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Zhang L, Shang F, Liu C, Zhai X. The correlation between iodine and metabolism: a review. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1346452. [PMID: 38567251 PMCID: PMC10985161 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1346452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Iodine is involved in the synthesis of thyroid hormones and plays a crucial role in human life. Both iodine deficiency and excess are common issues in certain populations. Iodine also has extrathyroidal effects on organs that can uptake it independently of thyroid hormones. Recently, multiple clinical studies have shown a connection between iodine intake and metabolic disorders, such as metabolic syndrome, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. However, the results of these studies have been inconsistent, and the mechanisms behind these associations are still not well understood. Therefore, in this review, we aim to examine the recent research progress regarding the relationship between iodine and metabolic disorders, along with the relevant mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Fangjian Shang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Cong Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaodan Zhai
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Zhou Z, Jin M, Li B, He Y, Liu L, Ren B, Li J, Li F, Liu J, Chen Y, Wan S, Shen H. Effects of different iodine levels on the DNA methylation of intrinsic apoptosis-associated genes and analysis of gene-environment interactions in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis. Br J Nutr 2023; 130:2039-2052. [PMID: 37183696 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114523001216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Iodine is an essential nutrient that may change the occurrence of autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT). Apoptosis and DNA methylation participate in the pathogenesis and destructive mechanism of AIT. We detected the methylation and the expression of mRNA of intrinsic apoptosis-associated genes (YWHAG, ING4, BRSK2 and GJA1) to identify the potential interactions between the levels of methylation in these genes and different levels of iodine. 176 adult patients with AIT in Shandong Province, China, were included. The MethylTargetTM assay was used to verify the levels of methylation. We used PCR to detect the mRNA levels of the candidate genes. Interactions between methylation levels of the candidate genes and iodine levels were evaluated with multiplicative and addictive interaction models and GMDR. In the AIT group, YWHAG_1 and six CpG sites and BRSK2_1 and eight CpG sites were hypermethylated, whereas ING4_1 and one CpG site were hypomethylated. A negative correlation was found between methylation levels of YWHAG and mRNA expression. The combination of iodine fortification, YWHAG_1 hypermethylation and BRSK2_1 hypermethylation was significantly associated with elevated AIT risk. A four-locus model (YWHAG_1 × ING4_1 × BRSK2_1 × iodine level) was found to be the best model of the gene-environment interactions. We identified abnormal changes in the methylation status of YWHAG, ING4 and BRSK2 in patients with AIT in different iodine levels. Iodine fortification not only affected the methylation levels of YWHAG and BRSK2 but also interacted with the methylation levels of these genes and may ultimately increase the risk of AIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhou
- Disorders Control, Centre for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province150081, People's Republic of China
- National Health Commission & Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Meihui Jin
- Disorders Control, Centre for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province150081, People's Republic of China
- National Health Commission & Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoxiang Li
- Disorders Control, Centre for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province150081, People's Republic of China
- National Health Commission & Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhong He
- Disorders Control, Centre for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province150081, People's Republic of China
- National Health Commission & Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixiang Liu
- Disorders Control, Centre for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province150081, People's Republic of China
- National Health Commission & Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingxuan Ren
- Disorders Control, Centre for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province150081, People's Republic of China
- National Health Commission & Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianshuang Li
- Disorders Control, Centre for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province150081, People's Republic of China
- National Health Commission & Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
- College of Medical Laboratory Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University (Daqing), Daqing, 163319, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Li
- Disorders Control, Centre for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province150081, People's Republic of China
- National Health Commission & Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinjin Liu
- Disorders Control, Centre for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province150081, People's Republic of China
- National Health Commission & Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Chen
- Disorders Control, Centre for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province150081, People's Republic of China
