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Iobbi V, Parisi V, Lanteri AP, Maggi N, Giacomini M, Drava G, Minuto G, Minuto A, Tommasi ND, Bisio A. NMR Metabolite Profiling for the Characterization of Vessalico Garlic Ecotype and Bioactivity against Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1170. [PMID: 38732385 PMCID: PMC11085173 DOI: 10.3390/plants13091170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
The Italian garlic ecotype "Vessalico" possesses distinct characteristics compared to its French parent cultivars Messidor and Messidrôme, used for sowing, as well as other ecotypes in neighboring regions. However, due to the lack of a standardized seed supply method and cultivation protocol among farmers in the Vessalico area, a need to identify garlic products that align with the Vessalico ecotype arises. In this study, an NMR-based approach followed by multivariate analysis to analyze the chemical composition of Vessalico garlic sourced from 17 different farms, along with its two French parent cultivars, was employed. Self-organizing maps allowed to identify a homogeneous subset of representative samples of the Vessalico ecotype. Through the OPLS-DA model, the most discriminant metabolites based on values of VIP (Variable Influence on Projections) were selected. Among them, S-allylcysteine emerged as a potential marker for distinguishing the Vessalico garlic from the French parent cultivars by NMR screening. Additionally, to promote sustainable agricultural practices, the potential of Vessalico garlic extracts and its main components as agrochemicals against Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, responsible for black rot disease, was explored. The crude extract exhibited a MIC of 125 μg/mL, and allicin demonstrated the highest activity among the tested compounds (MIC value of 31.25 μg/mL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Iobbi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy; (V.I.); (G.D.)
| | - Valentina Parisi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Salerno, Italy;
| | - Anna Paola Lanteri
- CERSAA Centro di Sperimentazione e Assistenza Agricola, Regione Rollo 98, 17031 Albenga, Italy; (A.P.L.); (G.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Norbert Maggi
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and System Science, University of Genova, via Opera Pia 13, 16145 Genova, Italy; (N.M.); (M.G.)
| | - Mauro Giacomini
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and System Science, University of Genova, via Opera Pia 13, 16145 Genova, Italy; (N.M.); (M.G.)
| | - Giuliana Drava
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy; (V.I.); (G.D.)
| | - Giovanni Minuto
- CERSAA Centro di Sperimentazione e Assistenza Agricola, Regione Rollo 98, 17031 Albenga, Italy; (A.P.L.); (G.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Andrea Minuto
- CERSAA Centro di Sperimentazione e Assistenza Agricola, Regione Rollo 98, 17031 Albenga, Italy; (A.P.L.); (G.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Nunziatina De Tommasi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Salerno, Italy;
| | - Angela Bisio
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy; (V.I.); (G.D.)
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Wazeer H, Shridhar Gaonkar S, Doria E, Pagano A, Balestrazzi A, Macovei A. Plant-Based Biostimulants for Seeds in the Context of Circular Economy and Sustainability. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1004. [PMID: 38611532 PMCID: PMC11013454 DOI: 10.3390/plants13071004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Plant-based biostimulants (PBs), agents rich in bioactive compounds, are emerging as key players able to sustainably improve plant growth and crop productivity to address food security. PBs are generally applied as foliar spray or soil irrigation, while more recently, the application as seed priming treatments is being envisaged as a highly sustainable method to also improve seed quality and germination. Therefore, this review proposes to explore the use of PBs for the seeds industry, specifically discussing about the relevance of product market values, sustainable methods for their production, why and how PBs are used for seed priming, and pinpointing specific strengths and challenges. The collected research studies indicate that PBs applied to seeds result in improved germination, seedling growth, and stress tolerance, although the molecular mechanisms at work are still largely overlooked. The high variability of bioactive molecules and used sources point towards a huge reservoir of nature-based solutions in support of sustainable agriculture practices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Enrico Doria
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology ‘L. Spallanzani’, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (H.W.); (S.S.G.); (A.P.); (A.B.)
| | | | | | - Anca Macovei
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology ‘L. Spallanzani’, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (H.W.); (S.S.G.); (A.P.); (A.B.)
