, it was observed that toxicity was media and organism dependent. Therefore, adapting testing protocols for higher relevance should be considered for site-specific hazard assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra F Gonçalves
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita R Silva
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Maria D Pavlaki
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Rui G Morgado
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Susana Loureiro
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Portugal
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11
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Krzykwa JC, King SM, Sellin Jeffries MK. Investigating the Predictive Power of Three Potential Sublethal Endpoints for the Fathead Minnow Fish Embryo Toxicity Test: Snout-Vent Length, Eye Size, and Pericardial Edema. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:6907-6916. [PMID: 33914518 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The fish embryo acute toxicity (FET) test is known to be less sensitive than the fish acute test for some chemicals, including neurotoxicants. Thus, there is an interest in identifying additional endpoints that can improve FET test performance. The goal of this project was to advance alternative toxicity testing methods by determining whether select developmental abnormalities-snout-vent length, eye size, and pericardial area-are linked to adverse alterations in ecologically-relevant behaviors and delayed mortality. Fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) FET tests were conducted with 3,4-dicholoroaniline, cadmium, and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and developmental abnormalities were quantified. Surviving eleutheroembryos were reared in clean water to 14 days post fertilization (dpf), during which time behaviors and mortality were evaluated. None of the abnormalities evaluated were predictive of behavioral alterations; however, embryos with ≥14% reductions in length or ≥3.54-fold increases in pericardial area had an 80% chance of mortality by 14 dpf. When these abnormalities were used as markers of mortality, the LC50s for cadmium and PFOS were less than those calculated using only standardized FET test endpoints and similar to those obtained via larval fish tests, indicating that the snout-vent length and pericardial area warrant consideration as standard FET test endpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie C Krzykwa
- Department of Biology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, United States
| | - Sarah M King
- Department of Biology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, United States
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12
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Lovin LM, Kim S, Taylor RB, Scarlett KR, Langan LM, Chambliss CK, Chatterjee S, Scott JT, Brooks BW. Differential influences of (±) anatoxin-a on photolocomotor behavior and gene transcription in larval zebrafish and fathead minnows. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES EUROPE 2021; 33:40. [PMID: 34367861 PMCID: PMC8345817 DOI: 10.1186/s12302-021-00479-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Though anatoxin-a (antx-a) is a globally important cyanobacterial neurotoxin in inland waters, information on sublethal toxicological responses of aquatic organisms is limited. We examined influences of (±) antx-a (11-3490 μg/L) on photolocomotor behavioral responses and gene transcription associated with neurotoxicity, oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity, in two of the most common alternative vertebrate and fish models, Danio rerio (zebrafish) and Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow). We selected environmentally relevant treatment levels from probabilistic exposure distributions, employed standardized experimental designs, and analytically verified treatment levels using isotope-dilution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Caffeine was examined as a positive control. RESULTS Caffeine influences on fish behavior responses were similar to previous studies. Following exposure to (±) antx-a, no significant photolocomotor effects were observed during light and dark transitions for either species. Though zebrafish behavioral responses profiles were not significantly affected by (±) antx-a at the environmentally relevant treatment levels examined, fathead minnow stimulatory behavior was significantly reduced in the 145-1960 μg/L treatment levels. In addition, no significant changes in transcription of target genes were observed in zebrafish; however, elavl3 and sod1 were upregulated and gst and cyp3a126 were significantly downregulated in fathead minnows. CONCLUSION We observed differential influences of (±) antx-a on swimming behavior and gene transcription in two of the most common larval fish models employed for prospective and retrospective assessment of environmental contaminants and water quality conditions. Sublethal responses of fathead minnows were consistently more sensitive than zebrafish to this neurotoxin at the environmentally relevant concentrations examined. Future studies are needed to understand such interspecies differences, the enantioselective toxicity of this compound, molecular initiation events within adverse outcome pathways, and subsequent individual and population risks for this emerging water quality threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea M. Lovin
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Sujin Kim
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | | | | | - Laura M. Langan
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | | | - Saurabh Chatterjee
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - J. Thad Scott
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Bryan W. Brooks
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
- Correspondence:
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13
