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Eun DM, Han YS, Nam I, Chang Y, Lee S, Park JH, Gong SY, Youn JS. Ambient volatile organic compounds in the Seoul metropolitan area of South Korea: Chemical reactivity, risks and source apportionment. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 251:118749. [PMID: 38522743 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
The chemical reactivity, contribution of emission sources, and risk assessment of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the atmosphere of the Seoul metropolitan area (SMA) were analyzed. Datasets collected from 6 photochemical assessment monitoring stations (PAMS) of SMA from 2018 to 2021 were used. Alkenes and aromatics contributed significantly to ozone formation relative to the emission concentrations, and aromatics accounted for most of the secondary organic aerosols (SOA) formation in the SMA. The contributions of ozone and SOA formation were found to be notably higher at measurement stations in residential areas such as Guwol (GW) and Sosabon (SS) compared to other measurement stations. From the results of an emission source analysis, it was confirmed that anthropogenic sources such as combustion sources, vehicle exhaust, fuel evaporation, and solvent use had a significant effect at all measurement stations. Assessing the health risk, non-carcinogenic compounds were at acceptable level at all measurement stations. On the other hand, carcinogenic compounds were approaching risk level (10-4), thereby demanding immediate attention. The level of exposure to carcinogenic compounds increased by age group, and male was more vulnerable than female. It was found that SS had the highest level of exposure to carcinogens in the atmosphere of the population ages 60 or older. The health threat of the SMA population is expected due to direct exposure from inhalation of ambient toxic compounds and indirect exposure from ozone and PM2.5 formations through oxidation of VOCs. This study emphasizes the importance of addressing specific emission sources within the metropolitan area and developing comprehensive regional strategies to mitigate VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Mee Eun
- Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, South Korea
| | - Yun-Sung Han
- Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, South Korea
| | - Ilkwon Nam
- Air Quality Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, 22689, South Korea
| | - YuWoon Chang
- Air Quality Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, 22689, South Korea
| | - Sepyo Lee
- Air Quality Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, 22689, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Hoo Park
- Air Quality Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, 22689, South Korea
| | - Sung Yong Gong
- Climate, Air Quality and Safety Research Group/Division for Atmospheric Environment, Korea Environment Institute, Sejong, 30147, South Korea
| | - Jong-Sang Youn
- Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, South Korea.
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Bielik N, Correia D, Rodrigues Crespo K, Goujon-Ginglinger C, Mitova MI. Pitfalls in the Detection of Volatiles Associated with Heated Tobacco and e-Vapor Products When Using PTR-TOF-MS. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2024; 35:1261-1271. [PMID: 38780179 PMCID: PMC11157645 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.4c00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
We investigated the applicability of proton transfer reaction-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-TOF-MS) for quantitative analysis of mixtures comprising glycerin, acetol, glycidol, acetaldehyde, acetone, and propylene glycol. While PTR-TOF-MS offers real-time simultaneous determination, the method selectivity is limited when analyzing compounds with identical elemental compositions or when labile compounds present in the mixture produce fragments that generate overlapping ions with other matrix components. In this study, we observed significant fragmentation of glycerin, acetol, glycidol, and propylene glycol during protonation via hydronium ions (H3O+). Nevertheless, specific ions generated by glycerin (m/z 93.055) and propylene glycol (m/z 77.060) enabled their selective detection. To thoroughly investigate the selectivity of the method, various mixtures containing both isotope-labeled and unlabeled compounds were utilized. The experimental findings demonstrated that when samples contained high levels of glycerin, it was not feasible to perform time-resolved analysis in H3O+ mode for acetaldehyde, acetol, and glycidol. To overcome the observed selectivity limitations associated with the H3O+ reagent ions, alternative ionization modes were investigated. The ammonium ion mode proved appropriate for analyzing propylene glycol (m/z 94.086) and acetone (m/z 76.076) mixtures. Concerning the nitric oxide mode, specific m/z were identified for acetaldehyde (m/z 43.018), acetone (m/z 88.039), glycidol (m/z 73.028), and propylene glycol (m/z 75.044). It was concluded that considering the presence of multiple product ions and the potential influence of other compounds, it is crucial to conduct a thorough selectivity assessment when employing PTR-TOF-MS as the sole method for analyzing compounds in complex matrices of unknown composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel Bielik