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Du L, Jiang Z, Zhou Y, Shen L, He J, Xia X, Zhang L, Yang X. Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of Respiratory Burst Oxidase Homolog ( RBOH) Gene Family in Eggplant ( Solanum melongena L.) under Abiotic and Biotic Stress. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1665. [PMID: 37761805 PMCID: PMC10531080 DOI: 10.3390/genes14091665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory burst oxidase homologs (RBOHs) are important proteins that catalyze the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which play important roles in growth and stress response. For a comprehensive analysis of SmRBOH genes, we conducted genome-wide identification of the SmRBOH gene family in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) and analyzed the expression of SmRBOHs under abiotic (salt, high-temperature, and low-temperature) and biotic stress (Verticillium dahliae inoculation) by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The result showed that a total of eight SmRBOH members were identified from the genome database of eggplant, and they were relatively evenly distributed across seven chromosomes. The analysis of Motif and the conserved domain showed that SmRBOHs have high similarity in protein sequences and functions. Based on phylogenetics, SmRBOHs were classified into three distinct clades. Furthermore, the promoter regions of SmRBOHs were found to contain different cis-elements. Additionally, the results of the qRT-PCR demonstrated differential expression patterns of SmRBOHs in different tissues (the roots, stems, and leaves) and stress conditions. SmRBOHB, SmRBOHD, SmRBOHH1, and SmRBOHH2 showed significant upregulation (>20-fold) under at least one stress condition. Subcellular localization analysis of the above four members further confirmed that they localized on the plasma membrane. This study provides a theoretical foundation for understanding the functions of SmRBOHs in eggplant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xu Yang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China (J.H.); (X.X.); (L.Z.)
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Antifungal Peptide P852 Controls Fusarium Wilt in Faba Bean (Viciafaba L.) by Promoting Antioxidant Defense and Isoquinoline Alkaloid, Betaine, and Arginine Biosyntheses. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11091767. [PMID: 36139841 PMCID: PMC9495604 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11091767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Green pesticides are highly desirable, as they are environmentally friendly and efficient. In this study, the antifungal peptide P852 was employed to suppress Fusarium wilt in the Faba bean. The disease index and a range of physiological and metabolomic analyses were performed to explore the interactions between P852 and the fungal disease. The incidence and disease index of Fusarium wilt were substantially decreased in diseased Faba beans that were treated with two different concentrations of P852 in both the climate chamber and field trial. For the first time, P852 exhibited potent antifungal effects on Fusarium in an open field condition. To explore the mechanisms that underlie P852′s antifungal effects, P852 treatment was found to significantly enhance antioxidant enzyme capacities including guaiacol peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and the activities of antifungal enzymes including chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase, as well as plant dry and fresh weights, and chlorophyll content compared to the control group (p ≤ 0.05). Metabolomics analysis of the diseased Faba bean treated with P852 showed changes in the TCA cycle, biological pathways, and many primary and secondary metabolites. The Faba bean treated with a low concentration of P852 (1 μg/mL, IC50) led to upregulated arginine and isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis, whereas those treated with a high concentration of P852 (10 μg/mL, MFC) exhibited enhanced betaine and arginine accumulation. Taken together, these findings suggest that P852 induces plant tolerance under Fusarium attack by enhancing the activities of antioxidant and antifungal enzymes, and restoring plant growth and development.
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Ali M, Ahmad H, Amin B, Atif MJ, Cheng Z. Induce defense response of DADS in eggplants during the biotrophic phase of Verticillium dahliae. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:172. [PMID: 35379184 PMCID: PMC8981950 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03527-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Verticillium wilt is a destructive vascular disease in eggplants. The complex defensive mechanisms of eggplant against this disease are very limited. METHODS Our work examined the bioactive properties of garlic allelochemical diallyl disulfide (DADS) as potential biostimulants for defense against V. dahliae in eggplant seedlings. We, therefore, foliar sprayed DADS on eggplants to study the defense response during the early biotrophic phase of V. dahliae (a hemibiotroph). RESULTS DADS application significantly increased root peroxidase (POD), phenylalanine-ammonia lyase (PAL) enzyme activity, and reduced H2O2 levels after 24 h of fungal inoculation. Salicylic acid (SA) in leaves and roots was significantly increased while, the jasmonic acid (JA), indole acetic acid (IAA), and abscisic acid (ABA) levels were decreased. The microscopic examinations of V. dahliae infection in roots displayed that the progression of infection was restricted in DADS-treated plants. Depositions of lignin and phenolic compounds such as ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, and caffeic acid content were significantly higher in DADS-treated plants at 48 h post-inoculation. Similarly, the DADS application up-regulated pathogenesis-related (PR1, PR2, and PR5), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MPK1), and lipoxygenase (LOX) genes. Furthermore, DADS-treated plants exhibited a lower disease severity index (23.3% vs. 57.0% in controls), indicating successful defense against V. dahliae. CONCLUSIONS Our findings concluded that the biological function of garlic allelochemical DADS has a prominent role in the higher defense resistance of eggplants during the early infection of V. dahliae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ali