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WITTLEROVÁ M, JÍROVÁ G, VLKOVÁ A, KEJLOVÁ K, MALÝ M, HEINONEN T, WITTLINGEROVÁ Z, ZIMOVÁ M. Sensitivity of Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Embryos to Hospital Effluent Compared to Daphnia magna and Aliivibrio fischeri. Physiol Res 2020. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fish Embryo Acute Toxicity (FET) Test was adopted by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development as OECD TG 236 in 2013. The test has been designed to determine acute toxicity of chemicals on embryonic stages of fish and proposed as an alternative method to the Fish Acute Toxicity Test performed according to OECD TG 203. In recent years fish embryos were used not only in the assessment of toxicity of chemicals but also for environmental and wastewater samples. In our study we investigated the acute toxicity of treated wastewater from seven hospitals in the Czech Republic. Our main purpose was to compare the suitability and sensitivity of zebrafish embryos with the sensitivity of two other aquatic organisms commonly used for wastewater testing – Daphnia magna and Aliivibrio fischeri. For the aim of this study, in addition to the lethal endpoints of the FET test, sublethal effects such as delayed heartbeat, lack of blood circulation, pericardial and yolk sac edema, spinal curvature and pigmentation failures were evaluated. The comparison of three species demonstrated that the sensitivity of zebrafish embryos is comparable or in some cases higher than the sensitivity of D. magna and A. fischeri. The inclusion of sublethal endpoints caused statistically significant increase of the FET test efficiency in the range of 1-12 %. Based on our results, the FET test, especially with the addition of sublethal effects evaluation, can be considered as a sufficiently sensitive and useful additional tool for ecotoxicity testing of the acute toxicity potential of hospital effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- M WITTLEROVÁ
- National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - G JÍROVÁ
- National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - A VLKOVÁ
- National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - K KEJLOVÁ
- National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M MALÝ
- National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - T HEINONEN
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Z WITTLINGEROVÁ
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M ZIMOVÁ
- National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
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14
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Effect of Cadmium and Nickel Exposure on Early Development in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Embryos. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12113005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to even low concentrations of heavy metals can be toxic to aquatic organisms, especially during embryonic development. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the toxicity of nickel and cadmium in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of each metal alone or in combination from 4 h through to 72 h postfertilization. Neither metal altered survival, but individual and combined exposures decreased hatching rate. Whereas cadmium did not affect total body length, trunk area, eye diameter, or eye area, nickel alone and in combination with cadmium decreased each morphological parameter. Yolk sac area, an index of metabolic rate, was not affected by nickel, but was larger in embryos exposed to high cadmium concentrations or nickel and cadmium combined at high concentrations. Nickel decreased spontaneous movement, whereas cadmium alone or nickel and cadmium combined had no effect. Neither metal altered elicited movement, but nickel and cadmium combined decreased elicited movement. Myosin protein expression in skeletal muscle was not altered by cadmium exposure. However, exposure to nickel at low concentrations and combined exposure to nickel and cadmium decreased myosin expression. Overall, nickel was more toxic than cadmium. In conclusion, we observed that combined exposures had a greater effect on movement than gross morphology, and no significant additive or synergistic interactions were present. These results imply that nickel and cadmium are toxic to developing embryos, even at very low exposure concentrations, and that these metals act via different mechanisms.
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15
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Krzykwa JC, Sellin Jeffries MK. Comparison of behavioral assays for assessing toxicant-induced alterations in neurological function in larval fathead minnows. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 257:126825. [PMID: 32381281 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Neuroactive compounds are routinely detected in surface waters at concentrations that pose potential threats to wildlife. Exposure to neurotoxicants can adversely affect exposed organism by altering ecologically-important behaviors (e.g., feeding and predator response) that are likely to have important repercussions for populations. These compounds can elicit behavioral effects at concentrations lower than those that induce overt toxicity as indicated by mortality or decreased growth. Though a wide variety of methods have been employed to assess the behavior of early life stage fish, it is unclear which assays are best suited for identifying ecologically-relevant behavioral changes following exposures to neurotoxicants. The goal of the present study was to promote the use of behavioral assays for assessing the behavioral impacts of exposure to neurotoxic compounds by comparing the performance of different behavioral assays in larval fish. To achieve this goal, the sensitivity and practicality of three behavioral assays (i.e., feeding, optomotor response, and C-start assays) were compared in larval fathead minnows exposed to a known neurotoxicant, chlorpyrifos. There were significant alterations in the performance of fathead minnow larvae in all three behavioral assays in response to a 12-d embryo-larval exposure to chlorpyrifos. However, feeding and C-start were the most practical of the selected assays, as they took less time and allowed for larger samples sizes. Further work to standardize behavioral testing methods, and to link alterations to ecologically-relevant behaviors, will help promote the use of these assays when investigating the potential environmental impacts of neurotoxic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie C Krzykwa
- Department of Biology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
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16