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Correia
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Maya I. Mitova
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Mai JL, Cai XC, Luo DY, Zeng Y, Guan YF, Gao W, Chen SJ. Spatiotemporal variations, sources, and atmospheric transformation potential of volatile organic compounds in an industrial zone based on high-resolution measurements in three plants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 923:171352. [PMID: 38432387 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Industrial emissions are significant sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). This study conducted a field campaign at high temporal and spatial resolution to monitor VOCs within three plants in an industrial park in southern China. VOC concentrations showed significant spatial variability in this industrial zone, with median concentrations of 75.22, 40.53, and 29.41 μg/m3 for the total VOCs in the three plants, respectively, with oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) or aromatics being the major VOCs. Spatial variability within each plant was also significant but VOC-dependent. Seasonal variations in the VOC levels were governed by their industrial emissions, meteorological conditions, and photochemical losses, and they were different for the four groups of VOCs. The temporal and spatial variations in the VOC compositions suggest similar sources of each class of VOCs during different periods of the year in each plant. The diurnal patterns of VOCs (unimodal or bimodal) clearly differed from those at most industrial/urban locations previously, reflecting a dependence on industrial activities. The secondary transformation potential of VOCs also varied temporally and spatially, and aromatics generally made the predominant contributions in this industrial park. The loss rate of OH radicals and ozone formation potential were highly correlated, but the linear relationship substantially changed in summer and autumn due to the intensive emissions of an OVOC species. The lifetime cancer and non-cancer risks via occupational inhalation of the VOCs in the plants were acceptable but merit attention. Taking the secondary transformation potential and health risks into consideration, styrene, xylene, toluene, trichloroethylene, and benzene were proposed to be the priority VOCs regulated in the plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Long Mai
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Xing-Cong Cai
- Guangzhou Hexin Instrument Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510530, China.
| | - De-Yao Luo
- Guangzhou Hexin Instrument Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510530, China.
| | - Yuan Zeng
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yu-Feng Guan
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Wei Gao
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment & Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Online Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - She-Jun Chen
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Mangotra A, Singh SK. Volatile organic compounds: A threat to the environment and health hazards to living organisms - A review. J Biotechnol 2024; 382:51-69. [PMID: 38242502 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2023.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are the organic compounds having a minimum vapor pressure of 0.13 kPa at standard temperature and pressure (293 K, 101 kPa). Being used as a solvent for organic and inorganic compounds, they have a wide range of applications. Most of the VOCs are non-biodegradable and very easily become component of the environment and deplete its purity. It also deteriorates the water quality index of the water bodies, impairs the physiology of living beings, enters the food chain by bio-magnification and degrades, decomposes and manipulates the physiology of living organisms. To unveil the adverse impacts of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and their rapid eruption and interference in the living world, a review has been designed. This review presents an insight into the currently available VOCs, their sources, applications, sampling methods, analytic procedures, imposition on the health of aquatic and terrestrial communities and their contamination of the environment. Elaboration has been done on representation of toxicological effects of VOCs on vertebrates, invertebrates, and birds. Subsequently, the role of environmental agencies in the protection of environment has also been illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anju Mangotra
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T. Road, NH-1, Phagwara, 144411 Punjab, India.
| | - Shailesh Kumar Singh
- School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T. Road, NH-1, Phagwara, 144411 Punjab, India.