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Husain Ahmad
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bakht Amin
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Muhammad Jawaad Atif
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhihui Cheng
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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Ghani MI, Ali A, Atif MJ, Ali M, Amin B, Cheng Z. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Dry Raw Garlic Stalk Amendment Alleviate Continuous Monocropping Growth and Photosynthetic Declines in Eggplant by Bolstering Its Antioxidant System and Accumulation of Osmolytes and Secondary Metabolites. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:849521. [PMID: 35432401 PMCID: PMC9008779 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.849521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Vegetable production under plastic sheds severely threatens regional eco-sustainability via anthropogenic activities (excessive use of agrochemicals, pesticides) and problems associated with replanting. Long-term successive cropping across growing seasons induces continuous cropping stress, whose effects manifest as diminished plant growth. Therefore, it is imperative that we develop environmentally sustainable approaches, such as replacing agrochemicals with vegetable waste like dry raw garlic stalk (DRGS) or use biofertilizers like arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) (e.g., Diversispora epigaea). In this study, the influence of AMF on the growth, biochemical attributes, antioxidant defense system, phytohormones, accumulation of osmolytes, phenols, and mineral elements in eggplant grown on DRGS-amended soils under continuous monocropping (CMC) was studied. The results showed that inoculation with AMF or the DRGS amendment could improve the pigments' content, photosynthesis, and antioxidant defense system; augmented phytohormones synthesis (except for ABA), and increased the leaves' mineral nutrients. These parameters were enhanced most by the combined application of AMF and DRGS, which also increased the concentration of osmolytes, including proline, sugars, and free amino acids in eggplant when compared with the control. Furthermore, either AMF and DRGS alone, or in combination, ameliorated the induced stress from continuous cropping by reducing the incidence of Fusarium wilt and production of ROS (reactive oxygen species); lipid peroxidation underwent maximal reduction in plants grown under the combined treatments. The AMF, DRGS, and AMF + DRGS exhibited a lower disease severity index (33.46, 36.42, and 43.01%), respectively, over control. Hence, inoculation with AMF coupled with DRGS amendment alters the photosynthetic attributes in eggplant through the upregulation of its antioxidant system and greater accumulation of osmolytes, which led to the improved growth and yield of eggplant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmad Ali
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Muhammad Jawaad Atif
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- Horticultural Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ali
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Bakht Amin
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Zhihui Cheng
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
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Antifungal Activity of Propyl-Propane-Thiosulfinate (PTS) and Propyl-Propane-Thiosulfonate (PTSO) from Allium cepa against Verticillium dahliae: In Vitro and in Planta Assays. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7090736. [PMID: 34575774 PMCID: PMC8469426 DOI: 10.3390/jof7090736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Verticillium wilt, caused by Verticillium dahliae, is the most devastating soil-borne fungal disease of olive trees worldwide. Currently, there is no effective measure available to control the pathogen in diseased plants in open field conditions. Searching more effective and sustainable solutions are a priority for the olive sector. The existing alternatives for disease control include the use of biological control microorganisms and compounds of natural origin from plants, such as Alliaceae. Propyl propane thiosulfinate (PTS) and propyl propane thiosulfonate (PTSO) are two organosulfur compounds derived from Allium cepa with a widely documented antimicrobial activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antifungal activity of PTS and PTSO against the defoliating and non-defoliating V. dahliae pathotypes. Firstly, several in vitro tests were performed (Minimum Antifungal Concentration, susceptibility studies according to the Kirby–Bauer disk-diffusion method, antifungal activity through aerial diffusion and effect on mycelial growth). The ability of both compounds to sanitize soil was evaluated using a sterile substrate inoculated with V. dahliae. Finally, challenges in growth chambers were carried out. PTS and PTSO generated growth inhibition zones in agar diffusion and the gas phase, and the mycelial growth of all the V. dahliae strains was significantly altered. The V. dahliae population in soil was considerably reduced after the sanitization. Finally, in planta assays demonstrated the ability of these compounds to reduce disease related parameters and their contribution to control the phytopathogen. In conclusion, the results showed that the PTS and PTSO from Allium cepa display in vitro and in vivo antifungal activity against V. dahliae and suggested that both compounds could be used as natural and environmentally friendly tools for Verticillium wilt management.
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