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Li X, Mao L, Zhang Y, Wang X, Wang Y, Wu X. Joint toxic impacts of cadmium and three pesticides on embryonic development of rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:36596-36604. [PMID: 32564324 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09769-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Although rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) has been employed in many toxicological investigations, most of them have only assessed the impacts of single chemical. In our current work, we investigated the single and joint toxic impacts of heavy metal cadmium (Cd) and three pesticides (thiamethoxam, bifenthrin, and tebuconazole) on G. rarus embryos. Results from the 96-h semi-static toxicity assay exhibited that bifenthrin possessed the highest intrinsic toxic effect on rare minnows with an LC50 value of 1.86 mg L-1, followed by tebuconazole with LC50 values of 4.07 mg L-1. Contrarily, thiamethoxam elicited the least toxic effect with an LC50 value of 351.9 mg L-1. Seven chemical mixtures (four binary mixtures of Cd-bifenthrin, thiamethoxam-bifenthrin, thiamethoxam-tebuconazole, and bifenthrin-tebuconazole, two ternary mixtures of Cd-thiamethoxam-tebuconazole and thiamethoxam-bifenthrin-tebuconazole, and one quaternary mixture of Cd-thiamethoxam-bifenthrin-tebuconazole) displayed synergistic impacts with equivalent concentration and equitoxic ratio on G. rarus. Our results offered valuable insights into ecological risk assessment of these chemical combinations to aquatic vertebrates. The simultaneous existence of a few chemicals in the aquatic ecosystem might result in elevated toxicity, leading to severe harm to the non-target organisms compared with single compound. The observed synergistic interactions underlined the necessity to revise water quality standards, in which the detrimental joint effects of these chemicals are likely to be underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinfang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture/Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang, 310021, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liangang Mao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yanning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xinquan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture/Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang, 310021, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture/Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang, 310021, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Xiaohu Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Ribeiro RX, da Silva Brito R, Pereira AC, Monteiro KBES, Gonçalves BB, Rocha TL. Ecotoxicological assessment of effluents from Brazilian wastewater treatment plants using zebrafish embryotoxicity test: A multi-biomarker approach. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 735:139036. [PMID: 32493656 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Effluent from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) remains one of the major pollutants of aquatic environments; however, knowledge about its ecotoxic effects at fish early life stages is limited. The ecotoxicity of effluent from Brazilian WWTPs was herein analyzed based on responses of multiple biomarkers in the zebrafish embryotoxicity test (ZET). Ecotoxicity was analyzed based on mortality rate, hatching rate, spontaneous movement rate (neurotoxicity), heart rate (cardiotoxicity), frequency of morphological changes and morphometric parameters during 144 h exposure time. Results showed that embryos exposed to affluent and effluent presented high mortality rate and delayed hatching rate, as well as changes in morphometric parameters. Exposed embryos also showed physiological, sensory, skeletal and muscular changes, which confirms that the ecotoxic effect of WWTPs effluent is systemic and associated with the presence of several pollutants, even at low concentrations (mixture toxicity). The present study is pioneer in using responses of multiple biomarkers in ZET as suitable approach to assess the ecotoxicity of WWTPs effluent in developing countries, as well as to add value and contribute to studies on WWTPs worldwide. Zebrafish is a suitable vertebrate model to assess the ecotoxicity of WWTP effluent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan Xavier Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Rafaella da Silva Brito
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Aryelle Canedo Pereira
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Keyle Borges E Silva Monteiro
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil; Companhia Saneamento de Goiás (SANEAGO), Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Bruno Bastos Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Thiago Lopes Rocha
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
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18
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Pereira AC, Gonçalves BB, Brito RDS, Vieira LG, Lima ECDO, Rocha TL. Comparative developmental toxicity of iron oxide nanoparticles and ferric chloride to zebrafish (Danio rerio) after static and semi-static exposure. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 254:126792. [PMID: 32957266 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) are used in several medical and environmental applications, but their mechanism of action and hazardous effects to early developmental stages of fish remain unknown. Thus, the present study aimed to assess the developmental toxicity of citrate-functionalized IONPs (γ-Fe2O3 NPs), in comparison with its dissolved counterpart, in zebrafish (Danio rerio) after static and semi-static exposure. Embryos were exposed to environmental concentrations of both iron forms (0.3, 0.6, 1.25, 2.5, 5 and 10 mg L-1) during 144 h, jointly with negative control group. The interaction and distribution of both Fe forms on the external chorion and larvae surface were measured, following by multiple biomarker assessment (mortality, hatching rate, neurotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, morphological alterations and 12 morphometrics parameters). Results showed that IONPs were mainly accumulated on the zebrafish chorion, and in the digestive system and liver of the larvae. Although the IONPs induced low embryotoxicity compared to iron ions in both exposure conditions, these nanomaterials induced sublethal effects, mainly cardiotoxic effects (reduced heartbeat, blood accumulation in the heart and pericardial edema). The semi-static exposure to both iron forms induced high embryotoxicity compared to static exposure, indicating that the nanotoxicity to early developmental stages of fish depends on the exposure system. This is the first study concerning the role of the exposure condition on the developmental toxicity of IONPs on fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aryelle Canedo Pereira
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Bruno Bastos Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Rafaella da Silva Brito
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Lucélia Gonçalves Vieira
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | - Thiago Lopes Rocha
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania, Goiás, Brazil.