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Zheng X, Liu Y, Kong B, Bultinck T, Lu W. Characterizing emissions of VOCs from the initial degradation of kitchen waste in household waste bins of residential areas in Beijing. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 466:133479. [PMID: 38244451 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
In order to clarify the emission characteristics of VOCs during the initial degradation of kitchen waste, a year-long sampling campaign of kitchen waste in residential household municipal solid waste (HMSW) bins was conducted. A total of 93 VOCs with an average annual concentration of 2271 μg/m3 were detected. Alkanes and oxygenated compounds were the dominant released from the initial degradation of kitchen waste. Seasonal and daily variations were observed, with VOC concentrations generally higher in spring (1413 μg/m3) and summer (5882 μg/m3) and lower in autumn (505 μg/m3) and winter (1258 μg/m3). In addition, peak releases occurred earlier in the spring and summer (at 6 h) than in autumn and winter (at 24 h). Correlation analysis showed that ambient temperature correlated significantly with alkanes and oxygenated compounds (P < 0.01). 67 substances have been found to cause odor pollution. Based on the odor index, oxygenated compounds were the most significant odor pollutants. Acetaldehyde and 2-ketone required particular concern because of its high concentration and high odor index. This study not only enriched the understanding of emissions of VOCs from MSW front-end facilities but will also provide a scientific and theoretical basis for holistic management and odor control of MSW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Zheng
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yanqing Liu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Boning Kong
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Trevor Bultinck
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wenjing Lu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Yu X, Li S, Jiao Y, Ren Y, Kou Y, Dang X. Impact of the geometric structure parameter on the performance of dielectric barrier reactor for toluene removal. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:982-994. [PMID: 38030837 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31238-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The reasonable geometry design of non-thermal plasma (NTP) reactor is significant for its performance. However, optimizing the reactor structure has received insufficient attention in the studies on removing volatile organic compounds by NTP. Several dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactors with various barrier thicknesses and discharge gaps were designed, and their discharge characteristics and toluene degradation performance were explored comprehensively. The number and intensity of current pulses, discharge power, emission spectrum intensity and gas temperature of the DBD reactors increased as barrier thickness decreased. The toluene removal efficiency and mineralization rate increased from 23.2-87.1% and 5.3-27.9% to 81.7-100% and 15.9-51.3%, respectively, when the barrier thickness reduced from 3 to 1 mm. With the increase of discharge gap, the breakdown voltage, discharge power, gas temperature and residence time increased, while the discharge intensity decreased. The reactor with the smallest discharge gap (3.5 mm) exhibited the highest toluene removal efficiency (78.4-100%), mineralization rate (15.6-40.9%) and energy yield (8.4-18.7 g/kWh). Finally, the toluene degradation pathways were proposed based on the detected organic intermediates. The findings can provide critical guidance for designing and optimizing of DBD reactor structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yu
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology, Yanta Road, No. 13, Xi'an, 710055, Shaanxi Province, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology, Yanta Road, No. 13, Xi'an, 71005, Shaanxi Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resources, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology, Yanta Road, No. 13, Xi'an, 71005, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Shijie Li
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology, Yanta Road, No. 13, Xi'an, 710055, Shaanxi Province, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology, Yanta Road, No. 13, Xi'an, 71005, Shaanxi Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resources, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology, Yanta Road, No. 13, Xi'an, 71005, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yang Jiao
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology, Yanta Road, No. 13, Xi'an, 710055, Shaanxi Province, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology, Yanta Road, No. 13, Xi'an, 71005, Shaanxi Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resources, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology, Yanta Road, No. 13, Xi'an, 71005, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yitong Ren
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology, Yanta Road, No. 13, Xi'an, 710055, Shaanxi Province, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology, Yanta Road, No. 13, Xi'an, 71005, Shaanxi Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resources, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology, Yanta Road, No. 13, Xi'an, 71005, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yongkang Kou
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology, Yanta Road, No. 13, Xi'an, 710055, Shaanxi Province, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology, Yanta Road, No. 13, Xi'an, 71005, Shaanxi Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resources, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology, Yanta Road, No. 13, Xi'an, 71005, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xiaoqing Dang
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology, Yanta Road, No. 13, Xi'an, 710055, Shaanxi Province, China.
