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Durán-Álvarez JC, Prado B, Zanella R, Rodríguez M, Díaz S. Wastewater surveillance of pharmaceuticals during the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico City and the Mezquital Valley: A comprehensive environmental risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 900:165886. [PMID: 37524191 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
This study tracked five pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) in Mexico City's sewage, namely, famotidine, indomethacin, dexamethasone, azithromycin, and ivermectin, which were used to treat COVID-19. The monitoring campaign was carried out over 30 months (May 2020 to November 2022), covering the five COVID-19 waves in Mexico. In the Central Emitter, the main sewage outflow, famotidine displayed levels of 132.57 ± 28.16 ng L-1 (range from < LOQ to 189.1 ng L-1), followed by indomethacin (average 672.46 ± 116.4 ng L-1, range from 516.7 to 945.2 ng L-1), dexamethasone (average 610.4 ± 225.7 ng L-1, range from 233.4 to 1044.5 ng L-1), azithromycin (average 4436.2 ± 903.6 ng L-1, range from 2873.7 to 5819.6 ng L-1), and ivermectin (average 3413.3 ± 1244.6 ng L-1, range from 1219.8 to 4622.4 ng L-1). The concentrations of dexamethasone, azithromycin and ivermectin were higher in sewage from a temporary COVID-19 care unit, by a factor of 3.48, 3.52 and 2.55, respectively, compared with those found in municipal wastewater. In the effluent of the Atotonilco Wastewater Treatment Plant (AWWTP), which treats near 60 % of the Mexico City's sewage, famotidine was absent, while concentrations of indomethacin, dexamethasone, azithromycin and ivermectin were 78.2 %, 76.7 %, 74.4 %, and 88.1 % lower than those in the influent, respectively. The occurrence of PhACs in treated and untreated wastewater resulted in medium to high environmental risk since Mexico City's wastewater is reused for irrigation in the Mezquital Valley. There, PhACs were found in irrigation canals at lower levels than those observed in Mexico City throughout the monitoring. On the other hand, famotidine, indomethacin, and dexamethasone were not found in surface water resulting from the infiltration of wastewater through soil in Mezquital Valley, while azithromycin and ivermectin sporadically appeared in surface water samples collected through 2021. Using an optimized risk assessment based on a semi-probabilistic approach, the PhACs were prioritized as ivermectin > azithromycin > dexamethasone > famotidine > indomethacin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Durán-Álvarez
- Instituto de Ciencias Aplicadas y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (ICAT-UNAM), Circuito Exterior S/N, 04510 Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico.
| | - Blanca Prado
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales y del Suelo, Instituto de Geología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, C.P. 04510 Mexico, Mexico
| | - Rodolfo Zanella
- Instituto de Ciencias Aplicadas y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (ICAT-UNAM), Circuito Exterior S/N, 04510 Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Mario Rodríguez
- Instituto de Ciencias Aplicadas y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (ICAT-UNAM), Circuito Exterior S/N, 04510 Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Suhaila Díaz
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales y del Suelo, Instituto de Geología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, C.P. 04510 Mexico, Mexico
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Li W, Liu K, Min Z, Li J, Zhang M, Korshin GV, Han J. Transformation of macrolide antibiotics during chlorination process: Kinetics, degradation products, and comprehensive toxicity evaluation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159800. [PMID: 36309261 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics are ubiquitous in wastewater and surface water and their presence is of grave concern. Chlorination, an important disinfection process used in wastewater treatment plants and waterworks, causes antibiotics to be degraded. However, interactions of antibiotics with chlorine result in the generation of multiple transformation products (TPs). TPs may be more toxic than the parent compounds, but their structures, yields and ecotoxicity remain to be ascertained in most cases. This study examined the degradation by chlorine of two typical macrolide (MLs) antibiotics, erythromycin (ERY) and roxithromycin (ROX), and identified the TPs formed as a result of ERY and ROX chlorination. The ecotoxicity of ERY, ROX and their TPs was evaluated using a combination of bioassay and ECOSAR prediction. The degradation of ERY and ROX followed pseudo-first-order kinetic at the molar ratio of FAC to MLs of 10:1, and the degradation kinetic rate depends on pH values. Six TPs of ERY including three chlorinated TPs, and six TPs of ROX including two chlorinated TPs were identified. The tertiary N of the desosamine moiety of ERY and ROX was determined to be the main reactive site. Demethylation and chlorine substitution at the reactive site are the main degradation pathways of ERY and ROX. ECOSAR results showed that the chlorinated byproducts of ERY TP578, TP542 and TP528, and the reduced hydroxylation products of ROX TP851 exhibited higher ecotoxicity than their parent compounds. However, algae growth inhibition assays indicated that the overall ecotoxicity of the chlorinated ERY or ROX mixture was lower than that of ERY or ROX prior to chlorination. This may be attributed to the removal of the parent compound and lower yields of toxic substances. While the yields of the toxic TPs may be low, their accumulation and combined effects of the TPs and other co-occurring pollutants should be examined further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China; Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China; National Positioning Observation Station of Hung-tse Lake Wetland Ecosystem in Jiangsu Province, Hongze, Jiangsu 223100, China.