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19
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Wang Y, Xu C, Wang D, Weng H, Yang G, Guo D, Yu R, Wang X, Wang Q. Combined toxic effects of fludioxonil and triadimefon on embryonic development of zebrafish (Danio rerio). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 260:114105. [PMID: 32041085 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides scarcely exist as individual compounds in the water ecosystem, but rather as mixtures of multiple chemicals at relatively low concentrations. In this study, we aimed to explore the mixture toxic effects of fludioxonil (FLU) and triadimefon (TRI) on zebrafish (Danio rerio) by employing different toxicological endpoints. Results revealed that the 96-h LC50 values of FLU to D. rerio at multiple developmental stages ranged from 0.055 (0.039-0.086) to 0.61 (0.33-0.83) mg L-1, which were less than those of TRI ranging from 3.08 (1.84-5.96) to 9.75 (5.99-14.78) mg L-1. Mixtures of FLU and TRI exerted synergistic effects on embryonic zebrafish. Activities of total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) and catalase (CAT) were markedly altered in most of the individual and pesticide mixture treatments compared with the control. The expressions of 16 genes involved in oxidative stress, cellular apoptosis, immune system and endocrine system displayed that embryonic zebrafish were affected by the individual pesticides and their mixtures, and greater variations of four genes (ERɑ, Tnf, IL and bax) were found when exposed to pesticide mixtures compared with their individual compounds. Therefore, more studies on mixture toxicities among different pesticides should be taken as a priority when evaluating their ecological risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chao Xu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dou Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongbiao Weng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guiling Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dongmei Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ruixian Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinquan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China
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Quintanilla-Mena M, Gold-Bouchot G, Zapata-Pérez O, Rubio-Piña J, Quiroz-Moreno A, Vidal-Martínez VM, Aguirre-Macedo ML, Puch-Hau C. Biological responses of shoal flounder (Syacium gunteri) to toxic environmental pollutants from the southern Gulf of Mexico. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 258:113669. [PMID: 31806456 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The Gulf of Mexico (GoM) is exposed to a diversity of contaminants, such as hydrocarbons and heavy metal(oid)s, either from natural sources or as a result of uncontrolled coastal urbanisation and industrialisation. To determine the effect of these contaminants on the marine biota along the Mexican GoM, the biological responses of the shoal flounder Syacium gunteri, naturally exposed, were studied. The study area included all the Mexican GoM, which was divided into three areas: West-southwest (WSW), South-southwest (SSW) and South-southeast (SSE). The biological responses included the global DNA methylation levels, the expression of biomarker genes related to contaminants (cytochrome P450 1A, glutathione S-transferase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and vitellogenin), histopathological lesions and PAH metabolites in bile (hydroxynaphthalene, hydroxyphenanthrene, hydroxypyrene and Benzo[a]pyrene). The correlation between the biological responses and the concentration of contaminants (hydrocarbons and metal(oid)s), present in both sediments and organisms, were studied. The shoal flounders in WSW and SSW areas presented higher DNA hypomethylation, less antioxidative response and biotransformation gene expression and a higher concentration of PAH metabolites in bile than SSE area; those responses were associated with total hydrocarbons and metals such as chromium (Cr). SSE biological responses were mainly associated with the presence of metals, such as cadmium (Cd) and copper (Cu), in the tissue of shoal flounders. The results obtained on the physiological response of the shoal flounder can be used as part of a permanent active environmental surveillance program to watch the ecosystem health of the Mexican GoM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Quintanilla-Mena