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology, Yanta Road, No. 13, Xi'an, 71005, Shaanxi Province, China.
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resources, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology, Yanta Road, No. 13, Xi'an, 71005, Shaanxi Province, China.
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Zhang T, Kang W, Ge X, Lin Q, Chen Q, Yu Y, An T. Explication on distribution patterns of volatile organic compounds in petro-chemistry and oil refineries of China using a species-transport model and health risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 863:160707. [PMID: 36493815 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from industrial emissions have attracted great attention due to their negative effects on human, but there is lack of deterministic air quality model for VOC emissions. In this study, airborne VOCs from a typical petrochemical and oil refinery region, Lanzhou, Gansu province of China, were on-site measured. The regional pollution patterns were investigated using a species transport model and the health risks were evaluated. The spatial distribution of VOCs showed that 87.5 % of the airborne VOCs were benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene having higher concentration (146 μg/m3) in the north direction oil refinery industrial areas. The concentrations of toluene and benzene were as high as 41.5 and 33.3 μg/m3 in the 4 km2 area away from the petrochemical emission source, respectively, and the concentration of o-/m + p-xylene was up to 79.7 μg/m3. Based on the measured concentration data, the numerical results showed that the accumulation of high concentration of VOC species by mass transfer in the region is related to the atmospheric diffusion driven by downward-moving air over the valley areas. Non-carcinogenic risk assessments showed that airborne benzene exposure had acceptable hazard quotient of 0.185 for adults, which was 1.8 times of children's (0.102), whereas it was found that a high carcinogenic risk (>10-4) from benzene in several sampling sites and diffuse distance become significant for carcinogenic risk. This study verified the effectiveness of VOC atmospheric diffusion model through a large number of on-site monitoring data, providing data support for model-based risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- College of Civil Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, PR China
| | - Wei Kang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xiang Ge
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Qinhao Lin
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Qiang Chen
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
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8
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Sun Q, Dong J, Zhang Y, Tian L, Tu J. Numerical modelling of micron particle inhalation in a realistic nasal airway with pediatric adenoid hypertrophy: A virtual comparison between pre- and postoperative models. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1083699. [PMID: 36911037 PMCID: PMC9996336 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1083699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenoid hypertrophy (AH) is an obstructive condition due to enlarged adenoids, causing mouth breathing, nasal blockage, snoring and/or restless sleep. While reliable diagnostic techniques, such as lateral soft tissue x-ray imaging or flexible nasopharyngoscopy, have been widely adopted in general practice, the actual impact of airway obstruction on nasal airflow and inhalation exposure to drug aerosols remains largely unknown. In this study, the effects of adenoid hypertrophy on airflow and micron particle inhalation exposure characteristics were analysed by virtually comparing pre- and postoperative models based on a realistic 3-year-old nasal airway with AH. More specifically, detailed comparison focused on anatomical shape variations, overall airflow and olfactory ventilation, associated particle deposition in overall and local regions were conducted. Our results indicate that the enlarged adenoid tissue can significantly alter the airflow fields. By virtually removing the enlarged tissue and restoring the airway, peak velocity and wall shear stress were restored, and olfactory ventilation was considerably improved (with a 16∼63% improvement in terms of local ventilation speed). Furthermore, particle deposition results revealed that nasal airway with AH exhibits higher particle filtration tendency with densely packed deposition hot spots being observed along the floor region and enlarged adenoid tissue area. While for the postoperative model, the deposition curve was shifted to the right. The local deposition efficiency results demonstrated that more particles with larger inertia can be delivered to the targeted affected area following Adenoidectomy (Adenoid Removal). Research findings are expected to provide scientific evidence for adenoidectomy planning and aerosol therapy following Adenoidectomy, which can substantially improve present clinical treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyuan Sun
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Jingliang Dong
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Ya Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lin Tian
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Jiyuan Tu
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