| | - Kai Liu
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China; Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Zhongfang Min
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China; Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Jiping Li
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China; Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China; Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China; National Positioning Observation Station of Hung-tse Lake Wetland Ecosystem in Jiangsu Province, Hongze, Jiangsu 223100, China
| | - Gregory V Korshin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Box 352700, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-2700, United States
| | - Jiangang Han
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China; Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China; National Positioning Observation Station of Hung-tse Lake Wetland Ecosystem in Jiangsu Province, Hongze, Jiangsu 223100, China
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Ohore OE, Wang Y, Wei Y, Sanganyado E, Shafiq M, Jiao X, Nwankwegu AS, Liu W, Wang Z. Ecological mechanisms of sedimental microbial biodiversity shift and the role of antimicrobial resistance genes in modulating microbial turnover. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 325:116547. [PMID: 36419283 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms of phylogenetic turnover of microbial communities to environmental perturbations in sediments remain unclear. In this study, the molecular mechanisms of phylogenetic turnover, and impact of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) on the modification of microbial assemblages were unravelled. We investigated 306 ARGs, 8 transposases, and 4 integron integrases, bacteria, and eukaryotic diversity through high-throughput quantitative PCR and illumina sequencing, 21 antibiotics and 3 tetracycline byproducts. The freshwater and estuary ecosystems were mainly dominated by genus Sulfurovum and colonised by closely related species compared with the estuary (closeness centrality = 0.42 vs. 0.46), which was dominated by genus Mycobacterium. Eighty-six percent of the ecological process in the bacterial community was driven by stochastic processes, while the rest was driven by deterministic processes. Environmental-related concentrations of antibiotics (0.15-32.53 ng/g) stimulated the proliferation of ARGs which potentially modulated the microbial community assembly. ARG acquisition significantly (P < 0.001) increased eukaryotic diversity through protection mechanisms. ARGs showed complex interrelationships with the microbial communities, and phylum arthropods and Nematea demonstrated the strongest ARG acquisition potential. This study provides key insights for environmental policymakers into understanding the ecological impact of antibiotics and the role of ARGs in modulating the phylogenetic turnover of microbial communities and trophic transfer mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Okugbe Ebiotubo Ohore
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Protection, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China.
| | - Yuwen Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Protection, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Yunjie Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Protection, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Edmond Sanganyado
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Protection, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Muhammad Shafiq
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Xiaoyang Jiao
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Amechi S Nwankwegu
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Wenhua Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Protection, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Protection, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China.