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV), Departamento de Recursos del Mar, Unidad Mérida. Km. 6, Antigua Carretera a Progreso, Apdo. Postal 73-Cordemex, 97310 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Gold-Bouchot
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV), Departamento de Recursos del Mar, Unidad Mérida. Km. 6, Antigua Carretera a Progreso, Apdo. Postal 73-Cordemex, 97310 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico; Department of Oceanography and Geochemical and Environmental Research Group (GERG), Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Omar Zapata-Pérez
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV), Departamento de Recursos del Mar, Unidad Mérida. Km. 6, Antigua Carretera a Progreso, Apdo. Postal 73-Cordemex, 97310 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Jorge Rubio-Piña
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV), Departamento de Recursos del Mar, Unidad Mérida. Km. 6, Antigua Carretera a Progreso, Apdo. Postal 73-Cordemex, 97310 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Adriana Quiroz-Moreno
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 No. 130, Colonia Chuburna de Hidalgo, 97200 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Víctor Manuel Vidal-Martínez
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV), Departamento de Recursos del Mar, Unidad Mérida. Km. 6, Antigua Carretera a Progreso, Apdo. Postal 73-Cordemex, 97310 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Ma Leopoldina Aguirre-Macedo
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV), Departamento de Recursos del Mar, Unidad Mérida. Km. 6, Antigua Carretera a Progreso, Apdo. Postal 73-Cordemex, 97310 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Carlos Puch-Hau
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV), Departamento de Recursos del Mar, Unidad Mérida. Km. 6, Antigua Carretera a Progreso, Apdo. Postal 73-Cordemex, 97310 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
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Liu X, Zhang G, Xu YJ, Wu Y, Liu Y, Zhang H. Assessment of water quality of best water management practices in lake adjacent to the high-latitude agricultural areas, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:3338-3349. [PMID: 31845257 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06858-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A major inland alkalinity lake in Northeast China, the Chagan Lake, was studied for the changes of its water qualities over the past three decades. Water quality data, including total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), and fluoride (F-), were analyzed to derive key indices for guiding water quality management. Our study found that the Chagan Lake had an average trophic state index (TSI) ranging 50 to 70; the average TSI for TP ranging between 70 and 80, and the average TSI for TN being 50. Over the past three decades, the TSI values generally trended lower, but there was a slight uptrend from 2012 onwards. Seasonal variations in the concentrations of TN and TP were identified. The TSI values in September were higher than those in May, while the values of un-ionized ammonia (UIA) during rainy seasons were higher than those during dry seasons. The average values of alkalinity and F- in the lake water exceeded the upper limits set in the Chinese water quality standards, i.e., 20 mg/L and 1 mg/L, respectively. It was defined that the evolution of lake water quality proceeded in four consecutive periods, namely natural, deterioration, improvement, and risk period; the improvement period benefitted from a historical water conservation project. Our study concluded that the amount of irrigation discharge into the Chagan must be monitored, and controlled, in order to sustain the critical ecological functions currently provided by the Chagan Lake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Liu
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, The High-tech North District, 4888 Sheng Bei Street, Changchun, 130102, People's Republic of China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guangxin Zhang
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, The High-tech North District, 4888 Sheng Bei Street, Changchun, 130102, People's Republic of China.