- National Health Commission & Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Siyuan Wan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar City, Heilongjiang Province161006, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongmei Shen
- Disorders Control, Centre for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province150081, People's Republic of China
- National Health Commission & Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
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Kong X, Shen X, Yang L, Liu Y, Gu X, Kong Y. Dietary protein intake affects the association between urinary iodine and clinically relevant depression: Evidence from NHANES 2007-2018. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:4665-4677. [PMID: 37576051 PMCID: PMC10420777 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Both iodine concentration and protein intake are important nutritional factors that may influence the development of depressive symptoms. However, there are no studies on the effect of protein intake on the relationship between iodine concentration and the risk of depression. The study aimed to explore the relationship between iodine and the risk of clinically relevant depression (CRD) according to protein intake. This study analyzed the adults (≥18 years) who participated in the 2007-2018 National Health and Nutrition Cross-sectional Survey (N = 10,462). CRD was assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Protein intake was assessed using two 24-h dietary recalls and urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was measured using inductively coupled plasma dynamic response cell mass spectrometry. Weighted multivariate logistic regression and restrictive cubic splines were performed to assess the relationship between UIC and CRD according to protein category (low protein intake <0.8 g/kg/day; high protein intake: ≥0.8 g/kg/day). After controlling for sociodemographic, behavioral, chronic diseases, and dietary factors, a positive correlation was observed between UIC (log10) and CRD (OR: 1.36, 95% CI: 1.026, 1.795). Low UIC (<100 μg/L) was associated with a lower prevalence of CRD (OR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.533, 0.995) in high protein intake individuals, whereas this relationship did not exist in those with low protein intake. Moreover, restrictive cubic splines confirmed a near L-shaped relationship between UIC and CRD in the low-protein group (nonlinear p = .042) and a linear relationship between them in the high-protein group (nonlinear p = .392). This study illustrates that protein intake affects the relationship between UIC and CRD. Combining lower UIC and high protein intake may help reduce the prevalence of CRD, which would have significant implications for managing patients with depressive CRD in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Kong
- Department of Laboratory MedicineThe Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi People's Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical UniversityWuxiChina
| | - Xia Shen
- Department of Nursing, Wuxi Medical CollegeJiangnan UniversityWuxiChina
| | - Long Yang
- College of PediatricsXinjiang Medical UniversityUrumqiChina
| | - Yuan‐Yuan Liu
- Department of Nursing, Wuxi Medical CollegeJiangnan UniversityWuxiChina
| | - Xue Gu
- Department of Nursing, Wuxi Medical CollegeJiangnan UniversityWuxiChina
| | - Yan Kong
- Department of Radiation OncologyAffiliated Hospital of Jiangnan UniversityWuxiChina
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Karbownik-Lewińska M, Stępniak J, Iwan P, Lewiński A. Iodine as a potential endocrine disruptor-a role of oxidative stress. Endocrine 2022; 78:219-240. [PMID: 35726078 PMCID: PMC9584999 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-022-03107-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Iodine is an essential micronutrient required for thyroid hormone biosynthesis. However, overtreatment with iodine can unfavorably affect thyroid physiology. The aim of this review is to present the evidence that iodine-when in excess-can interfere with thyroid hormone synthesis and, therefore, can act as a potential endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC), and that this action, as well as other abnormalities in the thyroid, occurs-at least partially-via oxidative stress. METHODS We reviewed published studies on iodine as a potential EDC, with particular emphasis on the phenomenon of oxidative stress. RESULTS This paper summarizes current knowledge on iodine excess in the context of its properties as an EDC and its effects on oxidative processes. CONCLUSION Iodine does fulfill the criteria of an EDC because it is an exogenous chemical that interferes-when in excess-with thyroid hormone synthesis. However, this statement cannot change general rules regarding iodine supply, which means that iodine deficiency should be still eliminated worldwide and, at the same time, iodine excess should be avoided. Universal awareness that iodine is a potential EDC would make consumers more careful regarding their diet and what they supplement in tablets, and-what is of great importance-it would make caregivers choose iodine-containing medications (or other chemicals) more prudently. It should be stressed that compared to iodine deficiency, iodine in excess (acting either as a potential EDC or via other mechanisms) is much less harmful in such a sense that it affects only a small percentage of sensitive individuals, whereas the former affects whole populations; therefore, it causes endemic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Karbownik-Lewińska
- Department of Oncological Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-752, Lodz, Poland.
- Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital-Research Institute, 93-338, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Jan Stępniak
- Department of Oncological Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-752, Lodz, Poland
| | - Paulina Iwan
- Department of Oncological Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-752, Lodz, Poland
| | - Andrzej Lewiński
- Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital-Research Institute, 93-338, Lodz, Poland
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, 93-338, Lodz, Poland
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Associations among drinking water quality, dyslipidemia, and cognitive function for older adults in China: evidence from CHARLS. BMC Geriatr 2022; 22:683. [PMID: 35982405 PMCID: PMC9386986 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-022-03375-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current study aimed to examine the association between drinking water quality and cognitive function and to identify the direct and indirect effects of drinking water quality and dyslipidemia on cognitive function among older adults in China. METHODS Primary data for the study were selected from China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS, 2015) and 4,951 respondents aged 60 and above were included. Data on drinking water quality were selected from the 2015 prefectural water quality data from the Institute of Public and Environment Affairs in China and measured by the Blue City Water Quality Index. Dyslipidemia was measured by self-reported dyslipidemia diagnosis and lipid panel. Three composite measures of cognitive function included mental status, episodic memory, and global cognition. Mixed effects models were conducted to assess the associations between drinking water quality or dyslipidemia and cognitive function. The mediation effects of dyslipidemia were examined by path analyses. RESULTS Exposure to high quality drinking water was significantly associated with higher scores in mental status, episodic memory, and global cognition (β = 0.34, p < 0.001 for mental status; β = 0.24, p < 0.05 for episodic memory; β = 0.58, p < 0.01 for global cognition). Respondents who reported dyslipidemia diagnosis had higher scores in the three composite measures of cognitive function (β = 0.39, p < 0.001 for mental status; β = 0.27 p < 0.05 for episodic memory; β = 0.66, p < 0.001 for global cognition). An elevated blood triglycerides was only associated with higher scores in mental status (β = 0.21, p < 0.05). Self-reported dyslipidemia diagnosis was a suppressor, which increased the magnitude of the direct effect of drinking water quality on mental status, episodic memory, and global cognition. CONCLUSION Drinking water quality was associated with cognitive function in older Chinese and the relationship was independent of natural or socioeconomic variations in neighborhood environments. Improving drinking water quality could be a potential public health effort to delay the onset of cognitive impairment and prevent the dementia pandemic in older people.
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Sun R, Fan L, Du Y, Liu L, Qian T, Zhao M, Che W, Liu P, Sun D. The relationship between different iodine sources and nutrition in pregnant women and adults. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:924990. [PMID: 35983514 PMCID: PMC9379486 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.924990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Different iodine supplement measures emerge along with the economy development in China. The article objectives are to compare and explore the relationship between iodine sources and nutrition of pregnant women and adults. Methods A total of 2,145 pregnant women and 1,660 adults were investigated by multi-stage random method. Questionnaire was used to collect basic information and the consumption of food, water, and iodine preparations. Household salt and individual urine and blood samples were collected, and thyroid function and morphology of pregnant women were measured. Results The median urinary iodine concentration (MUIC) of pregnant women (164.49 μg/L) was lower than adults (187.30 μg/L, p < 0.05). Iodine supplement with IS (iodized salt) was the main measure for pregnant women and adults, and the difference was mainly on the consumption of iodine preparations between pregnant women (5.19%) and adults (0.85%). Moreover, adults' dietary iodine intake from food (100.6 μg/day), IS (140.8 μg/day), and drinking water (6.0 μg/day) was higher than those of pregnant women (86.5, 107.2, and 3.5 μg/day, respectively). Compared with iodine supplement with IS, ISFP (IS + iodine-rich food + iodine preparations) could reduce the risk of iodine deficiency for pregnant women. The MUICs for pregnant women and adults of iodine supplements with IF (iodine-rich food) and ISF (IS + iodine-rich food) were lower. For pregnant women, thyroid nodule (11.90%) and peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) positive (9.32%) were high prevalent thyroid diseases, and habitation (urban/rural), gestation, annual income, and drinking water type would affect them. Conclusion Pregnant women and adults had adequate iodine nutrition in four provinces. Their iodine supplement measures were different, the consumption of iodine preparations in pregnant women was higher, and their dietary iodine intake was lower than adults. ISFP was an effect measure for pregnant women to supplement iodine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Sun
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lijun Fan
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province (23618504) and Ministry of Health, Microelement and Human Health Laboratory of Heilongjiang Province, Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yang Du
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province (23618504) and Ministry of Health, Microelement and Human Health Laboratory of Heilongjiang Province, Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lanchun Liu
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Tingting Qian
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Meng Zhao
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenjing Che
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province (23618504) and Ministry of Health, Microelement and Human Health Laboratory of Heilongjiang Province, Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Dianjun Sun
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province (23618504) and Ministry of Health, Microelement and Human Health Laboratory of Heilongjiang Province, Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Zhou Z, Liu L, Jin M, Ren B, Meng F, Wang D, Li J, Li B, He Y, Li F, Shen H. Relationships between the serum TPOAb and TGAb antibody distributions and water iodine concentrations, thyroid hormones and thyroid diseases: a cross-sectional study of 2503 adults in China. Br J Nutr 2022; 129:1-11. [PMID: 35876046 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114522002367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the status of thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) and thyroglobulin antibody (TGAb) in three areas with differing water iodine concentrations; and to discuss the relationships between these two thyroid antibodies and thyroid diseases in the three areas. We investigated 2503 adults from three areas. Urinary iodine concentrations, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4), free triiodothyronine (FT3), TPOAb, TGAb and thyroid volume (TV) were measured, and thyroid ultrasonography was performed. The positivity rates of TGAb(+), TPOAb(+) and TGAb(+) and TPOAb(+) or TGAb(+) were significantly higher in iodine fortification (IF) areas than iodine adequate (IA) areas (all P < 0·05). In IF and iodine excess areas, the positivity rates of TPOAb(+), TGAb(+) and TPOAb(+) or TGAb(+) significantly increased with age (all P for trend < 0·05). The levels of TSH, TV and the prevalence of overt hypothyroidism, subclinical hypothyroidism and goitre were significantly elevated in the thyroid antibody-positive groups in the three areas, but the FT3 was diminished (all P < 0·010). Positivity for TPOAb and TGAb was associated with an increased risk of subclinical hypothyroidism in the three areas. In areas with different median water iodine, positivity for both TPOAb and TGAb was associated with elevated TSH values. Notably, with the increased levels of TPOAb, the frequency of abnormally elevated TSH increased dramatically in the three areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhou
- Centre for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang150081, China
- National Health Commission and Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Harbin Medical University (23618504), Harbin, People's Republic of China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixiang Liu
- Centre for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang150081, China
- National Health Commission and Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Harbin Medical University (23618504), Harbin, People's Republic of China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Meihui Jin
- Centre for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang150081, China
- National Health Commission and Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Harbin Medical University (23618504), Harbin, People's Republic of China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingxuan Ren
- Centre for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang150081, China
- National Health Commission and Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Harbin Medical University (23618504), Harbin, People's Republic of China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangang Meng
- Centre for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang150081, China
- National Health Commission and Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Harbin Medical University (23618504), Harbin, People's Republic of China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Wang
- Centre for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang150081, China
- National Health Commission and Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Harbin Medical University (23618504), Harbin, People's Republic of China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianshuang Li
- Centre for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang150081, China
- National Health Commission and Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Harbin Medical University (23618504), Harbin, People's Republic of China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
- College of Medical Laboratory Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University (Daqing), Daqing163319, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoxiang Li
- Centre for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang150081, China
- National Health Commission and Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Harbin Medical University (23618504), Harbin, People's Republic of China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhong He
- Centre for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang150081, China
- National Health Commission and Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Harbin Medical University (23618504), Harbin, People's Republic of China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Li
- Centre for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang150081, China
- National Health Commission and Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Harbin Medical University (23618504), Harbin, People's Republic of China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongmei Shen
- Centre for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang150081, China
- National Health Commission and Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Harbin Medical University (23618504), Harbin, People's Republic of China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
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An S, Li W, Wang X, Wang Y, Xu X, Mao G, Zhu X, Li M, Liu L, Cao X, Meng F, Liu P. Study on influential factors and reference values for thyroid volume in Chinese children aged 6-12 years. Br J Nutr 2022; 129:1-9. [PMID: 35811417 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114522002070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to research the factors influencing thyroid volume (TVOL) in 6-12-year-old children and update the reference values. A cross-sectional study was carried out in iodine-sufficient areas of four provinces in China. Urine, edible salt and drinking water samples were collected from children. Children's height, weight and TVOL were measured. Ridge regression was used to screen variables for solving the multicollinearity problem. Quantile regression was used to analyse the relationship between the quantiles of TVOL and other variables. In total, 5653 children aged 6-12 years were enrolled in this study, including 2838 boys and 2815 girls. There was no significant difference in TVOL between boys and girls (P > 0·05). Spearman correlation analysis showed that total TVOL was positively correlated with age, height, weight, body surface area (BSA) and BMI, and the correlation coefficients were 0·616, 0·663, 0·669, 0·685 and 0·479, respectively. Among them, the correlation between TVOL and BSA was the strongest. According to the ridge regression results, age and BSA influenced TVOL, and the ridge regression coefficients were 0·13 and 0·94, respectively. Quantile regression further showed that age and BSA had significant influences on the whole TVOL distribution (P < 0·001). Therefore, the TVOL of children aged 6-12 years in China was mainly influenced by age and BSA, and reference values for TVOL of different genders based on age and BSA were established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuli An
- National Health Commission & Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology (23618504), Harbin Medical University, Harbin150081, People's Republic of China
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin150081, People's Republic of China
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Weidong Li
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei230601, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou310051, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanling Wang
- Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou730030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian Xu
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei230601, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangming Mao
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou310051, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaonan Zhu
- Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou730030, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Li
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Lanchun Liu
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaotao Cao
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangang Meng
- National Health Commission & Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology (23618504), Harbin Medical University, Harbin150081, People's Republic of China
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin150081, People's Republic of China
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Liu
- National Health Commission & Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology (23618504), Harbin Medical University, Harbin150081, People's Republic of China
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin150081, People's Republic of China
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin150081, People's Republic of China
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