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Wang X, Huang N, Wang J, Lu C, Li G, Li F, Hu Z, Bi X, Wu L, Tian Y. Occurrence and removal of 25 antibiotics during sewage treatment processes and potential risk analysis. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2022; 85:1800-1812. [PMID: 35358072 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2022.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and removal of 25 antibiotics, including ten quinolones (QNs), four macrolides (MLs), four tetracyclines (TCs) and seven sulfonamides (SNs), were analysed at two sewage treatment plants (STPs) with different treatment units in Guangxi Province, China. The results showed that 14 and 16 antibiotics were detected in the influent of the two STPs, with concentrations ranging from 13.7-4265.2 ng/L and 14.5-10761.7 ng/L, respectively. Among the antibiotics, TCs were the main type in the study area, accounting for more than 79% of the total concentration of all antibiotics. The antibiotic removal efficiencies of the different process units ranged from -56.73% to 100.0%. It was found that the SN removal efficiency of the multistage composite mobile bed membrane bioreactor (MBBR) process was better than that of the continuous-flow Intermission biological reactor (IBR) process, while the IBR process was better than the MBBR process in terms of removing TCs and MLs; however, there was no obvious difference in the QN removal efficiencies of these two processes. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed a strong correlation between antibiotic concentration and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Risk assessments indicated that algae, followed by invertebrates and fish, were the most sensitive aquatic organisms to the detected antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinting Wang
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China E-mail:
| | - Ning Huang
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Centre, Nanning 530028, PR China
| | - Jin Wang
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Centre, Nanning 530028, PR China
| | - Chunliu Lu
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China E-mail:
| | - Guangying Li
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China E-mail:
| | - Fang Li
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Centre, Nanning 530028, PR China
| | - Zaoshi Hu
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Centre, Nanning 530028, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Bi
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Centre, Nanning 530028, PR China
| | - Lieshan Wu
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China E-mail:
| | - Yan Tian
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Centre, Nanning 530028, PR China
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Hou L, Liu F, Zhao C, Fan L, Hu H, Yin S. Combination of Oxytetracycline and Quinocetone Synergistically Induces Hepatotoxicity via Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species and Activation of Mitochondrial Pathway. Toxicol Mech Methods 2021; 32:49-57. [PMID: 34348565 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2021.1965273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Oxytetracycline (OTC) and Quinocetone (QCT) are antimicrobials, whose residues have been found in food and environment. These two are sometimes used simultaneously in livestock and aquaculture, potentially resulting in the simultaneous consumption of multi-antimicrobials by consumers. However, the combined toxic effects of this phenomenon have yet to be addressed. Since the liver is a major target of both OTC and QCT, we tested their hepatotoxic effect using both cell cultures and animal models. Results showed that the QCT (5-25 μM) or OTC (20-100 μM) treatments alone caused dose-dependent reductions in cell numbers, while their combination strongly further enhanced inhibitory effects. Mechanistically, the combination enhanced the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activated mitochondrial cell death pathways. It also showed that the combination of OTC (800 mg/kg, i.g., 5d) and QCT (5000 mg/kg, i.g., 5d) resulted in significantly enhanced liver toxicity in C57BL/6N mice, the serum alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) were significantly increased by the OTC/QCT. These findings indicate the necessity of considering the combined toxicity of these two antimicrobials in safety assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lirui Hou
- Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, 17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, 17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chong Zhao
- Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, 17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lihong Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yunamingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hongbo Hu
- Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, 17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shutao Yin
- Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, 17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
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Wang J, Zhang H, Zheng X, Liu R, Zong W. In vitro toxicity and molecular interacting mechanisms of chloroacetic acid to catalase. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 189:109981. [PMID: 31812021 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chloroacetic acid (CAA), one of typical disinfection by-products (DBPs), has attracted considerable concerns for its biological safety. Antioxidant enzyme catalase (CAT) plays a crucial part in the regulation of redox state balance. Herein, CAA was used to test its adverse effects on CAT and explore the underlying mechanism. The cell viability of mouse primary hepatocytes decreased under CAA exposure. A bell-shaped response to CAA exposure was observed in intracellular CAT activity, whose change was partly influenced by molecular CAT activity. CAA binds to CAT mainly via van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonds with a stoichiometry of 9.2. The binding caused structural changes in CAT with the unfolding of polypeptide chains and the decrease of α-helical content. CAA interacts with the amino acid residues surrounding the active sites and substrate channel of CAT. These interactions result in the decrease of molecular CAT activity, which could be restored by high ionic strength. This study has provided a combined molecular and cellular tactics for studying the adverse effects of DBPs on biomarkers and the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, 30# Qingquan Road, Yantai, 264005, PR China.
| | - Hongfa Zhang
- School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, 30# Qingquan Road, Yantai, 264005, PR China
| | - Xiaolin Zheng
- School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, 30# Qingquan Road, Yantai, 264005, PR China
| | - Rutao Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, China -America CRC for Environment & Health, Shandong Province, 72# Jimo Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, PR China
| | - Wansong Zong
- College of Population, Resources and Environment, Shandong Normal University, 88# East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, PR China
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