| | - Y Jun Xu
- School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, 227 Highland Road, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Yao Wu
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, The High-tech North District, 4888 Sheng Bei Street, Changchun, 130102, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Liu
- Songyuan Branch, Hydrology and Water Resources Bureau of Jilin Province, Songyuan, Jilin, 138000, China
| | - Haibo Zhang
- Songyuan Branch, Hydrology and Water Resources Bureau of Jilin Province, Songyuan, Jilin, 138000, China
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Miranda T, Vieira LR, Guilhermino L. Neurotoxicity, Behavior, and Lethal Effects of Cadmium, Microplastics, and Their Mixtures on Pomatoschistus microps Juveniles from Two Wild Populations Exposed under Laboratory Conditions-Implications to Environmental and Human Risk Assessment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E2857. [PMID: 31405089 PMCID: PMC6720622 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16162857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) were found to modulate the toxicity of other pollutants but the knowledge on the topic is still limited. The goals of this study were to investigate the short-term toxicity of cadmium (Cd) to wild Pomatochistus microps juveniles, the potential modulation of acute Cd toxicity by 1-5 µm polyethylene MPs in this species, and possible differences of sensitivity to Cd and MPs-Cd mixtures between juveniles from two distinct wild populations. Juveniles were collected in the estuaries of Minho (M-est) and Lima (L-est) Rivers (NW Portugal). One 96 h bioassay with M-est juveniles and another one with L-est juveniles were carried out in laboratory conditions. Each bioassay had 12 treatments: control, 5 Cd concentrations, 1 MPs concentration, and 5 MPs-Cd mixtures. No significant differences in Cd-induced mortality between juveniles from distinct estuaries or between juveniles exposed to Cd alone and those exposed to MPs-Cd mixtures were found. The total 96h LC10 and LC50 of Cd alone were 2 mg/L (95% CI: 0-4 mg/L) and 8 mg/L (95% CI: 2-17 mg/L), respectively. Cd alone significantly decreased the post-exposure predatory performance (PEPP) of M-est (≥6 mg/L) and L-est juveniles (≥3 mg/L), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity of M-est juveniles (13 mg/L). MPs alone (0.14 mg/L) significantly reduced the PEPP and AChE activity of L-est juveniles but not of M-est juveniles. MPs-Cd mixtures (3-13 mg/L of Cd + 0.14 mg/L of MPs) significantly inhibited the PEPP of juveniles from both estuaries and AChE of L-est estuary juveniles but not of M-est juveniles. Evidences of toxicological interactions, namely antagonism, between MPs and Cd were found. Overall, the results indicate that MPs modulated the sub-lethal toxic effects of Cd in wild P. microps juveniles, especially neurotoxicity. Moreover, the environmental conditions of the natural habitats to which juveniles were exposed during pre-developmental phases influence the sub-lethal toxicity of Cd, MPs, and their mixtures. The implications to environmental and human risk assessment are discussed and further research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Miranda
- ICBAS-Institute of Biomedical Sciences of the University of Porto, Department of Populations Study, Laboratory of Ecotoxicology (ECOTOX), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research of the University of Porto, Research Team of Ecotoxicology, Stress Ecology and Environmental Health (ECOTOX), 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Luis R Vieira
- ICBAS-Institute of Biomedical Sciences of the University of Porto, Department of Populations Study, Laboratory of Ecotoxicology (ECOTOX), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research of the University of Porto, Research Team of Ecotoxicology, Stress Ecology and Environmental Health (ECOTOX), 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Lúcia Guilhermino
- ICBAS-Institute of Biomedical Sciences of the University of Porto, Department of Populations Study, Laboratory of Ecotoxicology (ECOTOX), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research of the University of Porto, Research Team of Ecotoxicology, Stress Ecology and Environmental Health (ECOTOX), 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
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Combined Toxicity of Nitro-Substituted Benzenes and Zinc to Photobacterium Phosphoreum: Evaluation and QSAR Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16061041. [PMID: 30909451 PMCID: PMC6466268 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16061041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The single toxicity (IC50) of zinc (Zn) and 11 nitro-substituted benzenes to Photobacterium phosphoreum were determined, respectively. On basis of single toxicity, the joint toxicity of binary mixtures of Zn and 11 nitro-substituted benzenes at different Zn concentrations of 0.2 IC50, 0.5 IC50, and 0.8 IC50 were measured. The joint toxicity was evaluated by toxic unit (TU) and additive index (AI) methods. The results indicated that the joint toxicity was not only depending on the Zn concentrations but also on the substituted groups of nitro-substituted benzenes. The quantitative structure-activity relation (QSAR) equations were developed and the results showed that the toxicity of nitro-substituted benzenes has different joint effect at the different Zn concentrations. At the Zn concentration of 0.2 IC50, the binary joint effects were mainly antagonism and the joint toxicity was negatively related to descriptors called VE2_B(p) and TIC3. At the Zn concentration of 0.5 IC50 and 0.8 IC50, the binary joint effects were mainly antagonism and simple addition, and the joint toxicity was related to the same descriptor Eig06_ AEA(dm). It indicated that the joint toxic actions were similar when combined at the medium and high concentrations of Zn.
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