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Zhou X, Tao N, Jin W, Wang X, Zhang T, Ye M. Inhibition of Phenol from Entering into Condensed Freshwater by Activated Persulfate during Solar-Driven Seawater Desalination. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27217160. [PMID: 36363987 PMCID: PMC9657060 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Recently, solar-driven seawater desalination has received extensive attention since it can obtain considerable freshwater by accelerating water evaporation at the air-water interface through solar evaporators. However, the high air-water interface temperature can cause volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to enter condensed freshwater and result in water quality safety risk. In this work, an antioxidative solar evaporator, which was composed of MoS2 as the photothermal material, expandable polyethylene (EPE) foam as the insulation material, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) plate as the corrosion resistant material, and fiberglass membrane (FB) as the seawater delivery material, was fabricated for the first time. The activated persulfate (PS) methods, including peroxymonosulfate (PMS) and peroxodisulfate (PDS), were applied to inhibit phenol from entering condensed freshwater during desalination. The distillation concentration ratio of phenol (RD) was reduced from 76.5% to 0% with the addition of sufficient PMS or PDS, which means that there was no phenol in condensed freshwater. It was found that the Cl- is the main factor in activating PMS, while for PDS, light, and heat are the dominant. Compared with PDS, PMS can make full utilization of the light, heat, Cl- at the evaporator's surface, resulting in more effective inhibition of the phenol from entering condensed freshwater. Finally, though phenol was efficiently removed by the addition of PMS or PDS, the problem of the formation of the halogenated distillation by-products in condensed freshwater should be given more attention in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojiao Zhou
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Safety and Distribution Technology, College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ningyao Tao
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Safety and Distribution Technology, College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wen Jin
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Safety and Distribution Technology, College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xingyuan Wang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Safety and Distribution Technology, College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Tuqiao Zhang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Safety and Distribution Technology, College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Miaomiao Ye
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Safety and Distribution Technology, College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Donghai Laboratory, Zhoushan 316021, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-571-88206759
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10
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Zeng J, Xie H, Zhang H, Huang M, Liu X, Zhou G, Jiang Y. Insight into the effects of oxygen vacancy on the toluene oxidation over α-MnO 2 catalyst. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:132890. [PMID: 34801567 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In order to clarify the role of oxygen vacancy (OV), five α-MnO2 catalysts with abundant OVs are fabricated via a novel and facile redox-precipitation approach and employed to the toluene oxidation in air. The concentration of OVs in α-MnO2 catalysts is regulated via the alkyl chain length of alcohols, and its correlation with catalytic performances is scientifically investigated based on various characterization technologies and density functional theory (DFT) calculation. The α-MnO2-C2 catalyst exhibits excellent catalytic activity (T90 = 217 °C), stability, and water resistance for toluene oxidation in air. The OVs can induce the new bandgap states (BGS), which upshift the antibonding orbitals relative to the Fermi level (Ef), eventually favoring the formation of adsorbed active oxygen species. Furthermore, the OVs cause an increase in the amount of Mn3+, resulting in the elongated Mn-O bonds due to the strong Jahn-Teller effect of Mn3+. Therefore, the synergistic effects of OVs benefit toluene oxidation through L-H and MvK mechanisms over the prepared α-MnO2-Cx catalysts. This work reveals the important role of OVs in the promotion of toluene catalytic oxidation activity and also may provide new insights for the design of high-performance VOCs oxidation elimination catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zeng
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Chengdu, 610041, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hongmei Xie
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis Science and Technology of Chongqing Education Commission, Department of Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, 400067, China
| | - Hanyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis Science and Technology of Chongqing Education Commission, Department of Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, 400067, China
| | - Min Huang
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Chengdu, 610041, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xuecheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis Science and Technology of Chongqing Education Commission, Department of Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, 400067, China
| | - Guilin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis Science and Technology of Chongqing Education Commission, Department of Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, 400067, China.
| | - Yi Jiang
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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11
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Priya AK, Suresh R, Kumar PS, Rajendran S, Vo DVN, Soto-Moscoso M. A review on recent advancements in photocatalytic remediation for harmful inorganic and organic gases. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 284:131344. [PMID: 34225112 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Due to the continuous increase in industrial pollution and modern lifestyle, several types of air contaminants and their concentrations are emerging in the atmosphere. Besides, photocatalysis has gained much attention in the elimination of air pollution. Several ultraviolet and visible light active photocatalysts were tested in air pollutant treatment and thereby, the number of reports was increased in the past few years. In this context, this review describes the photocatalytic treatment of gaseous inorganic contaminants like NOx, H2S, and organic pollutants like formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and benzene derivatives. Different photocatalysts with their air pollutant removal efficiency were explained. Improving strategies such as metal/non-metal doping, composite formation for photocatalyst activities have been studied. Moreover, an analysis is presented from each of the existing photocatalytic immobilization approaches. Also, factors responsible for effective photocatalysis were explained. Overall, the photocatalytic abatement technique is an auspicious way to eliminate different air contaminants. Besides, existing drawbacks and future challenges are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Priya
- Department of Civil Engineering, KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, 641027, India
| | - R Suresh
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Ambientales Zonas Áridas, Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Tarapacá, Avda. General Velásquez 1775, Arica, Chile
| | - P Senthil Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, 603 110, India.
| | - Saravanan Rajendran
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Ambientales Zonas Áridas, Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Tarapacá, Avda. General Velásquez 1775, Arica, Chile.
| | - Dai-Viet N Vo
- Center of Excellence for Green Energy and Environmental Nanomaterials (CE@GrEEN), Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 300A Nguyen Tat Thanh, District 4, Ho Chi Minh City, 755414, Viet Nam
| | - Matias Soto-Moscoso
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Bío-bío, Avenida Collao 1202, Casilla 15-C, Concepción, Chile
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12
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Prediction and Remediation of Groundwater Pollution in a Dynamic and Complex Hydrologic Environment of an Illegal Waste Dumping Site. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11199229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The characteristics of groundwater pollution caused by illegal waste dumping and methods for predicting and remediating it are still poorly understood. Serious 1,4-dioxane groundwater pollution—which has multiple sources—has been occurring at an illegal waste dumping site in the Tohoku region of Japan. So far, anti-pollution countermeasures have been taken including the installation of an impermeable wall and the excavation of soils and waste as well as the monitoring of contamination concentrations. The objective of this numerical study was to clarify the possibility of predicting pollutant transport in such dynamic and complex hydrologic environments, and to investigate the characteristics of pollutant transport under both naturally occurring and artificially induced groundwater flow (i.e., pumping for remediation). We first tried to reproduce the changes in 1,4-dioxane concentrations in groundwater observed in monitoring wells using a quasi-3D flow and transport simulation considering the multiple sources and spatiotemporal changes in hydrologic conditions. Consequently, we were able to reproduce the long-term trends of concentration changes in each monitoring well. With the predicted pollutant distribution, we conducted simulations for remediation such as pollutant removal using pumping wells. The results of the prediction and remediation simulations revealed the highly complex nature of 1,4-dioxane transport in the dumping site under both naturally occurring and artificially induced groundwater flows. The present study suggests possibilities for the prediction and remediation of pollution at illegal waste dumping sites, but further extensive studies are encouraged for better prediction and remediation.
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13
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Pulmonary Health Effects of Indoor Volatile Organic Compounds-A Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18041578. [PMID: 33562372 PMCID: PMC7914726 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18041578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are commonly found in consumer products, including furniture, sealants and paints. Thus, indoor VOCs have become a public health concern, especially in high-income countries (HICs), where people spend most of their time indoors, and indoor and outdoor air exchange is minimal due to a lack of ventilation. VOCs produce high levels of reaction with the airway epithelium and mucosa membrane and is linked with pulmonary diseases. This paper takes a stock of the literature to assess the strength of association (measured by effect size) between VOCs and pulmonary diseases with the focus on asthma and its related symptoms by conducting a meta-analysis. The literature was searched using the PubMed database. A total of 49 studies that measured VOCs or VOC types and pulmonary health outcomes were included in the analysis. The results of these studies were tabulated, and standard effect size of each study was computed. Most studies were conducted in high-income countries, including France (n = 7), Japan (n = 7) and the United States (n = 6). Our analysis suggests that VOCs have a medium-sized effect on pulmonary diseases, including the onset of asthma (effect size (or Cohen's d) ~0.37; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.25-0.49; n = 23) and wheezing (effective size ~0.26; 95% CI = 0.10-0.42; n = 10). The effect size also varied by country, age and disease type. Multiple stakeholders must be engaged in strategies to mitigate and manage VOC exposure and its associated pulmonary disease burden.
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Ubando AT, Africa ADM, Maniquiz-Redillas MC, Culaba AB, Chen WH. Reduction of particulate matter and volatile organic compounds in biorefineries: A state-of-the-art review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 403:123955. [PMID: 33264999 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A biorefinery is an efficient approach to generate multiple bio-products from biomass. With the increasing demand for bioenergy and bio-products, biorefineries are essential industrial platforms that provide needed demand while significantly reducing greenhouse gas emissions. A biorefinery consists of various conversion technologies where particulate matter (PM) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are emitted. The released PM and VOCs pose detrimental health and environmental risks for society. Moreover, the projected rise of global bioenergy demand may lead to an increase in PM and VOCs from biorefineries. With the use of cleaner technologies and approaches, PM and VOCs can be avoided in biorefineries. The study presents the landscape of the research field through a bibliometric review of emissions from a biorefinery. A comprehensive review of works on the reduction of PM and VOCs in a biorefinery is outlined. The study includes a perspective of cleaner technologies and approaches utilized in biorefineries to mitigate these hazardous materials. The results reveal that the employment of life cycle assessment, safety assessment, and green chemistry processes can significantly reduce PM and VOC emissions as well as the consumption of hazardous substances in the biorefinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristotle T Ubando
- Mechanical Engineering Department, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, Manila 0922, The Philippines; Thermomechanical Laboratory, De La Salle University, Laguna Campus, LTI Spine Road, Laguna Blvd, Biñan, Laguna 4024, The Philippines; Center for Engineering and Sustainable Development Research, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, Manila 0922, The Philippines
| | - Aaron Don M Africa
- Center for Engineering and Sustainable Development Research, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, Manila 0922, The Philippines; Electronics and Communication Engineering Department, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, Manila 0922, The Philippines
| | - Marla C Maniquiz-Redillas
- Center for Engineering and Sustainable Development Research, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, Manila 0922, The Philippines; Civil Engineering Department, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, Manila 0922, The Philippines
| | - Alvin B Culaba
- Mechanical Engineering Department, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, Manila 0922, The Philippines; Center for Engineering and Sustainable Development Research, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, Manila 0922, The Philippines
| | - Wei-Hsin Chen
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung 411, Taiwan.
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15
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Zeng J, Xie H, Liu Z, Liu X, Zhou G, Jiang Y. Oxygen vacancy induced MnO2 catalysts for efficient toluene catalytic oxidation. Catal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cy01274f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The α-MnO2, with abundant oxygen vacancies, facilitates the adsorption and activation of O2 to produce active adsorbed oxygen species and weakens lattice oxygens species. These oxygen species can significantly improve toluene catalytic oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zeng
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongmei Xie
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Environmental New Materials, Department of Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing 400067, China
| | - Zhao Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xuecheng Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Environmental New Materials, Department of Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing 400067, China
| | - Guilin Zhou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Environmental New Materials, Department of Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing 400067, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
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